(PC) See v. Rivas et al, No. 1:2023cv01354 - Document 18 (E.D. Cal. 2023)
Court Description: FINDINGS and RECOMMENDATIONS regarding Dismissal of certain Claims and Defendants 11 signed by Magistrate Judge Barbara A. McAuliffe on 12/22/2023. Referred to No District Court Judge; Objections to F&R due within 14-Days. (Lundstrom, T)
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 MOU SENG SEE, 12 Case No.: 1:23-cv-001354-NODJ-BAM (PC) Plaintiff, 13 v. 14 A. RIVAS, et al., 15 FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS REGARDING DISMISSAL OF CERTAIN CLAIMS AND DEFENDANTS (ECF No. 11) Defendants. FOURTEEN (14) DAY DEADLINE 16 Plaintiff Mou Seng See (“Plaintiff”) is a state prisoner proceeding pro se and in forma 17 18 pauperis in this civil rights action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Plaintiff’s complaint was screened, 19 and Plaintiff was granted leave to amend. Plaintiff’s first amended complaint is currently before 20 this Court for screening. (ECF No. 11.) 21 I. Screening Requirement and Standard 22 The Court is required to screen complaints brought by prisoners seeking relief against a 23 governmental entity and/or against an officer or employee of a governmental entity. 28 U.S.C. 24 § 1915A(a). Plaintiff’s complaint, or any portion thereof, is subject to dismissal if it is frivolous 25 or malicious, if it fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, or if it seeks monetary 26 relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief. 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915A(b). 27 28 A complaint must contain “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief . . . .” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). Detailed factual allegations are not 1 1 required, but “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere 2 conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citing Bell 3 Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007)). While a plaintiff’s allegations are taken as 4 true, courts “are not required to indulge unwarranted inferences.” Doe I v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 5 572 F.3d 677, 681 (9th Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). 6 To survive screening, Plaintiff’s claims must be facially plausible, which requires 7 sufficient factual detail to allow the Court to reasonably infer that each named defendant is liable 8 for the misconduct alleged. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (quotation marks omitted); Moss v. U.S. Secret 9 Serv., 572 F.3d 962, 969 (9th Cir. 2009). The sheer possibility that a defendant acted unlawfully 10 is not sufficient, and mere consistency with liability falls short of satisfying the plausibility 11 standard. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (quotation marks omitted); Moss, 572 F.3d at 969. 12 II. 13 Plaintiff’s Allegations Plaintiff is currently housed at California Substance Abuse and Treatment Facility 14 (“SATF”) where the events in the complaint are alleged to have occurred. Plaintiff names as 15 defendants: (1) Sgt. A. Rivas, E-yard, (2) Officer R. Rivera, kitchen second watch dining officer, 16 (3) RN P. Roman. E yard, and (4) M. Dorado, E yard Officer 2. In claim 1, Plaintiff alleges violation of the Eighth Amendment for “medical care, failure 17 18 to protection, condition of confinement” and Fourteenth Amendment equal protection and 19 deliberate indifference,1 and for state law negligence. 20 On 7/24/23, Plaintiff was found by Officer Rivera. Defendant Rivera found Plaintiff 21 unconscious, unresponsive, with bruising, swelling on Plaintiff’s face and unable to walk on 22 Plaintiff’s own. Plaintiff was seriously injured and in need of immediate medical aid. Officer 23 Rivera failed to initiate his alarm for assistance and “medical personal officer knew that he should 24 of waited for medical personal because if he moves me not knowing it will do further damage 25 then the injuries I have already suffered.” (spelling corrected) He did not care for Plaintiff’s 26 Plaintiff’s claims will be screened under the Eighth Amendment. “Inmates who sue prison officials for injuries suffered while in custody may do so under the Eighth Amendment's Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause or, if not yet convicted, under the Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process Clause.” Castro v. Cnty. of Los Angeles, 833 F.3d 1060, 1067 (9th Cir. 2016). 