Valencia v. VF Outdoor, LLC, No. 1:2020cv01795 - Document 64 (E.D. Cal. 2021)
Court Description: FINDINGS and RECOMMENDATIONS recommending that 53 Defendant VF Outdoor, LLC's Motion to Deny Class Certification be GRANTED re 1 signed by Magistrate Judge Sheila K. Oberto on 11/4/2021. Referred to Judge Drozd. Objections to F&R due within fourteen (14) days. (Jessen, A)
Download PDF
<![CDATA[
Valencia v. VF Outdoor, LLC Doc. 64 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 BRIANA VALENCIA, an individual, on 12 behalf of all persons similarly situated on behalf of the State of California, as a 13 private attorney general, and on behalf of all aggrieved employees, 14 Plaintiff, 15 v. 16 No. 1:20-cv-01795-DAD-SKO FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATION TO GRANT DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DENY CLASS CERTIFICATION (Doc. 53) FOURTEEN (14) DAY DEADLINE 17 VF OUTDOOR, LLC, a California limited 18 liability company, and DOES 1 to 50, inclusive, 19 Defendant. 20 21 Before the Court is Defendant VF Outdoor, LLC’s motion to deny class certification, filed 22 September 3, 2021.1 (Doc. 53.) After being granted an extension of time (see Doc. 60), Plaintiff 23 Briana Valencia filed her opposition on October 20, 2021, and Defendant replied on October 27, 24 2021. (Docs. 61 & 62.) The undersigned reviewed the motion, opposition, reply, and all 25 supporting papers, and found the matter suitable for decision without oral argument pursuant to 26 U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of California’s Local Rule 230(g). The hearing set for 27 1 The motion was referred to the undersigned magistrate judge for findings and recommendation pursuant to 28 28 U.S.C. § 636(b). (See Doc. 43-2 at 3.) 1 Dockets.Justia.com 1 November 3, 2021, was therefore VACATED. (Doc. 63.) 2 For the reasons set forth below, the Court RECOMMENDS that Defendant’s motion to 3 deny class certification be GRANTED based on the classes as currently defined and proposed to 4 be represented by Plaintiff Briana Valencia. I. 5 BACKGROUND 6 Defendant VF Outdoor, LLC (“Defendant” or “VF Outdoor”) is an apparel, footwear, and 7 accessories company that owns and distributes several clothing brands, including “Vans,” 8 “Timberland,” “The North Face,” “Dickies,” and “Jansport.” (Doc. 1-1 ¶ 11; Doc. 53-1 at 9; Doc. 9 61 at 10.) Defendant’s products are shipped to various distribution centers located in California 10 and then distributed to various retail establishments within the State. (Doc. 61 at 8.) Defendant 11 currently employs Plaintiff Briana Valencia (“Plaintiff”) as an hourly, non-exempt employee at 12 its distribution center in Visalia, California. (Doc. 1-1 ¶ 7; Doc. 53-1 at 7; Doc. 61 at 10.) Plaintiff 13 alleges that Defendant requires its employees, upon arrival and prior to clocking-in, to undergo a 14 “security check wherein their bags are searched” and thereafter walk to their assigned 15 workstations. (Doc. 1-1 ¶ 25; Doc. 61 at 12.) Plaintiff also alleges that Defendant requires its 16 employees, after clocking-out for the day or for a meal period, to walk to the front of the building 17 and undergo a “post-shift security check.” (Id. ¶ 26; Doc. 61 at 12.) According to Plaintiff, these 18 two processes take approximately 20 minutes each for employees to complete, for which they are 19 not compensated. (Id. ¶¶ 25–26; Doc. 61 at 12.) 20 On August 27, 2019, Plaintiff filed this putative class and representative action in Alameda 21 County Superior Court, alleging: (1) failure to pay minimum wages; (2) failure to pay overtime 22 compensation; (3) failure to provide rest periods; (4) failure to provide meal periods; (5) failure 23 to pay wages owed in a timely manner; (6) failure to provide accurate wage statements; (7) unfair 24 business practices in violation of California’s Unfair Competition Law; and (8) penalties under 25 the Private Attorneys General Act. (See Doc. 1-1 ¶¶ 71–157.) Plaintiff ultimately seeks to certify 26 classes under Fed. R. Civ. P. 23 comprised of: 27 28 a. all individuals who are or were employed by VF Outdoor, LLC, or its predecessor or merged entities in California as hourly, non-exempt 2 1 employees, who were required by VF Outdoor LLC to undergo pre-shift and post-shift