City and County of San Francisco v. Donald J. Trump et al, No. 3:2017cv00485 - Document 146 (N.D. Cal. 2017)

Court Description: ORDER DENYING THE GOVERNMENT'S MOTIONS FOR RECONSIDERATION AND TO DISMISS WITH REGARDS TO THE CITY AND COUNTY OF SAN FRANCISCO AND THE COUNTY OF SANTA CLARA by Judge William H. Orrick denying (107) Motion for Reconsideration and (111) Motion to Dismiss in case 3:17-cv-00485-WHO and denying (113) Motion for Reconsideration and (115) Motion to Dismiss in case 3:17-cv-00574-WHO. (jmdS, COURT STAFF) (Filed on 7/20/2017)

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1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 COUNTY OF SANTA CLARA, 7 Plaintiff, 8 v. 9 DONALD J. TRUMP, et al., 10 Defendants. 11 United States District Court Northern District of California ORDER DENYING THE GOVERNMENT’S MOTIONS FOR RECONSIDERATION AND TO DISMISS WITH REGARDS TO THE CITY AND COUNTY OF SAN FRANCISCO AND THE COUNTY OF SANTA CLARA Case No. 17-cv-00574-WHO 12 CITY AND COUNTY OF SAN FRANCISCO, 13 Dkt. Nos. 113, 115 Plaintiff, 14 v. 15 DONALD J. TRUMP, et al., 16 Defendants. 17 Case No. 17-cv-00485-WHO Dkt. Nos. 107, 111 18 INTRODUCTION 19 The government has moved for reconsideration of my April 25, 2017 order enjoining 20 21 22 23 section 9(a) of Executive Order 13768 (“PI Order”).1 It has also moved to dismiss the City and County of San Francisco’s and the County of Santa Clara’s claims under Rule 12(b)(6) and Rule 12(b)(1). The government’s motions rely heavily on Attorney General Sessions’s two page 24 1 25 26 27 28 In the alternative, the government seeks to clarify the scope of the PI Order. However, in its reply, the government states, “If the Court believes defendants correctly read the Order of April 25, 2017, as not enjoining them from exercising legal authority, independent of the Executive Order, to impose conditions on grant programming, then formal clarification may be unnecessary.” Gov. Recon. Reply at 1 n.2 (SF Dkt. No. 113). The government correctly reads the PI Order as enjoining only section 9(a) of the Executive Order. The PI Order does not address or enjoin any other independent authority that may allow the government to impose grant conditions on funds, as no such issue was before the court. 1 memorandum (the “AG Memorandum”) directed to the grant making components of the 2 Department of Justice (“DOJ”), which the government argues outlines DOJ’s definitive 3 interpretation of the Executive Order. Because I conclude that the AG Memorandum does not 4 change the analysis from the PI Order, the government’s motions for reconsideration are 5 DENIED. Similarly, with regards to the motions to dismiss, the AG Memorandum does not impact 6 7 my prior conclusions that the Counties have standing, that their claims against the Executive Order 8 are ripe, and that they are likely to succeed on the merits of those claims. I have not previously 9 addressed San Francisco’s declaratory relief claim. I do so now and conclude that San Francisco has adequately stated a claim for declaratory relief. The government’s motions to dismiss San 11 United States District Court Northern District of California 10 Francisco’s and Santa Clara’s claims are DENIED.2 BACKGROUND 12 13 On April 25, 2017, I granted San Francisco’s and Santa Clara’s motions for a preliminary 14 injunction enjoining enforcement of Executive Order 13768 section 9(a). Preliminary Injunction 15 Order (“PI Order”) (SF Dkt. No. 82); (SC Dkt. No. 98). In granting the Counties’ motions, I 16 rejected the interpretation of the Executive Order that the government put forward at oral 17 argument, that the Executive Order is a mere directive to the Department of Homeland Security 18 (“DHS”) and DOJ that does not seek to place any new conditions on federal funds. Even though 19 government counsel convincingly assured me that this was the accepted interpretation of the Order 20 throughout the ranks of DOJ, I concluded that the interpretation was not legally plausible in light 21 of the Order’s plain language and the government’s many statements indicating the Order’s 22 expansive scope. PI Order at 14. 23 On May 22, 2017, Attorney General Sessions issued the AG Memorandum, putting 24 forward DOJ’s “conclusive” interpretation of the Executive Order; it essentially repeats the 25 interpretation that the government proposed at oral argument. See Reconsideration Motion, 26 2 27 28 The motions for leave to file amicus briefs at SF Dkt. Nos. 114, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132; and SC Dkt. Nos. 118, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135 are GRANTED. Santa Clara’s motion to file a sur-reply at SC Dkt. No. 138 is GRANTED. 2 1 Attachment A (“AG Memorandum”) (SF Dkt. No. 107). The AG Memorandum states that the 2 Executive Order does not “purport to expand the existing statutory or constitutional authority of 3 the Attorney General and the Secretary of Homeland Security in any respect” and instead instructs 4 those officials to take action “to the extent consistent with the law.” AG Memorandum at 2. It 5 also states that the defunding provision in section 9(a) will be applied “solely to federal grants 6 administered by [DOJ] or [DHS]” and to grants that require the applicant to “certify . . . 