Align Technology, Inc. v. Strauss Diamond Instruments, Inc., No. 3:2018cv06663 - Document 75 (N.D. Cal. 2019)

Court Description: ORDER granting in part and denying in part 21 Motion for Preliminary Injunction. Signed by Judge Thomas S. Hixson on 4/12/2019. (tshlc2S, COURT STAFF) (Filed on 4/12/2019)

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1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 ALIGN TECHNOLOGY, INC., Case No. 18-cv-06663-TSH Plaintiff, 8 v. 9 10 STRAUSS DIAMOND INSTRUMENTS, INC., 11 ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART MOTION FOR PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION Re: Dkt. No. 21 United States District Court Northern District of California Defendant. 12 13 I. INTRODUCTION 14 Plaintiff Align Technology, Inc., seeks to enjoin Defendant Strauss Diamond Instruments, 15 Inc., from advertising for sale, offering for sale, or selling its dental imaging wand sleeve product 16 (MagicSleeve), or any other product for use with Align’s dental imaging (iTero) scanner system or 17 other Align products, and from using the iTero and Invisalign marks and any similarly confusing 18 marks. Mot. at 24. Align filed a Motion for Preliminary Injunction (“Mot.”) on January 24, 2019. 19 ECF No. 21. Strauss filed its opposition on February 14, 2019. Opposition to Motion for 20 Preliminary Injunction (“Opp. to Mot.”), ECF No. 43. Align filed its reply on February 28, 2019 21 and attached an additional declaration. Reply to Opposition (“Reply to Opp.”), ECF No. 57. 22 Strauss responded with an objection to the addition of the declaration in Align’s reply. ECF No. 23 61. Align filed a supplemental declaration on March 11, 2019. ECF No. 65. The Court held a 24 hearing on the matter on March 14, 2019. Having reviewed the parties’ positions, the evidence 25 submitted, and relevant legal authority, the Court hereby GRANTS IN PART and DENIES IN 26 PART Align’s motion for the following reasons. 27 /// 28 /// II. 1 2 United States District Court Northern District of California 3 A. BACKGROUND Align One of Align’s products is the well-known Invisalign system. Avi Kopelman Declaration 4 (“Kopelman Decl.”), ¶ 4, ECF No 23-4. Invisalign straightens teeth using clear, removable plastic 5 trays. Id. 6 1. 7 Align also makes and sells the iTero Element scanner. Kopelman Decl., ¶ 5. There are iTero Element 8 currently three models of the iTero scanner: the iTero Element, the iTero Element 2, and the iTero 9 Element Flex (collectively the “iTero Element scanner”). Id. The scanner is a handheld intraoral 10 scanner system that is used to take three dimensional scans of a patient’s mouth, teeth and gums. 11 The scans are used in preparing the trays for the Invisalign system. Id. ¶ 7. The digital images 12 produced by the iTero Element scanner are a major improvement over the prior methods of taking 13 physical impressions which can be messy and uncomfortable for patients. Id. ¶ 8. The 3D scans 14 created by the iTero Element scanner are more efficient, more precise and more comfortable for 15 patients. Id. They also substantially reduce the rate of restoration “remakes” so that patients are 16 recalled less often. Id. ¶ 9. Additionally, the appointment time for the digital scan is shorter 17 because of fewer adjustments, which results in greater patient satisfaction. Id. ¶ 10. 18 The iTero Element scanner includes a computer system with an attached “wand,” which 19 collects thousands of images per second as dental practitioners use it to scan a patient’s mouth. Id. 20 ¶ 11. The proprietary software of the iTero Element scanner then produces a precise, high- 21 resolution, color 3D model of the patient’s teeth and gums. Id. ¶ 12. 22 The iTero Element scanner includes a protective sleeve that slides over and covers the 23 portion of the scanning wand that is inserted into the patient’s mouth. Id. ¶ 13. Align’s sleeve is 24 disposable and single-use only, thereby protecting patients from, among other things, cross- 25 contamination. Id. ¶ 14. 26 The iTero Element sleeve includes a window opening that has a piece of glass with 27 antireflective coating, among other specialized coatings, to optimize the quality of the 3D scan. 28 Id. ¶ 15. The sleeve and this window incorporate a proprietary design developed to ensure that 2 1 scans with the iTero Element scanner have the accuracy and quality that Align advertises. Id. In 2 the iTero Element sleeve, the glass window is secured in place with a bracket. Id. ¶ 16. In use, 3 the sleeve “clicks” into place over the wand, indicating to the user that the sleeve is in place, and 4 ensuring a secure and safe fit and grip. Id. This correct positioning also ensures a precise scan. 5 Id. 6 An inferior quality sleeve may affect the performance of the iTero Element scanner system 7 as a whole and may also increase risk to patients in cross-contamination, fluid transfer, discomfort 8 and inconvenience. Id. ¶ 17. 9 2. Align’s innovative products and services, including specifically the iTero Element scanner, 10 United States District Court Northern District of California Align’s Goodwill 11 have generated customer goodwill and industry recognition. For example, in December 2018, 12 Align’s iTero Element 2 intraoral scanner was awarded a DrBiscupid.com Dental Excellence 13 Award for Best New Diagnostic & Imaging Device 2018. Joshua Rayes Declaration (“Rayes 14 Decl.”) ¶ 7, Ex. F, ECF No. 22-6. Align’s iTero Element scanners were also winners of the 15 prestigious 2018 Good Design Award from the Chicago Athenaeum Museum of Architecture and 16 Design and The European Centre for Architecture Art Design and Urban Studies. Id. ¶¶ 7-9, Exs. 17 F-H. Align’s Registered Trademarks 18 3. 19 Align owns multiple U.S. Trademark registrations, including registrations for iTero 20 (Registration Nos. 4941492, 4926817, and 3687585), iTero Element (Registration No. 4838523), 21 and Invisalign (Registration Nos. 4025403, 3191195, 3060471, 3911988, 3418121), all generally 22 for use in connection with dental services, dental and oral healthcare devices, and computer-aided 23 modeling. Rayes Decl., ¶ 3, Ex. B. One of the Invisalign marks (No. 3911988) consists of a 24 sunburst design and the word “Invisalign.” The other marks consist of standard characters without 25 claim to any particular font, style, size or color. 26 Align uses its iTero, iTero Element, and Invisalign marks together to represent its brand, 27 and announced in July 2017 that it would unify Align’s company brands under one brand identity 28 that includes both the Invisalign and iTero brands. Id. ¶ 4, Ex. C. Align has never authorized or 3 1 approved Strauss’s use of Align’s name, images or trademarks, nor has Align sponsored or 2 endorsed Strauss’s MagicSleeve. Kopelman Decl. ¶ 38. 3 B. Strauss sells dental instruments and related goods. Declaration of Lital Lizotte (“Lizotte 4 5 Decl.”) ¶ 4, ECF No. 44-7. It has nine employees. Id. One of its products is the MagicSleeve. 6 Id. ¶ 5. The MagicSleeve is a silicone sleeve that covers the wand portion of intraoral scanners. 7 Id. It is similar in appearance to the iTero Element sleeve but has some differences. For example, 8 it is reusable, Kopelman Decl. ¶ 20, the glass window in the sleeve is removable and does not have 9 a secure connection to the sleeve, id. ¶ 23, and the window in the MagicSleeve does not have 10 United States District Court Northern District of California Strauss antireflective coating and is thicker than the iTero Element sleeve’s window. Id. ¶ 26. 11 Strauss began selling its MagicSleeve in August 2018. Lizotte Decl. ¶ 5. Strauss publicly 12 advertises the MagicSleeve to the same target customers that purchase Align’s iTero sleeves, and 13 Strauss ships the MagicSleeve through interstate commerce, including from Florida to San Jose, 14 California. Kopelman Decl. ¶ 39. Strauss advertises the MagicSleeve through its website and 15 social media platforms. Ex. O, ECF No. 22-15; Ex. P, ECF No. 22-16; Ex. Q, ECF No. 22-17. Strauss has sold approximately $450,000 in MagicSleeves in the approximately six months 16 17 that they have been offered (an average of about $75,000 per month), and Strauss expects this 18 revenue stream to continue in the near future at levels at least at or near that same amount. Lizotte 19 Decl., ¶ 9. 