security checks between August 26, 2015 and the present date (“Unpaid Time Class”); 2 3 b. all individuals who are or were employed by VF Outdoor, LLC, or its predecessor or merged entities in California as hourly, non-exempt employees, who were required by Defendant to undergo pre-shift and postshift security checks and who work or worked in excess of eight hours in a day or forty hours in a workweek between August 26, 2015 and the present date (“Overtime Class”); c. all individuals who are or were employed by VF Outdoor, LLC, or its predecessor or merged entities in California as hourly, non-exempt employees, who were required by Defendant to undergo pre-shift and postshift security checks and who work or worked shifts in excess of five hours between August 26, 2015 and the present date (“Meal Period Class”); d. all individuals who are or were employed by VF Outdoor, LLC, or its predecessor or merged entities in California as hourly, non-exempt employees who work or worked shifts in excess of three and a half hours between August 26, 2015 and the present date (“Rest Period Class”); [and] e. all individuals who are or were employed by VF Outdoor, LLC, or its predecessor or merged entities in California as hourly, non-exempt employees from between August 26, 2018 and the present date (“Wage Statement Subclass”). 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 (Doc. 1-1 ¶ 3. See also Doc. 61 at 10–11.) On October 28, 2019, Defendant removed the action 17 to federal court, invoking jurisdiction under the Class Action Fairness Act (CAFA). (Doc. 1.) 18 Defendant thereafter filed a motion to transfer the action to this Court, which was granted on 19 December 17, 2020. (Docs. 31 & 41.) 20 Prior to the commencement of this lawsuit, Defendant implemented a “pre-dispute 21 arbitration agreement” (the “Arbitration Agreement”) as part of its onboarding process for non- 22 exempt employees in California. (Doc. 53-1 at 9–10, 23–24; Doc. 53-2, Declaration of David 23 Wood (“Wood Decl.”) ¶¶ 4–5 and Ex. A.) Defendant also distributed the Arbitration Agreement 24 to existing employees at the time of its implementation. (Doc. 53-1 at 10; Doc. 53-2, Wood Decl. 25 ¶ 4.) 26 undersigned’s employment with [Defendant],”including “all disputes, whether based on tort, 27 contract, statute (including, but not limited to, any . . . wage and hour violations).” (Doc. 53-1 at The Arbitration Agreement “covers any claim that arises out of or relates to the 28 3 1 24; Doc. 53-2, Wood Decl. ¶ 5 and Ex. A.) The Arbitration Agreement also includes a class 2 action waiver: “By signing this agreement, I am agreeing to waive any substantive or procedural 3 rights that I may have to bring an action as a class or collective action.” (Id.) According to 4 Defendant, approximately 1,348—or 59%—of the 2,291 putative class members have signed the 5 Arbitration Agreement.2 (Doc. 53-1 at 10; Doc. 53-2, Wood Decl. ¶ 7.) Plaintiff was presented 6 with the Arbitration Agreement, but refused to sign it. (Doc. 61 at 16; Doc. 61-1, Declaration of 7 Briana Valencia (“Valencia Decl.”) ¶ 7.) 8 Although Plaintiff has yet to file a motion for class certification, Defendant moves for an 9 order denying certification, contending that Plaintiff cannot meet the prerequisites of Rule 23 of 10 the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (“Rule 23”) because she did not sign the Arbitration 11 Agreement, whereas most of the putative class members have. Because Plaintiff did not sign the 12 Arbitration Agreement, Defendant asserts that Plaintiff will be unable to demonstrate typicality, 13 adequacy, commonality, predominance, or superiority. II. 14 LEGAL STANDARD 15 “Before certifying a class, the trial court must conduct a ‘rigorous analysis’ to determine 16 whether the party seeking certification has met the prerequisites of Rule 23.” Mazza v. Am. 17 Honda Motor Co., Inc., 666 F.3d 581, 588 (9th Cir. 2012) (citation omitted). To obtain class 18 certification, a proposed class must satisfy the numerosity, commonality, typicality, and adequacy 19 prerequisites of Rule 23(a). See Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a). The purpose of these requirements is to 20 “ensure[] that the named plaintiffs are appropriate representatives of the class whose claims