Williams v City of Pleasanton et al, No. 3:2020cv08720 - Document 91 (N.D. Cal. 2022)
Court Description: ORDER GRANTING IN PART 80 MOTION TO DISMISS by Judge William H. Orrick. (jmd, COURT STAFF) (Filed on 3/7/2022)
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Williams v City of Pleasanton et al Doc. 91 1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 ELLEN WILLIAMS, 7 Plaintiff, 8 ORDER GRANTING IN PART MOTION TO DISMISS v. 9 CITY OF PLEASANTON, et al., 10 Re: Dkt. No. 80 Defendants. 11 United States District Court Northern District of California Case No. 20-cv-08720-WHO 12 This case stems from plaintiff Ellen Williams’s arrest on November 14, 2019, at a hospital 13 in Pleasanton, California (“ValleyCare”) where her husband was under treatment. First Amended 14 Complaint (“FAC,” Dkt. No. 77) ¶¶ 24, 30, 45, 52. In my September 2, 2021 Order, I dismissed 15 various claims that Williams asserted against the City of Pleasanton defendants,1 allowing 16 Williams leave to amend her Monell, Ralph Act, Bane Act, and Fourteenth Amendment claims. 17 September 2021 Order (Dkt. No. 63) at 7. I also dismissed claims that Williams asserted against 18 the ValleyCare defendants,2 allowing her leave to amend to state the basis for jurisdiction over her 19 state law claims, and to amend her claims of battery, violation of the Ralph Act and Bane Act 20 (requiring Williams to identify with specificity the acts each ValleyCare defendant took), and for 21 malicious prosecution (requiring her to identify with specificity the acts each ValleyCare 22 defendant took). Id. at 7-9. Williams filed her FAC on November 1, 2021, naming three hospital entity defendants3 23 24 25 26 27 28 1 The City of Pleasanton, the Pleasanton Police Department, and four Pleasanton police officers; Katie Emmet, Anthony Pittl, Barry Boccasile, and Michael Brady. 2 Arianna Welch Frangieh, Anita Girard, Meghan Claire Ramsey, Dianne Del Rosario Estrada, Emily Nitro, and Franz Hibma, who were alleged to be nurses or doctors working at ValleyCare. 3 The Hospital Committee of the Livermore-Pleasanton Areas, dba Stanford Health Care (FAC ¶ 10, “ValleyCare”); Stanford Health Care, dba Stanford Health Care (FAC ¶ 11, “SHC”); and Dockets.Justia.com 1 and dropping one of the prior-identified individual ValleyCare defendants.4 The ValleyCare 2 defendants again move to dismiss arguing that the reasserted battery claim fails against Frangieh 3 and the ValleyCare Entities, the Ralph Act and Bane Act claims fail against all ValleyCare 4 defendants, and the claim for malicious prosecution fails against all ValleyCare defendants. Dkt. 5 No. 77. The motions are GRANTED, with the exception of the battery claims against Frangieh 6 and Valley Care, for the reasons discussed below. 7 I. Williams reasserts her battery claim against Frangieh and against the three ValleyCare 8 United States District Court Northern District of California 9 BATTERY Entity defendants on a respondeat superior basis. Williams alleges that “[w]hen Defendant 10 Frangieh was trying to come into Dr. Williams’ room, Plaintiff closed the curtain and requested 11 that she not be allowed in, because she quite rightly did not like how she had battered Dr. 12 Williams by throwing a wipe at him. Plaintiff asked for a different nurse. At this time, Defendant 13 Frangieh shoved Plaintiff inside the room through the curtain, meaning she violently put her hands 14 on Plaintiff without her consent, which is a Battery. Plaintiff told her to stop being abusive and 15 violent.” FAC ¶ 48; see also id. ¶72 (“The criminal battery charges should have been against the 16 two nurses, Frangieh and Nitro, for battering Dr. Williams with filthy wipes, and against Frangieh 17 battery when she violently shoved Plaintiff.”). Defendants argue that Williams still fails to allege a battery claim against Frangieh because 18 19 she does not allege that Frangieh touched Williams with “specific intent” to harm or offend and 20 that Williams was harmed by the touching. Motion to Dismiss (MTD, Dkt. No. 80) at 7. That 21 argument is rejected. Specific intent and harm are reasonably inferred from plaintiff’s allegations 22 that Frengieh intentionally and violently shoved Williams. That is sufficient at this juncture. Defendants do not contend that ValleyCare cannot be liable under a respondeat superior 23 24 theory, and admit that the hospital where the incident took place is owned and operated by the 25 26 27 28 Valley Care Medical Foundation (FAC ¶ 12, “ValleyCare Foundation”), collectively the ValleyCare Entities. 4 Franz Hibma is no longer identified as a defendant. 