Moore v. Bird, No. 4:2022cv02747 - Document 12 (N.D. Cal. 2023)
Court Description: ORDER GRANTING NUNC PRO TUNC EXTENSION OF TIME TO FILE AMENDED PETITION; DENYING LEAVE TO AMEND; DENYING PETITION FOR WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS; DENYING CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY. Signed by Judge Jon S. Tigar on March 15, 2023. (mll, COURT STAFF) (Filed on 3/15/2023)Any non-CM/ECF Participants have been served by First Class Mail to the addresses of record listed on the Notice of Electronic Filing (NEF)
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1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 LAMONT N. MOORE, 7 Petitioner, 8 v. 9 MATTHEW MCVAY, 10 Respondent. 11 United States District Court Northern District of California Case No. 22-cv-02747-JST 12 ORDER GRANTING NUNC PRO TUNC EXTENSION OF TIME TO FILE AMENDED PETITION; DENYING LEAVE TO AMEND; DENYING PETITION FOR WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS; DENYING CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY Re: ECF Nos. 6, 8 13 14 Petitioner, an inmate at Valley State Prison in Chowchilla, California,1 filed this pro se 15 action seeking a writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254.2 For the reasons set forth 16 below, the Court GRANTS nunc pro tunc Petitioner’s request for an extension of time to file his 17 amended petition, ECF No. 6; DENIES Petitioner’s request for leave to amend his petition, ECF 18 No. 8; DENIES the petition for a writ of habeas corpus; and DENIES a certificate of appealability. 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 1 In accordance with Habeas Rule 2(a) and Fed. R. Civ. P. 25(d), the Clerk of the Court is directed to substitute Warden Matthew McVay as respondent because he is Petitioner’s current custodian. See Ortiz-Sandoval v. Gomez, 81 F.3d 891, 894 (9th Cir.), as amended (May 8, 1996) (rules governing relief under 28 U.S.C. § 2254 require person in custody pursuant to judgment of state court to name state officer having custody of him as respondent); Stanley v. Cal. Sup. Ct., 21 F.3d 359, 360 (9th Cir. 1994) (respondent in habeas petition typically is warden of facility in which petitioner is incarcerated). 2 A petition for a writ of habeas corpus brought pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254 allows a state prisoner to challenge the validity of his or her conviction and/or sentence. See generally 28 U.S.C. § 2254. Petitioner has filed two pleadings in this case that appear to be unrelated to the validity of his conviction and/or sentence. ECF Nos. 3, 8. These pleadings discuss an altercation between two other inmates and Petitioner’s involvement in that altercation. ECF Nos. 3, 8. This altercation does not appear to be relevant to the validity of Petitioner’s conviction and sentence. It is unclear if Petitioner is seeking relief related to this altercation. If Petitioner believes that his constitutional rights have been violated due to how prison officials have handled the altercation, he should seek relief in a separate action brought pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. DISCUSSION 1 2 I. In an amended information filed on January 24, 2018, Petitioner was charged with one 3 United States District Court Northern District of California Procedural Background 4 count of forcible rape (Cal. Pen. Code § 261(a)(2)) (count 1); two counts of forcible sodomy (Cal. 5 Pen. Code § 286(c)(2)(A)) (counts 2 & 5); two counts of forcible oral copulation (Cal. Pen. Code 6 § 288a(c)(2)(A) (2018)3) (counts 3 & 6); and one count of forcible rape while acting in concert 7 (Cal. Pen. Code § 264.1(a)) (count 4). Each of the counts also contained allegations under the 8 “One Strike Law,” which is set forth in Cal. Panel Code § 667.61. The “One Strike Rule” 9 provides that, in certain instances, a single conviction for a sex crime can result in a life sentence 10 by imposing sentencing enhancements for specific sex crimes if committed under certain specified 11 aggravating circumstances, such as prior conviction for one of the specified sex crimes, the crime 12 was accompanied by kidnapping, or personal infliction of great bodily injury. See generally Cal. 13 Penal Code § 667.61. As to counts 1 through 6, the information alleged that the offenses were 14 committed against more than one victim (Cal. Pen. Code § 667.61(c), (e)(4)), and that