they 21 wish to litigate,” and to “effectively limit the class claims to those fairly encompassed by the 22 named plaintiff’s claims.” Wal–Mart Stores, Inc. v. Dukes, 564 U.S. 338, 349 (2011). In addition 23 to meeting these four requirements, class actions must fall within one of the three types specified 24 in Rule 23(b). See Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b); Pulaski & Middleman, LLC v. Google, Inc., 802 F.3d 25 979, 985 (9th Cir. 2015). Courts are required to determine whether to certify the action as a class action at “an early 26 27 2 Plaintiff states in her opposition brief that 1,367 employees have signed the Arbitration Agreement. (See Doc. 61 at 28 12, 18.) 4 1 practicable time.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(c)(1)(A). The Ninth Circuit has concluded that “[n]othing 2 in the plain language of Rule 23(c)(1)(A) either vests plaintiffs with the exclusive right to put the 3 class certification issue before the district court or prohibits a defendant from seeking early 4 resolution of the class certification question.” Vinole v. Countrywide Home Loans, Inc., 571 F.3d 5 935, 939–40 (9th Cir. 2009). Accordingly, “Rule 23 does not preclude a defendant from bringing 6 a ‘preemptive’ motion to deny certification.” Id. at 939. 7 III. DISCUSSION 8 9 A. The Motion to Deny Class Certification is Not Premature 10 As an initial matter, Plaintiff contends that Defendant’s motion is premature because it was 11 brought “prior to the close of class certification discovery, and before Plaintiff has filed her 12 motion for class certification.” (Doc. 61 at 14.) Plaintiff points out that Defendant has neither 13 “identif[ied] a single [c]lass [m]ember who signed the [A]rbitration [A]greement,” nor produced 14 “additional persons for deposition who were [sic] allegedly helped gather the signatures of [c]lass 15 [m]embers for the [A]rbitration [A]greements.” (Id. at 15.) The undersigned disagrees. 16 The Ninth Circuit has rejected Plaintiff’s assertion that it is procedurally improper for a trial 17 court to rule on a defense motion to deny class certification before a motion for class certification 18 is filed. Vinole, 571 F.3d at 941. The undersigned also finds that the discovery identified by 19 Plaintiff is not pertinent to the present motion to deny class certification. “Where the necessary 20 factual issues may be resolved without discovery, [pre-certification discovery] is not required.” 21 Doninger v. Pac. Nw. Bell, Inc., 564 F.2d 1304, 1313 (9th Cir. 1977) (denial of certification 22 proper where 23(a) requirements could not be met regardless of the discovery undertaken and 23 there was no “reasonable probability” that any of the section (b) hurdles could be overcome). See 24 also Mantolete v. Bolger, 767 F.2d 1416, 1424 (9th Cir. 1985) (“Although in some cases a district 25 court should allow discovery to aid the determination of whether a class action is maintainable, 26 the plaintiff bears the burden of advancing a prima facie showing that the class action 27 requirements of Fed. R. Civ. P. 23 are satisfied or that discovery is likely to produce substantiation 28 of the class allegations. Absent such a showing, a trial court’s refusal to allow class discovery is 5 1 not an abuse of discretion.”). Here, Defendant’s motion is premised solely on two facts: (1) a 2 majority of the putative class members signed the Arbitration Agreement; and (2) Plaintiff did 3 not. Since neither is in dispute, discovery regarding the identities of the putative class members 4 who signed the Arbitration Agreement and the circumstances surrounding it is not germane to the 5 merits of Defendant’s motion.3 See Conde v. Open Door Mktg., LLC, 223 F. Supp. 3d 949, 958 6 (N.D. Cal. 2017) (concluding that additional discovery was not required to decide defendants’ 7 motion to deny class certification). See also Farr v. Acima Credit LLC, No. 20-CV-8619-YGR, 8 2021 WL 2826709, at *7 (N.D. Cal. July 7, 2021) (rejecting need for additional discovery 9 regarding arbitration agreement to which the named plaintiff was not subject because “[n]one of 10 [the] information would change the Court’s findings that plaintiff in particular cannot satisfy 11 typicality or adequacy with respect to the proposed class.”). 