2 1 Hospital Committee of the Livermore-Pleasanton Areas (referred to as “ValleyCare”). MTD at 8, 2 Request for Judicial Notice (“RJN”) Exs. 6, 7, 7.1. Defendants instead argue that SHC and 3 ValleyCare Foundation cannot be liable for Frangieh’s conduct as those entities did not operate the 4 hospital or employ Frangieh. Defendants submit public documents for judicial notice showing that SHC does business in United States District Court Northern District of California 5 6 Palo Alto and not in Alameda County, and that while there is a fictitious business entity in 7 Alameda County dba “Stanford Health Care-Valleycare,” that entity is associated only with 8 defendant ValleyCare. RJN, Exs. 1-2. Defendants also assert that ValleyCare Foundation does 9 not own or operate the hospital where the incident occurred and instead is a nonprofit public 10 benefit corporation that operates one or more clinics, not the ValleyCare hospital. MTD at 8, RJN 11 Exs. 5, 5.1. In response, plaintiff asserts she named the three entities in good faith and contends 12 that nothing in the judicially noticeable documents proves that SHC or ValleyCare Foundation 13 played “no role” in the operation or management of the hospital where the incident took place. 14 However, based up on the contents of the judicially noticeable documents, I accept defendants’ 15 argument and DISMISS without prejudice SHC and ValleyCare Foundation.5 16 II. RALPH ACT AND BANE ACT All of the ValleyCare defendants are named as defendants under Williams’s repleaded 17 18 Ralph Act and Bane Act claims. Defendants move to dismiss the Ralph Act claim (Cal. Civ. Code 19 § 51.7), arguing that Williams still has not identified sufficient acts of violence or threatened 20 violence by each of the named defendants or that those acts were taken because of her race, gender 21 or other protected classification. They contend that Williams, at most, alleges that the individual 22 ValleyCare defendants “created the conditions and circumstances” that led to Williams’s arrest, 23 but that is insufficient. 24 25 26 27 28 5 There is some dispute between the parties about whether ValleyCare Medical Center is an entity. See Reply at 7. In any event, the entity that defendants admit owns and operates the hospital where the events took place and that presumably employs some of all of the individual defendants – the Hospital Committee of the Livermore-Pleasanton Areas – is named as a defendant and referred to as ValleyCare herein. If discovery shows that another entity operated the hospital or employed any remaining individual defendants, plaintiff may amend to name the appropriate entity defendant. 3 In response, Williams points to paragraphs 32 through 56 of the FAC where she identifies United States District Court Northern District of California 1 2 facts in support of the “campaign of racist abuse” these defendants allegedly committed against 3 her and her husband. Williams describes the “theme” of the acts of the ValleyCare and Pleasanton 4 defendants as “Racism and Racial Discrimination,” alleging that once the ValleyCare employees 5 learned that Williams is Black, they treated her and her husband “like criminals.” FAC ¶¶ 32, 34. 6 She alleges generally, that individuals not named as defendants engaged in the following conduct: 7 a doctor failed to see her husband and then performed an unconsented and risky surgery on her 8 husband because she is a Black woman; that her husband received substandard care because his 9 wife is Black; that a doctor (who is not a defendant) noted in her husband’s chart that his wife is 10 “AA” standing for African American to “alert” staff that they should be wary because the “wife is 11 aggressive and dangerous because she is Black”; assuming that Williams’ husband was on inferior 12 medical insurance because his wife is black; the individual ValleyCare defendants called the 13 police and “encouraged” them to arrest Williams because she was black. FAC ¶¶ 32, 34, 35, 36, 14 37, 38-39, 42. The specific allegations against the ValleyCare defendants named in this case are: 15 16 • Defendant Girard “demanded” Williams come to a meeting at the hospital without 17 adequate notice and then humiliated and laughed at Williams’ husband leaving him soaked 18 in urine and feces. FAC ¶ 43. When Girard and others were not able to convince Williams 19 to send her husband to a hospice, Girard authorized the calling of Pleasanton Police 20 Department to intimidate plaintiff; and after Williams was arrested put her husband in 21 “solitary confinement.” Id. ¶¶ 49, 55. 