(HC) Lopez v. Fisher, No. 1:2019cv01486 - Document 26 (E.D. Cal. 2021)

Court Description: FINDINGS and RECOMMENDATIONS to grant Respondent's Motion to Dismiss 10 signed by Magistrate Judge Helena M. Barch-Kuchta on 6/2/2021. Referred to Judge NONE; Objections to F&R due within 21-Days. (Lundstrom, T)

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 DANIEL LOPEZ, 12 Case No. 1:19-cv-01486-NONE-HBK Petitioner, 13 v. 14 RAYTHEL FISHER, JR., 15 Respondent. 16 FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS TO GRANT RESPONDENT’S MOTION TO DISMISS1 (Doc. No. 10) OBJECTIONS DUE IN TWENTY-ONE DAYS 17 18 Petitioner Daniel Lopez (“Petitioner” or “Lopez”), a state prisoner, initiated this action by 19 20 filing a pro se petition for writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2254 on October 17, 2019.2 21 (Doc. No. 1). In response, respondent filed a motion to dismiss. (Doc. No. 10). Respondent filed 22 the state court record in support. (Doc. No. 12). Petitioner filed an opposition. (Doc. No. 15). 23 Respondent filed a reply and further documents in support of the motion to dismiss. (Doc. Nos. 24 25 26 27 28 1 This matter was referred to the undersigned pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(B) and Local Rule 302 (E.D. Cal. 2019). 2 The Court applies the “prison mailbox rule” to pro se prisoner petitions, deeming the petition filed on the date the prisoner delivers it to prison authorities for forwarding to the clerk of court. See Saffold v. Newland, 250 F.3d 1262, 1265, 1268 (9th Cir.2000), overruled on other grounds, Carey v. Saffold, 536 U.S. 214 (2002). 1 18, 19). Thereafter, without obtaining leave of court, petitioner filed a surreply.3 (Doc. No. 22). 2 For the reasons stated below, the undersigned recommends the District Court grant Respondent’s 3 motion to dismiss and dismiss the petition with prejudice as time barred. 4 I. BACKGROUND AND APPLICABLE LAW 5 Lopez is serving a determinate enhanced nine-year state prison sentence stemming from 6 his 2015 plea-based conviction for second-degree robbery entered by the Fresno County Superior 7 Court (Case No. F15904546). (Doc. No. 1 at 1; Doc. No. 12-2 at 1). The petition raises one 8 ground for relief: the trial court’s finding that Lopez committed prior offenses, which enhanced 9 his sentence, should have been proven through a jury trial under California law. (See generally 10 Doc. No. 1). Respondent contends the petition was filed after the federal statute of limitations 11 elapsed; and, therefore is subject to summary dismissal as untimely. (See generally Doc. No. 10). 12 Lopez asserts he is entitled to equitable tolling in opposition. (See generally Doc. No. 15, Doc. 13 No. 22). Respondent argues petitioner fails to show an entitlement to equitable tolling. (See 14 generally Doc. No. 18). 15 A. Standard of Review 16 Under Rule 4, if a petition is not dismissed at screening, the judge “must order the 17 respondent to file an answer, motion, or other response” to the petition. R. Governing 2254 Cases 18 4. The Advisory Committee Notes to Rule 4 state that “the judge may want to authorize the 19 respondent to make a motion to dismiss based upon information furnished by respondent.” In White 20 v. Lewis, 874 F.2d 599, 602-03 (9th Cir. 1989), the Ninth Circuit held that a motion to dismiss 21 based on procedural default is proper in habeas proceedings. Since that time, the Ninth Circuit has 22 affirmed cases where habeas petitions were dismissed on a respondent’s motion to dismiss for 23 untimeliness. Orthel v. Yates, 795 F.3d 935, 938 (9th Cir. 2015) (affirming district court’s grant of 24 respondent’s motion to dismiss petition as untimely because petitioner “did not establish an 25 26 27 28 Petitioner filed a reply to respondent’s reply to petitioner’s opposition to respondent’s motion to dismiss, which the court construes as a surreply. (Doc. No. 22). Although surreplies are generally disfavored, see Garcia v. Biter, 195 F.Supp.3d at 1131 (E.D. Cal. July 18, 2016), the Court construes pro se pleadings liberally and will consider petitioner’s surreply to the extent relevant for making these findings and recommendations. 3 2 1 exceptional circumstance that would warrant equitable tolling”); Stancle v. Clay, 692 F.3d 948, 951 2 (9th Cir. 2012) (same); Velasquez v. Kirkland, 639 F.3d 964, 966 (9th Cir. 2011). In doing so, the 3 Ninth Circuit has explicitly relied on information supplied outside the pleadings and its 4 attachments, such as medical records. Orthel, 795 F.3d at 940. The undersigned finds because the 5 statute of limitation is a procedural bar, the Court may consider the documents submitted by 6 Respondent for purposes of determining whether Petitioner is entitled to equitable tolling. Id. The 7 Court addresses each assertion advanced by Lopez in seriatim. 