Petitioner 15 used a firearm, or dangerous or deadly weapon, during commission of the offenses (Cal. Pen. 16 Code § 667.61(e)(3)). Counts 1 through 4 further alleged that Petitioner kidnapped the victims 17 (Cal. Pen. Code § 667.61(d)(2), (e)(1)). Count 5 further alleged that Petitioner tied or bound the 18 victim in the commission of the offense (Cal. Pen. Code § 667.61(e)(6)). Each of the counts also 19 contained additional allegations under Cal. Pen. Code § 667.6. Counts 1 through 3 alleged that 20 Petitioner came under the purview of Cal. Pen. Code § 667.6(c), because the offenses were one of 21 several committed against Jane Doe 1. Count 4 alleged that Petitioner came under the purview of 22 section 667.6(c), (d), because the offense was one of several involving the same victim on separate 23 occasions. Counts 5 and 6 alleged that Petitioner came under the purview of Cal. Pen. Code 24 § 667.6(d), because the offenses were one of several involving separate victims. All counts were 25 alleged to be violent felonies under Cal. Pen. Code § 667.5(c). ECF No. 10 (“Answer”), Ex. 1 26 (“CT”) at 196-213; People v. Moore, No. A156112, 2019 WL 4271990, at *2 (Cal. Ct. App. Sept. 27 28 3 Effective Jan, 1, 2019, Cal. Penal Code § 288a(c)(2)(A) was renumbered Cal. Penal Code § 287(c)(2)(A). 2 1 2 On June 4, 2018, pursuant to a plea bargain, in exchange for the dismissal of several other 3 charges, Petitioner pled no contest to forcible rape (Cal. Penal Code § 261(a)(2))(Count 1), 4 forcible oral copulation (Cal. Penal Code § 288a(c)(2)(A)) (Count 6), and a lesser included offense 5 of assault by means likely to produce great bodily injury (Cal. Penal Code § 245(a)(4)) (Count 3); 6 and agreed to a twenty-year sentence. CT 220-21, 231-45. On December 18, 2018, per his plea 7 agreement, Petitioner was sentenced to twenty years in prison. CT 287-289, 294, 296. 8 United States District Court Northern District of California 10, 2019). Petitioner appealed his conviction on one ground, arguing that the trial court abused its 9 discretion in denying his motion to withdraw his plea. Answer, Ex. D. On September 10, 2019, 10 the state appellate court denied the appeal and affirmed Petitioner’s judgment on direct review. 11 See Moore, 2019 WL 4271990. Petitioner filed a petition for review with the California Supreme 12 Court, again only arguing that the trial court abused its discretion in denying his motion to 13 withdraw his plea. Answer, Ex. E. The California Supreme Court summarily denied the petition 14 on November 13, 2019. Answer, Ex. F. 15 Petitioner filed several petitions for writs of habeas corpus in the state courts. ECF No. 9 16 at 2. Of these state habeas petitions, only the petition for writ of habeas corpus filed in the 17 California Supreme Court on April 12, 2021, is filed in the record. Answer, Ex. G. This habeas 18 petition raises the same claims as were raised in the operative petition: ineffective assistance of 19 defense counsel, judicial misconduct and bias, and unjustified delay in bringing an indictment or 20 information. This state habeas petition does not allege a claim of sentencing error. Nor does it 21 allege that Petitioner’s plea bargain was the result of threats or coercion by Judge Morris 22 Jacobson. Compare ECF No. 1 with Answer, Ex. G. On July 14, 2021, the California Supreme 23 Court summarily denied this petition. Answer, Ex. H. 24 25 On or about May 6, 2022, Petitioner commenced this action by filing a petition for a writ of habeas corpus. ECF No. 1. 26 On November 9, 2022, the Court screened the petition and found that it stated the 27 following cognizable claim for federal habeas relief: Petitioner’s sentence was in excess of the 28 maximum allowable sentence and was impermissibly based on facts found by the judge. See ECF 3 1 No. 4 at 5. The Court dismissed with prejudice the petition’s claims of ineffective assistance of 2 trial counsel, prosecutorial misconduct, judicial misconduct, and pre-indictment delay because 3 they alleged deprivation of Petitioner’s constitutional rights that occurred before his guilty plea 4 and a guilty plea forecloses consideration of pre-plea constitutional deprivations. See ECF No. 4 5 at 3. The Court dismissed with leave to amend the claims that Petitioner pled guilty because 6 counsel performed so poorly at trial and that the prosecution withheld unspecified favorable 7 evidence. See ECF No. 4 at 4. The Court instructed Petitioner that if he wished to file an 8 amended petition to address the deficiencies identified by the Court, he should do so by December 9 7, 2022. See ECF No. 4 at 5. 