20 C. 21 The Advertisements at Issue The advertisements at issue in this motion are Exhibits O, P, Q and R to the Rayes 22 Declaration, ECF No. 22. Exhibit O is a copy of screenshots from Strauss’s Facebook page, 23 Exhibit P is a copy of screenshots from Strauss’s LinkedIn page, Exhibit Q is a copy of 24 screenshots from Strauss’s Instagram page, and Exhibit R is a copy of screenshots of videos that 25 Strauss uploaded to YouTube. The screenshots at issue are all clearly branded as Strauss’s and are 26 advertisements for its MagicSleeve. Align sees four problems with them. 27 28 Problem 1: Hashtags. Several of the screenshots advertising the MagicSleeve have hashtags visible to the viewer that contain Align’s marks. For example, the second page of 4 United States District Court Northern District of California 1 Exhibit O (ignoring the cover page that says “Exhibit O”) has two pictures that show the 2 MagicSleeve in use with a patient. The text says, “If you are a digital scanner user, be prepared to 3 cut your overhead down. Our brand new MagicSleeve is autoclavable and allows for a faster 4 scanning time. Shop now -> https://straussdiamond.com/product/scanner-sleeve/.” Immediately 5 below that text there are five hashtags. The third says “#invisalign,” and the fifth says “#itero.” 6 Of course, Invisalign and iTero are Align’s marks. Align objects to its marks being used in an ad 7 for a competitor’s product. Similar uses of Align’s marks in hashtags in ads for the MagicSleeve 8 also occur in other places in Exhibits O, P and Q. 9 Problem 2: iTero image. The second page of Exhibit R says “Order Today.” To the 10 right is a picture of an Align iTero Element machine with a Strauss MagicSleeve on the wand. 11 But it’s more than just a picture of the machine and the MagicSleeve. On the screen of the 12 machine are a stylized image of a row of teeth, and on the upper left is an image of both rows of 13 teeth, and on the bottom left is a picture taken of someone’s mouth showing a couple of teeth. 14 Although the images on the screen were added just for this ad, the machine itself has the normal 15 “iTero element” logo in tiny letters on the front of it because that’s how an iTero Element machine 16 looks in real life. Beneath the picture of the machine appears “www.straussdiamond.com.” 17 The issue with this iTero image becomes clear in the second page of Exhibit T to the Rayes 18 declaration, which is from Align’s website. The image of the iTero Element machine with the 19 stylized pictures on it was actually created by Align, then copied by Strauss, which superimposed 20 an image of its MagicSleeve on top of the wand. Align cries foul play over this. 21 Problem 3: “25% faster scanning time.” Some of Align’s advertisements state that the 22 MagicSleeve provides for a “25% faster scanning time” (see Exhibit P, third page). The parties 23 agree this is untrue. 24 Problem 4: “Just as sharp.” Strauss makes various representations that its MagicSleeve 25 produces scans that are just as sharp as the ones produced by using an iTero Element sleeve. For 26 example, page three of Exhibit O states that MagicSleeve will save the customer money “while 27 still getting just as sharp of a scan.” Align contends this is untrue. 28 5 III. United States District Court Northern District of California 1 LEGAL STANDARD 2 To obtain preliminary injunctive relief, the moving party must show: (1) a likelihood of 3 success on the merits, (2) a likelihood of irreparable harm to the moving party in the absence of 4 preliminary relief, (3) the balance of equities tips in the favor of the moving party, and (4) an 5 injunction is in the public interest. Winter v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 555 U.S. 7, 20 6 (2008). These factors may be evaluated on a sliding scale, such that a preliminary injunction may 7 be issued when plaintiff demonstrates “serious questions going to the merits and a hardship 8 balance that tips sharply toward the plaintiff . . . . assuming the other two elements of 9 the Winter test are also met.” Alliance for the Wild Rockies v. Cottrell, 632 F.3d 1127, 1132 (9th 10 Cir. 2011). The issuance of a preliminary injunction is in the discretion of the district 11 court. Indep. Living Ctr. v. Maxwell–Jolly, 572 F.3d 644, 651 (9th Cir. 2009). The party seeking 12 the injunction bears the burden of proving these elements. Klein v. City of San Clemente, 584 F.3d 13 1196, 1201 (9th Cir. 2009). 14 15 IV. A. DISCUSSION Likelihood of Success 16 1. 17 Align argues that it will be able to prove trademark infringement because it has a protected Trademark Infringement 18 interest in the iTero, iTero Element and Invisalign marks, and Strauss’s use of the marks is likely 19 to cause consumer confusion. The use that Align refers to is Problem 1 (Strauss’s use of the 20 #itero, #iteroscanner, #invisalign, and #iteroelement hashtags, which contain Align’s registered 21 marks, on social media to describe the MagicSleeve) and Problem 2 (Strauss’s use of the iTero 22 image that Strauss copy-pasted from Align’s website). Mot. at 14. Strauss argues that Align is 23 unlikely to succeed, primarily because of the nominative fair use defense. 24 A plaintiff asserting trademark infringement must demonstrate that it “owns a valid mark, 25 and thus a protectable interest” and that the defendant’s “use of the mark ‘is likely to cause 26 confusion, or to cause mistake, or to deceive.’” Lahoti v. VeriCheck, Inc., 586 F.3d 1190, 1196 27 (9th Cir. 2009) (quoting KP Permanent Make–Up, Inc. v. Lasting Impression I, Inc., 408 F.3d 596, 28 602 (9th Cir. 2005); see also 15 U.S.C. § 1114(1)(a), (b). 6 a. United States District Court Northern District of California 1 Protected Ownership Interest 2 “Registration of a mark is prima facie evidence of the validity of the mark, the registrant’s 3 ownership of the mark, and the registrant’s exclusive right to use the mark in connection with the 4 goods specified in the registration.” Pom Wonderful LLC v. Hubbard, 775 F.3d 1118, 1124 (9th 5 Cir. 2014) (citing 15 U.S.C. § 1115(a)). Align provided multiple U.S. Trademark registrations, 6 including registrations for iTero (Registration Nos. 4941492, 4926817, and 3687585), iTero 7 Element (Registration No. 4838523), and Invisalign (Registration Nos. 4025403, 3191195, 8 3060471, 3911988, 3418121). Rayes Decl. ¶ 3, Ex. B. This suffices to demonstrate it has 9 registered trademarks. Further, Strauss does not contest this point. “When proof of registration is 10 uncontested, the ownership interest element of a trademark infringement claim is met.” Pom 11 Wonderful, 775 F.3d at 1124. 12 b. Customer Confusion “Eight factors, sometimes referred to as the Sleekcraft factors, guide the inquiry into 13 14 whether a defendant’s use of a mark is likely to confuse consumers.” Fortune Dynamic, Inc. v. 15 Victoria’s Secret Stores Brand Mgmt., Inc., 618 F.3d 1025, 1030 (9th Cir. 2010) 16 (citing AMF Inc. v. Sleekcraft Boats, 599 F.2d 341, 348-49 (9th Cir. 1979)). Those factors are: 17 (1) the similarity of the marks; (2) the strength of the plaintiff’s mark; (3) the proximity or relatedness of the goods or services; (4) the defendant’s intent in selecting the mark; (5) evidence of actual confusion; (6) the marketing channels used; (7) the likelihood of expansion into other markets; and (8) the degree of care likely to be exercised by purchasers of the defendant’s product. 18 19 20 21 Id. 22 However, when a nominative fair use defense is raised, the fair-use analysis replaces the 23 likelihood-of-consumer confusion analysis set forth in Sleekcraft. Playboy Enters., Inc. v. 24 Welles, 279 F.3d 796, 801 (9th Cir. 2002). In nominative fair use, the defendant uses the 25 trademarked term not to describe its product but to describe the plaintiff’s. “[N]ominative use of a 26 mark—where the only word reasonably available to describe a particular thing is pressed into 27 service—lies outside the strictures of trademark law . . . such use is fair because it does not imply 28 7 1 sponsorship or endorsement by the trademark holder.” New Kids on the Block v. News Am. Pub., 2 Inc., 971 F.2d 302, 308 (9th Cir. 1992). In that situation, the following test for nominative fair use 3 applies: 4 First, the product or service in question must be one not readily identifiable without use of the trademark; second, only so much of the mark or marks may be used as is reasonably necessary to identify the product or service; and third, the user must do nothing that would, in conjunction with the mark, suggest sponsorship or endorsement by the trademark holder. 5 6 7 United States District Court Northern District of California 8 Playboy, 279 F.3d at 801. 