8 B. State Court Proceedings and Statutory Tolling 9 Title 28 U.S.C. § 2244, as amended by the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act 10 of 1996, sets a one-year period of limitations to the filing of a habeas petition by a person in state 11 custody. This limitation period runs from the latest of: 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 (A) the date on which the judgment became final by the conclusion of direct review or the expiration of the time for seeking such review; (B) the date on which the impediment to filing an application created by State action in violation of the Constitution or laws of the United States is removed, if the applicant was prevented from filing by such State action; (C) the date on which the constitutional right asserted was initially recognized by the Supreme Court, if the right has been newly recognized by the Supreme Court and made retroactively applicable to cases on collateral review; or (D) the date on which the factual predicate of the claim or claims presented could have been discovered through the exercise of due diligence. 21 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1). Here, Lopez does not allege, nor does it appear from the pleadings or the 22 record, that the statutory triggers in subsections (B) and (D) apply. Although Petitioner asserts 23 that 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1)(C) should apply to his case, Petitioner’s argument is without merit, as 24 discussed infra. Thus, the limitations period began to run on the date Lopez’ conviction became 25 final. 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1)(A). 26 Lopez pled guilty to second-degree robbery and was sentenced to nine years in prison on 27 December 11, 2015. (Doc. No. 1 at 1; Doc. No. 12-1). Petitioner did not file a direct appeal of 28 his sentence of conviction. (Doc. No. 10 at 1). Accordingly, Petitioner’s conviction became final 3 1 under 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1)(A) on February 9, 2016, when the 60 days in which he could have 2 directly appealed his conviction elapsed. See Cal. R. Ct. 8.308(a); Stancle v. Clay, 692 F.3d 948, 3 951 (9th Cir. 2012); Mendoza v. Carey, 449 F.3d 1065, 1067 (9th Cir. 2006). Therefore, 4 AEDPA’s statute of limitations commenced the following day, February 10, 2016, and expired on 5 February 9, 2017. 6 The federal statute of limitations tolls for the “time during which a properly filed 7 application for State post-conviction or other collateral review with respect to the pertinent 8 judgment or claim is pending.” 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(2). Lopez filed his first state post- 9 conviction motion, a habeas petition in the Fresno California Superior Court, on January 28, 10 2019. (Doc. No. 12-2). This was nearly two years after AEDPA’s statute of limitations ended. 11 Because AEDPA’s statute of limitations had expired before petitioner filed his first state habeas 12 petition, Lopez is not entitled to statutory tolling. See Jiminez v. Rice, 276 F.3d 478, 482 (9th Cir. 13 2001). Thus, the federal petition filed in this court on October 17, 2019 is untimely by 32 14 months, unless Lopez can demonstrate he is entitled to equitable tolling. 15 C. Summary of Petitioner’s Assertions and Equitable Tolling 16 Lopez asserts multiple reasons why he should be afforded equitable tolling. First, Lopez 17 states that he was unable to file his petition without the assistance of his jailhouse lawyer, Mr. 18 Brew, whom he did not get into contact with until early 2019. (Doc. No. 15 at 1; Doc. No. 22 at 19 5). Second, Lopez asserts that he is mentally impaired. (Doc. No. 22 at 5-9). Lopez states that 20 he is illiterate, can only understand simple English, and has difficulty forming sentences and 21 expressing ideas. (Id. at 8, 10). Third, Lopez argues he could not have filed his petition until 22 People v. Gallardo, 4 Cal. 5th 120 (2017) was decided. (Id. at 6). Next, Lopez contends that he 23 is ignorant of the law and did not understand the need to file his petition in a timely manner. (Id. 24 at 6-7). Finally, Lopez claims he suffers from depression and auditory hallucinations, takes anti- 25 depressant medications, and was too depressed to timely file his federal petition. (Doc. No. 22 at 26 7, 12, 14). Other than pointing to the date he connected with Mr. Brew and the date of the 27 28 4 1 Gallardo decision, Lopez otherwise fails to specify by date how his condition impeded his ability 2 to file his federal habeas petition or request assistance from others. 