12 B. Plaintiff Cannot Represent the Proposed Classes 13 Defendant first contends that Plaintiff cannot satisfy the prerequisites of Rule 23(a) because 14 she is “atypical and an inadequate representative.” (Doc. 53-1 at 14.) Rule 23(a)(3) requires that 15 “the [legal] claims or defenses of the representative parties [be] typical of the claims or defenses 16 of the class.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a)(3). “Typicality refers to the nature of the claim or defense of 17 the class representative and not on facts surrounding the claim or defense.” Hunt v. Check 18 Recovery Sys., Inc., 241 F.R.D. 505, 510 (N.D. Cal. 2007) (citing Hanon v. Dataproducts Corp., 19 976 F.2d 497, 508 (9th Cir. 1992)). “The test of typicality is whether other members have the 20 same or similar injury, whether the action is based on conduct which is not unique to the named 21 plaintiffs, and whether other class members have been injured by the same course of conduct.” 22 Evon v. Law Offices of Sidney Mickell, 688 F.3d 1015, 1030 (9th Cir. 2012) (internal quotation 23 marks and citation omitted). The typicality requirement ensures that “the named plaintiff’s claim 24 and the class claims are so interrelated that the interests of the class members will be fairly and 25 3 The undersigned at this time declines Plaintiff’s invitation to “order Defendant to identify which employees signed the[] [Arbitration] [A]greements and give Plaintiff leave to find an additional representative to represent this subclass 26 of persons.” (Doc. 61 at 9, 27.) Such requests are not properly before the Court. To the extent Plaintiff wishes to pursue these requests, and in the event she is unable to reach agreement with Defendant after meaningfully meeting 27 and conferring, they may be brought by noticed motion under the Local Rules or, in the event of a discovery dispute, pursuant to the undersigned’s informal discovery dispute resolution process, described 28 https://www.caed.uscourts.gov/caednew/assets/File/SKO%20Web%20Info_revised_3_16_2020.pdf. 6 here: 1 adequately protected in their absence.” Gen Tel. Co. of Sw. v. Falcon, 457 U.S. 147, 158 n.13 2 (1982). 3 Rule 23(a)(4) imposes a closely related requirement to typicality: that the class 4 representative will “fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 5 23(a)(4). To determine whether a named plaintiff will do so, the court must ask: “(1) do the 6 named plaintiffs and their counsel have any conflicts of interest with other class members and (2) 7 will the named plaintiffs and their counsel prosecute the action vigorously on behalf of the class?” 8 Evon, 688 F.3d at 1031 (quoting Hanlon, 150 F.3d at 1020); see also Brown v. Ticor Title Ins., 9 982 F.2d 386, 390 (9th Cir. 1992) (noting that adequacy of representation “depends on the 10 qualifications of counsel for the representatives, an absence of antagonism, a sharing of interests 11 between representatives and absentees, and the unlikelihood that the suit is collusive”) (citations 12 omitted); Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(g)(1)(B) (stating that “class counsel must fairly and adequately 13 represent the interests of the class”). Because “the typicality and adequacy inquiries tend to 14 significantly overlap[,]” Woods v. Vector Mktg. Corp., No. C-14-0264 EMC, 2015 WL 5188682, 15 at *11 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 4, 2015) (citation omitted), they will be addressed together. 16 As noted above, Plaintiff did not sign Defendant’s Arbitration Agreement, but seeks to 17 represent a class comprised mostly of employees who did. “The Ninth Circuit has foreclosed the 18 viability of that proposition.” Campanelli v. Image First Healthcare Laundry Specialists, Inc., 19 No. 15-CV-04456-PJH, 2018 WL 6727825, at *7 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 21, 2018) (citing Avilez v. 20 Pinkerton Gov’t Servs., Inc., 596 F. App’x 579 (9th Cir. 2015). In Avilez, the named plaintiff had 21 not signed a class action waiver, yet the district court certified classes and subclasses that included 22 employees who signed class action waivers. 