9 “In cases in which the defendant raises a nominative use defense, the above three-factor 10 test should be applied instead of the test for likelihood of confusion set forth in Sleekcraft. The 11 three-factor test better evaluates the likelihood of confusion in nominative use cases.” Id. “When 12 a defendant uses a trademark nominally, the trademark will be identical to the plaintiff's mark, at 13 least in terms of the words in question. Thus, application of the Sleekcraft test, which focuses on 14 the similarity of the mark used by the plaintiff and the defendant, would lead to the incorrect 15 conclusion that virtually all nominative uses are confusing.” Id. “The three-factor test—with its 16 requirements that the defendant use marks only when no descriptive substitute exists, use no more 17 of the mark than necessary, and do nothing to suggest sponsorship or endorsement by the mark 18 holder—better addresses concerns regarding the likelihood of confusion in nominative use cases.” 19 Id. 20 21 22 i. Nominative Fair Use Problem 1: Hashtags Strauss’s use of Align’s marks in the hashtags in its ads does not qualify as nominative fair 23 use for two reasons. First, in some cases, Strauss used the marks to refer to its own product. See 24 New Kids, 971 F.2d at 308 (“where the defendant uses a trademark to describe the plaintiff’s 25 product, rather than its own, we hold that a commercial user is entitled to a nominative fair use 26 defense provided he meets the following three requirements . . .”); Downing v. Abercrombie & 27 Fitch, 265 F.3d 994, 1009 (9th Cir. 2001) (defendant was not entitled to the nominative fair use 28 defense when it used a photograph of the plaintiffs in its catalog for the purpose of selling its own 8 1 goods rather than in order to refer to the plaintiffs for any purpose). Second, in all cases, Strauss 2 used more of the marks than is reasonably necessary to identify the product. Playboy, 279 F.3d at 3 801. United States District Court Northern District of California 4 Consider Exhibit Q as an example. The sixth page has an illustrated nine step set of 5 instructions for how to use the MagicSleeve. Four of the steps depict the MagicSleeve being put 6 on and taken off the wand of an iTero scanner. The right-hand side of the page has several 7 hashtags listed, including #itero, #iteroscanner, #iteroelement and #invisalign (the marks at issue), 8 along with #scannersleeve and #diamondprovider (references to the MagicSleeve and Strauss), 9 and then hashtags about dentistry (e.g., #dentist, #cosmeticdentistry) and attractive teeth (e.g., 10 #straightsmiles, #beautifulsmiles). These hashtags are all collectively being used to promote and 11 describe the MagicSleeve. It is not credible to view the hashtags containing Align’s marks as 12 referring to Align’s products (the foundational assumption of nominative fair use) and the other 13 hashtags as referring to the MagicSleeve. They are all together references to the MagicSleeve. 14 See Public Impact, LLC v. Boston Consulting Group, Inc., 169 F. Supp. 3d 278, 295 (D.Mass 15 2016) (use of competitor’s mark in social media hashtag “likely” to confuse “even a sophisticated 16 consumer”). 17 Second, even if the hashtags with Align’s marks in them were thought to be references to 18 Align’s products, the hashtags fail the second prong of the three-part nominative fair use test: the 19 hashtags constitute more use of the marks than is reasonably necessary to identify Strauss’s 20 product. The pictures to the left of the hashtags show that the MagicSleeve is meant to be used on 21 the wand of an iTero scanner. The hashtags themselves just indicate a vague association between 22 the term in the hashtag and the MagicSleeve. None of the hashtags are reasonably necessary to 23 identify Strauss’s product. In fact, the hashtags do not perform an identification function. For 24 example, #straightsmiles and #beautifulsmiles are not meant to identify the MagicSleeve but to 25 imply that this product is associated with having a beautiful or straight smile. Likewise, #dentist 26 and #cosmeticdentistry are too vague to serve as a useful identifier; rather, they indicate that the 27 MagicSleeve is associated with dentistry. In a similar fashion, the hashtags with Align’s marks 28 indicate an association with Align’s iTero and Invisalign products. But they don’t identify the 9 1 MagicSleeve – you can’t read the hashtags and figure out that this product is the sleeve that goes 2 on the wand of an iTero scanner. All the reader can glean from the hashtags is an implied 3 association. United States District Court Northern District of California 4 The first defect in Strauss’s nominative fair use argument – that the hashtags are references 5 to its own product, not Align’s – occurs in stronger and weaker forms depending on the ad. For 6 example, the fourth page of Exhibit Q is a closer case. It shows a woman in a dental chair who is 7 having her mouth scanned by someone using an iTero scanner with a MagicSleeve on the wand. 8 The textual sentences that use Align’s mark (“If you are an iTero user, be prepared to cut your 9 overhead down. Our brand new scanner sleeve is autoclavable and allows for faster scanning 10 time.”) are a classic case of nominative fair use, and Align isn’t challenging them. Beneath those 11 textual sentences are the hashtags #itero, #iteroscanner, #scannersleeve, #iteroelement and 12 #orthodontics. Since this is less of a laundry list, and it follows textual sentences that refer to the 13 iTero scanner and the sleeve, one could make the argument that #itero, #iteroscanner and 14 #iteroelement are references to Align’s products, #scannersleeve is a reference to Strauss’s, and 15 #orthodontics is a reference to the category of products both belong to. 16 But the hashtags are still a use of Align’s marks beyond what is reasonably necessary to 17 identify Strauss’s product. To see why, imagine this ad in two versions, one with the challenged 18 hashtags and one without them. Does the version with the hashtags better identify Strauss’s 19 product? No. The identification of the product comes from the picture of it being used and the 20 textual sentences quoted above. A global problem in all of Strauss’s ads that have hashtags that 21 include Align’s marks is that in none of the ads do the hashtags serve any identification function; 22 the use of the marks in the hashtags is never reasonably necessary to identify the MagicSleeve. 23 You would have to imagine a pretty terrible ad for the hashtags to do any identifying – maybe just 24 a picture of the MagicSleeve with no illustration or text explaining what it is for, leaving the 25 viewer to wonder if he should put it on his finger to do the dishes, wear it for protection when 26 sewing, or what other use is contemplated. In that case, perhaps #iteroscanner would make him 27 realize, “oh, this is for my dentist to use on an iTero scanner.” But none of the ads are like that. 28 It is true that in addition to being words that a viewer can read, hashtags also perform a 10 United States District Court Northern District of California 1 function. “A hashtag is a type of metadata tag used on social networks such as Twitter and other 2 microblogging services, allowing users to apply dynamic, user-generated tagging which makes it 3 possible for others to easily find messages with a specific theme or content.” 4 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashtag. “Searching for that hashtag will yield each message that 5 has been tagged with it.” Id. Thus, Strauss’s hashtags, in addition to implying to the viewer of the 6 ad an association between the MagicSleeve and the terms in the hashtag, will also cause Strauss’s 7 ads to come up in response to searches for those terms. Strauss argues that under Playboy’s 8 analysis of metatags, see 279 F.3d at 803-04, this means the hashtags are nominative fair use. 9 However, this Court disagrees. Metatags function behind the scenes to direct an internet searcher 10 to a webpage, but hashtags are visible to consumers in advertising. Some of Strauss’s hashtags are 11 simply implausible as search terms. Someone looking for information about how to get straight 12 teeth might search for “adult braces” or “straight teeth,” but it is unlikely they would search for 13 #beautifulsmiles or even #straightsmiles. Focusing on someone’s smile is a marketing association 14 pushed by Strauss, not an attempt to make Strauss’s social media pages come up in response to 15 likely internet searches. The inclusion of these and other implausible search terms (see, e.g., Ex. 16 Q, page 2: “#instasmile”) confirms that the intended audience of the hashtags is, at least in part, 17 the viewer of the ad, implying association between the MagicSleeve and the terms in the hashtags. 