7 compliance with federal law, including 8 U.S.C. section 1373, as a condition for receiving an 8 award.” AG Memorandum at 1-2. The AG Memorandum also states that DHS and DOJ may only 9 impose these conditions pursuant to “existing statutory or constitutional authority,” and only where “grantees will receive notice of their obligation to comply with section 1373.” AG 11 United States District Court Northern District of California 10 Memorandum at 2. The same day that the AG Memorandum was released, the government moved for leave to 12 13 file a motion for reconsideration of the PI Order on the grounds that the AG Memorandum 14 contradicts conclusions central to my justiciability and merits determinations. Reconsideration 15 Motion (“Recon. Mot.”) at 4 (SF Dkt. No. 107); (SC Dkt. No. 113). The Counties opposed the 16 motion for leave, arguing that the government had not been diligent in bringing the motion and 17 had failed to demonstrate that the AG Memorandum was a material change of fact or law, as 18 required by Civil Local Rule 7-9. See e.g. SF Opposition to Motion for Leave at 1-4 (SF Dkt. No. 19 103). I granted the government’s motion for leave without addressing these arguments to avoid 20 creating a procedural ambiguity regarding the government’s time to appeal the PI Order, and the 21 government promptly filed its motions for reconsideration. See Leave Order at 1-2 (SF Dkt. No. 22 106).3 While its reconsideration motions were pending, the government moved to dismiss all the 23 24 3 25 26 27 28 In my Order granting leave, I stated that I would address Local Rule 7-9’s requirements in ruling on the merits of the reconsideration motion. Leave Order at 1-2. Because I conclude that the government is not entitled to reconsideration on the merits, I do not address Local Rule 7-9’s diligence requirement. Although I do not directly address Local Rule 7-9(b)’s requirement that the moving party show a material change in fact or law, or a manifest error by the court, I address substantially similar issues in analyzing the merits of the reconsideration motions under Ninth Circuit law. 3 1 claims brought by San Francisco and Santa Clara.4 In its motions to dismiss, the government 2 asserts that the Counties lack standing to challenge the Executive Order, especially in light of the 3 guidance issued in the AG Memorandum, because the Executive Order is an internal directive that 4 does not purport to change the law. It further asserts that the plaintiffs have failed to state any 5 claim against the Executive Order. The government also moves to dismiss San Francisco’s claim 6 for a declaration that it complies with section 1373 on the grounds that San Francisco has not 7 identified an independent cause of action to seek declaratory relief and its claim is non-justiciable. 8 LEGAL STANDARD 9 RECONSIDERATION Under the Northern District’s local rules, before filing a motion for reconsideration a party 10 United States District Court Northern District of California 11 must obtain leave of court. Civil L.R. 7-9(a). To obtain leave, the party must “specifically show 12 reasonable diligence in bringing the motion” and one of the following: 13 (1) That at the time of the motion for leave, a material difference in fact or law exists from that which was presented to the Court before entry of the interlocutory order for which reconsideration is sought. The party also must show that in the exercise of reasonable diligence the party applying for reconsideration did not know such fact or law at the time of the interlocutory order; or 14 15 16 (2) The emergence of new material facts or a change of law occurring after the time of such order; or 17 18 (3) A manifest failure by the Court to consider material facts or dispositive legal arguments which were presented to the Court before such interlocutory order. 19 20 Civil L. R. 7-9(b)(1)-(3). 21 Once a reconsideration motion is filed, reconsideration is appropriate “if the district court 22 (1) is presented with newly discovered evidence, (2) committed clear error or the initial decision 23 was manifestly unjust, or (3) there is an intervening change in controlling law.” Sch. Dist. No. 1J, 24 Multnomah Cnty., Or. v. ACandS Inc., 5 F.3d 1255, 1263 (9th Cir. 1993). 25 26 27 28 4 The government has also moved to dismiss the claims brought by the City of Richmond in the related action City of Richmond v. Trump, No. 17-cv-1535. I will address that motion in a separate order. 4 1 MOTION TO DISMISS 2 Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), a district court must dismiss a complaint 3 if it fails to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. To survive a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to 4 dismiss, the plaintiff must allege “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its 5 face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). A claim is facially plausible when 6 the plaintiff pleads facts that “allow the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant 7 is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citation 8 omitted). There must be “more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” Id. 9 While courts do not require “heightened fact pleading of specifics,” a plaintiff must allege facts 10 sufficient to “raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555, 570. United States District Court Northern District of California 11 In deciding whether a plaintiff has stated a claim upon which relief can be granted, the 12 court accepts plaintiff’s allegations as true and draws all reasonable inferences in favor of the 13 plaintiff. Usher v. City of Los Angeles, 828 F.2d 556, 561 (9th Cir. 1987). However, the court is 14 not required to accept as true “allegations that are merely conclusory, unwarranted deductions of 15 fact, or unreasonable inferences.” In re Gilead Scis. Sec. Litig., 536 F.3d 1049, 1055 (9th Cir. 16 2008). 17 A motion to dismiss filed pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1) is a challenge to the court’s subject 18 matter jurisdiction. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1). “Federal courts are courts of limited 19 jurisdiction,” and it is “presumed that a cause lies outside this limited jurisdiction.” Kokkonen v. 20 Guardian Life Ins. of Am., 511 U.S. 375, 377 (1994). The party invoking the jurisdiction of the 21 federal court bears the burden of establishing that the court has the requisite subject matter 22 jurisdiction to grant the relief requested. Id. 23 A challenge pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1) may be facial or factual. See White v. Lee, 227 F.3d 24 1214, 1242 (9th Cir. 2000). In a facial attack, the jurisdictional challenge is confined to the 25 allegations pled in the complaint. See Wolfe v. Strankman, 392 F.3d 358, 362 (9th Cir. 2004). 