10 United States District Court Northern District of California 11 II. Motion for Leave to Amend On December 5, 2022, Petitioner requested an extension of time to file his amended 12 petition but did not specify how much time was needed. ECF No. 6. On January 6, 2023, 13 Petitioner filed a pleading titled “Motion for Amended Complaint.” ECF No. 8. In this pleading, 14 Petitioner alleges that he always sought to go to trial; that defense counsel Shaylana Cleveland 15 was ineffective; that defense counsel Daniel Duverney was ineffective and his only objective was 16 to have Petitioner take a deal; and that Judge Jacobson committed misconduct when Judge 17 Jacobson told him to take the deal or he would make sure that Petitioner did 129 years to life. See 18 generally ECF No. 8. 19 20 21 22 The Court GRANTS nunc pro tunc Petitioner’s request for an extension of time to file his amended petition and deems ECF No. 8 a timely filed proposed amended petition. ECF No. 6. However, the Court DENIES Petitioner’s request to file the amended petition docketed at ECF No. 8 for the following reasons. 23 First, allowing ECF No. 8 to procced as the amended petition results in Petitioner waiving 24 the cognizable sentencing claim set forth in ECF No. 1. Because an amended petition completely 25 replaces the previous petitions and may not incorporate prior petitions by reference or implication, 26 once ECF No. 8 becomes the operative petition, this action proceeds solely on any cognizable 27 claims stated in ECF No. 8. ECF No. 8 does not allege that Petitioner’s sentence was in excess of 28 the maximum allowable sentence and was based on facts found by the judge, and therefore waives 4 1 this claim. It is not clear that Petitioner intends to waive his sentencing claim. Second, none of the three claims set forth in ECF No. 8 states a cognizable claim for 2 3 federal habeas relief. The proposed amended petition alleges two claims of ineffective assistance 4 of counsel and a claim of judicial misconduct. See generally ECF No. 8. However, these claims 5 concern events that happened prior to Petitioner’s guilty plea and are therefore not cognizable in 6 federal habeas proceedings. See Haring v. Prosise, 462 U.S. 306, 319-20 (1983) (defendant who 7 pleads guilty cannot later raise in habeas corpus proceedings independent claims relating to 8 deprivation of constitutional rights that occurred before guilty plea). Third, while the proposed amended petition does state one cognizable claim, that claim is United States District Court Northern District of California 9 10 unexhausted, and amendment would therefore be futile. Liberally construed, the allegation that 11 Petitioner’s guilty plea was the result of threats made by Judge Jacobson states a cognizable claim 12 as to the voluntary nature of the guilty plea, which is cognizable in federal habeas.4 Brady v. 13 United States, 397 U.S. 742, 754-55 (1970) (plea is “involuntary” if product of threats, improper 14 promises, or other forms of wrongful coercion). But the Court will not grant Petitioner leave to 15 file an amended petition stating this claim because amendment would be futile, given that the 16 claim is unexhausted. As explained in further detail below, a federal habeas court is required to 17 dismiss claims that have not been exhausted in the state courts by presentation to the highest state 18 court. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b), (c) (prisoner seeking to challenge either fact or length of 19 confinement in state custody in federal habeas proceedings must first exhaust state judicial 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 4 This claim was not raised in the operative petition. Although the operative petition argues that “Petitioner’s Plea was the result of unconstitutional coercion Mabry v. Johnson, 467 U.S. 504 (1984),” ECF No. 1 at 15, this sentence cannot be read as arguing that Petitioner’s plea was the result of unconstitutional coercion by Judge Jacobson threatening to sentence Petitioner to 129 years to life if he did not accept the plea bargain. The sentence does not provide any factual basis for the claim that the guilty plea was involuntary, much less reference Judge Jacobson’s