18 19 Accordingly, Strauss’s use of Align’s marks in its hashtags is not nominative fair use. Problem 2: iTero image 20 The iTero image suffers from a different problem. The nominative fair use test is 21 applicable because Strauss used the mark to refer to Align’s product. Recall that the image is a 22 picture of an iTero scanner with stylized pictures on the screen and the MagicSleeve superimposed 23 on the wand. The word “iTero” (the mark at issue) appears on the scanner because it is an iTero 24 scanner. This is like a Volkswagen repair shop putting a picture of a Volkswagen (including the 25 VW logo on the car) in an ad to show what it repairs, or a tv channel using the term “Boston 26 Marathon” to describe the race it is going to broadcast. See New Kids, 971 F.2d at 307-08. It falls 27 within the realm of nominative fair use because the defendant is using the mark to refer to the 28 plaintiff’s product – provided the defendant can then satisfy the three-part test. 11 United States District Court Northern District of California 1 The first prong is not a problem because the MagicSleeve is not readily identifiable 2 without some reference to an iTero scanner, and the word “iTero” is itself one of the registered 3 marks. The second prong is satisfied as well. Literally the only reason why the word “iTero” 4 appears in the ad is that Align stamped the word on the front of its iTero scanners. To show what 5 customers use the MagicSleeve with, it is reasonably necessary to either (1) show an iTero 6 scanner, which will have the word “iTero” on it, or (2) not show it visually but state in the ad that 7 the sleeve is for the iTero scanner. In both situations, Strauss must use the word “iTero.” The 8 Court acknowledges that there are at least a couple of screen shots in evidence (e.g., Exhibit O, 9 page 3) in which Align’s marks do not appear at all, but those isolated examples do not change the 10 Court’s conclusion that any effective marketing of Strauss’s MagicSleeve has to refer to the sole 11 product it is used with. 12 But Strauss stumbles on the third prong: “the user must do nothing that would, in 13 conjunction with the mark, suggest sponsorship or endorsement by the trademark holder.” 14 Playboy, 279 F.3d at 801. Here, the image is a copy-paste from Align’s website (with the 15 MagicSleeve added on). And it’s not just an image of an iTero scanner. Align created pictures for 16 the screen of the scanner, so the overall image is distinctive. The fact that the same distinctive 17 image, clearly designed for advertising purposes, appears in Strauss’s marketing and on Align’s 18 website suggests association or affiliation. It suggests to a reasonable person that Strauss’s 19 MagicSleeve is in some manner endorsed or authorized by Align. 20 There is nothing inherently wrong with Strauss putting a MagicSleeve on an iTero scanner, 21 taking a picture of that, and using that image in its marketing. That likely would constitute 22 nominative fair use. But when Strauss lifted a stylized image of an iTero scanner from Align’s 23 website, it went too far. Align’s marketing people created that image, and any reasonable observer 24 would understand it was a picture created for an ad. When it starts showing up in Strauss’s ads for 25 the MagicSleeve, reasonable people would infer sponsorship or endorsement by Align. 26 27 28 Accordingly, the iTero image is not nominative fair use. ii. Sleekcraft Factors Because Strauss’s use of the hashtags and the screenshot is not nominative fair use, the 12 1 2 3 4 United States District Court Northern District of California 5 Court must apply the Sleekcraft factors. To repeat, they are: (1) [T]he similarity of the marks; (2) the strength of the plaintiff’s mark; (3) the proximity or relatedness of the goods or services; (4) the defendant’s intent in selecting the mark; (5) evidence of actual confusion; (6) the marketing channels used; (7) the likelihood of expansion into other markets; and (8) the degree of care likely to be exercised by purchasers of the defendant's product. 6 Fortune Dynamic, 618 F.3d at 1030 (citing Sleekcraft, 599 F.2d at 348-49. These factors are 7 “helpful guideposts . . . not a scorecard, a bean-counter, or a checklist.” Id. at 1031. The analysis 8 is not to be considered in a mechanical fashion, and instead the importance of 9 each Sleekcraft factor will vary in each particular case. Brookfield Communs. Inc. v. W. Coast 10 Entm’t Corp., 174 F.3d 1036, 1055 n.16 (9th Cir. 1999). A plaintiff need not satisfy all of 11 the Sleekcraft factors. Pom Wonderful LLC v. Hubbard, 775 F.3d 1118, 1125 (9th Cir. 2014). 12 1. Similarity of the Mark 13 “We begin by comparing the allegedly infringing mark to the federally registered mark. 14 The similarity of the marks will always be an important factor.” Brookfield, 174 F.3d at 1054. 15 Here, it is undisputed that Strauss is using Align’s registered marks in its online advertising for the 16 MagicSleeve. The allegedly infringing mark and the registered mark are not merely similar; they 17 are the same. See Brookfield, 174 F.3 at 1056 (“In light of the virtual identity of marks, if they 18 were used with identical products or services likelihood of confusion would follow as a matter of 19 course.”). Thus, this factor weighs in Align’s favor. 20 21 2. Strength of the Mark In considering the strength of a mark, the Court considers the mark’s conceptual and 22 commercial strength. See M2 Software, Inc., v. Madacy Entm’t, 421 F.3d 1073, 1080-81 (9th Cir. 23 2005). “Trademarks are categorized as generic, descriptive, suggestive, and arbitrary or 24 fanciful.” Id. at 1080 (citing Two Pesos, Inc. v. Taco Cabana, Inc., 505 U.S. 763, 768 (1992)). 25 “The latter three categories of marks, because their intrinsic nature serves to identify a particular 26 source of a product, are deemed inherently distinctive.” Two Pesos, Inc., 505 U.S. at 768. 27 The iTero and iTero Element marks are fanciful because they consist of words or “coined 28 phrases” that “have no commonly known connection with the product at hand.” Surfvivor Media, 13 United States District Court Northern District of California 1 Inc. v. Survivor Prods., 406 F.3d 625, 632 (9th Cir. 2005) (citing Dreamwerks Prod. Grp., Inc. v. 2 SKG Studio, 142 F.3d 1127, 1130 n.7 (9th Cir. 1998)). They are therefore strong marks, 3 regardless of commercial success. See M2Software, 421 F.3d at 1081 (“we hold that a lack of 4 commercial strength cannot diminish the overall strength of a conceptually strong mark”). 5 The Invisalign mark is suggestive because it is a combination of the words “invisible” and 6 “align,” both of which are connected to the orthodontic product. Kendall-Jackson Winery, Ltd. v. 7 E. & J. Gallo Winery, 150 F.3d 1042, 1047 n.8 (9th Cir. 1998) (a suggestive mark is one for which 8 “a consumer must use imagination or any type of multistage reasoning to understand 9 the mark’s significance . . . the mark does not describe the product’s features, 10 but suggests them.”). While invisible and align are each common terms, it is the mark in its 11 entirety, “invisalign,” that must be considered—not simply individual elements of 12 that mark. See California Cooler Inc. v. Loretto Winery, Ltd., 774 F.2d 1451, 1455 (9th Cir. 13 1985). 14 Because it is suggestive, the Invisalign mark is “presumptively weak.” Brookfield, 174 15 F.3d at 1058. However, commercial success and marketplace recognition “can transform a 16 suggestive mark into a strong mark.” Id.; Entrepreneur Media, Inc. v. Smith, 279 F.3d 1135, 1144 17 (9th Cir. 2002). As of December 2018, the number of patients treated with the Invisalign system 18 reached six million. Rayes Decl., Ex. D. The product and mark have broad global reach as there 19 are over 150,000 Invisalign trained doctors worldwide. Id. In the United States, Invisalign is a 20 popular, well known product. It is a household name. It is therefore a strong mark. 21 Accordingly, the strength of the marks weighs in Align’s favor. 22 3. Proximity of the Goods 23 Next, the Court considers the proximity of the goods. The party seeking 24 a preliminary injunction “need not establish that the parties are direct competitors to satisfy the 25 proximity or relatedness factor. Related goods (or services) are those ‘which would be reasonably 26 thought by the buying public to come from the same source if sold under the same 27 mark.’” Rearden LLC v. Rearden Commerce, Inc., 683 F.3d 1190 1212 (2012) 28 (quoting Sleekcraft, 599 F.2d at 348 n.10). A court may consider the parties to be competitors if 14 1 they sell goods in the same industry or if their goods are complementary. See id. In this instance, 2 the MagicSleeve is an iTero compatible product and meant to be a replacement for the iTero 3 sleeve produced by Align. Therefore, the parties are direct competitors, and this factor, too, 4 weighs in Align’s favor. 