1 27 28 2 1 well-being. Health officer woke Plaintiff up and picked Plaintiff up and escorted Plaintiff to 2 another officer for assistance. Officer R. Rivera knows his action can result in Plaintiff sustaining 3 more injuries because he didn’t care. Plaintiff believes the officer made this decision because he 4 knew that Plaintiff filed several lawsuits against the department. He knew the decision that he 5 made can result in Plaintiff losing Plaintiff’s memories or life, which will result in Plaintiff’s 6 lawsuits being dismissed. 7 Officer Rivera knows that every day after work is done feeding the inmate population, 8 Plaintiff cleans the work stations, with other workers. Officers are aware that inmates have 9 slipped in the past due to wet floor. Officer Rivera never took the time to address the situation 10 and to use wet floor signs. Someone could be assaulted because of slipping on wet floor “like in 11 my case.” 12 In claim 2, Plaintiff alleges Eighth Amendment violation for medical care, failure to 13 protect, First Amendment violation for retaliation, Fourteenth Amendment violation for violation 14 of equal protection. On 7/24/23, Officer R. Rivera escorted Plaintiff to the front of E dining and 15 passed Plaintiff off to Officer M. Dorado. The officer saw that Plaintiff was unable to walk on 16 his own and had bruising around one of Plaintiff’s eyes and cuts. The visual signs were that 17 Plaintiff was injured, but Plaintiff does not remember the events as he was unconscious. Instead 18 of calling for immediate assistance, M. Dorado handcuffed Plaintiff, searched Plaintiff, and took 19 Plaintiff to the E yard gym in a holding cage. He left Plaintiff there to suffer or die. The officer 20 knew that Plaintiff was injured and if he moved Plaintiff again, it could further injuries. He did 21 not care about Plaintiff’s life or injuries. Plaintiff believes Officer Dorado made the decision 22 because he knew that Plaintiff had multiple lawsuits against the department and knew his action 23 would result in further injuries and damages to Plaintiff. 24 As remedies, Plaintiff seeks damages. 25 III. Discussion 26 A. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8 27 Pursuant to Rule 8, a complaint must contain “a short and plain statement of the claim 28 showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a). Detailed factual allegations 3 1 are not required, but “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere 2 conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (citation omitted). Plaintiff must 3 set forth “sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on 4 its face.’” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555). While factual allegations 5 are accepted as true, legal conclusions are not. Id.; see also Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556–57; Moss, 6 572 F.3d at 969. Here, Plaintiff’s complaint is short, but is not a clear statement. As to most of Plaintiff’s 7 8 factual allegations, they are conclusory as to how each defendant knew Plaintiff had a serious 9 medical need but were deliberately indifferent, as explained below, and fails to identify how each 10 defendant violated Plaintiff’s constitutional rights. Plaintiff’s conclusory allegations are not 11 sufficient. Plaintiff has been unable to cure this deficiency. 12 B. 13 The Civil Rights Act under which this action was filed provides: 14 Every person who, under color of [state law] . . . subjects, or causes to be subjected, any citizen of the United States . . . to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution . . . shall be liable to the party injured in an action at law, suit in equity, or other proper proceeding for redress. 