alleged threat. Nor does the citation to Mabry hint at a challenge to the voluntary nature of Petitioner’s plea. Mabry holds that generally “[a] voluntary and intelligent plea of guilty made by an accused person, who has been advised by competent counsel, may not be collaterally attacked.” Mabry, 467 U.S. at 508. In dicta, Mabry stated that where the defendant pleads guilty based on a false premise, such as a promise that the government does not intend to fulfill, the plea is neither voluntary nor knowing. Mabry, 467 U.S. at 509. However, in Puckett v. United States, 556 U.S. 129 (2009), the Supreme Court expressly disavowed this dicta in Mabry, holding that “there is nothing to support the proposition that the Government’s breach of a plea agreement retroactively causes the defendant’s agreement to have been unknowing or involuntary.” Puckett, 556 U.S. at 138 & n.1. 5 1 remedies by presenting highest state court available with fair opportunity to rule on merits of each 2 claim they seek to raise); 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b)(1) (state court shall not grant relief on unexhausted 3 claim); Rose v. Lundy, 455 U.S. 509, 510 (1982) (if available state remedies have not been 4 exhausted as to all claims, district court must dismiss petition). United States District Court Northern District of California 5 Petitioner did not present this claim to the California Supreme Court for review, either in 6 his petition for review or his state habeas petition. See Answer, Exs. E, G. Although Petitioner 7 alleged in the state habeas that Judge Jacobson engaged in misconduct, those judicial misconduct 8 allegations do not exhaust this new claim raised in the traverse. To exhaust a claim in state court, 9 the petitioner must present to the state court both the factual basis for the claim and the 10 constitutional claim inherent in those facts. Gray v. Netherland, 518 U.S. 152, 162–63 (1996) (“In 11 Picard v. Connor, 404 U.S. 270 (1971), we held that, for purposes of exhausting state remedies, a 12 claim for relief in habeas corpus must include reference to a specific federal constitutional 13 guarantee, as well as a statement of the facts that entitle the petitioner to relief.”). Petitioner did 14 not present the factual basis for this new claim – that Judge Jacobson coerced him to accept the 15 plea bargain by threatening to otherwise sentence him to 129 years to life – and did not present the 16 legal basis for this claim – that the threat rendered his guilty plea involuntary – in his state habeas 17 petition. The claims of judicial misconduct that Petitioner did raise in the state habeas petition – 18 the judge made numerous false statements (that Petitioner had a son and did not want to miss his 19 son’s childhood, that Petitioner had been in prison and liked anal sex as a result, that he had 20 spoken with Petitioner wherein Petitioner reported working on a deal for 10 years at 8 percent), 21 made deceitful remarks, denied his Marsden motion, showed bias by interrupting Petitioner’s 22 closing argument and simultaneously praising counsel –are distinct from, and arise from a 23 different set of facts than, the claim that Petitioner was coerced into pleading guilty by Judge 24 Jacobson’s threats. Compare ECF No. 10-9 at 19-22, 24-25 to ECF No. 8 at 3. The Court 25 therefore DENIES Petitioner’s request to file the amended petition docketed at ECF No. 8 because 26 amendment would be futile. Hall v. City of Los Angeles, 697 F.3d 1059, 1073 (9th Cir. 2012) 27 (considering futility of amendment in determining whether to grant leave to amend). 28 6 1 United States District Court Northern District of California 2 III. Petition for a Writ of Habeas Corpus The petition alleges that Petitioner’s constitutional rights were violated when the trial court 3 imposed a sentence beyond the maximum allowable sentence and based the sentence on findings 4 not made by a jury. See generally ECF Nos. 1, 4. Respondent argues that the petition should be 5 dismissed because this claim is unexhausted and, in the alternative, that the claim fails on the 6 merits. See generally ECF No. 9. In his traverse, Petitioner alleges that he has “exhausted all state 7 claims decorously” because “[a]ll claims of federal constitutional violation of rights have been 8 submitted with each habeas corpus.” ECF No. 11 at 2. The traverse does not directly address 9 Respondent’s claim that the sentencing error claim lacks merit, but states, “sentencing is not the 10 primary subject.” The traverse raises additional challenges to Petitioner’s conviction, which were 11 not raised in the initial petition or the proposed amended petition. 