5 United States District Court Northern District of California 6 4. The Defendant’s Intent in Selecting the Mark “The law has long been established that if an infringer adopts his designation with the 7 intent of deriving benefit from the reputation of the trade-mark or trade name, its intent may be 8 sufficient to justify the inference that there are confusing similarities.” Brookfield, 174 F.3d at 9 1059 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted); see also Playboy Enterprises, 354 F.3d at 10 1028 (“A defendant’s intent to confuse constitutes probative evidence of likely confusion: courts 11 assume that the defendant’s intentions were carried out successfully.”). “This factor favors the 12 plaintiff where the alleged infringer adopted his mark with knowledge, actual or constructive, that 13 it was another’s trademark.” Brookfield, 174 F.3d at 1059 (citing Official Airline Guides, 6 F.3d 14 at 1394; Fleischmann Distilling, 314 F.2d 149 at 157). 15 Here, Strauss obviously had knowledge that iTero, iTero Element and Invisalign were 16 Align’s marks. The MagicSleeve is intended to be used with the iTero element, and Strauss 17 knows that product and the names associated with it belong to Align. There is also some evidence 18 that Strauss used Align’s marks to derive benefit from Align’s reputation and good will. When 19 asked why Strauss “include[s] the iTero, iTero Element, and Invisalign hashtags in its Instagram 20 post,” Strauss’s Vice President Lital Lizotte testified: “Most likely because it has a high 21 following.” ECF No. 59-7 at 30:22-25. 22 23 24 Accordingly, this factor favors Align. 5. Evidence of actual confusion “Evidence that use of the two marks has already led to confusion is persuasive proof that 25 future confusion is likely.” Sleekcraft, 599 F.2d at 352. “Proving actual confusion is difficult, 26 however.” Id. “Because of the difficulty in garnering such evidence, the failure to prove instances 27 of actual confusion is not dispositive.” Id. at 353. While evidence of actual of confusion is not 28 dispositive because of the difficulty of gathering this evidence, this factor is weighed heavily when 15 1 such evidence exists. See Macy’s, Inc. v. Strategic Marks, LLC, Nos. 11-cv-06198-EMC, 15-cv- 2 00612-EMC, 2016 WL 374147, at *7 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 1, 2016) (quoting Sleekcraft, 599 F.2d at 3 352-53). Common sense suggests that “if enough people have been actually confused, then a 4 likelihood that people are confused is established.” Thane Int’l, Inc. v. Trek Bicycle Corp., 305 5 F.3d 894, 902 (9th Cir. 2002) (original emphasis omitted). Consequently, “[e]vidence of actual 6 confusion constitutes persuasive proof that future confusion is likely.” Id. (quoting Clicks 7 Billiards, Inc. v. Sixshooters, Inc., 251 F.3d 1252, 1265 (9th Cir. 2001)) (internal quotation marks 8 omitted). United States District Court Northern District of California 9 Align has submitted some anecdotal evidence of actual confusion. The Declaration of 10 Jacqueline Abreu, a clinical trainer for Align, states that one dentist told her he “did not know that 11 Align did not approve of the use of Strauss Diamond’s MagicSleeves with Align’s iTero system” 12 and, in a second instance, that it was her “understanding that this dentist did not know that the 13 MagicSleeves are not an Align sponsored product.” Abreu Decl., ECF No. 21-2, ¶¶ 5, 9. Susan 14 Damron, another clinical trainer for Align, states in her declaration that it was her understanding 15 that a dentist who called Align to complain about the performance of an iTero Element being used 16 with a Strauss MagicSleeve believed the MagicSleeves “to be Align-supported products.” 17 Damron Decl. ¶ 5. 18 19 However, because this evidence is anecdotal, it is entitled to little weight. Accordingly, this factor is neutral. 20 6 and 7. Marketing channels used and likelihood of expansion 21 into other markets 22 Align argues the next two factors, (1) the marketing channels used and (2) the likelihood of 23 expansion into other markets, are neutral because “the overlap between consumers viewing their 24 respective websites and social media pages is unknown. And where, as here, the parties are 25 already positioned to compete, the expansion of products or services factor becomes unimportant.” 26 Mot. at 18; see Brookfield, 174 F.3d at 1060. Strauss does not respond. Accordingly, the Court 27 will deem these factors neutral. 28 16 8. Degree of care 1 2 3 by purchasers. The lower the customer care the greater the likelihood of confusion. Network 4 Automation, 638 F.3d at 1152 (citing Playboy Enterprises, Inc., 354 F.3d at 1028). “Consumer 5 care for inexpensive products is expected to be quite low.” Playboy, 354 F.3d at 1028. Here, the 6 cost of the MagicSleeve is $360 for one pack of fifteen sleeves. ECF No. 66-3 at 13. This is low 7 cost as it is $24 a unit, similar to the cost $20 cost per unit in La Terra Fina USA, LLC v. 8 TerraFina, LLC, which the court found was low and thus, “consumers are not expected to be 9 taking great care in analyzing the products’ packaging.” No. 17-CV-03613 NC, 2017 WL 10 11 United States District Court Northern District of California Finally, the Court considers the type of good and the degree of care likely to be exercised 4284167, at *5 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 27, 2017). However, the cost of a product is not the only factor to be considered. The sophistication 12 of the consumer should be considered as well. “Likelihood of confusion is determined on the 13 basis of a ‘reasonably prudent consumer.’ What is expected of this reasonably prudent consumer 14 depends on the circumstances. We expect him to be more discerning—and less easily confused— 15 when he is purchasing expensive items, and when the products being sold are marketed primarily 16 to expert buyers.” Brookfield, 174 F.3d at 1060 (citations omitted). Here, the product is tailored 17 for a highly specialized group of buyers: orthodontists. There is no evidence before the Court 18 concerning who in a dentist’s office normally makes the purchasing decision for a MagicSleeve as 19 opposed to an iTero sleeve, i.e., whether it is the dentist or someone else. Nonetheless, it is 20 someone with specialized knowledge about dental equipment well beyond what the average 21 person would know. 22 23 24 25 Accordingly, the Court finds this factor to be neutral, as the cost of the item and the sophisticated nature of the customers point in different directions. 9. Conclusion For reasons similar to why the Court rejects Strauss’s nominative fair use defense, the 26 Court also finds that the totality of the Sleekcraft factors weigh in favor of finding likelihood of 27 confusion. The use of Align’s marks in Strauss’s hashtags and the use of the iTero mark in an 28 image copied from Align’s website imply association. Align’s marks are strong, and Strauss used 17 1 them to advertise its competing, nearly identical product. See Brookfield, 174 F.3d at 1056 (“In 2 light of the virtual identity of marks, if they were used with identical products or services 3 likelihood of confusion would follow as a matter of course.”). Further, Strauss knew it was using 4 its competitor’s marks. Under the circumstances, a reasonable person would be confused into 5 thinking that Align has endorsed or sponsored, or given its approval or authorization for, the 6 MagicSleeve. That type of implied endorsement from the makers of Invisalign would have high 7 value for purchasers of the MagicSleeve, but it is untrue. In reality, there is no such endorsement. 8 Accordingly, Align is likely to prevail on the merits of its trademark infringement claim. 9 United States District Court Northern District of California 10 2. Trademark Counterfeiting Align argues it can prove trademark counterfeiting by demonstrating that Strauss is using 11 counterfeits of its marks to sell the MagicSleeve. Strauss argues that none of Align’s registrations 12 cover protective or disposable sleeves used on its scanners and, also, that the sleeves (MagicSleeve 13 and iTero) themselves are not similar. Opp. to Mot. at 13. 