15 16 Linkage Requirement 17 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The statute plainly requires that there be an actual connection or link between 18 the actions of the defendants and the deprivation alleged to have been suffered by Plaintiff. See 19 Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658 (1978); Rizzo v. Goode, 423 U.S. 362 (1976). The 20 Ninth Circuit has held that “[a] person ‘subjects another to the deprivation of a constitutional 21 right, within the meaning of section 1983, if he does an affirmative act, participates in another’s 22 affirmative acts or omits to perform an act which he is legally required to do that causes the 23 deprivation of which complaint is made.” Johnson v. Duffy, 588 F.2d 740, 743 (9th Cir. 1978). 24 Plaintiff fails to link Sgt Rivas and RN Roman to any wrongful conduct. To state a claim 25 for relief under section 1983, Plaintiff must link each defendant with some affirmative act or 26 omission demonstrating a violation of Plaintiff's federal rights. Plaintiff has failed to correct this 27 deficiency. 28 /// 4 Eighth Amendment – Medical Care 1 C. 2 A prisoner’s claim of inadequate medical care constitutes cruel and unusual punishment in 3 violation of the Eighth Amendment where the mistreatment rises to the level of “deliberate 4 indifference to serious medical needs.” Jett v. Penner, 439 F.3d 1091, 1096 (9th Cir. 2006) 5 (quoting Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 104 (1976)). The two-part test for deliberate 6 indifference requires Plaintiff to show (1) “a ‘serious medical need’ by demonstrating that failure 7 to treat a prisoner’s condition could result in further significant injury or the ‘unnecessary and 8 wanton infliction of pain,’” and (2) “the defendant’s response to the need was deliberately 9 indifferent.” Jett, 439 F.3d at 1096. 10 A defendant does not act in a deliberately indifferent manner unless the defendant “knows 11 of and disregards an excessive risk to inmate health or safety.” Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 12 837 (1994). “Deliberate indifference is a high legal standard,” Simmons v. Navajo Cty. Ariz., 609 13 F.3d 1011, 1019 (9th Cir. 2010); Toguchi v. Chung, 391 F.3d 1051, 1060 (9th Cir. 2004), and is 14 shown where there was “a purposeful act or failure to respond to a prisoner’s pain or possible 15 medical need” and the indifference caused harm. Jett, 439 F.3d at 1096. In applying this 16 standard, the Ninth Circuit has held that before it can be said that a prisoner’s civil rights have 17 been abridged, “the indifference to his medical needs must be substantial. Mere ‘indifference,’ 18 ‘negligence,’ or ‘medical malpractice’ will not support this cause of action.” Broughton v. Cutter 19 Labs., 622 F.2d 458, 460 (9th Cir. 1980) (citing Estelle, 429 U.S. at 105–06). Even gross 20 negligence is insufficient to establish deliberate indifference to serious medical needs. See Wood 21 v. Housewright, 900 F.2d 1332, 1334 (9th Cir. 1990). 22 Further, a “difference of opinion between a physician and the prisoner—or between 23 medical professionals—concerning what medical care is appropriate does not amount to 24 deliberate indifference.” Snow v. McDaniel, 681 F.3d 978, 987 (9th Cir. 2012) (citing Sanchez v. 25 Vild, 891 F.2d at 242, overruled in part on other grounds, Peralta v. Dillard, 744 F.3d 1076, 26 1082–83 (9th Cir. 2014); Wilhelm v. Rotman, 680 F.3d 1113, 1122–23 (9th Cir. 2012)) (citing 27 Jackson v. McIntosh, 90 F.3d 330, 332 (9th Cir. 1986)). Rather, Plaintiff “must show that the 28 course of treatment the doctors chose was medically unacceptable under the circumstances and 5 1 that the defendants chose this course in conscious disregard of an excessive risk to [his] health.” 2 Snow, 681 F.3d at 988 (citing Jackson, 90 F.3d at 332) (internal quotation marks omitted). 3 At the pleading stage, and liberally construing the allegations, Plaintiff has alleged facts 4 that he was in serious medical need. He was unconscious or unable to walk and visibly injured. 