(PC) Smith v. Sergent, No. 2:2015cv00979 - Document 47 (E.D. Cal. 2017)
Court Description: FINDINGS and RECOMMENDATIONS signed by Magistrate Judge Deborah Barnes on 09/26/17 recommending that defendant's motion for summary judgment 43 be denied. MOTION for SUMMARY JUDGMENT 43 referred to Judge Garland E. Burrell. Objections due within 14 days. (Plummer, M)
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 DESHONE SMITH, 12 Plaintiff, 13 14 No. 2:15-cv-0979 GEB DB P v. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS SERGENT, 15 Defendant. 16 17 Plaintiff is a state prisoner proceeding pro se and in forma pauperis with a civil rights action 18 under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Plaintiff alleges defendant used excessive force when she handcuffed 19 him. Before the court is defendant’s motion for summary judgment. For the reasons set forth 20 below, the undersigned recommends the motion be denied. 21 BACKGROUND 22 I. Allegations in the Complaint 23 In his complaint, filed here on May 6, 2015, plaintiff alleges the following. (ECF No. 1.) On 24 April 24, 2015, at 9:45 a.m., defendant handcuffed plaintiff in the library. Plaintiff asked 25 defendant if she was “going to be safe in those handcuffs before she escorted him back to his 26 cell.” Defendant replied, “whatever and go fuck off.” Plaintiff then told defendant that he could 27 not feel his hands and was in “serious pain.” He asked for removal of the handcuffs. Defendant 28 declined. Plaintiff repeated that the handcuffs were stopping the blood flow to his hands and his 1 1 pain was serious. Defendant told plaintiff, “we shall fuck you up” and that plaintiff’s serious pain 2 was “not my problem.” Plaintiff states he told defendant three times that he could not feel his 3 hands. 4 5 Plaintiff told defendant that he needed to see a doctor about his hands. Defendant responded, “Fuck your hands.” She also told him the “Green” have the “Power.” 6 Plaintiff provides a copy of a Medical Report of Injury dated the same day at 10:30 a.m. (Id. 7 at 6.) The report noted abrasions or scratches on plaintiff’s right wrist and that plaintiff reported 8 pain. 9 II. Procedural Background 10 On screening, the court found plaintiff’s complaint stated a potentially cognizable claim 11 against defendant for excessive force in violation of the Eighth Amendment. (Oct. 21, 2015 12 Order (ECF No. 12).) On February 8, 2016, defendant moved to have plaintiff declared a 13 vexatious litigant and be ordered to post security to proceed with this case. (ECF No. 20.) On 14 September 23, 2016, the court denied the motion. (ECF No. 28.) 15 Defendant filed an answer on October 14, 2016 (ECF No. 30) and the pending motion for 16 summary judgment on June 15, 2017 (ECF No. 43.) Plaintiff filed an opposition. (ECF No. 45.) 17 Defendant filed a reply. (ECF No. 46.) 18 MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT 19 Defendant contends there are no genuine issues of material fact. According to defendant, 20 even if plaintiff can prove all of his factual allegations, it does not establish a claim for excessive 21 force. Plaintiff filed a short opposition in which he points to factual disputes. 22 23 I. Legal Standards A. Summary Judgment Standards under Rule 56 24 Summary judgment is appropriate when the moving party “shows that there is no genuine 25 dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. 26 Civ. P. 56(a). Under summary judgment practice, the moving party “initially bears the burden of 27 proving the absence of a genuine issue of material fact.” In re Oracle Corp. Sec. Litigation, 627 28 F.3d 376, 387 (9th Cir. 2010) (citing Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986)). The 2 1 moving party may accomplish this by “citing to particular parts of materials in the record, 2 including depositions, documents, electronically stored information, affidavits or declarations, 3 stipulations (including those made for purposes of the motion only), admissions, interrogatory 4 answers, or other materials” or by showing that such materials “do not establish the absence or 5 presence of a genuine dispute, or that an adverse party cannot produce admissible evidence to 6 support the fact.