26 The challenger asserts that the allegations in the complaint are insufficient “on their face” to 27 invoke federal jurisdiction. See Safe Air for Everyone v. Meyer, 373 F.3d 1035, 1039 (9th Cir. 28 2004). To resolve this challenge, the court assumes that the allegations in the complaint are true 5 1 and draws all reasonable inferences in favor of the party opposing dismissal. See Wolfe, 392 F.3d 2 at 362. “By contrast, in a factual attack, the challenger disputes the truth of the allegations that, by 4 themselves, would otherwise invoke federal jurisdiction.” Safe Air, 373 F.3d at 1039. To resolve 5 this challenge, the court “need not presume the truthfulness of the plaintiff’s allegations.” Id. 6 (citation omitted). Instead, the court “may review evidence beyond the complaint without 7 converting the motion to dismiss into a motion for summary judgment.” Id. (citations omitted). 8 Once the moving party has made a factual challenge by offering affidavits or other evidence to 9 dispute the allegations in the complaint, the party opposing the motion must “present affidavits or 10 any other evidence necessary to satisfy its burden of establishing that the court, in fact, possesses 11 United States District Court Northern District of California 3 subject matter jurisdiction.” St. Clair v. City of Chico, 880 F.2d 199, 201 (9th Cir. 1989); see also 12 Savage v. Glendale Union High Sch. Dist. No. 205, 343 F.3d 1036, 1040 n.2 (9th Cir. 2003). DISCUSSION 13 14 I. RECONSIDERATION The government has moved for reconsideration of my preliminary injunction order. 15 16 Under Ninth Circuit precedent, reconsideration is only appropriate “if the district court (1) is 17 presented with newly discovered evidence, (2) committed clear error or the initial decision was 18 manifestly unjust, or (3) there is an intervening change in controlling law.” See Sch. Dist. No. 1J, 19 Multnomah Cnty., Or., 5 F.3d at 1263. The government does not contend that I committed clear 20 error in my initial decision or manifestly failed to consider material facts or dispositive legal 21 arguments. Instead, it argues that the AG Memorandum represents a change in law and is a new 22 material fact that justifies reconsideration. 23 A. 24 The government does not contend that the AG Memorandum is controlling authority that Whether the AG Memorandum Reflects a Change in Controlling Law 25 binds this court. See Gov. Recon. Reply at 5 n.6. It does suggest that the AG Memorandum 26 undermines my prior conclusions regarding the meaning and scope of the Executive Order and 27 should be credited because it is the “conclusive” interpretation of the Attorney General. Id. at 7- 28 11. 6 1 This argument is not persuasive. If, as the government admits, the AG Memorandum is 2 not new controlling authority, it is persuasive only to the extent that it is an accurate and credible 3 reading of the Executive Order. See Comite de Jornaleros de Redondo Beach v. City of Redondo 4 Beach, 657 F.3d 936, 946 (9th Cir. 2011)(while a court must “consider the City’s authoritative 5 constructions of the Ordinance, including its implementation and interpretation of it,” it need not 6 “adopt an interpretation precluded by the plain language of the ordinance.”). It is unnecessary to 7 address the merits of the interpretation outlined in the AG Memorandum because it is the same 8 interpretation the government proposed at oral argument; I have already assessed and rejected it as 9 not legally plausible. See SC Recon. Oppo. at 6-8. 10 A motion for reconsideration should not “be used to ask the Court to rethink what it has United States District Court Northern District of California 11 already thought,” Garcia v. City of Napa, No. C-13-03886-EDL, 2014 WL 342085, at *1 (N.D. 12 Cal. Jan. 28, 2014), and is not a “substitute for appeal or a means of attacking some perceived 13 error of the court.” Washington v. Sandoval, C-10-0250-LHK, 2011 WL 2039687, at *1 (N.D. 14 Cal. May 24, 2011). Because the AG Memorandum is not new controlling authority and only 15 repeats an interpretation of the Executive Order that I have already rejected, it does not justify 16 reconsideration as a “change in controlling authority.” 17 18 B. Whether the AG Memorandum Reflects a Material Change in Fact or Evidence The government submits that the AG Memorandum reflects a material change in fact or 19 evidence because it is formal guidance from the Attorney General regarding the scope and 20 meaning of the Executive Order that binds DOJ and other federal agencies. Id. It argues that “the 21 significance of the AG Memorandum lies not only in what it says, but also in the fact that the 22 Attorney General himself has now provided guidance, and in a formal way that is binding on those 23 24 who will implement the grant eligibility provision – thus directly affecting the likelihood that the Order could be implemented in any way that violates the Constitution or injures the plaintiffs.” 25 Gov. Recon. Reply at 3. 26 27 28 1. Illusory Promises to Enforce a Law Narrowly Do Not Resolve Challenges to the Law Itself In opposition, the Counties contend that the AG Memorandum is nothing new and merely 7 1 states the same reading of the Executive Order that the government presented at the hearing and 2 which I have already rejected. They assert that to the extent the AG Memorandum reflects a 3 commitment to implement the Executive Order more narrowly than it is written, similar promises 4 are routinely rejected by courts as illusory and should not impact the analysis here. See e.g., City 5 of Lakewood v. Plain Dealer Publ’g Co., 486 U.S. 750, 770 (1988). 