596 F. App’x at 579. The Ninth Circuit held that 23 the district court abused its discretion to the extent it certified those classes, because class 24 members who signed a waiver would “have potential defenses that Avilez would be unable to 25 argue on their behalf.” Id. The Ninth Circuit therefore concluded that, “[t]o the extent the classes 26 and subclasses include individuals who signed class action waivers, Avilez is not an adequate 27 representative and her claim lacks typicality.” Id. (internal citations omitted). 28 District courts within this Circuit have consistently relied on Avilez to reach a similar result. 7 1 See, e.g., Farr, 2021 WL 2826709, at *6–7 (concluding that the named plaintiff lacked typicality 2 and adequacy to represent a class made up of individuals who, unlike her, may be subject to the 3 mandatory arbitration agreement and class action waiver); Heredia v. Sunrise Senior Living LLC, 4 No. 8:18-cv-01974-JLS-JDE, 2021 WL 811856, at *2–4 (C.D. Cal. Feb. 9, 2021) (same); 5 Andrews v. Ring LLC, No. 5:20-CV-00889-RGK-SP, 2020 WL 6253319, at *4 (C.D. Cal. Sept. 6 17, 2020) (finding the plaintiff neither typical nor adequate where court determined he was not 7 bound to arbitrate); Boumaiz v. Charter Commc’ns LLC, No. 2:19-cv-06997-JLS-ADS, 2021 WL 8 2189481, at *6 (C.D. Cal. May 19, 2021) (same); Campanelli, 2018 WL 6727825, at *7 9 (concluding that a plaintiff who was not subject to an arbitration clause or class action waiver 10 was “not an adequate representative and his claims lack typicality with respect to putative Rule 11 23 plaintiffs who have signed [these agreements”); Conde, 223 F. Supp. 3d at 958–63 (granting 12 motion to deny class certification with respect to putative class members who are “possibly 13 bound” by arbitration agreements); Tan v. Grubhub, Inc., No. 15-CV-05128-JSC, 2016 WL 14 4721439, at *3 (N.D. Cal. July 19, 2016) (concluding that the named plaintiff, who opted out of 15 a class action waiver, lacked adequacy and typicality because he “would be unable to credibly 16 make several procedural unconscionability arguments on behalf of unnamed class members[.]”), 17 aff’d sub nom. Lawson v. Grubhub, Inc., 13 F.4th 908 (9th Cir. 2021); Tschudy v. J.C. Penney 18 Corp., Inc., No. 11CV1011 JM (KSC), 2015 WL 8484530, at *3 (S.D. Cal. Dec. 9, 2015) (relying 19 on Avilez to decertify class with respect to employees who signed arbitration agreements). 20 Plaintiff counters that “the existence of the [A]rbitration [A]greement should not be a bar 21 to the Court’s eventual decision on class certification,” relying on Nitsch v. Dreamworks 22 Animation SKG Inc., 315 F.R.D. 270 (N.D. Cal. 2016). (Doc. 61 at 17.) She further asserts that 23 that the Arbitration Agreement, and Plaintiff’s refusal to sign it, should not defeat class 24 certification because the Arbitration Agreement “does prohibit participation in class actions filed 25 by individuals who are not party to the arbitration agreement,” and, in any event, it is “void,” 26 “unconscionable,” and “unenforceable.” (Id. at 18–29.) 27 In Nitsch, the defendants had “argue[d] in passing in a single sentence with a citation to an 28 inapposite case that [the p]laintiffs’ claims are not typical of the class because some class 8 1 members have arbitration or release agreements with some [of the d]efendants, and the named 2 [p]laintiffs were not party to the same agreements.” Nitsch, 315 F.R.D. at 284. The district court 3 rejected this argument because “‘defenses that may bar recovery for some members of the 4 putative class, but that are not applicable to the class representative do not render a class 5 representative atypical under Rule 23.’” Id. (quoting Barnes v. AT & T Pension Benefit Plan– 6 Nonbargained Program, 270 F.R.D. 488, 494 (N.D. Cal. 2010)). In other words, the typicality 7 inquiry looks at whether the “‘putative class representative is subject to unique defenses which 8 threaten to become the focus of the litigation’” a concern that was absent where “there may be 9 defenses unique to some class members other than the class representatives.” Id. (quoting Hanon, 10 976 F.2d at 508). Therefore, “the fact that [the d]efendants may have affirmative defenses against 11 some absent class members does not affect the Court’s typicality analysis.” Id. 12 The undersigned finds the analysis in Avilez and its progeny more persuasive, as Nitsch did 13 not appear to consider whether a