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(1)(A), (B). When the non-moving party bears the burden of proof at trial, “the moving party need only 7 8 prove that there is an absence of evidence to support the nonmoving party’s case.” Oracle Corp., 9 627 F.3d at 387 (citing Celotex, 477 U.S. at 325.). See also Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(1)(B). Indeed, 10 summary judgment should be entered, after adequate time for discovery and upon motion, against 11 a party who fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to 12 that party's case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial. See Celotex, 477 13 U.S. at 322. “[A] complete failure of proof concerning an essential element of the nonmoving 14 party’s case necessarily renders all other facts immaterial.” Id. In such a circumstance, summary 15 judgment should be granted, “so long as whatever is before the district court demonstrates that the 16 standard for entry of summary judgment . . . is satisfied.” Id. at 323. 17 If the moving party meets its initial responsibility, the burden then shifts to the opposing 18 party to establish that a genuine issue as to any material fact actually does exist. See Matsushita 19 Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586 (1986). In attempting to establish the 20 existence of this factual dispute, the opposing party typically may not rely upon the allegations or 21 denials of its pleadings but is required to tender evidence of specific facts in the form of 22 affidavits, and/or admissible discovery material, in support of its contention that the dispute 23 exists. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(1); Matsushita, 475 U.S. at 586 n.11. The opposing party must 24 demonstrate that the fact in contention is material, i.e., a fact that might affect the outcome of the 25 suit under the governing law, see Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986); 26 T.W. Elec. Serv., Inc. v. Pacific Elec. Contractors Ass'n, 809 F.2d 626, 630 (9th Cir. 1987), and 27 that the dispute is genuine, i.e., the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict 28 //// 3 1 for the nonmoving party, see Wool v. Tandem Computers, Inc., 818 F.2d 1433, 1436 (9th Cir. 2 1987). 3 In the endeavor to establish the existence of a factual dispute, the opposing party need not 4 establish a material issue of fact conclusively in its favor. It is sufficient that “the claimed factual 5 dispute be shown to require a jury or judge to resolve the parties’ differing versions of the truth at 6 trial.” T.W. Elec. Serv., 809 F.2d at 631. Thus, the “purpose of summary judgment is to ‘pierce 7 the pleadings and to assess the proof in order to see whether there is a genuine need for trial.’” 8 Matsushita, 475 U.S. at 587 (citations omitted). 9 “In evaluating the evidence to determine whether there is a genuine issue of fact,” the court 10 draws “all reasonable inferences supported by the evidence in favor of the non-moving party.” 11 Walls v. Central Contra Costa Transit Auth., 653 F.3d 963, 966 (9th Cir. 2011). It is the 12 opposing party's obligation to produce a factual predicate from which the inference may be 13 drawn. See Richards v. Nielsen Freight Lines, 602 F. Supp. 1224, 1244-45 (E.D. Cal. 1985), 14 aff'd, 810 F.2d 898, 902 (9th Cir. 1987). Finally, to demonstrate a genuine issue, the opposing 15 party “must do more than simply show that there is some metaphysical doubt as to the material 16 facts. . . . Where the record taken as a whole could not lead a rational trier of fact to find for the 17 nonmoving party, there is no ‘genuine issue for trial.’” Matsushita, 475 U.S. at 587 (citation 18 omitted). 