3 AEDPA’s statutory limitations period may be equitably tolled. Holland v. Florida, 560 4 U.S. 631, 645 (2010). Equitable tolling is available if a petitioner shows: “(1) that he has been 5 pursuing his rights diligently, and (2) that some extraordinary circumstance stood in his way and 6 prevented timely filing.” Id. at 649. To show “extraordinary circumstances,” a petitioner must 7 show that “the circumstances that caused his delay are both extraordinary and beyond his 8 control”—a high threshold. Menominee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin v. United States, 136 S. Ct. 9 750, 756 (2016). “The requirement that extraordinary circumstances ‘stood in [a petitioner’s] 10 way’ suggests that an external force must cause the untimeliness. Waldron-Ramsey v. Pacholke, 11 556 F.3d 1008, 1011 (9th Cir. 2009) (emphasis added). Furthermore, petitioner must show that 12 the extraordinary circumstances caused the untimely filing of his habeas petition. See Bills v. 13 Clark, 628 F.3d 1092, 1097 (9th Cir. 2010) (citing Spitsyn v. Moore, 345 F.3d 796, 799 (9th Cir. 14 2003) (explaining that equitable tolling is available only when the extraordinary circumstances 15 were the cause of the petitioner’s untimeliness); Smith v. Davis, 953 F.3d 582, 595 (9th Cir. 2020) 16 (“Whether an impediment caused by extraordinary circumstances prevented timely filing is a 17 ‘causation question.’”). 18 To demonstrate that he has been pursuing his rights diligently, a petitioner must show that 19 he has “been reasonably diligent in pursuing his rights not only while an impediment to filing 20 caused by an extraordinary circumstance existed, but before and after as well, up to the time of 21 filing his claim in federal court.” Davis, 953 F.3d 5 at 598-99. In other words, “when [a 22 petitioner] is free from the extraordinary circumstance, he must also be diligent in actively 23 pursuing his rights.” Id. at 599. The diligence required for equitable tolling does not have to be 24 maximum feasible diligence, but rather reasonable diligence. Holland v. Florida, 560 U.S. at 25 653. And the court is not to impose a rigid impossibility standard on petitioners, especially not 26 on pro se prisoner litigants “who have already faced an unusual obstacle beyond their control 27 during the AEDPA litigation period.” Fue v. Biter, 842 F.3d 650, 657 (2016) (quoting Sossa v. 28 Diaz, 729 F.3d 1225, 1236 (9th Cir. 2013)). However, “in every instance reasonable diligence 5 1 seemingly requires the petitioner to work on his petition with some regularity—as permitted by 2 his circumstances—until he files it in the district court.” Davis, 953 F.3d at 601. Because 3 Petitioner must show diligence before, during, and after extraordinary circumstances prevented 4 him from filing, the relevant time period of the court’s analysis is February 10, 2016, the day the 5 statute of limitations began to run, to October 21, 2019, the day petitioner filed his federal 6 petition. See Davis, 953 F.3d at 598-99. Admittedly, “the threshold necessary to trigger 7 equitable tolling under AEDPA is very high, lest the exceptions swallow the rule.” Miranda v. 8 Castro, 2929 F. 3d 1062, 1066 (9th Cir. 2002) (citations omitted). 9 III. ANALYSIS 10 A. Assistance of Mr. Brew 11 Petitioner states that he was unable to timely file his petition because he lost contact with 12 his jailhouse lawyer, Mr. Brew, until early 2019. (Doc. No. 15 at 1; Doc. No. 22 at 5). The lack 13 of assistance, however, is but one factor to be considered when determining whether a petitioner 14 acted with diligence. “The ‘availability of assistance is an important element to a court’s 15 diligence analysis,’ but . . . it is only ‘part of the overall assessment of the totality of 16 circumstances that goes into the equitable determination.’” Milam v. Harrington, 953 F.3d 1128, 17 1132 (9th Cir. 2020) (quoting Bills, 628 F.3d at 1101). “The petitioner . . . always remains 18 accountable for diligence in pursuing his or her rights.” Bills, 628 F.3d at 1100. A lack of access 19 to a jailhouse lawyer is an ‘“ordinary prison limitation.”’ Dominguez v. Paramo, No. 5:16-CV- 20 00816-JVS (SK), 2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 13419, at *5 (C.D. Cal. Jan. 31, 2017) (quoting Ramirez 21 v. Yates, 571 F.3d 993, 998 (9th Cir. 2009)). 22 Here, the lack of Mr. Brew’s assistance is an ordinary prison limitation. Moreover, Lopez 23 has not stated that he took any steps to seek assistance from any other legal assistants during the 24 relevant more than two- and one-half year period. Indeed, Lopez suggests that he did not trust 25 other jailhouse lawyers or legal assistants and appears to have preferred Mr. Brew. See Doc. 22 26 at 12 (stating he could not “trust any other legal person besides the legal assistant preparing this 27 document.”); id. at 17 (stating he “personally” knew Mr. Brew “to be worthy of the assistance.”). 28 Lopez could have availed himself of the help of another jailhouse lawyer or asked for assistance 6 1 from the educational staff at his prison. Lopez fails to show how his loss of contact with Mr. 2 Brew was an extraordinary circumstance that prevented him from timely filing his petition. 