6 For example, in City of Lakewood, the Supreme Court considered whether a local 7 ordinance that gave the mayor near unbridled discretion to reject permits was constitutional. Id. 8 The City had urged the Court to presume that “the mayor will act in good faith and adhere to 9 standards absent from the ordinance’s face.” Id. The Court declined to do so, holding that limitations on the discretion of a government actor must be “made explicit by textual 11 United States District Court Northern District of California 10 incorporation, binding judicial or administrative construction, or well-established practice.” Id. 12 Similarly in Doe v. Harris, the Ninth Circuit upheld a preliminary injunction order 13 enjoining enforcement of a California statute that required sex offenders to disclose their online 14 usernames and passwords to the state and which the state could then disclose to the public “when 15 necessary to ensure the public safety.” Doe v. Harris, 772 F.3d 563, 579-80 (9th Cir. 2014). The 16 Ninth Circuit rejected the state’s argument that “existing constraints on law enforcement 17 activities” would prevent the statute from being implemented in an unconstitutional way, holding 18 that a “promise from the State that it will use the power appropriately is not sufficient.” Id. at 580- 19 581; see also United States v. Stevens, 559 U.S. 460, 480 (2010) (the Executive Branch’s 20 reassurance that it construed a statute as applying only to “extreme” animal cruelty and that it 21 “neither has brought nor will bring a prosecution for anything less” did not resolve a constitutional 22 challenge based on the text of the statute); United States v. Nosal, 676 F.3d 854, 862 (9th Cir. 23 2012) (“The government assures us that, whatever the scope of the CFAA, it won’t prosecute 24 minor violations. But we shouldn’t have to live at the mercy of our local prosecutor.”). 25 Even a formalized promise from those charged with enforcing an offending statute may be 26 insufficient. See City of Redondo Beach, 657 F.3d at 946. In City of Redondo Beach, the City had 27 submitted an affidavit from its City Attorney, attesting that a local Ordinance had only been 28 enforced narrowly “and that [the City Attorney] ha[d] no intention of altering this practice.” Id. 8 1 But this affidavit did not resolve the Ninth Circuit’s concern that the ordinance’s plain language 2 raised constitutional issues. Id. Although the court acknowledged that it must “consider the 3 City’s authoritative constructions of the Ordinance, including its implementation and 4 interpretation of it,” it held that it need not “adopt an interpretation precluded by the plain 5 language of the ordinance.” Id. 6 The government argues that the AG Memorandum is different than the illusory promises in 7 the cases listed above. Gov. Recon. Reply at 4 n.4. It specifically distinguishes Doe v. Harris, 8 noting that while in that case the state relied on “general principles of good police practices,” in 9 this case “the very official charged with implementing the grant eligibility provision – and with providing legal advice to other agencies – has stated how the provision will be implemented.” Id. 11 United States District Court Northern District of California 10 The AG Memorandum is certainly more forceful than the representations of counsel in many of 12 the cases above, but is it the kind of binding authority that would genuinely dispel the Counties’ 13 fear of unlawful enforcement? 14 C. 15 The government asserts that the AG Memorandum is not illusory because, by longstanding Is the AG Memorandum an Illusory Promise? Or is it Truly Binding? 16 tradition and practice, the Attorney General’s legal opinions are treated as authoritative by the 17 heads of executive agencies. The Counties raise two initial responses to this argument: the AG 18 Memorandum is not a legal opinion; and even if it is, it is not clear that the Attorney General’s 19 legal opinions do in fact bind other agencies. In addition, they argue that this Memorandum does 20 not bind DHS, cannot bind the Attorney General, and is therefore nothing more than an illusory 21 promise to enforce the Executive Order narrowly. 22 23 24 1. Is the AG Memorandum a binding legal opinion? a. The AG Memorandum is not a legal opinion The Counties first assert that the AG Memorandum is not a legal opinion. In support of 25 this argument they point out that the Memorandum’s title is “Implementation of Executive Order 26 13768.” SF Recon. Oppo. at 10. The Counties assert that this title indicates that the 27 Memorandum is an “implementation” document regarding how the Executive Order will be 28 enforced, not a legal opinion regarding its meaning and scope. They note that the Memorandum is 9 1 directed only to “All Department Grant-Making Components” within DOJ, and not to any other 2 executive agency. Id. at 11. They contend that this also indicates that the AG Memorandum is 3 only meant to lay out a plan to enforce the Executive Order within DOJ, and is not intended to 4 offer legal guidance to other executive agencies. With regards to the substance of the AG Memorandum, the Counties point out that the 5 6 document is only two pages long and “does nothing more than summarize the relevant terms of 7 the Executive Order and set forth the Attorney General’s determination of how he intends to carry 8 out the responsibilities it assigns to him. It offers no legal analysis or opinion regarding, for 9 example, the constitutional limits of the Executive Order’s broad language or the legal reasons 10 requiring or dictating his espoused narrowed interpretation.” Id. The government dismisses these critiques. It asserts that the AG Memorandum is a legal United States District Court Northern District of California 11 12 opinion because it “obviously deals with underlying ‘questions of law,’ such as the application of 13 8 U.S.C. 1373.” Gov. Recon. Reply at 5. That the AG Memorandum “deals with underlying 14 questions of law” is not persuasive evidence that it is in fact a legal opinion; any memorandum 15 discussing the implementation of a particular law is likely to touch on some underlying questions 16 of the law. While parts of the AG Memorandum seem to reach legal determinations, 5 many 17 indicate only a plan of enforcement. For example, with regard to the funds at issue under the 18 Executive Order, the AG Memorandum states: “I have determined that section 9(a) of the 19 Executive Order, which is directed to the Attorney General and the Secretary of Homeland 20 Security, will be applied solely to federal grants administered by the Department of Justice or the 21 Department of Homeland Security, and not to other sources of federal funding.” AG 22 Memorandum at 1 (emphasis added). This statement indicates a plan to apply section 9(a) only to 23 DOJ and DHS grants, not a legal determination that the Order is actually limited solely to those 24 grants as a matter of law. Similarly, the AG Memorandum states that “I have determined that, for 25 purposes of enforcing the Executive Order, the term ‘sanctuary jurisdiction’ will refer only to 26 27 28 5 See e.g., AG Memorandum at 1 (“Section 9(a) expressly requires enforcement ‘to the extent consistent with law,’ and therefore does not call for the imposition of grant conditions that would violate any applicable constitutional or statutory limitation.”). 