19 20 21 22 23 24 B. Other Applicable Legal Standards 1. Civil Rights Act Pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 The Civil Rights Act under which this action was filed provides as follows: Every person who, under color of [state law] . . . subjects, or causes to be subjected, any citizen of the United States . . . to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution . . . shall be liable to the party injured in an action at law, suit in equity, or other proper proceeding for redress. 25 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The statute requires that there be an actual connection or link between the 26 actions of the defendants and the deprivation alleged to have been suffered by the plaintiff. See 27 Monell v. Dept. of Social Servs., 436 U.S. 658 (1978); Rizzo v. Goode, 423 U.S. 362 (1976). “A 28 person ‘subjects’ another to the deprivation of a constitutional right, within the meaning of §1983, 4 1 if he does an affirmative act, participates in another’s affirmative acts or omits to perform an act 2 which he is legally required to do that causes the deprivation of which complaint is made.” 3 Johnson v. Duffy, 588 F.2d 740, 743 (9th Cir. 1978). 4 Supervisory personnel are generally not liable under § 1983 for the actions of their employees 5 under a theory of respondeat superior and, therefore, when a named defendant holds a 6 supervisorial position, the causal link between him and the claimed constitutional violation must 7 be specifically alleged. See Fayle v. Stapley, 607 F.2d 858, 862 (9th Cir. 1979); Mosher v. 8 Saalfeld, 589 F.2d 438, 441 (9th Cir. 1978). Vague and conclusory allegations concerning the 9 involvement of official personnel in civil rights violations are not sufficient. See Ivey v. Board of 10 11 12 Regents, 673 F.2d 266, 268 (9th Cir. 1982). 2. Excessive Force under the Eighth Amendment The unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain violates the Cruel and Unusual Punishments 13 Clause of the Eighth Amendment. Hudson v. McMillian, 503 U.S. 1, 5 (1992). For claims 14 arising out of the use of excessive physical force, the issue is “‘whether force was applied in a 15 good-faith effort to maintain or restore discipline, or maliciously and sadistically to cause harm.’” 16 Wilkins v. Gaddy, 559 U.S. 34, 37 (2010) (per curiam) (quoting Hudson, 503 U.S. at 7). The 17 objective component of an Eighth Amendment claim is contextual and responsive to 18 contemporary standards of decency, Hudson, 503 U.S. at 8, and although de minimis uses of 19 force do not violate the Constitution, the malicious and sadistic use of force to cause harm always 20 violates contemporary standards of decency, regardless of whether or not significant injury is 21 evident, Wilkins, 559 U.S. at 37-8 (citing Hudson, 503 U.S. at 9-10). 22 When determining whether the force was excessive, courts look to the “extent of the injury . . 23 . , the need for application of force, the relationship between that need and the amount of force 24 used, the threat ‘reasonably perceived by the responsible officials,’ and ‘any efforts made to 25 temper the severity of a forceful response.’” Hudson, 503 U.S. at 7. 26 While de minimis uses of physical force generally do not implicate the Eighth Amendment, 27 significant injury need not be evident in the context of an excessive force claim, because “[w]hen 28 prison officials maliciously and sadistically use force to cause harm, contemporary standards of 5 1 decency always are violated.” Id. at 9 (citing Whitley v. Albers, 475 U.S. 312, 327 (1986)). An 2 inmate complaining of “a ‘push or shove’ that causes no discernible injury almost certainly fails 3 to state a valid excessive force claim,” but “[a]n inmate who is gratuitously beaten by guards does 4 not lose his ability to pursue an excessive force claim merely because he has the good fortune to 5 escape without serious injury.” Wilkins, 559 U.S. 34, 38 (2010) (per curiam). 