5 6 7 Liberally construing the allegations in the first amended complaint, Plaintiff states a claim against Defendants Rivera and Dorado for deliberate indifference to medical care. Plaintiff fails to state a claim against Sgt. A. Rivas, E-yard and RN P. Roman, E yard. 8 Plaintiff fails to include any allegation against either defendant. Plaintiff has been unable to cure 9 this deficiency. Eighth Amendment – Failure to Protect 10 C. 11 It is unclear if Plaintiff is attempting to allege a claim for failure to protect. Prison 12 officials “are under an obligation to take reasonable measures to guarantee the safety of the 13 inmates.” Hudson v. Palmer, 468 U.S. 517, 526-27 (1984). A prisoner may state a Section 1983 14 claim under the Eighth Amendment against prison officials where the officials acted with 15 deliberate indifference to the threat of serious harm or injury to him. Labatad v. Corrections 16 Corp. of America, 714 F.3d 1155, 1160 (9th Cir. 2013). Prison officials have a duty under the 17 Eighth Amendment to protect prisoners from violence at the hands of other prisoners or others 18 because being violently assaulted in prison is simply not part of the penalty that criminal 19 offenders pay for their offenses against society. Farmer, 511 U.S. at 833; Clem v. Lomeli, 566 20 F.3d 1177, 1181 (9th Cir.2009); Hearns v. Terhune, 413 F.3d 1036, 1040 (9th Cir. 2005). 21 However, prison officials are liable under the Eighth Amendment only if they demonstrate 22 deliberate indifference to conditions posing a substantial risk of serious harm to an inmate; and it 23 is well settled that deliberate indifference occurs when an official acted or failed to act despite his 24 knowledge of a substantial risk of serious harm. Farmer, 511 U.S. at 834, 841; Clem, 566 F.3d at 25 1181; Hearns, 413 F.3d at 1040. The official is not liable under the Eighth Amendment unless he 26 “knows of and disregards an excessive risk to inmate health or safety; the official must both be 27 aware of facts from which the inference could be drawn that a substantial risk of serious harm 28 exists, and he must also draw the inference.” Farmer, at 837. 6 1 Plaintiff fails to state a cognizable claim against any Defendant because Plaintiff fails to 2 allege any factual support that each defendant was aware that Plaintiff was at risk of serious harm 3 at the hands of another inmate and failed to take reasonable action. Plaintiff’s conclusory 4 allegation that he was assaulted is insufficient. Plaintiff does not allege factual support each 5 Defendants “knew” Plaintiff was at risk but failed to take reasonable action. 6 D. Retaliation 7 Allegations of retaliation against a prisoner’s First Amendment rights to speech or to 8 petition the government may support a section 1983 claim. Rizzo v. Dawson, 778 F.2d 527, 532 9 (9th Cir. 1985); see also Valandingham v. Bojorquez, 866 F.2d 1135 (9th Cir. 1989); Pratt v. 10 Rowland, 65 F.3d 802, 807 (9th Cir. 1995). “Within the prison context, a viable claim of First 11 Amendment retaliation entails five basic elements: (1) An assertion that a state actor took some 12 adverse action against an inmate (2) because of (3) that prisoner’s protected conduct, and that 13 such action (4) chilled the inmate’s exercise of his First Amendment rights, and (5) the action did 14 not reasonably advance a legitimate correctional goal.” Rhodes v. Robinson, 408 F.3d 559, 567– 15 68 (9th Cir. 2005); accord Watison v. Carter, 668 F.3d 1108, 1114-15 (9th Cir. 2012); Silva, 658 16 at 1104; Brodheim v. Cry, 584 F.3d 1262, 1269 (9th Cir. 2009). 17 Adverse action taken against a prisoner “need not be an independent constitutional 18 violation. The mere threat of harm can be an adverse action.” Watison, 668 F.3d at 1114 19 (internal citations omitted). A causal connection between the adverse action and the protected 20 conduct can be alleged by an allegation of a chronology of events from which retaliation can be 21 inferred. Id. The filing of grievances and the pursuit of civil rights litigation against prison 22 officials are both protected activities. Rhodes, 408 F.3d at 567–68. The plaintiff must allege 23 either a chilling effect on future First Amendment activities, or that he suffered some other harm 24 that is “more than minimal.” Watison, 668 F.3d at 1114. A plaintiff successfully pleads that the 25 action did not reasonably advance a legitimate