12 A. New Claims Raised in Traverse 13 In the traverse, Petitioner raises the following new challenges to his conviction. First, he 14 appears to challenge the validity of his guilty plea, arguing that his plea bargain was the result of 15 coercion by the state court because Judge Jacobson made false or fictitious statements and falsified 16 documents to secure the plea bargain and arguing that he did not agree to plead guilty to great 17 bodily injury. Second, Petitioner argues that he is “entitled to discharge from his present 18 confinement under the sole facts of the case itself, flawed investigation that’s blamed on 19 overwhelming caseloads, egregious violations from counsel to Judge who continues to avert 20 addressing (Cal Crim. Law (33d), Criminal Trial, § 557 et. Seq.: (infra. § 40): People v. Ralls 21 (1937) 21 C.A. 2d 6, 679, 70 P.2d 26: Cal. Crim Law (3d), Criminal Trial § 10 et. Seq.: U.S. v. 22 Russell 411 U.S. 423 (1973): Mabry v. Johnson, 467 U.S. 504 (1984) Violations within the case 23 itself.” ECF No. 11 at 2-3 (emphasis in original). None of these arguments were raised in the 24 operative petition, ECF No. 1, or the proposed amended petition, ECF No. 8. 25 “A traverse is not the proper pleading to raise additional grounds.” Cacoperdo v. 26 Demosthenes, 37 F.3d 504, 507 (9th Cir. 1994). Nevertheless, a district court “has discretion, but 27 is not required to” consider evidence and claims raised for the first time after the filing of the 28 petition. See Brown v. Roe, 279 F.3d 742, 745 (9th Cir. 2002); United States v. Howell, 231 F.3d 7 1 615, 621 (9th Cir. 2000). This includes new claims raised by a petitioner in the traverse. See, e.g., 2 Jackson v. Roe, 425 F.3d 654, 655 n.1 (9th Cir. 2005) (noting magistrate judge’s consideration of 3 a new claim raised for first time in traverse). The Court declines to address the new arguments raised in the traverse because these United States District Court Northern District of California 4 5 claims are unexhausted. None of these claims were presented to the California Supreme Court. 6 See Answer, Exs. E, G. As discussed in further detail below, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b), 7 habeas relief may not be granted unless a petitioner has exhausted his state remedies, which 8 requires that the petitioner’s contentions be fairly presented to the state courts and disposed of on 9 the merits by the highest state court. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b); see also James v. Borg, 24 F.3d 20, 24 10 (9th Cir. 1994) (“In general, a habeas petition should be dismissed if a petition has failed to 11 exhaust state remedies as to even one claim.”). Accordingly, even if the claims raised in the 12 traverse were cognizable,5 they are unexhausted. The Court declines to address the new claims 13 raised in the traverse. B. 14 Exhaustion 1. 15 Legal Standard for Exhaustion of State Remedies Prisoners in state custody who wish to challenge collaterally in federal habeas proceedings 16 17 either the fact or length of their confinement are required first to exhaust state judicial remedies, 18 either on direct appeal or through collateral proceedings, by presenting the highest state court 19 available with a fair opportunity to rule on the merits of each claim they seek to raise in federal 20 court. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b), (c). The state’s highest court must “be alerted to the fact that the 21 prisoners are asserting claims under the United States Constitution,” Duncan v. Henry, 513 U.S. 22 364, 368 (1995), and must be given an opportunity to rule on the claims even if review is 23 discretionary, see O’Sullivan v. Boerckel, 526 U.S. 838, 845 (1999) (petitioner must invoke “one 24 25 26 27 28 5 To the extent that the arguments in the traverse regarding Judge Jacobson challenge the validity of Petitioner’s guilty plea, such an argument would be cognizable in federal habeas. However, the traverse’s second argument is incomprehensible. It is unclear what Petitioner means when he refers to “the sole facts of the case itself” or “violations within the case itself.” The Court cannot determine claims from general citations to treatises or cases. To the extent that the second argument alleges that the investigation of Petitioner’s case was flawed or that his counsel was ineffective, these allegations of pre-plea constitutional deprivations are not cognizable claims for federal habeas relief. See Haring, 462 U.S. at 319-20. 