6 3. Qualified Immunity 7 Government officials enjoy qualified immunity from civil damages unless their conduct 8 violates clearly established statutory or constitutional rights. Jeffers v. Gomez, 267 F.3d 895, 910 9 (9th Cir. 2001) (quoting Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818 (1982)). When a court is 10 presented with a qualified immunity defense, the central questions for the court are: (1) whether 11 the facts alleged, taken in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, demonstrate that the 12 defendant’s conduct violated a statutory or constitutional right; and (2) whether the right at issue 13 was “clearly established.” Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 201 (2001), receded from, Pearson v. 14 Callahan, 555 U.S. 223 (2009) (the two factors set out in Saucier need not be considered in 15 sequence). “Qualified immunity gives government officials breathing room to make reasonable 16 but mistaken judgments about open legal questions.” Ashcroft v. al-Kidd, 563 U.S. 731, 743 17 (2011). The existence of triable issues of fact as to whether prison officials were deliberately 18 indifferent does not necessarily preclude qualified immunity. Estate of Ford v. Ramirez–Palmer, 19 301 F.3d 1043, 1053 (9th Cir. 2002). 20 II. Material Facts 21 Defendant filed a Statement of Undisputed Facts (“DSUF”) as required by Local Rule 260(a). 22 (ECF No. 43-3.) Plaintiff’s filing in opposition to defendant’s motion for summary judgment 23 fails to comply with Local Rule 260(b). Rule 260(b) requires that a party opposing a motion for 24 summary judgment “shall reproduce the itemized facts in the Statement of Undisputed Facts and 25 admit those facts that are undisputed and deny those that are disputed, including with each denial 26 a citation to the particular portions of any pleading, affidavit, deposition, interrogatory answer, 27 admission, or other document relied upon in support of that denial.” Plaintiff filed just a three- 28 //// 6 1 page brief and a copy of his deposition transcript in opposition to defendant’s motion. (ECF No. 2 45.) 3 4 5 6 In light of plaintiff’s pro se status, the court has reviewed plaintiff’s filings in an effort to discern whether he denies any material fact asserted in defendant’s DSUF. A. Undisputed Material Facts At all relevant times, plaintiff was incarcerated at Mule Creek State Prison and housed in the 7 Administrative Segregation Unit. (DSUF (ECF No. 43-3) No. 1, 2, 4.) On April 24, 2015, 8 defendant and Officer Winkfield came to the prison law library to escort plaintiff back to his cell. 9 (DSUF No. 5, 6.) While plaintiff was in a holding cage in the library, defendant placed handcuffs 10 on both of plaintiff’s wrists. (Transcr. of Jan. 11, 2017 Depo. of D. Smith (“Smith Depo.”), 11 lodged herein on June 15, 2017, at 18; DSUF No. 5.) While in the holding cell, plaintiff 12 complained that the handcuffs were too tight. (DSUF No. 6.) 13 14 15 Defendant removed plaintiff from the holding cell and walked plaintiff out of the library to his housing cell. (DSUF No. 9.) At some point during the escort, plaintiff asked defendant to loosen the handcuffs. (DSUF 16 No. 9.) Defendant did not loosen or adjust plaintiff’s handcuffs during the escort. (Id.) 17 Institutional protocol required that inmates housed in the Administrative Segregation Unit be in 18 restraints whenever they are outside their cell. (June 9, 2017 Decl. of E. Pedersen (ECF No. 43- 19 6), ¶ 5.) Once an escort has begun, institutional protocol requires an Administrative Segregation 20 inmate to remain in handcuffs at all times. (Id. ¶ 8.) 21 The distance from the law library to the housing unit where plaintiff’s cell is located is an 22 estimated thirty feet. The escort would have taken seconds, and at most, one minute. (Smith 23 Depo. at 26 (the escort took “about two seconds;” DSUF No. 10.) Once the escort was complete, 24 plaintiff was placed back in his cell and defendant removed his handcuffs. (DSUF No. 11.) 