3 Moreover, Lopez fails to show that he acted with diligence during the time his jailhouse lawyer 4 was not available. 5 B. Mental Impairment 6 In Calderon v. United States, the Ninth Circuit acknowledged that a “habeas petitioner’s 7 mental incompetency [is] a condition that is, obviously, an extraordinary circumstance beyond the 8 prisoner’s control” which might justify equitable tolling. 163 F.3d 530, 541 (9th Cir. 9 1998), reversed on other grounds by Woodford v. Garceau, 538 U.S. 202, 123 S. Ct. 1398, 155 L. 10 Ed. 2d 363 (2003). This requires the petitioner to demonstrate “a mental impairment so severe 11 that the petitioner was unable personally either to understand the need to timely file or prepare a 12 habeas petition, and that impairment made it impossible under the totality of the circumstances to 13 meet the filing deadline despite petitioner’s diligence.” Bills v. Clark, 628 F.3d 1092, 1093 (9th 14 Cir. 2010). “A petitioner’s mental impairment might justify equitable tolling if it interferes with 15 the ability to understand the need for assistance, the ability to secure it, or the ability to cooperate 16 with or monitor assistance the petitioner does secure.” Id. at 1093. “The petitioner therefore 17 always remains accountable for diligence in pursuing his or her rights.” Id. at 1100. A habeas 18 petitioner must show that “mental incompetence in fact caused him to fail to meet the AEDPA 19 filing deadline.” Laws v. Lamarque, 351 F.3d 919. 923 (9th Cir. 2003). 20 To obtain equitable tolling because of mental impairment: 21 (1) First, a petitioner must show his mental impairment was an “extraordinary circumstance” beyond his control by demonstrating the impairment was so severe that either: 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 (a) petitioner was unable rationally or factually to personally understand the need to timely file, or (b) petitioner’s mental state rendered him unable personally to prepare a habeas petition and effectuate its filing. (2) Second, the petitioner must show diligence in pursuing the claims to the extent he could understand them, but that the mental impairment made it impossible to meet the filing deadline under the totality of the circumstances, including reasonably available access to assistance. 7 1 Milam v. Harrington, 953 F.3d 1128, 1132 (9th Cir. 2020) (quoting Bills, 628 F.3d at 1099- 2 1100). Equitable tolling for a mental impairment does not “require a literal impossibility,” but 3 instead only “a showing that the mental impairment was “a but-for cause of any delay.” Forbess 4 v. Franke, 749 F.3d 837, 841 (9th Cir. 2014) (quoting Bills, 628 F.3d at 1100). 5 Here, Lopez claims that he is illiterate, can only understand simple English, and has 6 difficulty forming sentences and expressing ideas. (Doc. No. 22 at 8, 10). Lopez does not 7 provide any documentation to substantiate that his mental impairments prevented him from 8 timely filing a habeas petition on his own or with the another’s assistance. Respondents submit 9 petitioner’s prison records, including documents from: Classification (Doc. No. 19-1); 10 Administrative Segregation (Doc. No. 19-2); Institutional Appeals (Doc. No. 19-3); Institutional 11 Definitions (Doc. No. 19-4); Mental Health (Doc. No. 19-5; 19-6); Suicide Risk Evaluations 12 (Doc. No. 19-7); Level of Care (Doc. No. 19-8); Nursing Reports (Doc. 19-9); Interdisciplinary 13 Progress Notes (Doc. No. 19-10); and Work and Education Assignments (Doc. No. 19-11). 14 Lopez had an NDD (non-designated disability) designation from January 5, 2016 to March 18, 15 2019. (Doc. No. 19-3 at 15; Doc. No. 19-4 at 1; Doc. No. 22 at 11). The NDD designation 16 means the prisoner does not require “adaptive support services to function in Institution settings” 17 and has “no substantial deficits in self-care, ADL (activities of daily living), social skills, or self- 18 advocacy due to cognitive disability.” (Doc. No. 19-10 at 3, Doc. No. 19-4 at 1) (emphasis 19 added). Essentially, Lopez had communication issues due to a low TABE (Test for Adult Basic 20 Education) score. (Doc. No. 19-2). However, effective communication could be achieved by 21 using simple English, speaking slowly and clearly, repeating and rephrasing information, and 22 confirming he understood. (Id). 23 “Ordinarily illiteracy and pro se status are not extraordinary circumstances or external 24 factors that may excuse the many and oftentimes complex procedural requirements a prisoner 25 encounters when seeking federal habeas corpus relief.” Barnett v. Knowles, No. C 04-2782 JF 26 (PR), 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 24850, at *14 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 29, 2006). However, a non-English 27 speaking petitioner may be entitled to equitable tolling if he can demonstrate that he was unable, 28 despite diligent efforts, to procure legal materials in his language or to obtain translation 8 1 assistance. Mendoza v. Carey, 449 F.3d 1065, 1069-71 (9th Cir. 2006). But the petitioner must 2 show “sufficiently extraordinary circumstances to gain equitable tolling for these reasons.” 