plaintiff who is not bound by an arbitration agreement is able to 14 challenge the enforceability of that arbitration agreement. See Conde, 223 F. Supp. 3d at 960 15 (distinguishing Nitsch). District courts that have considered this issue, however, have uniformly 16 held that a named plaintiff who is subject to an arbitration agreement or class action waiver does 17 not have standing to challenge its applicability or enforceability. See, e.g., Boumaiz, 2021 WL 18 2189481, at *7 (finding because the named plaintiff is not subject to any arbitration agreement, 19 “she lacks standing to assert defenses on behalf of putative class members who are bound by such 20 agreements.”); Heredia, 2021 WL 811856, at *4 n.4 (“Although Plaintiffs have indicated an 21 intent to challenge the arbitration agreements on the grounds of unconscionability, the Court need 22 not reach this argument. Plaintiffs—who have not signed these agreements—lack standing to 23 challenge their enforceability.”); Andrews, 2020 WL 6253319, at *4 & n.1 (determining named 24 plaintiff was not bound to arbitration agreement and thus “lacked standing to challenge its 25 enforceability”), Macedonia Distrib., Inc. v. S-L Distribution Co., LLC, No. SACV 17-1692 JVS 26 (KESx), 2020 WL 610702, at *5 (C.D. Cal. Feb. 7, 2020) (finding named plaintiff who did not 27 sign arbitration agreements “has no standing to argue that such agreements are invalid, which 28 would be required for putative class members to succeed on their claims.”); Tan, 2016 WL 9 1 4721439, at *6 (concluding that the named plaintiff “has no standing to challenge the applicability 2 or enforceability of the arbitration and class action waiver provisions . . . because, in light of his 3 decision to opt out, they do not apply to him”); Conde, 223 F. Supp. 3d at 960 (named plaintiffs 4 who had not signed arbitration agreements had “no interest in the enforceability of the arbitration 5 agreement itself and lack the ability to challenge the agreements on behalf of individuals” who 6 did sign the agreement.) Given that Plaintiff did not sign the Arbitration Agreement, she therefore 7 has no standing to argue that it is inapplicable, void, unconscionable, or unenforceable. 8 IV. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 9 10 Based on the foregoing, the undersigned concludes that Plaintiff lacks typicality and 11 adequacy pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 23 with respect to the putative class members who signed 12 the Arbitration Agreement.4 Accordingly, the undersigned RECOMMENDS that the Court 13 GRANT Defendant VF Outdoor, LLC’s motion to deny class certification (Doc. 53) based on the 14 classes as currently defined and proposed to be represented by Plaintiff Briana Valencia. 15 These Findings and Recommendation will be submitted to the United States District Judge 16 assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of Title 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(l)(B). Within fourteen 17 (14) days after being served with these Findings and Recommendation, the parties may file 18 written objections with the Court. E.D. Cal. Local Rule 304(b). The document should be 19 captioned “Objections to Magistrate Judge’s Findings and Recommendation.” The parties are 20 advised that failure to file objections within the specified time may result in the waiver of rights 21 on appeal. Wilkerson v. Wheeler, 772 F.3d 834, 838-39 (9th Cir. 2014) (citing Baxter v. Sullivan, 22 923 F.2d 1391, 1394 (9th Cir. 1991)). 23 24 IT IS SO ORDERED. 25 Dated: 26 /s/ Sheila K. Oberto November 4, 2021 . UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 27 4 Having found Plaintiff cannot demonstrate typicality and adequacy, the undersigned need not address Defendant’s arguments that Plaintiff also cannot satisfy commonality, predominance, or superiority under Rule 23. See Conde, 28 223 F. Supp. 3d at 963. See also Farr, 2021 WL 2826709, at *7 n.6; Macedonia, 2020 WL 610702, at *6 n.1. 10
]]>
Some case metadata and case summaries were written with the help of AI, which can produce inaccuracies. You
should read the full case before relying on it for legal research purposes.
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google
Privacy Policy and
Terms of Service apply.