25 Plaintiff had the handcuffs on his wrists for a total of about two minutes. (Id.) 26 Plaintiff requested a medical evaluation immediately after being returned to his cell. (Smith 27 Depo. at 20.) Plaintiff testified in his deposition that it took somewhere between ten and thirty 28 minutes before he was taken for a medical evaluation. (Id. at 20, 34.) The medical report from 7 1 that evaluation shows plaintiff was seen at 10:30 a.m. on April 24, 2015. (Ex. to Compl. (ECF 2 No. 1 at 6).) Plaintiff was sent back to his cell with an ice pack. (Smith Depo. at 41, 52.) 3 B. Disputed Material Facts 4 1. Did Defendant Check the Handcuffs? 5 Defendant contends that she and Officer Winkfield checked the handcuffs. (June 9, 2017 6 Decl. of S. Sergent (“Sergent Decl.”) (ECF No. 43-4), ¶ 4; June 9, 2017 Decl. of M. Winkfield 7 (“Winkfield Decl.”) (ECF No. 43-5), ¶ 4.) The officers determined that the handcuffs were loose 8 around plaintiff’s wrists, that plaintiff’s skin was not being pinched by the cuffs, that there was no 9 discoloration in plaintiff’s hands, and that the handcuffs did not need to be adjusted. (Id.) 10 Defendant states that she was able to place her index finger between the cuff and plaintiff’s wrist, 11 thus confirming that the handcuffs were not tight. (Id.) 12 Plaintiff contends that neither defendant nor Winkfield checked the tightness of the handcuffs 13 at any time. (Smith Depo. at 65; Plaintiff’s Oppo. (ECF No. 45) at 2.) Plaintiff states that he 14 heard Winkfield tell defendant that the handcuffs were “stopping the blood circulation.” (Smith 15 Depo. at 29.) 16 2. Were Plaintiff’s Wrists Swollen and Discolored when the Handcuffs were Removed? 17 18 Plaintiff contends that after the handcuffs were removed one wrist was swollen, his hands 19 were numb, and both wrists were a “blackish, bluish color.” (Smith Depo. at 17, 47-48.) He 20 states that he showed defendant the swelling and discoloration of his wrists when she took the 21 handcuffs off. (Id. at 27-28.) The following morning, the numbness and swelling were gone. 22 (Id. at 49-50.) 23 Defendant states that she did not see any marks, bruises, or injuries on plaintiff’s wrist nor 24 did plaintiff notify her of any injuries. (Sergent Decl. (ECF No. 43-4), ¶ 8.) Officer Winkfield 25 also states that he never witnessed any swelling or injuries of any kind on plaintiff’s wrists. 26 (Winkfield Decl. (ECF No. 43-5), ¶ 7.) 27 //// 28 8 1 The medical report prepared at plaintiff’s visit shows that there were abrasions on one wrist 2 and that plaintiff complained of pain. (Ex. to Compl. (ECF No. 1 at 6).) No bleeding, bruising, 3 swelling, or redness was noted on the report. In a note to plaintiff’s medical file dated April 24, 4 2015 at 10:30 a.m., Dr. Bal wrote that plaintiff stated he had been handcuffed too tightly, causing 5 his skin to bleed. (Ex. A to June 12, 2017 Decl. of I. Bal, M.D. (ECF No. 43-7 at 5).) Dr. Bal 6 wrote that plaintiff sustained two “light superficial” scratches, one was “about 2 inches long and 7 the other [was] about an inch long with no active bleeding.” Dr. Bal also wrote that he or she saw 8 no swelling of the wrists. 9 3. Did Plaintiff cut his Wrists that Day? 10 Defendant states that “[l]ater that same day,” she and other officers witnessed plaintiff 11 cutting himself and making marks on his wrists, which he stopped when the officers approached 12 him about it. (Sergent Decl., ¶ 9.) Defendant does not identify with any more specificity the time 13 that this occurred. Plaintiff denies that he cut himself that day. (Plaintiff’s Oppo. (ECF No. 45) 14 at 2.) 15 16 4. Did Plaintiff Suffer an Ongoing Injury? Defendant contends that plaintiff did not suffer any permanent or serious injury, if any injury 17 at all, as a result of the brief escort by defendant. (See Bal Decl. (ECF No. 43-7), ¶ 3.) At the 18 time of his deposition in January 2017, plaintiff stated that he continued to have numbness and 19 tingling in his hands. (Smith Depo. at 57.) 