3 Stableford v. Martel, No. SA CV 09-01071 JST (RZ), 2010 WL 5392763, at *3 (C.D. Cal. Sept. 4 14, 2010) (rejecting petitioner’s argument that he was entitled to equitable tolling because he 5 was illiterate, dyslexic, generally uneducated and had only limited access to an inadequate prison 6 law library on the grounds that “[n]one of these circumstances is sufficiently extraordinary to 7 warrant tolling”); Hughes v. Idaho State Bd. of Corrections, 800 F.2d 905, 909 (9th Cir.1986) (in 8 a pre-AEDPA case, holding that the illiteracy of the pro se petitioner was not a sufficient 9 objective, external factor amounting to “cause” for failure to present a claim to the state supreme 10 court). Here, the records fluctuate as to the level of petitioner’s impairment. On May 10, 2016 11 12 when being placed in administrative segregation, Lopez was deemed illiterate due to a low TABE 13 score, was not fluent in English, and was not able to “understand issues.” (Doc. No. 19-2 at 7). 14 During this time, the record reflects that Lopez “refused to sign” the notice, suggesting he may 15 have been uncooperative. (Id). This one incident is contrasted with the other records, which 16 show Lopez was literate and understood English. For example, on January 5, 2016 he stated that 17 he reads while in prison and currently was reading a book. (Doc. No. 19-10 at 11). He also stated 18 that he was writing letters to his relatives. (Doc. No. 19-10 at 5). Lopez was enrolled in various 19 educational classes during the relevant time period where he studied reading comprehension, 20 math, and other subjects. (See generally Doc. No. 19-11). 21 Further, the records show that Lopez was able to express himself during the relevant time 22 period. For example, there are numerous forms indicating that he had “effective 23 communication.”4 (See generally Doc. No. 19-1). The forms state that Lopez reiterated, in his 24 own words, what was explained and provided appropriate substantive responses to questions 25 asked. (Id.). Lopez stated he did not need any assistance for effective communication and that 26 4 27 28 The effective communication forms are dated: March 11, 2016; March 17, 2016; April 15, 2016; April 21, 2016; June 16, 2016; June 22, 2016; September 30, 2016; December 9, 2016; February 27, 2017; July 25, 2017; August 15, 2017; February 28, 2018; May 22, 2018; and November 21, 2018. (See generally Doc. No. 19-1). 9 1 simple English spoken clearly and slowly was sufficient for communication. (Id.). Accordingly, 2 petitioner fails to show a mental impairment sufficiently severe to prevent him from timely filing 3 his federal petition. 4 Most telling is Lopez’s ability to file health care services request forms, internal prison 5 administrative appeals, and state habeas petitions during the relevant time period. On December 6 27, 2016, Lopez submitted a health care services request form, requesting to stop his psychiatric 7 medication. (Doc. No. 19-10 at 109). On May 12, 2017, he submitted another health care 8 services request form, requesting to speak to his doctor about his mental health medications. 9 (Doc. No. 19-10 at 121). On June 6, 2018, Lopez sought a bottom bunk through his prison’s 10 administrative review process. (Doc. No. 19-3 at 1, 3). On March 18, 2019, he again sought 11 administrative review, seeking a pair of shoes. (Doc. No. 19-3 at 9). Moreover, Lopez filed three 12 state court habeas petitions during the relevant time period. (Doc. No. 10 at 2). Lopez counters 13 that he did not personally write the institutional appeals. (Doc. No. 22 at 4). However, even if he 14 did not personally write the appeals, he was able to “self-advocate” and procure assistance in 15 submitting these requests, appeals, and petitions. (Doc. No. 19-4). 16 Lopez’s ability to file these various requests, administrative appeals and state habeas 17 petitions during the relevant time period belies his assertion that his mental state prevented him 18 from timely filing his federal petition. See Gaston v. Palmer, 417 F.3d 1030, 1035 (9th Cir. 19 2005), modified on other grounds, 447 F.3d 1165 (9th Cir. 2006) (“Because [petitioner] was 20 capable of preparing and filing state court petitions [during the limitations period], it appears that 21 he was capable of preparing and filing a [federal] petition during the time in between those 22 dates.”); Walker v. Schriro, 141 Fed. App’x. 528, 530-31 (9th Cir. 2005) (holding that where 23 petitioner was able to complete various filings in state court close to the dates of his AEDPA 24 filing period, the district court reasonably concluded that he was capable of filing his federal 25 petition on time and was not entitled to equitable tolling); Almanza v. Ryan, No. CV-15-2064- 26 PHX-DLR (JFM), U.S. Dist. LEXIS 168738, at *24 (D. Az. Sept. 27, 2019) (“Petitioner’s ability 27 to file other relevant, written filings within the limitations period shows . . . his illiteracy was not 28 the cause of his untimeliness.”). 