8 1 complete round of the State’s established appellate review process.”). The exhaustion-of-state- 2 remedies doctrine “reflects a policy of federal-state comity” designed to give a State “an initial 3 opportunity to pass upon and correct alleged violations of its prisoners’ federal rights.” Picard v. 4 Connor, 404 U.S. 270, 275 (1971) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). The 5 exhaustion requirement is satisfied only if the federal claim (1) has been “fairly presented” to the 6 state courts, see Picard, 404 U.S. at 275 (citations omitted); or (2) no state remedy remains 7 available, see Johnson v. Zenon, 88 F.3d 828, 829 (9th Cir. 1996). If available state remedies have 8 not been exhausted as to all claims, the district court must dismiss the petition. See Rose v. Lundy, 9 455 U.S. 509, 510 (1982); Guizar v. Estelle, 843 F.2d 371, 372 (9th Cir. 1988). The court 10 United States District Court Northern District of California 11 generally may not grant relief on an unexhausted claim. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b)(1). To exhaust a claim in state court, the petitioner must present to the state court both the 12 factual basis for the claim and the constitutional claim inherent in those facts. Gray v. Netherland, 13 518 U.S. 152, 162–63 (1996) (“In Picard v. Connor, 404 U.S. 270 (1971), we held that, for 14 purposes of exhausting state remedies, a claim for relief in habeas corpus must include reference 15 to a specific federal constitutional guarantee, as well as a statement of the facts that entitle the 16 petitioner to relief.”). To exhaust the factual basis for the claim, “the petitioner must only provide 17 the state court with the operative facts, that is, ‘all of the facts necessary to give application to the 18 constitutional principle upon which [the petitioner] relies.’” Davis v. Silva, 511 F.3d 1005, 1009 19 (9th Cir. 2008) (alteration in original and citation omitted). To exhaust the legal basis for the 20 claim, the petitioner must alert the state court to the fact that he is asserting a claim under the 21 United States Constitution. Duncan, 513 U.S. at 365-66; see, e.g., Dye v. Hofbauer, 546 U.S. 1, 4 22 (2005) (federal due process claim based on prosecutorial misconduct was fairly presented where 23 text of brief cited Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments and cited federal cases concerning alleged 24 violation of federal due process rights in context of prosecutorial misconduct; “brief was clear that 25 the prosecutorial misconduct claim was based, at least in part, on a federal right”). 26 A petitioner does not exhaust all possible claims stemming from a common set of facts 27 merely by raising one specific claim. See Gulbrandson v. Ryan, 738 F.3d 976, 993 (9th Cir. 2013) 28 (mere submission of relevant affidavit not sufficient to place court on notice of all potential 9 1 constitutional challenges stemming from affidavit); see also Koerner v. Grigas, 328 F.3d 1039, 2 1046-48 (9th Cir. 2003) (even though factual basis for claim was submitted to state court, claim 3 itself not fairly presented to that court because facts were used exclusively to support another 4 claim). 2. 5 Respondent argues that the operative petition’s claim of sentencing error is unexhausted. 6 United States District Court Northern District of California Sentencing Error Claim 7 See ECF No. 9 at 2-3. Petitioner conclusorily responds that he has “exhausted all state claims 8 decorously” because “[a]ll claims of federal constitutional violation of rights have been submitted 9 with each habeas corpus.” ECF No. 11 at 2. Despite Petitioner’s claim, neither his petition for 10 review nor his state habeas petition raise a sentencing error claim. Answer, Exs. E, G. The sole 11 claim raised in the petition for review is that the trial court abused its discretion in denying 12 Petitioner’s motion to withdraw his plea. Answer, Ex. E. The state habeas petition alleges 13 ineffective assistance of defense counsel, judicial misconduct and bias, and unjustified delay in 14 bringing an indictment or information, but does not challenge Petitioner’s sentence. Answer, Ex. 15 G. Because Petitioner did not present the California Supreme Court with a fair opportunity to rule 16 on the merits of the sentencing error claim, this claim is unexhausted. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b), 17 (c). 18 In the alternative, the Court DENIES Petitioner’s claim on the merits. While the court 19 generally may not grant relief on an unexhausted claim, the court may deny an unexhausted claim 20 on the merits. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b); Runningeagle v. Ryan, 686 F.3d 758, 777 n.10 (9th Cir. 21 2012). Petitioner’s sentence did not exceed the maximum allowable sentence under California law 22 and the sentence was not based on findings made by the sentencing court instead of a jury. 23 Petitioner’s sentence did not exceed the maximum allowable sentence under California 24 law. Per his plea agreement, Petitioner specifically agreed that he would be sentenced to twenty 25 years in prison, consisting of an upper term of eight years for the forcible rape of Jane Doe 1, as 26 charged in Count 1; a consecutive upper term of four years for assault with force likely to produce 27 great bodily injury, also with respect to Jane Doe 1, a lesser included offense of the charge in 28 Count 3; and a consecutive upper term of eight years for forcible oral copulation of Jane Doe 2, as 10 United States District Court Northern District of California 1 charged in Count 6. CT 196-97, 202-03, 211-12, 287-89, 294, 296. Each of these individual 2 terms are authorized by state statute. See Cal. Penal Code § 264(a) (providing for three, six, or 3 eight year term for forcible rape, Cal. Penal Code § 261(a)(2)); Cal. Penal Code § 245(a)(4) 4 (providing for two, three, or four year term in state prison for assault by any means of force likely 5 to produce great bodily injury); Cal. Penal Code § 288a(c)(2)(A) (2018) (providing for three, six 6 or eight year term for forcible oral copulation). The consecutive nature of the term for Count 6 7 (eight-year term for forcible oral copulation of Jane Doe 2) is authorized by state statute because 8 Count 6 involved a different victim from Counts 1 and 3 (forcible rape and assault with force 9 likely to produce great bodily injury, both against Jane Doe 1). Cal. Penal Code § 667.6(d)(1) (“A 10 full, separate, and consecutive term shall be imposed for each violation of an offense specified in 11 subdivision (e) if the crimes involve separate victims or involve the same victim on separate 12 occasions.”). The consecutive terms for Counts 1 and 3 are also permissible because California 13 law permits the parties to agree to a full consecutive term, even if not otherwise authorized, as part 14 of a plea bargain.6 People v. Hester, 22 Cal. 4th 290, 295 (Cal. 2000) (“Where the defendants 15 have pleaded guilty in return for a specified sentence, appellate courts will not find error even 16 though the trial court acted in excess of jurisdiction in reaching that figure, so long as the trial 17 court did not lack fundamental jurisdiction. The rationale behind this policy is that defendants who 18 have received the benefit of their bargain should not be allowed to trifle with the courts by 19 attempting to better the bargain through the appellate process.”) (emphasis in original). In the 20 change of plea hearing, Petitioner, through his counsel, acknowledged that the consecutive full 21 terms was in excess of jurisdiction and that he had agreed to the consecutive full terms because the 22 overall sentence was “a far more lenient sentence than what would appear from the charges as they 23 [were] presented in the complaint.” CT 235-36. Petitioner’s sentence was not imposed in excess of the maximum allowable sentence based 24 25 on findings made by the judge instead of a jury. In support of this argument, Petitioner cited to 26 Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 (2000). Apprendi holds that “[o]ther than the fact of a prior 27 28 6 Ordinarily the four-year term for Count 6 would run consecutive at one-third of its middle term because it involved the same victim as the victim in Count 1. Cal. Penal Code § 1170.1(a)) 11 United States District Court Northern District of California 1 conviction, any fact that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory 2 maximum must be submitted