correctional goal by alleging, in addition to a 26 retaliatory motive, that the defendant’s actions were “arbitrary and capricious” or that they were 27 “unnecessary to the maintenance of order in the institution.” Id. 28 Plaintiff fails to allege the facts for each of the elements of a claim for retaliation against 7 1 any defendant. Plaintiff’s allegations are conclusory as to any protected conduct he in engaged in, 2 and fails to allege facts that each defendant knew of Plaintiff’s lawsuits, i.e., the causal 3 connection. Plaintiff’s conclusory allegation of his “belief” that defendants knew of his lawsuits 4 is insufficient. Plaintiff also fails to allege that any conduct chilled Plaintiff's First Amendment 5 rights or that it did not reasonably advance a legitimate correctional goal. Plaintiff has been 6 unable to cure this deficiency. Conditions of Confinement – Slippery floor 7 E. 8 The Eighth Amendment protects prisoners from inhumane conditions of confinement, 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 including in work programs. See Rhodes v. Chapman, 452 U.S. 337, 344–37, 101 S.Ct. 2392, 69 L.Ed.2d 59 (1981). Thus, [i]n the working conditions context, the Eighth Amendment is implicated only when a prison employee alleges that a prison official compelled him to “perform physical labor which [was] beyond [his] strength, endanger[ed] his life] or health, or cause[d] undue pain.” Morgan [v. Morgensen ], 465 F.3d [1041] at 1045 [ (9th Cir.2006) ], quoting Berry v. Bunnell, 39 F.3d 1056 (9th Cir.1994). Resolution of an Eighth Amendment claim entails inquiry into the official's state of mind. Prison officials are liable only if they were deliberately indifferent to a substantial risk of serious harm. Farmer, 511 U.S. at 837. Howard v. Hedgpeth, Civil No. 08cv00859–RTB(PCL), 2011 WL 386980, at *6 (E.D.Cal. Feb. 3, 2011). “Not every injury that a prisoner sustains while in prison represents a constitutional violation.” Morgan v. Morgensen, 465 F.3d 1041, 1045 (9th Cir.2006). Negligently ignoring a safety hazard falls short of the “deliberate indifference” required to establish a constitutional violation, unless the defendant's conduct exacerbated an existing danger in some manner. See, e.g., Hoptowit v. Spellman, 753 F.2d 779, 784 (9th Cir.1985); Osolinski v. Kane, 92 F.3d 934 (9th Cir.1996) (defendants entitled to qualified immunity against prisoner's Eighth Amendment claim stemming from second degree burns suffered when oven door fell off its hinges and burned his arms); Jackson v. State of Arizona, 885 F.2d 639, 641 (9th Cir.1989) (slippery floors, by themselves, do not amount to cruel and unusual punishment). Plaintiff alleges only a negligence claim for the slippery floor. Further, the Constitution does not mandate any specific training by supervisors for prison work assignments (unless deliberately indifferent to a substantial risk of serious harm), and specifically here, where a 8 1 potential injury from a slippery wet floor is obvious. Plaintiff has been unable to cure this 2 deficiency. 3 F. Equal Protection 4 The Equal Protection Clause requires the State to treat all similarly situated people 5 equally. See City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Ctr., 473 U.S. 432, 439 (1985). This does not 6 mean, however, that all prisoners must receive identical treatment and resources. See Cruz v. 7 Beto, 405 U.S. 319, 322 n.2 (1972); Ward v. Walsh, 1 F.3d 873, 880 (9th Cir. 1993); Allen v. 8 Toombs, 827 F.2d 563, 568–69 (9th Cir. 1987). 9 “To prevail on an Equal Protection claim brought under § 1983, Plaintiff must allege facts 10 plausibly showing that ‘ “the defendants acted with an intent or purpose to discriminate against 11 [them] based upon membership in a protected class,’ ” (citing Thornton v. City of St. Helens, 425 12 F.3d 1158, 1166 (9th Cir. 2005)) (quoting Lee v. City of L.A., 250 F.3d 668, 686 (9th Cir. 2001)), 13 or that similarly situated individuals were intentionally treated differently without a rational 14 relationship to a legitimate state purpose, Engquist v. Or. Dep’t of Agric., 553 U.S. 591, 601–02 15 (2008); Vill. of Willowbrook v. Olech, 528 U.S. 562, 564 (2000); Lazy Y Ranch Ltd. v. Behrens, 16 546 F.3d 580, 592 (9th Cir. 2008); North Pacifica LLC v. City of Pacifica, 526 F.3d 478, 486 (9th 17 Cir. 2008). 