10 1 Accordingly, Lopez shows no mental impairment “so severe” that he could not rationally 2 or factually understand the need to timely file his federal petition or that his mental state rendered 3 him unable to prepare and file his federal habeas petition—especially considering he was able to 4 file multiple other petitions and administrative appeals during the relevant period. Milam, 953 5 F.3d at 1132. Further, Lopez has not shown diligence during the relevant time period. Although 6 there were time periods where it appears Lopez may have required assistance with 7 communication, the bulk of the time he did not. Nor does Lopez state what steps he took to 8 diligently pursue his rights when he did not have impairments. 9 10 C. Gallardo Opinion Petitioner’s argues he could not have filed his federal petition until after the California 11 Supreme Court’s decision in Gallardo. (Doc. No. 1 at 18); see People v. Gallardo, 4 Cal. 5th 120 12 (2017). As an initial matter, Gallardo was decided on December 21, 2017, two years before 13 petitioner filed the instant petition. And even if Gallardo had been decided on a later date, 14 petitioner has not demonstrated the applicability of this California state case to his federal habeas 15 petition. Gallardo accordingly does not excuse petitioner’s untimeliness. 16 To the extent Petitioner argues that the Gallardo opinion should afford Petitioner a later 17 start date of the statute of limitations under 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1)(C), he is mistaken. (Doc. No. 18 22 at 18-19). The provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1)(C) allow the statute of limitations to run 19 from “the date on which the constitutional right asserted was initially recognized by the Supreme 20 Court, if the right has been newly recognized by the Supreme Court and made retroactively 21 applicable to cases on collateral review.” Here, Lopez relies on Gallardo, a California case. 22 Because Gallardo is not a U.S. Supreme Court decision made retroactive to cases on collateral 23 review, Lopez is not entitled to a later start date of the statute of limitations. 24 Alternatively, to the extent that Lopez argues § 2244(d)(1)(D) is the correct trigger, a 25 change in controlling law does not constitute a “factual predicate” as that term is used within the 26 statutory framework of § 2244(d)(1)(D). Shannon v. Newland, 410 F.3d 1083, 1088-89 (9th Cir. 27 2005) (rejecting petitioner’s claim that subsequent California Supreme Court decision clarifying 28 state law qualified as a factual predicate for purposes of § 2244(d)(1)(D) reasoning “[i]f a change 11 1 in (or clarification of) state law, by a state court, in a case in which [the petitioner] was not a 2 party, could qualify as a ‘factual predicate,’ then the term ‘factual’ would be meaningless.”). See 3 also Easter v. Taylor, 714 F. App’x 791, 792 (9th Cir. 2018) (affirming the district court’s 4 rejection of petition as untimely and rejecting subsequent change in Oregon law qualified as 5 factual predicate under § 2244(d)(1)(D) citing Shannon). Thus, Gallardo has no tolling effect to 6 Lopez’ federal petition. 7 D. Ignorance of the Law 8 Lopez generally argues that his ignorance of the law is an extraordinary circumstance that 9 prevented him from timely filing. (Doc. No. 22 at 6-7). His argument is unavailing. “A pro se 10 petitioner’s lack of legal sophistication is not, by itself, an extraordinary circumstance warranting 11 equitable tolling.” Rasberry v. Garcia, 448 F.3d 1150, 1154 (9th Cir. 2006); Waldron-Ramsey v. 12 Pacholke, 556 F.3d 1008, 1013, n.4 (9th Cir. 2009) (“While [petitioner’s] pro se status is relevant, 13 we have held that a pro se petitioner’s confusion or ignorance of the law is not, itself, a 14 circumstance warranting equitable tolling); Williamson v. Hubbard, 27 Fed. App’x. 733, 2001 15 (9th Cir. 2001) (holding misunderstanding of the law does not entitle petitioner to equitable 16 tolling). Thus, Lopez should not be granted equitable tolling because of his ignorance of the law. 17 E. Mental Illness 18 In cases of mental illness, courts have required a petitioner to show that his symptoms 19 were so severe as to prevent him from timely filing his petition. See Taylor v. Knowles, No. CIV 20 S-07-2253 WBS EFB P, 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 