14 “A trademark is counterfeited if the defendant, without authorization from the trademark 15 owner, uses an original mark or a copy of a mark in connection with the sale of goods.” H-D 16 Michigan Inc. v. Biker’s Dream Inc., No. CV 97-864 SVW (CWX), 1998 WL 697898, at *3 (C.D. 17 Cal. July 28, 1998) (citing Westinghouse Electric Corp. v. General Circuit Breaker & Electric 18 Supply Inc. et al., 106 F.3d 894, 899 (9th Cir. 1997), aff’d in part, appeal dismissed in part, 230 19 F.3d 1366 (9th Cir. 2000)). A counterfeit “is a spurious mark which is identical with, or 20 substantially indistinguishable from, a registered mark.” 15 U.S.C. § 1127. 21 Align has not carried its burden to show that it is likely to succeed on the merits of its 22 counterfeiting claim. First, “[t]he definition of ‘counterfeit’ reaches only cases in which the 23 counterfeit mark is used in connection with the same goods and services as those for which the 24 mark is registered on the Principal Register and is in use.” Ford Motor Co. v. O.E. Wheel 25 Distributors, LLC, 868 F. Supp. 2d 1350, 1371 (M.D. Fl. 2012) (citing State of Idaho Potato 26 Com’n v. G&T Terminal Packaging, Inc., 425 F.3d 708, 721 (9th Cir. 2005)). Strauss argues that 27 Align’s marks do not cover scanner sleeves, quoting the iTero registration No. 3,687,585. The 28 Court’s own review of all of the registrations submitted in connection with the preliminary 18 1 injunction motion leads it to the preliminary conclusion that none of the marks cover sleeves. 2 Align has a conclusory footnote in its reply brief (ECF No. 59-3 at 9 n.3), asserting without 3 explanation that its registrations cover scanner sleeves. However, that footnote provides no 4 assistance. Second, “counterfeiting is the ‘hard core’ or ‘first degree’ of trademark infringement that United States District Court Northern District of California 5 6 seeks to trick the consumer into believing he or she is getting the genuine article, rather than a 7 ‘colorable imitation.’” Gucci Am., Inc. v. Guess?, Inc., 868 F. Supp. 2d 207, 242 (S.D.N.Y. 2012) 8 (citation omitted). “For this reason, courts have uniformly applied this provision to products that 9 are stitch-for-stitch copies of those of another brand.” Id. Here, the shape, color, and design of 10 the MagicSleeve are different from the iTero sleeve. The MagicSleeve has a fin on the back and 11 no grips on the side, see Rayes Decl., Ex. O, unlike the iTero sleeve. The MagicSleeve is also 12 light blue, whereas the iTero sleeve is white. In its motion, Align has an image of the 13 MagicSleeve lying on its side (so you can’t see the fin that distinguishes it from the iTero sleeve) 14 lined up next to the dark blue iTero protective sleeve, apparently to show they are just different 15 shades of blue. ECF No. 21, page 6. In addition to hiding the fin this way, the comparison 16 between the MagicSleeve and the iTero protective sleeve that stays on the iTero wand when the 17 machine is not in use is spurious because the blue MagicSleeve is an alternative to the white iTero 18 disposable sleeve, not the protective sleeve. In short, the MagicSleeve is not a stitch-for-stitch 19 copy. 20 Accordingly, Align is not likely to prevail on its trademark counterfeiting claim. 21 3. 22 Align argues that it will prevail on its false association claim because the evidence False Association 23 demonstrates that Strauss uses in commerce words, false designations of origin, false or 24 misleading descriptions, or representations of fact, which are likely to cause confusion or 25 misrepresent the characteristics of Strauss’s goods or services. Mot. at 11. Additionally, Align 26 argues that Strauss’s advertisements are intended to, and have, misled consumers into believing 27 that Align endorses or authorizes the sale of, or otherwise is affiliated with, the MagicSleeve. 28 Mot. at 12. Strauss argues that Align is misguided in making a false association claim because a 19 1 “false association claim typically involves infringement of an unregistered mark.” Opp. to Mot. at 2 11.1 To succeed on its false association claim under 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a)(1)(A), Align will have 3 4 to prove that Strauss “(1) use[d] in commerce (2) any word, false designation of origin, false or 5 misleading description, or representation of fact, which (3) is likely to cause confusion or 6 misrepresents the characteristics of [its] goods or services.” Freecycle Network, Inc. v. Oey, 505 7 F.3d 898, 902 (9th Cir. 2007). Here, Strauss’s advertising the MagicSleeve on Facebook, 8 Instagram, LinkedIn and YouTube constitutes use in commerce because “the Internet is an 9 instrumentality and channel of interstate commerce.” United States v. Sutcliffe, 505 F.3d 944, 953 10 (9th Cir. 2007) (quoting United States v. Trotter, 478 F.3d 918, 921 (8th Cir. 2007) (per curiam)). Align’s false association arguments are no different from its trademark claim. Align United States District Court Northern District of California 11 12 argues that the iTero image taken from its website and altered to add the MagicSleeve and the 13 hashtags used in Strauss’s ads that contain Align’s marks cause customers to be confused into 14 thinking Align endorses or is in some way associated with the MagicSleeve. For the reasons 15 previously discussed, the Court finds that Align is likely to prevail on this claim. 16 4. 17 Align also argues that it is likely to succeed on its false advertising claim because Strauss’s False Advertising 18 advertisements are “literally false.” Mot. at 12. Align cites to two examples of “literally false” 19 statements: Problem 3 (Strauss’s statement that the MagicSleeve provides “25% faster scanning 20 time”) and Problem 4 (Strauss’s statement that its MagicSleeve provides “just as sharp of a scan” 21 as Align’s iTero scanner sleeve). Mot. at 12-13.2 The elements of a Lanham Act false advertising claim are: (1) a false statement of fact by 22 23 the defendant in a commercial advertisement about its own or another’s product; (2) the statement 24 25 26 27 28 1 Strauss cites 5 McCarthy on Trademarks and Unfair Competition § 27:14 for this proposition. In fact, that section of McCarthy states that section 43(a) of the Lanham Act “provides a federal vehicle for assertion of infringement of even unregistered marks and trade names” (emphasis altered), not only for unregistered marks and trade names. 2 Align argues that Strauss’s advertisements “are also literally false by implication, by suggesting that the MagicSleeve product is somehow endorsed or sponsored by Align.” Mot. at 13. However, that is duplicative of Align’s false association claim asserted under the same section of the Lanham Act. 20 1 actually deceived or has the tendency to deceive a substantial segment of its audience; (3) the 2 deception is material, in that it is likely to influence the purchasing decision; (4) the defendant 3 caused its false statement to enter interstate commerce; and (5) the plaintiff has been or is likely to 4 be injured as a result of the false statement, either by direct diversion of sales from itself to 5 defendant or by a lessening of the goodwill associated with its products. Southland Sod Farms v. 6 Stover Seed Co., 108 F.3d 1134, 1139 (9th Cir. 1997). 7 8 United States District Court Northern District of California 9 a. False statement When asserting a false advertising claim under the Lanham Act, a plaintiff may establish the “falsity” of the advertisement in one of two ways. Southland Sod Farms, 108 F.3d at 1139. A 10 “plaintiff may show that the statement was literally false, either on its face or by necessary 11 implication, or that the statement was literally true but likely to mislead or confuse 12 consumers.” Id. 13 14 15 Here, Strauss conceded at oral argument that its statement that the MagicSleeve provides a 25% faster scanning time is literally false. However, Strauss’s statement that its MagicSleeve provides “just as sharp of a scan” is 16 harder. Align has submitted persuasive evidence that the MagicSleeve will often produce a lower 17 quality scan. The design of the MagicSleeve means that the window is more likely to be out of 18 place because it is not attached to the sleeve and the sleeve does not “click” into place. The 19 MagicSleeve was not tested for leakage before it was sold. The complicated cleaning instructions 20 are likely to result in blurry screens. Align has submitted a large number of customer complaints 21 about the quality of the scans taken with the MagicSleeve. All of this evidence persuades the 22 Court that the MagicSleeve often results in scans that are less sharp than those taken with the 23 iTero sleeve. Given the considerable investment that Align made into the quality of its own 24 products, it is understandable that Align filed this lawsuit and brought this motion to end the 25 association of the MagicSleeve that is implied by Strauss’s ads. 26 However, there is no evidence before the Court concerning exactly how often the 27 MagicSleeve produces a lower quality scan. To put a finer point on it, there is no evidence 28 concerning whether the MagicSleeve results in a lower quality scan most of the time. Even if it 21 1 results in a lower quality scan often enough to be a headache for Align to be associated with it – 2 and Align has established that – it does not follow that Strauss’s statement that its product 3 provides “just as sharp of a scan” is always or even usually false. Based on the record now before the Court on this preliminary injunction motion, Align has 4 5 not proven that Strauss’s statement that the MagicSleeve produces “just as sharp of a scan” is 6 false. 