22 • Defendant Ramsey, called plaintiff four or five times “demanding she leave work to attend 23 a meeting” at ValleyCare (FAC ¶ 44); Ramsey joked and laughed outside Williams’ 24 husband room where he was soaked in urine, id. ¶ 45; Ramsey pressured Williams and her 25 husband to sign hospice transfer paperwork and when Williams refused Ramsey was part 26 of the group who went to call the Pleasanton Police Department; and after Williams was 27 arrested put her husband in “solitary confinement.” Id. ¶¶ 47, 49, 55. 28 • Defendant Frangieh, in Williams’ presence, threw a used wipe soaked in urine on 4 1 Williams’ husband’s face and told him to “clean himself up” (FAC ¶ 46) and then shoved 2 Williams committing a battery. Id. ¶ 48. • 3 him to clean himself up. Id. ¶ 47. 4 • 5 United States District Court Northern District of California Defendant Nitro threw a clean wipe at Williams’ husband, in plaintiff’s presence, and told Defendant Estrada pressured Williams and her husband to sign hospice transfer paperwork 6 (id. ¶ 47); she became “verbally aggressive” and when not able to convince Williams or 7 her husband to sign the hospice paperwork, was part of the group who went to call the 8 Pleasanton police. Id. ¶ 49. 9 Collectively, the individual defendants are alleged to have “created and engineered” the 10 situation which led to her beating and arrest by the police because of “the deliberate and malicious 11 misconduct of the ValleyCare defendants Girard, Ramsey, Nitro, Frangieh, and Estrada. They 12 wrongly summoned the Pleasanton police in the first place. They lied to the Pleasanton police by 13 telling them Plaintiff was a dangerous violent criminal. This caused the Pleasanton police to take 14 the unusual step of sending four officers in four police cars.” Id. ¶ 54. With specific respect to the Ralph Act claim,6 Williams alleges based on the conduct 15 16 outlined above, the “individual ValleyCare defendants are responsible for arranging, engineering, 17 and creating the conditions and circumstances which led, as they hoped and anticipated would 18 occur, to the Pleasanton police being called, and those police then inflicting a brutal beating 19 and racist harassment on Plaintiff. Defendants Girard and Ramsey were the leaders of this plan 20 and campaign at ValleyCare. They were assisted by Defendants Frangieh, Nitro, and Estrada.” Id. 21 ¶ 99. 22 None of the facts alleged, however, shows that violent acts or threats of violence (except 23 perhaps the Frangieh battery) were made by the ValleyCare defendants against Williams. Under 24 section 51.7, “[t]he test is: ‘would a reasonable person, standing in the shoes of the plaintiff, have 25 been intimidated by the actions of the defendant and have perceived a threat of violence?’” 26 27 28 Section 51.7 of the California Civil Code (“Ralph Act”) provides that “[a]ll persons . . . have the right to be free from any violence, or intimidation by threat of violence committed against their persons or property” on the basis of a wide variety of protected characteristics, including race, gender and religion. Cal. Civ. Code §§ 51.7, 51(b). 5 6 United States District Court Northern District of California 1 Winarto v. Toshiba Am. Elecs. Components, Inc., 274 F.3d 1276, 1289 (9th Cir. 2001) (citing 2 Judge Donna J. Hitchens & Robert D. Links, California Civil Practice: Civil Rights Litigation § 3 3:4). The only violence that Williams herself points to as supporting her Ralph Act claim is the 4 “police then inflicting a brutal beating and racist harassment on Plaintiff.” FAC ¶ 99. Assuming 5 the individual ValleyCare defendants intended and wanted the police to come and arrest Williams, 6 the fact remains that it was the police that allegedly inflicted violence and racist harassment on 7 Williams. 8 Plaintiff nonetheless argues that the ValleyCare individuals can be liable for aiding, 9 inciting and conspiring in the excessive force used by the police in violation of the Ralph Act and 10 the deprivation of her rights under the Bane Act. See Winarto v. Toshiba Am. Elecs. Components, 11 Inc., 274 F.3d 1276, 1290 (9th Cir. 2001) (finding defendant could be liable for “‘aid[ing], 12 incit[ing], or conspir[ing] in the denial’ of Winarto's rights under Section 51.7. Cal. Civ. Code § 13 52(b).”).7 The only allegations that come close to showing how the ValleyCare defendants aided 14 or abetted the violence inflicted on Williams are that unspecified individual ValleyCare defendants 15 “lied to the Pleasanton police by telling them Plaintiff was a dangerous violent criminal. This 16 caused the Pleasanton police