20110, at *19 (E.D. Cal. 2009) (finding that a 21 petitioner who suffered from schizophrenia, depression, and auditory hallucinations failed to 22 show how these ailments actually prevented petitioner from filing his federal habeas petition in a 23 timely manner). Depression does not necessarily make an inmate incompetent to file a habeas 24 petition. See Howell v. Roe, No. C 02-1824 SI (pr), 2003 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 2458, at *13, (C.D. 25 Cal. 2003) (finding that a petitioner who was suicidal for a period years before the filing deadline 26 failed to show how his mental state prevented him from timely filing his habeas petition and 27 noting that “being suicidal and/or depressed does not make an inmate incompetent”); Day v. 28 Ryan, No. CV-13-0952-PHX-GMS (JFM), 2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 34630, at *18 (D. Az. 2014) 12 1 (finding that a petitioner’s “vague descriptions of depression and despondency” did not excuse his 2 filing delay and noting that such emotional states are “not at all uncommon among those serving a 3 life sentence”). 4 Additionally, a petitioner’s participation in other activities during the time period in 5 question and the petitioner’s ability to file other kinds of legal and administrative petitions during 6 the relevant time period belie a petitioner’s claim that depression or other mental illness 7 prevented him from timely filing a habeas petition. See Porteous v. Fisher, No. 2:15-cv-1817 8 GEB KJN P, 2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 105849, at *72 (E.D. Cal. 2016) (finding that petitioner’s 9 employment and participation in educational classes demonstrated that he was not so depressed as 10 11 to be prevented from filing a timely federal habeas petition). Lopez states he suffered from depression and auditory hallucinations, took anti-depression 12 medication, and was too depressed to timely file his federal petition. (Doc. No. 22 at 7, 12, 14). 13 As an initial matter, Lopez was placed in the Correctional Clinical Case Management System 14 (“CCCMS”) on December 22, 2015. (Doc. No. 19-1 at 11; Doc. No. 22 at 12). Inmates 15 designated to this level of care are those “whose symptoms are under control or in partial 16 remission and can function in the general prison population, administrative segregation, or 17 segregated housing units.” Coleman v. Schwarzenegger, No. CIV S-90-0520 LKK JFM P, 2009 18 WL 2430820, at *15 n.24 (E.D. Cal. 2009). The documents reflect Lopez remained in the 19 CCCMS designation for the entire relevant time period. (Doc. No. 19-1 at 11, 17, 23, 29, 35, 43, 20 49; Doc. No. 19-9). Also, at some time before March 16, 2016, Lopez was placed in the Mental 21 Health Services Delivery System. (Doc. No. 19-5 at 15). This continued through at least October 22 5, 2016. (Id. at 17, 19 23 27). 23 In his February 10, 2016 initial psychiatric consultation upon entering prison, Lopez 24 reported that he suffers from depression, anxiety, and auditory hallucinations. (Doc. No. 19-10 at 25 31). Lopez’ subsequent medical records reveal he suffered from continued depression, anxiety, 26 and auditory hallucinations and took medication for depression through at least October 2016. 27 (Doc. No. 19-7 at 1, 5; Doc. No. 19-8 at 57; Doc. No. 19-6 at 3, 7). However, there were times 28 when Lopez reported a reduction in symptoms. For example, on May 4, 2016 Lopez reported 13 1 lessened depression and anxiety, rating his symptoms as a “3 out of 10” and “1 out of 10” 2 respectively. (Doc. No. 19-8 at 41, 47). Lopez also reported a reduction in auditory 3 hallucinations on the same date stating the “voices [were] not as frequent as before.” (Doc. No. 4 19-8 at 41). A mental health progress report shows that his auditory hallucinations were 5 fluctuating. (Id. at 45). Again, on July 21, 2016, Lopez reported a reduction in his mental illness 6 symptoms. (Doc. No. 19-8 at 93). An October 13, 2016 mental health treatment plan stated 7 Lopez did not appear depressed. (Doc. No. 19-8 at 109). And, on September 18, 2018, Lopez did 8 not exhibit any “obvious signs of anxiety or depression.” (Doc. No. 19-3 at 25). 9 Further, Lopez was enrolled in educational classes, had work placements, and participated 10 in group therapy during the relevant period. (See generally Doc. No. 19-11; Doc. No. 19-3 at 15). 11 He was given satisfactory reviews for his educational programs in 2017 and 2018. (Doc. No. 19- 12 11 at 25, 31, 53). And as stated supra, Lopez was able to file two healthcare request forms, two 13 administrative appeals, and three state habeas petitions during the relevant time period. 14 Accordingly, Lopez fails to show that his mental health issues were so severe during the relevant 15 time period as to prevent him from timely filing his federal petition. 