20 III. Analysis of Eighth Amendment Claim 21 Defendant makes the following arguments: (1) plaintiff presents no admissible evidence to 22 establish that he suffered injury as a result of any actions by defendant; and (2) even assuming 23 defendant failed to examine whether the handcuffs were too tight, plaintiff fails to show an Eighth 24 Amendment violation under a balancing test. 25 Defendant cites one case in which the Ninth Circuit held that “conclusory allegations” of 26 injury from handcuffing which are “unsupported by factual data are insufficient to defeat” a 27 motion for summary judgment. Arpin v. Santa Clara Valley Transp. Agency, 261 F.3d 912, 922 28 (9th Cir. 2001) (citing Taylor v. List , 880 F.2d 1040, 1045 (9th Cir. 1989)). In Arpin, the 9 1 plaintiff alleged that she suffered injury as a result of being handcuffed by an officer. The Ninth 2 Circuit held that the plaintiff’s failure to provide medical records or other evidence to support her 3 claim of injury was insufficient to support a claim that the force used was unreasonable and 4 excessive. Id. (citing Foster v. Metropolitan Airports Com’n, 914 F.2d 1076, 1082 (8th Cir. 5 1990)). Similarly, in Foster, the Eighth Circuit rejected a plaintiff’s claim that tight handcuffs 6 caused injury when that claim was unsupported by evidence. The court found that the plaintiff’s 7 attempt to resist arrest made the use of some force necessary. The fact plaintiff was unable to 8 provide evidence of injury was an important factor in defeating his claim that the force used was 9 excessive. 914 F.2d at 1082-83. 10 The Eighth Circuit used the reasoning of Foster to hold that an allegation that the application 11 of handcuffs amounts to excessive force must be supported by something beyond allegations of 12 minor injuries. Crumley v. City of St. Paul, Minn., 324 F.3d 1003, 1008 (8th Cir. 2003); see also 13 Rodriguez v. Farrell, 280 F.3d 1341, 1352 (11th Cir. 2002) ( “Painful handcuffing, without more, 14 is not excessive force in cases where the resulting injuries are minimal.”); Nolin v. Isbell, 207 15 F.3d 1253, 1257–58 (11th Cir. 2000) (holding as a matter of law the amount of force used during 16 an arrest to handcuff a suspect was not excessive and would not defeat an officer's qualified 17 immunity where the resulting injury was merely bruising); cf. Martin v. Gentile, 849 F.2d 863, 18 869–70 (4th Cir. 1988) (concluding, as matter of law, painful handcuffing of one resisting arrest 19 that resulted in scrapes and bruises was not a constitutional violation). 20 However, in a recent, unpublished Ninth Circuit decision, the court held that a plaintiff need 21 not support a claim of excessive force due to tight handcuffs with proof of visible physical injury. 22 An allegation that the handcuffs caused “unnecessary pain,” is sufficient.1 See Thompson v. 23 Lake, 607 F. App’x 624, 625-26 (9th Cir. 2015) (citing Meredith v. Erath, 342 F.3d 1057, 1060, 24 1 25 26 27 28 Thompson examined the question of excessive force under the Fourth Amendment’s right to be free from an unreasonable seizure. Courts have applied Fourth Amendment excessive force standards in Eighth Amendment excessive force cases. See Candler v. Mallot, No. 2:14-cv-0363 GEB KJN P, 2015 WL 2235674, at *8 (E.D. Cal. May 12, 2015), rep. and reco. adopted, 2015 WL 3795667 (E.D. Cal. June 17, 2015); Buckley v. Evans, No. 2:02-cv-1451-JKS, 2007 WL 2900173, at * (E.D. Cal. Sept. 28, 2007) (noting similarity between analyses of Fourth and Eighth Amendment claims for excessive force in use of handcuffs). 10 1 1062-63 (9th Cir. 2003); LaLonde v. County of Riverside, 204 F.3d 947, 952, 960 (9th Cir. 2 2000)). In LaLonde, the Ninth Circuit held that a plaintiff’s allegations that officers tightly 3 handcuffed him and refused to loosen the handcuffs when he complained, was sufficient to defeat 4 summary judgment for the defendant. 