to take the unusual step of sending four officers in four police cars.” 17 FAC ¶ 54. For the Bane Act claim, plaintiff asserts only that the “acts and omissions” of the 18 19 ValleyCare defendants were within the course and scope of their employment and “caused” 20 plaintiff to suffer violation of her “constitutional rights.” FAC ¶¶ 104, 106.8 The only rights 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 7 Defendants question whether Winarto, which considered Ralph and Bane Act claims collectively, can be read to impose aiding and abetting liability. California Civil Code § 52(b) provides that, “Whoever denies the right provided by Section 51.7 or 51.9, or aids, incites, or conspires in that denial, is liable.” Therefore, aiding and abetting liability under the Ralph Act is provided by statute and, under Winarto, applicable to Bane Act claims. The case defendants rely on, Jones v. Lodge at Torrey Pines P'ship, 42 Cal. 4th 1158, 1171 (2008), is inapposite. The Jones court did not consider the Ralph or Bane Act and addressed a different question (whether individuals could be held liable for wage and hour claims in addition to a responsible employer based on an aiding and abetting theory). The Bane Act “prohibits interference or attempted interference with a person’s rights under federal or California law by ‘threats, intimidation, or coercion.’” Wyrzykowski v. Cty. of Marin, No. 3:14-cv-03825-LB, 2015 WL 3613645, at *11 (N.D. Cal. Jun. 9, 2015) (quoting Cal. Civ. Code § 52.1(a)). “The statutory framework of section 52.1 indicates that the Legislature meant the 6 8 1 Williams identifies in the FAC as having been violated are the constitutional rights asserted under 2 the Section 1983 claim against the Pleasanton defendants. The violation of those constitutional 3 rights relate to the manner of her arrest by the Pleasanton defendants and their harassment during 4 her confinement. FAC ¶ 77. Presumably, plaintiff’s theory is that the ValleyCare individual 5 defendants are liable under the Bane Act – as they are theoretically liable under the Ralph Act – 6 for aiding, inciting, and ultimately causing the police to use unconstitutional violence in her arrest 7 because unspecified ValleyCare individuals falsely told the police that Williams was a “dangerous 8 violent criminal.”9 Plaintiff’s Ralph Act and Bane Act claims fail against the ValleyCare defendants. In United States District Court Northern District of California 9 10 addition to the remaining pleading failures – Williams still does not identify with specificity the 11 defendants who purportedly lied to the Pleasanton police or substantiate that claim with anything 12 other than speculation – plaintiff cites no authority that by calling the police and providing false 13 information about the dangerousness of a suspect, the persons placing that call could be liable 14 under the Ralph Act (for “threats of violence” based on race) or liable under the Bane Act (for 15 interference with a person’s rights under federal or California law) due to the violence allegedly 16 inflicted by the police officers. The fundamental problem with Williams’s claims is that how the 17 police responded to the call (e.g., number of police or police cars sent) and how the arrest unfolded 18 (whether with expected force or excessive force) were factors outside of the control of the 19 ValleyCare defendants.10 Absent authority extending Ralph Act or Bane Act liability in similar 20 circumstances, the Ralph and Bane Act claims must be dismissed. In her opposition, plaintiff appears to assert that the ValleyCare defendants violated the 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 statute to address interference with constitutional rights involving more egregious conduct than mere negligence.” Shoyoye v. Cty. of Los Angeles, 203 Cal. App. 4th 947, 958 (2012). 9 As Williams appears to acknowledge, the mere fact that she may have been falsely or mistakenly arrested is not enough to state a claim under either the Ralph Act or Bane Act. Allen v. City of Sacramento, 234 Cal. App. 4th 41, 69 (2015), as modified on denial of reh’g (Mar. 6, 2015) (“we conclude a wrongful arrest or detention, without more, does not satisfy both elements of section 52.1”). 10 The FAC is devoid of any allegation that any ValleyCare defendant incited or encouraged the police offices to use any type of specific force during their confrontation with Williams at the hospital. 