18 Plaintiff has not stated a cognizable equal protection claim. Plaintiff does not allege that 19 he was discriminated against because of his membership in any protected class. He also does not 20 allege factual support that he was intentionally treated differently than other similarly situated 21 inmates without a rational relationship to a legitimate state purpose. Plaintiff has not provided 22 any factual support for this claim. Fletcher v. Clendenin, No. 1:22-CV-00249 AWI BAM, 2022 23 WL 2791480, at *5 (E.D. Cal. July 15, 2022) (Equal Protection claim dismissed for failure to 24 allege factual support for denial of treatment based on membership in a protected class). Plaintiff 25 has been unable to cure this deficiency. 26 G. State Law Claims 27 Plaintiff alleges a negligence claim. To the extent Plaintiff also alleges violations of 28 California law, Plaintiff is informed that the California Government Claims Act requires that a 9 1 tort claim against a public entity or its employees be presented to the California Victim 2 Compensation and Government Claims Board no more than six months after the cause of action 3 accrues. Cal. Gov't Code §§ 905.2, 910, 911.2, 945.4, 950-950.2. Presentation of a written claim, 4 and action on or rejection of the claim are conditions precedent to suit. State v. Superior Court of 5 Kings County (Bodde), 32 Cal.4th 1234, 1239 (Cal. 2004); Shirk v. Vista Unified School District, 6 42 Cal.4th 201, 209 (2007). To state a tort claim against a public employee, a plaintiff must allege 7 compliance with the California Tort Claims Act. Cal. Gov't Code § 950.6; Bodde, 32 Cal.4th at 8 1244. “[F]ailure to allege facts demonstrating or excusing compliance with the requirement 9 subjects a compliant to general demurrer for failure to state a cause of action.” Bodde, 32 Cal.4th 10 11 12 at 1239. As Plaintiff has not alleged compliance with the Government Claims Act, he has failed to state a claim under California law. 13 IV. Conclusion and Order 14 Based on the above, the Court finds that Plaintiff’s first amended complaint states a 15 cognizable claim against Defendants R. Rivera and M. Dorado for deliberate indifference to the 16 need for medical care in violation of the Eighth Amendment. However, Plaintiff’s first amended 17 complaint fails to state any other cognizable claims for relief against any other defendants. 18 Despite being provided with the relevant pleading and legal standards, Plaintiff has been unable 19 to cure the identified deficiencies and further leave to amend is not warranted. Lopez v. Smith, 20 203 F.3d 1122, 1130 (9th Cir. 2000). 21 22 Accordingly, it is HEREBY RECOMMENDED that: 1. This action proceed on Plaintiff’s first amended complaint, filed November 22, 2023, 23 (ECF No. 11), against Defendants R. Rivera and M. Dorado for deliberate indifference to 24 the need for medical care in violation of the Eighth Amendment; and 25 26 27 28 2. All other claims and defendants be dismissed based on Plaintiff’s failure to state claims upon which relief may be granted. *** These Findings and Recommendations will be submitted to the United States District 10 1 Judge assigned to the case, as required by 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(l). Within fourteen (14) days after 2 being served with these Findings and Recommendations, Plaintiff may file written objections 3 with the Court. The document should be captioned “Objections to Magistrate Judge’s Findings 4 and Recommendations.” Plaintiff is advised that the failure to file objections within the specified 5 time may result in the waiver of the “right to challenge the magistrate’s factual findings” on 6 appeal. Wilkerson v. Wheeler, 772 F.3d 834, 839 (9th Cir. 2014) (citing Baxter v. Sullivan, 923 7 F.2d 1391, 1394 (9th Cir. 1991)). 8 9 10 11 IT IS SO ORDERED. Dated: /s/ Barbara December 22, 2023 A. McAuliffe _ UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 11
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