16 Nor does Lopez demonstrate he was diligent during the time periods in which he was not 17 suffering from mental illness. Lopez does not state that he worked diligently on his state and 18 federal habeas petition during the time periods when his depression symptoms abated or when his 19 auditory hallucinations subsided. See Davis, 953 F.3d at 601. He also does not state that he 20 sought assistance from others, besides Mr. Brew, in filing his federal petition. 21 Based upon a review of the record, the undersigned finds Lopez fails to carry his burden 22 of demonstrating that any of the reasons he cites constitute extraordinary circumstances, or that he 23 exercised diligence. Thus, the undersigned recommends that Lopez be denied equitable tolling 24 and his petition be dismissed with prejudice as untimely. 25 F. Evidentiary Hearing 26 Petitioner incorporated a request for an evidentiary hearing on the issue of equitable 27 tolling in his surreply. (Doc. No. 22 at 10). “Where the record is amply developed, and where it 28 indicates that the petitioner’s mental incompetence was not so severe as to cause the untimely 14 1 filing of his habeas petition, a district court is not obligated to hold evidentiary hearings to further 2 develop the factual record, notwithstanding a petitioner’s allegations of mental incompetence.” 3 Orthel v. Yates, 795 F.3d 935, 938-39 (9th Cir. 2015) (quoting Roberts v. Marshall, 627 F.3d 768, 4 773 (9th Cir. 2010). Here, respondent submitted Lopez’ prison records, including his health and 5 educational records. The court accepted Lopez’ surreply (Doc. No. 22), which permitted further 6 development of the record. Accordingly, the court finds that the record is thoroughly developed 7 as to each of Lopez’ allegations he cites in support of his equitable tolling argument. Therefore, 8 the court finds an evidentiary hearing is not warranted on the issue. 9 10 IV. CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY State prisoners in a habeas corpus action under § 2254 do not have an automatic right to 11 appeal a final order. See 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1)(A); Miller-El v. Cockrell, 537 U.S. 322, 335-36 12 (2003). To appeal, a prisoner must obtain a certificate of appealability. 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2); 13 see also R. Governing Section 2254 Cases 11 (requires a district court to issue or deny a 14 certificate of appealability when entering a final order adverse to a petitioner); Ninth Circuit Rule 15 22-1(a); United States v. Asrar, 116 F.3d 1268, 1270 (9th Cir. 1997). Where, as here, the court 16 denies habeas relief on procedural grounds without reaching the merits of the underlying 17 constitutional claims, the court should issue a certificate of appealability only “if jurists of reason 18 would find it debatable whether the petition states a valid claim of the denial of a constitutional 19 right and that jurists of reason would find it debatable whether the district court was correct in its 20 procedural ruling.” Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000). “Where a plain procedural bar 21 is present and the district court is correct to invoke it to dispose of the case, a reasonable jurist 22 could not conclude either that the district court erred in dismissing the petition or that the 23 petitioner should be allowed to proceed further.” Id. Here, reasonable jurists would not find the 24 undersigned’s conclusion debatable or conclude that petitioner should proceed further. The 25 undersigned therefore recommends that a certificate of appealability not issue. 26 27 28 15 1 Accordingly, it is RECOMMENDED: 2 1. Respondent’s motion to dismiss (Doc. No. 10) be GRANTED. 3 2. The petition (Doc. No. 1) be DISMISSED with prejudice. 4 3. Petitioner be denied a certificate of appealability. 5 NOTICE TO PARTIES 6 These findings and recommendations will be submitted to the United States District Judge 7 assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of Title 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). Within twenty-one 8 (21) days after being served with these findings and recommendations, a party may file written 9 objections with the Court. The document should be captioned “Objections to Magistrate Judge’s 10 Findings and Recommendations.” A response to any Objections must be file within fourteen (14) 11 of the date of service of the Objections. Parties are advised that failure to file objections within 12 the specified time may result in the waiver of rights on appeal. Wilkerson v. Wheeler, 772 F.3d 13 834, 838-39 (9th Cir. 2014) (citing Baxter v. Sullivan, 923 F.2d 1391, 1394 (9th Cir. 1991)). 14 15 IT IS SO ORDERED. 16 Dated: 17 18 June 2, 2021 HELENA M. BARCH-KUCHTA UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 16

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