7 1 Ralph or Bane Acts through other “direct” or indirect acts that infringed unidentified and 2 unmentioned rights. Oppo. at 5-6. However, no rights other than Williams’ constitutional rights 3 in Paragraph ¶ 77 of the FAC have been identified and the only violence or threats of violence 4 underlying the Ralph Act and Bane Act claims that she identifies in her FAC are the violent acts 5 of the police in arresting her. FAC ¶¶ 99, 104, 106-107. In my September 2021 Order, Williams 6 was specifically directed to identify the rights she alleges were violated by specific acts of 7 identified defendants. September 2021 Order at 8. Because there is no legal basis to allow these 8 claims to proceed based on the allegedly violent conduct of the arresting officers, these claims are 9 DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE. 10 III. The ValleyCare defendants move again to dismiss the malicious prosecution claim. In my 11 United States District Court Northern District of California MALICIOUS PROSECUTION 12 September 2021 Order, I identified the pleadings requirements for a malicious prosecution claim 13 under California law and directed plaintiff to “specifically allege the acts she believes that each 14 [ValleyCare] Defendant took to ‘direct’ the criminal prosecution, facts showing that defendants 15 lacked probable cause to do so, and facts plausibly showing these defendants were acting with 16 malice. She must also allege facts that plausibly show how each [ValleyCare] Defendant ‘sought 17 out’ authorities and falsely reported specific facts indicating Williams had committed a crime.” 18 September 2021 Order at 8-9.11 In the FAC, Williams bases her malicious prosecution claim on defendants’ collective 19 20 conduct in communicating unspecified information to the “City Attorney” or District Attorney that 21 led to the filing of the criminal complaint. Williams alleges that: 22 70. Officer Emmet, who knowingly filed a false report on behalf of Defendant Frangieh, forwarded the complaint against Plaintiff to the 23 24 25 26 27 28 See Sheldon Appel Co. v. Albert & Oliker, 47 Cal.3d 863, 871 (1989) (“Under the governing authorities, in order to establish a cause of action for malicious prosecution of either a criminal or civil proceeding, a plaintiff must demonstrate ‘that the prior action (1) was commenced by or at the direction of the defendant and was pursued to a legal termination in his, plaintiff's, favor [citations]; (2) was brought without probable cause [citations]; and (3) was initiated with malice [citations].’”); Greene v. Bank of America, 216 Cal.App.4th 454, 463-464 (2013) (“Cases dealing with actions for malicious prosecution against private persons require that the defendant has at least sought out the police or prosecutorial authorities and falsely reported facts to them indicating that plaintiff has committed a crime.”) (internal quotation omitted). 8 11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 71. Deputy District Attorney Sharon Carney on December 13, 2019, implemented Emmet’s and ValleyCare’s and Frangieh’s outrageous request by filing a formal criminal Complaint against Plaintiff. A copy of that Complaint is attached as Exhibit “A” … 10 73.[] Deputy District Attorney Charney refused to dismiss the charges unless Plaintiff would plead guilty (or no contest) to the offenses and accept probation. Plaintiff would supposedly do this despite that defendant Frangieh, even according to the false police report made by Officer Emmett, admitted she was not hurt and she did not need medical attention. 11 ... 12 13 75. Eventually, a year later, the After almost a year of refusing to dismiss the charges, the prosecutor decided to drop the charges “in the interest of justice’. 14 ... 15 109. Defendants Frangieh, Girard, Ramsey, Estrada, and Nitro, all gave false information about Plaintiff to the police officer defendants, which resulted in the police arresting and imprisoning Plaintiff for alleged criminal acts. 8 9 United States District Court Northern District of California City Attorney’s office. In addition, the ValleyCare entity defendants, acting through at least defendant Frangieh, and we are informed and believe also through defendants Girard, Ramsey, Nitro, and Estrada, sent correspondence and made phone calls urging and encouraging the City Attorney to file a formal criminal case against Plaintiff, and then to pursue that case. 16 17 18 19 20 21 110. Thereafter, on information and belief, these same five individual Defendants communicated by voice phone, email, and U.S. Mail to Deputy District Attorney Sharon Carney, and others in her office, to urge and encourage her to file a formal criminal case against Plaintiff. Approximately one month after the incident, Deputy District Attorney did file that case, charging Plaintiff with two crimes. See Exhibit A. FAC, Dkt. No. 77. 