10 1 jurisdictions that ‘willfully refuse to comply with 8 U.S.C. 1373.” AG Memorandum at 2 2 (emphasis added). This statement reflects a plan of enforcement, not a legal determination that the 3 Order could not bear a broader reading of “sanctuary jurisdictions” if desired. 4 The AG Memorandum is directed only to grant-making components within DOJ, is labeled 5 as an “implementation” memorandum, is only two pages long, does not engage in substantive 6 legal analysis, and primarily outlines plans to enforce the order, rather than an opinion on its 7 meaning or scope. It does not appear to be a legal opinion that might be binding authority on 8 other federal agencies or DHS. 9 2. 10 Even if it is a legal opinion, the AG Memorandum does not clearly bind other executive agencies The government asserts that Attorney General legal opinions are binding on executive United States District Court Northern District of California 11 12 agencies both by tradition and as a result of the Attorney General’s statutory duties. Case law does not conclusively support the government’s position that all Attorney General Memoranda are 13 binding on the executive branches. 14 In support of its argument, the government cites Tenaska Washington Partners II, L.P. v. 15 United States, 34 Fed. Cl. 434, 439 (1995) in which the Court of Federal Claims stated that 16 “Memoranda issued by the [Office of Legal Counsel], including this one, are binding on the 17 Department of Justice and other Executive Branch agencies and represent the official position of 18 19 those arms of government.” It also cites ACLU v. Dep’t of Def., 396 F. Supp. 2d 459, 462 (S.D.N.Y. 2005) in which the Southern District of New York stated that “The Office of the 20 Attorney General of the DOJ is empowered to furnish advice and opinions on legal matters to 21 government agencies, 28 C.F.R. § 0.5 (2005), and has issued public memoranda interpreting the 22 23 Convention Against Torture.” While these cases offer some support for the government’s position, they are also clearly 24 distinguishable from the facts here. Both dealt with formal and reasoned legal opinions prepared 25 by the Office of Legal Counsel. In addition, while ACLU acknowledges that the Attorney General 26 may furnish advice and opinions to government agencies, it does not address the primary issue 27 here, whether those opinions are then binding on the agencies. See ACLU, 396 F. Supp. 2d 462. 28 11 1 The government’s reliance on Tenaska and ACLU, two non-binding lower court cases, one 2 of which does not address the issue at hand, demonstrates that whether an Attorney General 3 memorandum is binding is not a settled issue of law. This conclusion is further supported by one 4 of the secondary sources the government cites, which itself notes that “the question of whether 5 (and in what sense) the opinions of the Attorney General, and, more recently, the Office of Legal 6 Counsel, are legally binding within the executive branch remains somewhat unsettled.” See 7 Randolph Moss, Executive Branch Legal Interpretation: A Perspective from the Office of Legal 8 Counsel, 52 Admin. L. Rev. 1303, 1318 (2000). 9 Nor do the statutes the government cites offer persuasive support for its position. It asserts that the Attorney General’s memoranda are binding on other agencies because the Attorney 11 United States District Court Northern District of California 10 General has a statutory duty to advise executive department heads on “questions of law,” 28 12 U.S.C. § 512, and to furnish formal legal opinions to executive agencies, 28 C.F.R. § 0.5(c). 13 While section 512 allows a department head to request and receive an Attorney General opinion 14 on “questions of law arising in the administration of his department,” 28 U.S.C. § 512, it does not 15 address whether such an opinion would bind the relevant department; moreover, it is inapplicable 16 to the facts here since there has been no such request. And while section 0.5(c) requires the 17 Attorney General to provide “formal and informal” advice and opinions “on legal matters,” 28 18 C.F.R. § 0.5(c), it is silent on whether any such advice would bind other agencies. 19 The AG Memorandum does not appear to be a legal opinion, and the law is unsettled on 20 whether such opinions are binding on other agencies. The government has not persuasively 21 demonstrated that the AG Memorandum is “binding” on other agencies as a legal opinion. 22 23 3. Does the AG Memorandum Bind DHS as an Opinion re Immigration Enforcement? The government asserts that the AG Memorandum binds DHS because, although the 24 Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security administers the immigration laws, the 25 26 Immigration and Nationality Act states that a “determination and ruling by the Attorney General with respect to all questions of law shall be controlling.” 8 U.S.C. § 1103(c)(1). But the AG 27 Memorandum is not clearly a determination or ruling on a question of immigration law. The AG 28 12 1 Memorandum is an internal DOJ implementation order, is not directed to DHS, and does not 2 appear to be a legal opinion. This two-page order outlining how the Executive Order will be 3 implemented within DOJ is not fairly read as a determination and ruling of law that might be 4 controlling on the Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security. 