to a jury, and proved beyond a reasonable doubt.” Apprendi, 530 3 U.S. at 488-90. The Supreme Court clarified Apprendi’s holding in Blakely v. Washington, 542 4 U.S. 296 (2004) and Cunningham v. California, 549 U.S. 270 (2007) as follows. In Blakely, the 5 Supreme Court held that “the ‘statutory maximum’ for Apprendi purposes is the maximum 6 sentence a judge may impose solely on the basis of the facts reflected in the jury verdict or 7 admitted by the defendant.” Blakely, 542 U.S. at 303 (emphasis deleted). In Cunningham, the 8 Supreme Court held that, before being sentenced to an upper term, a defendant is entitled to a jury 9 finding on any factor other than a prior conviction. Cunningham, 549 U.S. at 292-93 (holding that 10 for California’s sentencing scheme, middle term is relevant statutory maximum and upper term 11 requires jury finding for relevant factors). However, there is no clearly established Federal law 12 applying the Apprendi/Blakely/Cunningham holdings to plea bargains. See, e.g., Blakely, 542 U.S. 13 at 310 (“nothing prevents a defendant from waiving his Apprendi rights. When a defendant pleads 14 guilty, the State is free to seek judicial sentence enhancements so long as the defendant either 15 stipulates to the relevant facts or consents to judicial factfinding.”); United States v. Jefferson, 791 16 F.3d 1013, 1016 n.3 (9th Cir. 2015) (“A defendant who enters a guilty plea waives his right to a 17 trial by jury, and therefore also waives Alleyne and Apprendi’s protections of that right.”) (internal 18 citations omitted). Here, pursuant to his plea bargain, in exchange for a more lenient sentence 19 than what his potential exposure was, Petitioner agreed to the upper term for these counts and to 20 having all terms run fully consecutive to one another. CT 220, 231-44. 21 CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY 22 The federal rules governing habeas cases brought by state prisoners require a district court 23 that issues an order denying a habeas petition to either grant or deny therein a certificate of 24 appealability. See Rules Governing § 2254 Case, Rule 11(a). 25 A judge shall grant a certificate of appealability “only if the applicant has made a 26 substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right,” 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2), and the 27 certificate must indicate which issues satisfy this standard. Id. § 2253(c)(3). “Where a district 28 court has rejected the constitutional claims on the merits, the showing required to satisfy § 2253(c) 12 1 is straightforward: [t]he petitioner must demonstrate that reasonable jurists would find the district 2 court’s assessment of the constitutional claims debatable or wrong.” Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 3 473, 484 (2000). 4 5 Here, Petitioner has not made such a showing, and, accordingly, a certificate of appealability will be denied. CONCLUSION 6 7 For the foregoing reasons, the Court orders as follows. 8 1. United States District Court Northern District of California 9 In accordance with Habeas Rule 2(a) and Fed. R. Civ. P. 25(d), the Clerk of the Court is directed to substitute Warden Matthew McVay as respondent because he is Petitioner’s 10 current custodian. See Ortiz-Sandoval v. Gomez, 81 F.3d 891, 894 (9th Cir.), as amended (May 8, 11 1996) (rules governing relief under 28 U.S.C. § 2254 require person in custody pursuant to 12 judgment of state court to name state officer having custody of him as respondent); Stanley v. Cal. 13 Sup. Ct., 21 F.3d 359, 360 (9th Cir. 1994) (respondent in habeas petition typically is warden of 14 facility in which petitioner is incarcerated). 15 2. The Court GRANTS nunc pro tunc Petitioner’s request for an extension of time to 16 file his amended petition and deems ECF No. 8 a timely filed proposed amended petition. ECF 17 No. 6. The Court DENIES Petitioner leave to file the proposed amended petition docketed at ECF 18 No. 8. ECF No. 8. 19 3. The Court DENIES this petition for a writ of habeas corpus on the merits and 20 DENIES a certificate of appealability. The Clerk shall enter judgment in favor of Respondent and 21 against Petitioner. 22 This order terminates ECF Nos. 6, 8. 23 IT IS SO ORDERED. 24 25 26 Dated: March 15, 2023 ______________________________________ JON S. TIGAR United States District Judge 27 28 13
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