22 The ValleyCare defendants argue that the malicious prosecution claim fails as a matter of 23 law because plaintiff offers only speculation in support of the assertion that defendants Frangieh, 24 Girard, Ramsey, Nitro, and Estrada “sent correspondence and made phone calls urging and 25 encouraging the City Attorney to file a formal criminal case against Plaintiff.” FAC ¶¶ 70, 110. 26 As noted in my prior order, each defendant must be alleged to have been “actively instrumental in 27 causing the prosecution” – here the charge for battery against Frangieh, FAC Ex. A – by falsely 28 reporting facts to the police or prosecutorial authorities that led to the actual charge. Greene v. 9 1 Bank of America, 216 Cal.App.4th 454, 463-464 (2013). Any alleged lies plaintiffs told to police 2 regarding Williams’ being a violent and dangerous criminal that led to the police arriving at the 3 hospital are, therefore, not connected to the eventual charge; the proper focus is on the post- 4 incident conduct by the ValleyCare defendants that could create grounds for a malicious 5 prosecution claims based on the charges actually filed. See Opposition (Dkt. No. 81) at 8 6 (agreeing that the arrest is not the salient issue, but the focus should be “the conduct subsequently 7 pushing the District Attorney to file the formal criminal charges”). The FAC contains no facts and only one assertion regarding the post-incident acts of the 8 United States District Court Northern District of California 9 ValleyCare defendants: “at least defendant Frangieh, and we are informed and believe also 10 through defendants Girard, Ramsey, Nitro, and Estrada, sent correspondence and made phone calls 11 urging and encouraging the City Attorney to file a formal criminal case against Plaintiff.” FAC ¶ 12 70. Plaintiff makes no attempt to identify the allegedly false information provided by any of these 13 defendants regarding the alleged battery of Frangieh by Williams.12 Defendants note that 14 Williams admitted in her prior complaint that there was disputed evidence regarding Williams’ 15 touching of Frangieh, indicating that the battery claim was supported by probable cause. Id. ¶ 41 16 (“This included defendant nurse Arianna Welch Frangieh alleging that Plaintiff used her shoulder 17 to push Ms. Frangieh’s shoulder so that Frangieh would get out of the way. This was a completely 18 false allegation. In a medical record prepared by another nurse, that nurse recorded only that a 19 curtain was closed and that Frangieh was touched in the process. No indication was put in the 20 record about Frangieh being touched intentionally. Frangieh later contradicted the witness in 21 another report and wrote that Plaintiff ‘shoved her through the curtain’. She told the police she 22 was not injured.”). 23 At base, plaintiff still fails to allege in her operative complaint what allegedly false 24 information that each specific ValleyCare defendant provided to the District Attorney in order to 25 wrongly convince the District Attorney to include the battery charge in the criminal complaint. 26 27 28 12 There is nothing in the FAC to suggest that Williams believed any ValleyCare defendants provided post-incident false information in support of the resisting arrest charge. As defendants note in their Reply, in a prior version of Williams’ complaint, Williams essentially admits that she resisted the officers’ request that she not be at the hospital. See Dkt. No. 17, ¶¶ 42-43. 10 1 Nor does plaintiff identify in her opposition what those additional fact might be. The malicious 2 prosecution claim, therefore, is DISMISSED. Because in my prior Order I did not direct plaintiff 3 to identify the allegedly false information provided to the District Attorney and by whom, 4 although that should have been self-evident, I will provide plaintiff will one last chance to amend 5 this claim. 6 CONCLUSION 7 Defendants motion to dismiss the battery claim is GRANTED in part as to SHC and 8 ValleyCare Foundation and DENIED as to Frangieh and ValleyCare. The Ralph Act and Bane 9 Act claims are DISMISSED with prejudice. The Malicious Prosecution claim is DISMISSED 10 United States District Court Northern District of California 11 12 with leave to amend within 20 days of this Order. IT IS SO ORDERED. Dated: March 7, 2022 13 14 William H. Orrick United States District Judge 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 11
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