5 4. Does the AG Memorandum Bind DOJ and the Attorney General? 6 The final and most glaring problem with the AG Memorandum is that it is not binding on 7 the Attorney General. As the Counties point out, the Attorney General could, at any time, revoke 8 the AG Memorandum and issue new guidance. Or the President could replace the Attorney 9 General to revoke it. The government does not dispute that the AG Memorandum is revocable, but notes that 11 United States District Court Northern District of California 10 “that is true of any authoritative guidance issued by a federal official.” Gov. Recon. Reply at 6. 12 That the AG Memorandum shares this trait with other federal guidance does nothing to resolve the 13 issue here. The problem with the AG Memorandum, like the promises from Harris, Stevens, and 14 City of Redondo Beach, is that it is a self-imposed restriction. Where the problem with a law is 15 that it grants excessive discretion or power to a particular official, the problem cannot be resolved 16 by having that same official impose a revocable limitation on himself. Such a restriction does not 17 have the type of exterior oversight that the Supreme Court has held is necessary to cabin unbridled 18 discretion. See City of Lakewood, 486 U.S. at 770 (limitations on the discretion of a government 19 actor must be “made explicit by textual incorporation, binding judicial or administrative 20 construction, or well-established practice.”). Although more formal than a bare promise, because 21 the AG Memorandum will remain in effect only so long as the Attorney General or the President 22 see fit, it is still effectively a “promise from the State that it will use the power appropriately” and 23 “is not sufficient” to cabin the Executive Order. Harris, 772 F.3d at 579-80. 24 25 I conclude that the AG Memorandum is functionally an “illusory promise” to enforce the Executive Order narrowly and, as such, does not resolve the constitutional claims that the 26 27 28 13 1 Counties have brought based on the Order’s language.6 As the AG Memorandum reflects the 2 same interpretation of the Executive Order that government counsel proposed at the preliminary 3 injunction hearing, and which I considered and rejected in the PI Order, it is not a material change 4 in fact or evidence that would impact my prior analysis. 5 Because the AG Memorandum reflects neither a change in controlling authority nor a 6 material change in fact or evidence, it does not support reconsideration of the PI Order. The 7 government’s motions for reconsideration are DENIED. 8 II. MOTIONS TO DISMISS The government moves to dismiss the Counties’ claims. It leans heavily on the AG 9 Memorandum, which it asserts demonstrates that the Counties lack standing, that their claims are 11 United States District Court Northern District of California 10 not ripe, and that their claims challenging the Executive Order are meritless. SF MTD (SF Dkt. 12 No. 111); SC MTD (SC Dkt. No. 115). As discussed with regard to the motions for 13 reconsideration, the AG Memorandum does not resolve the Executive Order’s constitutional 14 issues or alter the analysis from the PI Order. Accordingly, I do not credit the AG Memorandum’s 15 findings in assessing the government’s motions to dismiss. This substantially simplifies resolution 16 of the government’s motions as I addressed most of the arguments it raises now, in detail, in the PI 17 Order. Instead of repeating my prior analysis here, I will simply refer to the relevant portions of 18 my prior order where appropriate. I have not previously discussed San Francisco’s declaratory 19 relief claim and so address the government’s motion to dismiss that claim below. 20 A. 21 The government argues that the plaintiffs lack standing and that their claims are unripe. In 22 the PI Order I dedicated twenty-five pages to these issues with regards to San Francisco and Santa 23 Clara and concluded that the Counties have standing to challenge the Executive Order. See PI 24 Order at 11-35. I also concluded that the Counties’ claims were ripe. San Francisco and Santa 25 Clara have established standing and ripeness. Plaintiffs Have Standing and Their Claims are Ripe 26 6 27 28 For the same reasons, the AG Memorandum does not meaningfully dispel the Counties’ fear of irreparable harm resulting from budget uncertainty. With nothing preventing the AG Memorandum from being revoked or overwritten, absent the preliminary injunction, the Counties would still face a genuine threat that the Executive Order could be enforced broadly. 14 B. 1 The Executive Order is not an Internal Directive The government contends that the plaintiffs’ claims must be dismissed because the 2 Executive Order is an internal directive and does not change the law. In the PI Order, I concluded 3 that the Executive Order is not an internal directive and does change the law. See PI Order at 124 16. 5 6 C. The Plaintiffs Have Stated Valid Claims Challenging Section 9(a) of the Executive Order 7 The government asserts that Santa Clara and San Francisco have failed to state any claim 8 challenging section 9(a) of the Executive Order. In the PI Order, I found that the Counties were 9 likely to succeed on all of their claims against the Executive Order. See PI Order at 35-44. In concluding that the Counties were likely to succeed on these claims, I necessarily concluded that 11 United States District Court Northern District of California 10 the Counties had adequately stated these claims, a considerably lower burden. Accordingly, as 12 specified below, I conclude that the Counties have adequately stated all their claims challenging 13 section 9(a) of the Executive Order. 14 15 1. The Counties’ Separation of Powers Claims The government asserts that Santa Clara and San Francisco have failed to state a separation 16 of powers claim. As detailed in the PI Order, the Counties have adequately stated a separation of 17 powers claim. See PI Order at 35-37. 18 19 2. The Counties Spending Clause Claims The government asserts that Santa Clara and San Francisco have failed to state a spending 20 clause violation claim. As detailed in the PI Order, the Counties have adequately stated a 21 spending clause violation claim. See PI Order at 37-41. 