204 F.3d at 960. 5 At least one court in this circuit has noted that the decisions in Arpin and Thompson appear to 6 conflict. In Arpin, the Ninth Circuit required medical or other evidence of injury beyond the 7 plaintiff’s own claims. 261 F.3d at 922. In Thompson, the Ninth Circuit held that a plaintiff’s 8 claims of unnecessary pain were enough. 607 F. App’x at 625. The court in Chambers v. Steiger, 9 No. C14-1678-JCC-MAT, 2015 WL 9872531, at *8 (W.D. Wash. Oct. 29, 2015), rep. and reco. 10 adopted, 2016 WL 235764 (W.D. Wash. Jan. 20, 2016), and found Arpin controlling and declined 11 to follow the unpublished decision in Thompson. 12 It appears that most courts in this circuit have held that a plaintiff attempting to prove 13 excessive force must show either a demonstrable injury or that he complained about the handcuffs 14 being too tight and was ignored. See Candler, 2015 WL 2235674, at *8 (citing Dillman v. 15 Tuolumne County, No. 1:13-CV-0404 LJO SKO, 2013 WL 1907379, at *8 (E.D. Cal. 2013)); 16 Weldon v. Conlee, No. 1:13-cv-0540-LJO-SAB, 2015 WL 1811882, at *14 (E.D. Cal. Apr. 21, 17 2015), aff’d, 684 F. App’x 612 (9th Cir. 2017); Gause v. Mullen, No. CV 12-1439-PHX- 18 RCB(MEA), 2013 WL 5163245, at *9 (D. Ariz. Sept. 12, 2013); Nguyen v. San Diego Police 19 Dept., No. 11cv2594-WQH-NLS, 2013 WL 12114518, at *9 (S.D. Cal. Aug. 15, 2013); Bashkin 20 v. San Diego County, No. 08cv1450-WQH-WVG, 2010 WL 2010853, at *7 (S.D. Cal. May 20, 21 2010); cf. LaLonde, 204 F.3d at 952; Palmer v. Sanderson, 9 F.3d 1433, 1434-36 (9th Cir. 1993). 22 This court will apply the standard, used fairly consistently by both this court and others, 23 requiring either a showing of physical injury or an ignored complaint made to officers about the 24 tight handcuffs. This standard is not in conflict with the Ninth Circuit’s holding in Arpin. 25 Rather, it takes the proof of injury standard of Arpin and combines it with the ignored complaints 26 standard of LaLonde. Further, in Arpin, while the court relied on the absence of proof of injury, 27 there was no indication the plaintiff had complained about the tightness of the handcuffs. In this 28 //// 11 1 case, the parties’ dispute about whether defendant responded to plaintiff’s pleas creates an issue 2 of material fact. 3 Defendant states that summary judgment for defendant was granted by this court on similar 4 facts in Reviere v. Phillips, No. 1:11-cv-0483-AWI-DLB (PC), 2014 WL 711002 (E.D. Cal. Feb. 5 21, 2014). However, the facts underlying Reviere are distinguishable in two important respects. 6 In that case, the prisoner did not inform officers that he was experiencing pain from the handcuffs 7 until the escort was underway. 2014 WL 711002, at *3. In addition, the prisoner never sought 8 medical attention for any injuries related to the use of the handcuffs. Id. 9 In the present case, plaintiff both complained about the tightness of the handcuffs 10 immediately after they were applied and sought medical attention immediately after the handcuffs 11 were removed. The court in Reviere also examined numerous cases in which tight handcuffing 12 was found to constitute excessive force. The court noted those cases generally had one of the 13 following factual situations: “the plaintiff was in visible pain, repeatedly asked the defendant to 14 remove or loosen the handcuffs, had pre-existing injuries known to the defendant, or alleged other 15 forms of abusive conduct by the defendant.” Id. at *6 & n. 2 (citing Shaw v. City of Redondo 16 Beach, No. CV 05-0481 SVW (FMOx), 2005 WL 6117549, at * 7 (C.D. Cal. Aug. 23, 2005) and 17 collecting cases). Materials issues of fact remain in the present case on the issues of plaintiff’s 18 pain and whether defendant responded to his requests to loosen the handcuffs. 