7 8 United States District Court Northern District of California 9 b. Other elements With respect to the false advertisement that the MagicSleeve provides a 25% faster scanning time, Align is likely to succeed in proving the remaining elements of its claim. The 10 publication of a deliberately false statement gives rise to a presumption of actual deception and 11 materiality. See U-Haul Int’l, Inc. v. Jartran, Inc., 793 F.2d 1034, 1040-41 (9th Cir. 1986). 12 Strauss’s assertion that the MagicSleeve provides a 25% faster scanning time appears to have been 13 entirely made up out of nothing. In this lawsuit the company offers no defense or explanation for 14 the statement. The Court infers that it is deliberately false. As discussd above, the statement was 15 made on the internet so was in interstate commerce. And Align is likely to be injured by this false 16 statement in the form of the direct diversion of sales (because the MagicSleeve is an alternative to 17 purchasing iTero sleeves) and the lessening of goodwill from this untrue claim that its 18 competitor’s product produces scans significantly faster. 19 Accordingly, Align is likely to succeed on this portion of its false advertising claim. 20 5. 21 Align argues it is also likely to succeed on its state law unfair competition and false State Law Unfair Competition and False Advertising 22 advertising claims because it has demonstrated that it is likely to succeed on its federal false 23 advertising and trademark infringement claims. Align argues that courts have “recognized that 24 any violation of the false advertising law . . . necessarily violates the UCL,” and the “laws prohibit 25 not only advertising which is false, but also advertising which although true, is either actually 26 misleading or which has a capacity, likelihood or tendency to deceive or confuse the public.” 27 Mot. at 18-19 (quoting Kasky v. Nike, Inc. 27 Cal. 4th 939, 951 (2002) (internal quotations marks, 28 alterations, and citations omitted)). Strauss does not dispute that violations of federal law 22 1 establish violations of these state laws. Rather, Strauss incorporates by reference its arguments 2 that it did not violate federal law. A claim under California’s unfair competition law exists upon a showing of “any unlawful, United States District Court Northern District of California 3 4 unfair or fraudulent business act or practice [or any] unfair, deceptive, untrue or misleading 5 advertising,” which includes claims of false advertising and false association. Cal. Bus. Prof. 6 Code § 17200. Here, Align is likely to prevail on its unfair competition claim under the 7 “unlawful” prong because, as discussed above, it is likely to prevail on its Lanham Act claims for 8 trademark infringement, false association and false advertising. See, e.g., Phillip Morris USA Inc. 9 v. Shalabi, 352 F. Supp. 2d 1067, 1072 (C.D. Cal. 2004) (holding that liability for federal 10 trademark infringement is sufficient to establish liability for unfair competition under § 17200); 11 Kalologie Franchising LLC v. Kalologie Skincare Med. Grp. of California, No. CV 14-00016 12 DDP VBKX, 2014 WL 953442, at *5 (C.D. Cal. Mar. 11, 2014) (same). 13 California’s false advertising law make it “unlawful for any person . . . to make or 14 disseminate . . . before the public in this state [or] from this state before the public in any state . . . 15 any advertising device . . . or in any other manner or means whatever, including over the 16 Internet, any statement . . . which is untrue or misleading . . .” Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 17500. 17 Align is likely to prevail on this claim because it is likely to prevail on its similar federal claims. 18 See Cairns v. Franklin Minto Co., 24 F. Supp. 2d 1013, 1037 (C.D. Cal. 1998) (holding that 19 Lanham Act claims for false advertising and false designation of origin establish liability under § 20 17500). 21 B. Irreparable Harm 22 Align argues that it has and will continue to suffer irreparable harm absent a preliminary 23 injunction because Strauss’s acts impugn Align’s stellar reputation and lessen the goodwill that 24 Align has built through significant investment and quality products. Mot. at 20. Furthermore, 25 according to Align, these losses cannot be compensated with monetary relief because Strauss’s 26 continued use of Align’s registered trademarks will allegedly result in Align losing control over its 27 reputation and goodwill. Id. Strauss argues that Align’s suggestion that consumers will ascribe to 28 Align problems with a product that they knowingly bought from Strauss is entirely speculative and 23 1 doesn’t meet the requisite showing of concrete evidence that Align will be harmed absent 2 injunctive relief. United States District Court Northern District of California 3 “Irreparable harm is traditionally defined as harm for which there is no adequate legal 4 remedy, such as an award of damages.” Arizona Dream Act Coalition v. Brewer, 757 F.3d 1053, 5 1068 (9th Cir. 2014). “[E]conomic injury alone does not support a finding of irreparable harm, 6 because such injury can be remedied by a damage award.” Rent–A–Ctr., Inc. v. Canyon Television 7 & Appliance Rental, Inc., 944 F.2d 597, 603 (9th Cir. 1991). The mere possibility of irreparable 8 harm is not enough to justify a preliminary injunction. As the Supreme Court made clear 9 in Winter, “[i]ssuing a preliminary injunction based only on a possibility of irreparable harm is 10 inconsistent with our characterization of injunctive relief as an extraordinary remedy that may 11 only be awarded upon a clear showing that the plaintiff is entitled to such relief.” 555 U.S. at 12 22; see also Alliance, 632 F.3d at 1131 (“Under Winter, plaintiffs must establish that irreparable 13 harm is likely, not just possible, in order to obtain a preliminary injunction.”) (emphasis omitted). 14 The threat of irreparable harm must also be “immediate” to warrant preliminary injunctive 15 relief. Caribbean Marine Servs. Co. v. Baldrige, 844 F.2d 668, 674 (9th Cir. 1988). “Speculative 16 injury cannot be the basis for a finding of irreparable harm.” In re Excel Innovations, Inc., 502 17 F.3d 1086, 1098 (9th Cir. 2007). 18 The Court has found that Align is likely to succeed on its trademark infringement claim 19 because Strauss’s use of Align’s marks implies association or approval. This means that dental 20 professionals and patients are likely to believe that the MagicSleeve is somehow endorsed or 21 approved by Align, when it is not. Align has no control over Strauss’s MagicSleeve and Strauss’s 22 continued use of Align’s marks will result in Align losing control over its reputation and goodwill 23 as a result. This is irreparable harm that cannot be compensated for with monetary relief because 24 “one of the most valuable and important protections afforded by the Lanham Act is the right to 25 control the quality of the goods manufactured and sold under the holder’s trademark.” State of 26 Idaho Potato Comm’n, 425 F.3d at 721 (quoting El Greco Leather Prods. Co., Inc. v. Shoe World, 27 Inc., 806 F.2d 392, 395 (2d Cir. 1986)). 