22 3. San Francisco’s Tenth Amendment Claim 23 The government asserts that San Francisco has failed to state a Tenth Amendment 24 violation. As detailed in the PI Order, San Francisco has adequately stated a Tenth Amendment 25 violation. See PI Order at 39-41. 26 4. 27 28 Santa Clara’s Fifth Amendment Vagueness Claim The government asserts that Santa Clara has failed to state a Fifth Amendment vagueness claim. As detailed in the PI Order, Santa Clara has adequately stated a Fifth Amendment 15 1 vagueness claim. See PI Order at 41-43. 2 3 5. Santa Clara’s Fifth Amendment Procedural Due Process Claim The government asserts that Santa Clara has failed to state a Fifth Amendment procedural 4 due process claim. As detailed in the PI Order, Santa Clara has adequately stated a Fifth 5 Amendment procedural due process claim. See PI Order at 43-44. San Francisco’s Declaratory Relief Claim 6 D. 7 San Francisco has brought a claim for declaratory relief seeking a declaration that its laws comply with section 1373. The government moves to dismiss this claim. It asserts that San 9 Francisco has failed to identify a right of action in section 1373 or elsewhere that would allow it to 10 pursue declaratory relief and that “the declaration that plaintiff seeks would constitute a prohibited 11 United States District Court Northern District of California 8 advisory opinion.” SF MTD at 11. 12 13 1. San Francisco Must Demonstrate an “Actual Controversy” to Seek Declaratory Relief Under the Declaratory Judgment Act Despite the government’s assertions, San Francisco does not need to demonstrate an 14 independent cause of action to seek a declaration that it complies with section 1373. Instead, it 15 must demonstrate that there is an actual legal controversy regarding its compliance with section 16 1373 in order to pursue declaratory relief under the Declaratory Judgment Act. 17 The government correctly notes that the Declaratory Judgment Act creates a remedy for 18 litigants but is not an independent cause of action. See, e.g., Muhammad v. Berreth, No. C 1219 02407 CRB, 2012 WL 4838427, at *5 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 10, 2012) (“Declaratory relief is not an 20 independent cause of action or theory of recovery, only a remedy. The [Declaratory Judgment 21 Act] does not itself confer federal subject-matter jurisdiction.”) (citation and internal quotation 22 marks omitted). However, it draws the wrong conclusion from this well-established holding, 23 asserting that a plaintiff must have some other independent statutory right to bring a plausible 24 claim for declaratory relief. SF MTD at 11. If that were the case, the Declaratory Judgment Act 25 would be meaningless; any plaintiff able to seek declaratory relief would already have an 26 27 independent right to do so. What this rule clarifies is that the Declaratory Judgment Act “does not itself confer federal subject-matter jurisdiction” and that a plaintiff seeking declaratory relief must 28 16 1 independently establish that it has standing to seek relief. Fid. & Cas. Co. v. Reserve Ins. Co., 596 2 F.2d 914, 916 (9th Cir. 1979). To establish Article III standing and seek relief under the Declaratory Judgment Act, a 3 4 plaintiff must demonstrate that its claim involves an “actual controversy.” See Aetna Life Ins. Co. 5 v. Haworth, 300 U.S. 227, 240 (1937); 28 U.S.C. § 2201(a) (“In a case of actual controversy 6 within its jurisdiction . . . any court of the United States . . . may declare the rights and other legal 7 relations of any interested party seeking such declaration, whether or not further relief is or could 8 be sought.”). This means that the dispute must be “definite and concrete, touching the legal 9 relations of parties having adverse legal interests” and be “real and substantial.” Aetna, at 240241. “Basically, the question in each case is whether the facts alleged, under all the 11 United States District Court Northern District of California 10 circumstances, show that there is a substantial controversy, between parties having adverse legal 12 interests, of sufficient immediacy and reality to warrant the issuance of a declaratory judgment.” 13 Maryland Casualty Co. v. Pacific Coal & Oil Co., 312 U.S. 270, 273 (1941). 14 2. 15 San Francisco Has Demonstrated an “Actual Controversy” regarding its Compliance with Section 1373 There is a real and immediate controversy between San Francisco and the federal 16 government regarding whether San Francisco complies with section 1373. Although the 17 government has not sued San Francisco for failing to comply with section 1373 and has not 18 declared San Francisco a “sanctuary jurisdiction” under section 9(a) of the Executive Order, in 19 many statements, official writings, and opinion pieces, key government officials have repeatedly 20 indicated that, in the eyes of the federal government, San Francisco’s policies do not comply with 21 federal law. 22 For example, in a March 27, 2017 statement on sanctuary cities, Attorney General Sessions 23 24 25 criticized San Francisco for its “sanctuary policies,” noted that this type of “disregard for the law must end” and indicated that DOJ would be taking steps to ensure compliance with section 1373. See SF. RJN Ex. D. (SF Dkt. No. 116-4).7 In a statement to law enforcement representatives in 26 27 28 7 I take judicial notice of RJN Ex. D; a press release dated March 27, 2017 and titled “Attorney General Jeff Sessions Delivers Remarks on Sanctuary Jurisdictions.” Attorney General Sessions’s statements in this document are judicially noticeable at the statements “can be accurately and 17 1 Las Vegas on the day of the hearing on these motions, the Attorney General noted that “[s]ome 2 300 jurisdictions in this country refuse to cooperate with federal immigration authorities,” and, 3 that “politicians have forbidden [local law enforcement] to help.” SF. 2nd Supp. RJN Ex. A at 2 4 (SF Dkt. No. 139).8 He specifically called out San