19 Defendant’s reliance on the dismissal of the plaintiff’s claims in Sands v. CDCR, No. 1:15- 20 cv-1140 RRB, 2015 WL 5916804, at *3 (E.D. Cal. Oct. 8, 2015), aff’d 683 F. App’x 559 (9th 21 Cir. 2017), is unavailing. In Sands, the plaintiff alleged only that he was flex-cuffed for an 22 extended period of time, during which he was forced to urinate with his hands behind his back, 23 and staff refused to free or loosen his handcuffs. The plaintiff was unable to identify the 24 correctional officers involved. The court declined to permit plaintiff the opportunity to amend his 25 complaint to identify those officers because it found that the facts alleged did not make out an 26 Eighth Amendment claim. The plaintiff apparently did not allege he was in pain, did not require 27 medical assistance, and had no lingering long-term effects. The court held that the plaintiff’s 28 injury was only a “modicum of inconvenience,” and that the officers’ refusal to “temper the use 12 1 of the flex-cuffs” was not enough to justify a finding of excessive force. In the present case, 2 plaintiff does allege pain and did seek medical assistance. Therefore, the court finds Sands 3 distinguishable. 4 In the present case, a jury could credit plaintiff’s account that his handcuffs were excessively 5 tight and that defendant failed to loosen them. Whether the handcuffs were actually too tight, and 6 whether the officers checked the handcuffs to ensure that they were not too tight, are disputed 7 factual issues that should preclude summary judgment. See Smith v. City of Hemet, 394 F.3d 8 689, 700-01 (9th Cir. 2005) (“Because the excessive force inquiry nearly always requires a jury to 9 sift through disputed factual contentions, and to draw inferences therefrom, . . . summary 10 judgment . . . in excessive force cases should be granted sparingly.”) 11 IV. Analysis of Qualified Immunity 12 The legal contours of plaintiff’s Eighth Amendment claim for excessive force were clearly 13 established in this circuit in 2015 after Arpin and LaLonde. Defendant should have been aware 14 that ignoring a plaintiff’s complaints that he was in pain and pleas to loosen the handcuffs could 15 constitute excessive force, violating the Eighth Amendment. Further, because defendant has not 16 met her burden of demonstrating the absence of a genuine issue of material fact with respect to 17 the extent of plaintiff’s injuries or the reasonableness of her response to plaintiff’s pleas to loosen 18 the handcuffs, summary judgment based on qualified immunity is inappropriate. See Adickes v. 19 Kress & Co., 398 U.S. 144, 157 (1970); see also Act Up!/Portland v. Bagley, 988 F.2d 868, 873 20 (9th Cir. 1993) (if there is a genuine dispute as to the “facts and circumstances within an officer's 21 knowledge,” or “what the officer and claimant did or failed to do,” summary judgment is not 22 appropriate). 23 24 For the reasons set forth above, IT IS HEREBY RECOMMENDED that defendant’s motion for summary judgment (ECF No. 43) be denied. 25 These findings and recommendations will be submitted to the United States District Judge 26 assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(l). Within fourteen days 27 after being served with these findings and recommendations, any party may file written 28 objections with the court and serve a copy on all parties. The document should be captioned 13 1 “Objections to Magistrate Judge's Findings and Recommendations.” Any response to the 2 objections shall be filed and served within seven days after service of the objections. The parties 3 are advised that failure to file objections within the specified time may result in waiver of the 4 right to appeal the district court’s order. Martinez v. Ylst, 951 F.2d 1153 (9th Cir. 1991). 5 Dated: September 26, 2017 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 DLB:9 DLB1/prisoner-civil rights/smit0979.msj 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 14
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