28 In addition, Align has submitted evidence establishing the inferior quality of the 24 1 MagicSleeve and that many customers have complained about its poor quality. See, e.g., Rayes 2 Decl., ECF No. 66-3 (collecting complaints). This too establishes irreparable harm because there 3 is “a significant risk of irreparable harm to Plaintiff’s reputation and goodwill if a customer 4 becomes dissatisfied with Defendants’ service, but aims that dissatisfaction toward Plaintiff 5 instead of Defendants.” Diller v. Barry Driller, Inc., No. CV 12-7200 ABC EX, 2012 WL 6 4044732, at *9 (C.D. Cal. Sept. 10, 2012); see also Brooklyn Brewery Corp. v. Black Ops 7 Brewing, Inc., 156 F. Supp. 3d 1173, 1185 (E.D. Cal. 2016) (granting preliminary injunction 8 where defendant’s use of plaintiff’s trademark “will cause Plaintiff to lose its ability to control its 9 brand reputation and goodwill, since what could be perceived by consumers as the quality of United States District Court Northern District of California 10 Plaintiff’s product risks no longer being within Plaintiff’s control”). 11 This risk is heightened here because iTero and iTero Element are fanciful marks, and 12 Invisalign is a strong and famous mark, so Strauss’s use of them almost automatically tells a 13 customer they refer to a brand. See Qualitex v. Jacobson Prods. Co., Inc., 514 U.S. 159, 162-63 14 (1995) (observing that fanciful, arbitrary or suggestive words or designs almost automatically tell 15 a customer that they refer to a brand). Even Strauss’s Vice President essentially admitted that 16 Strauss used Align’s marks to capitalize on their much greater fame, which is another indicator 17 that customers will associate those marks with Align. Further, any continued false advertising that 18 the MagicSleeve produces scans 25% faster than the iTero sleeve is simply an untrue swipe at 19 Align’s reputation and goodwill among its customers. Accordingly, Align has shown that it will suffer irreparable harm absent a preliminary 20 21 injunction. 22 C. 23 Balance of Equities Align argues it is suffering serious harm due to Strauss’s unlawful conduct, not just based 24 on the lost sales of additional iTero sleeves, but also because of the poor performance of the 25 MagicSleeve, which consumers are likely to attribute to Align’s iTero Element scanner. Reply to 26 Opp. at 14. Strauss argues that Align is unlikely to win on the merits. Strauss also argues that the 27 injunction Align seeks would do more than halt the alleged infringement and false advertising 28 because Align asks the Court to completely enjoin any advertising or sale of the MagicSleeve, 25 1 which would impose hardship on Strauss. Both sides make good points. Align is likely to prevail on most of its claims on the merits, 2 3 and it has made a strong showing of irreparable harm. Thus, the balance of the equities favors a 4 preliminary injunction against continued trademark infringement, false association and false 5 advertising. However, Align offers no reason why the Court should enjoin the sale of the 6 MagicSleeve, as well as any and all advertising of it. It’s not like Strauss imprinted Align’s marks 7 directly on the MagicSleeve. The marks and the false advertising just appear in the advertising. 8 To completely enjoin Strauss from advertising or selling the MagicSleeve would be an 9 unwarranted remedy that would unfairly stifle competition. 10 D. The Court has found that Align is likely to prevail on its claims for trademark 11 United States District Court Northern District of California Public Interest 12 infringement, false association and false advertising. “The public interest underlying the Lanham 13 Act’s prohibition of misleading advertisement is that of preventing consumer confusion or 14 deception.” Hall v. Bed Bath & Beyond, Inc., 705 F.3d 1357, 1367 (Fed. Cir. 2013) (quoting 15 Conopco, Inc., v. Campbell Soup Co., 95 F.3d 187, 193 (2d Cir. 1996)). “An injunction that 16 prevents consumer confusion in trademark cases . . . serves the public interest.” American. Rena 17 Int’l Corp. v. SisJoyce Int’l Co. Ltd., 534 Fed. Appx 633, 636 (9th Cir. 2013) (affirming 18 preliminary injunction). 19 E. 20 Mootness Strauss argues that Align’s motion for a preliminary injunction is moot because Strauss has 21 ceased the conduct challenged in the motion. Its Vice President submitted a declaration stating 22 that the company removed all online ads that reference faster scanning times “in part to 23 accommodate Plaintiff’s concerns, and has since refrained from making similar claims, and has no 24 intention of resuming such ads.” Declaration of Lital Lizotte (“Lizotte Decl.”) ¶ 7; Opp. at 15. 25 She also testified in her February 22, 2019 deposition that Strauss removed all references to 26 Align’s marks from its advertising in the month before her deposition, Keeley Vega Decl., Ex. 1, 27 ECF No. 59-7, which was after this lawsuit was filed and around the time Align filed this motion. 28 “Under the voluntary cessation exception [to the mootness doctrine], a defendant’s 26 1 decision to stop a challenged practice generally does not deprive a federal court of its power to 2 determine the legality of the practice.” Akina v. Hawaii, 835 F.3d 1003, 1010 (9th Cir. 2016) (per 3 curiam) (citation and quotation marks omitted). “[A]n action for an injunction does not become 4 moot merely because the conduct complained of was terminated, if there is a possibility of 5 recurrence, since otherwise the defendants would be free to return to their old ways.” F.T.C. v. 6 Affordable Media, 179 F.3d 1228, 1237 (9th Cir. 1999) (citations, emphasis and quotation marks 7 omitted). “Voluntary cessation of challenged conduct moots a case only if it is ‘absolutely clear 8 that the allegedly wrongful behavior could not reasonably be expected to recur,’” Adarand 9 Constructors, Inc. v. Slater, 528 U.S. 216, 222 (2000) (quoting United States v. Concentrated 10 Phosphate Export Assn., Inc., 393 U.S. 199, 203 (1968)). Strauss has not met its “heavy burden” of persuading the court that “the challenged United States District Court Northern District of California 11 12 conduct cannot reasonably be expected to start up again.” Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw 13 Environmental Services (TOC), Inc., 528 U.S. 167, 189 (2000). Strauss ceased engaging in the 14 challenged conduct only after it was sued and not even immediately then. There is no reason to 15 think it will not start up the same behavior again absent an injunction. See Polo Fashions, Inc. v. 16 Dick Bruhn, Inc., 793 F.2d 1132, 1135-36 (9th Cir. 1986) (“The defendants refused to stop 17 violating those rights until Polo brought suit in federal district court. We should not require Polo 18 also to introduce concrete evidence that the defendants are likely to infringe again. If the 19 defendants sincerely intend not to infringe, the injunction harms them little; if they do, it gives 20 Polo substantial protection of its trademark.”). 21 F. 22 Security Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 65(c) provides that “[t]he court may issue a preliminary 23 injunction or a temporary restraining order only if the movant gives security in an amount that the 24 court considers proper to pay the costs and damages sustained by any party found to have been 25 wrongfully enjoined or restrained.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 65(c). Rule 65(c) invests the district court 26 “with discretion as to the amount of security required, if any.” Barahona–Gomez v. Reno, 167 27 F.3d 1228, 1237 (9th Cir. 1999) (emphasis added) (citing Doctor’s Assoc., Inc. v. Stuart, 85 F.3d 28 975, 985 (2d Cir. 1996)). The district court may dispense with the filing of a bond when it 27 1 concludes there is no realistic likelihood of harm to the defendant from enjoining his or her 2 conduct. Id. Given Strauss’s own representations that it has ceased the challenged conduct, the 3 issuance of a preliminary injunction will not impose any additional cost on Strauss. Accordingly, 4 the Court determines that no bond is necessary. 5 United States District Court Northern District of California 6 V. CONCLUSION Align’s motion for a preliminary injunction is GRANTED IN PART and DENIED IN 7 PART. The Court ORDERS that Strauss Diamond Instruments, Inc., and its officers, agents, 8 servants, employees, and anyone in active concert or participation with them are ENJOINED 9 from: (1) infringing Align’s registered marks for iTero, iTero Element or Invisalign; and (2) 10 disseminating, publishing, or causing to be made available to the public the statement that the 11 MagicSleeve provides a “25% faster scanning time” than Align’s iTero scanning sleeve. 12 13 IT IS SO ORDERED. 14 15 Dated: April 12, 2019 16 THOMAS S. HIXSON United States Magistrate Judge 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 28

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