Francisco as one of the cities that “have these 5 policies.” Id. Representative John Culberson, who chairs the House of Representatives 6 subcommittee that controls DOJ spending, and who has helped condition certain DOJ grants on 7 compliance with section 1373, has stated that a sanctuary city is any city that “[v]iolates 8 U.S.C. 8 Code 1373,” SF RJN Ex. U at 2 (SF Dkt. No. 116-21),9 and that section 1373 “bars state and local 9 officials from interfering ‘in any way’ with requests for personal immigration information by federal authorities.” SF RJN Ex. E at 3-4 (SF Dkt. No. 116-5).10 Culberson has indicated his clear 11 United States District Court Northern District of California 10 belief that San Francisco is in violation of section 1373, noting that it was San Francisco’s 12 sanctuary policies and the murder of Kate Steinle that galvanized him to ensure that DOJ grants 13 would be conditioned on compliance with section 1373 in the first place. SF RJN Ex. U at 6. 14 When questioned regarding San Francisco’s lawsuit challenging the Executive Order, Culberson 15 confidently asserted that San Francisco would ultimately lose and would not receive any federal 16 money because it doesn’t “follow federal law.” SF RJN Ex. E at 11. Finally, in a formal 17 18 19 readily determined from sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned.” Fed. R. Evid. § 201(b)(2). They are also judicially noticeable because they were posted on an official government website. See Daniels-Hall v. Nat’l Educ. Ass’n, 629 F.3d 992, 998-99 (9th Cir. 2010). 8 20 21 22 23 I take judicial notice of 2nd Supp. RJN Ex. A; a press release dated July 12, 2017 and titled “Attorney General Jeff Sessions Delivers Remarks in Las Vegas to Federal, State and Local Law Enforcement About Sanctuary Cities and Efforts to Combat Violent Crime.” Attorney General Sessions’s statements in this document are judicially noticeable at the statements “can be accurately and readily determined from sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned.” Fed. R. Evid. § 201(b)(2). They are also judicially noticeable because they were posted on an official government website. See Daniels-Hall, 629 F.3d at 998-99. 9 24 25 26 I take judicial notice of RJN Ex. U, a copy of Jeff Sessions, John Culberson, Dennis Herrera, Jose Antonio Vargas, Op-Ed, 4 Voices: Are Sanctuary Cities Good for the Community, S.F. Chron., Apr.7, 2017, as it contains the statements of government officials which “can be accurately and readily determined from sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned.” Fed. R. Evid. § 201(b)(2). 10 27 28 I take judicial notice of RJN Ex. E, a copy of the article “Did Culberson Misfire when he took a shot a ‘sanctuary city’ funds?”, Houstonchronicle.com, updated March 19, 2017, as it contains the statements of government officials which “can be accurately and readily determined from sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned.” Fed. R. Evid. § 201(b)(2). 18 1 Memorandum assessing potential violations of section 1373, Inspector General Michael Horowitz 2 indicated that San Francisco’s policies appear to be “inconsistent” with section 1373’s 3 requirements. SF. RJN Ex. F at 6 n.7 (SF Dkt. No. 116-6).11 Given that key government actors charged with enforcing compliance with section 1373 4 have repeatedly called out San Francisco for its sanctuary policies and non-compliance with 6 federal immigration law, it appears there is a “real and substantial” dispute regarding whether San 7 Francisco complies with section 1373. The government could resolve this dispute by bringing a 8 federal preemption suit and challenging the legality of San Francisco’s sanctuary policies (or by 9 disavowing that it has any intent to do so), but it has not done so. Meanwhile, it indicates that it 10 intends to expand the number of federal grants conditioned on compliance with section 1373 and 11 United States District Court Northern District of California 5 to enforce any conditions already in place. “The Declaratory Judgment Act was designed to relieve potential defendants from the 12 13 Damoclean threat of impending litigation which a harassing adversary might brandish, while 14 initiating suit at his leisure or never. The Act permits parties so situated to forestall the accrual of 15 potential damages by suing for a declaratory judgment, once the adverse positions have 16 crystallized and the conflict of interests is real and immediate.” Societe de Conditionnement en 17 Aluminium v. Hunter Engineering Co., 655 F.2d 938, 943 (9th Cir. 1981). Because San Francisco 18 has demonstrated an “actual controversy” regarding its compliance with section 1373, it need not 19 sit back and wait, as the potential liability for its potential noncompliance with section 1373 20 increases. The Declaratory Judgment Act permits it to seek declaratory relief to resolve this “real 21 and substantial” legal dispute. San Francisco has stated a justiciable claim for declaratory relief. 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 11 I take judicial notice of RJN Ex. F, a copy of a Memorandum prepared by Michael E. Horowitz, Inspector General, U.S. Department of Justice, to Karol V. Mason, Assistant Attorney General for the Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice, entitled “Department of Justice Referral of Allegations of Potential Violations of U.S.C. § 1373 by Grant Recipients,” dated May 31, 2016, because government memoranda, bulletins, reports, letters, and statements of public record are appropriate for judicial notice. See Brown v. Valoff, 422 F.3d 926, 933 n.9 (9th Cir. 2005). 19 1 CONCLUSION 2 As outlined above, the government’s motions for reconsideration and to dismiss San 3 Francisco’s and Santa Clara’s claims are DENIED. It shall answer the complaints within twenty 4 days. 5 6 IT IS SO ORDERED. Dated: July 20, 2017 7 8 William H. Orrick United States District Judge 9 10 United States District Court Northern District of California 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 20

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