(PC) Castaneda v. Acebedo, et al., No. 1:2016cv01562 - Document 92 (E.D. Cal. 2022)

Court Description: FINDINGS and RECOMMENDATIONS recommending that 75 Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment be Denied re 13 Amended Prisoner Civil Rights Complaint signed by Magistrate Judge Sheila K. Oberto on 9/8/2022. Referred to Judge Thurston. Objections to F&R due within fourteen (14) days. (Lawrence, A)

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 JESUS BONILLA CASTANEDA, 12 Plaintiff, 13 v. 14 SHERMAN, et al., 15 Defendants. Case No.: 1:16-cv-01562-JLT-SKO (PC) FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS REGARDING DEFENDANTS’ MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT (Doc. 75) 14-DAY OBJECTION PERIOD 16 17 18 Defendants Acebedo, Collins, Pfeiffer, Peterson and Williams move for summary 19 judgment addressing the merits of Plaintiff’s operative complaint. (Doc. 75.) For the reasons set 20 forth below, the Court recommends that Defendants’ motion for summary judgment be denied.1 I. 21 RELEVANT PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 22 Plaintiff filed his first amended complaint on July 10, 2017. (Doc. 13.) Following issuance 23 of the Third Screening Order on March 26, 2018, (Doc. 16), the Court ordered service appropriate 24 on claim two of the first amended complaint—deliberate indifference to a serious risk of harm 25 26 27 28 1 In arriving at these findings and recommendations, the court carefully reviewed and considered all arguments, points and authorities, declarations, exhibits, statements of undisputed facts and responses thereto, if any, objections, and other papers filed by the parties. Omission of reference to an argument, document, paper, or objection is not to be construed to the effect that this court did not consider the argument, document, paper, or objection. This court thoroughly reviewed and considered the evidence it deemed admissible, material, and appropriate. 1 under the Eighth Amendment—and dismissed claims one and three. (Doc. 20.) 2 Following service of process, Defendants filed a motion to dismiss on June 21, 2018. 3 (Doc. 36.) Plaintiff filed and opposition and Defendants filed their reply brief. (Docs. 39, 41.) On 4 February 20, 2019, the undersigned issued Findings and Recommendations, recommending 5 Defendants’ motion be denied. (Doc. 43.) Chief District Judge Lawrence J. O’Neill adopted the 6 findings and recommendations in full on March 20, 2019. (Doc. 46.) Defendants filed an answer to Plaintiff’s operative complaint on March 27, 2019. (Doc. 7 8 47.) Following unsuccessful settlement efforts, a Discovery and Scheduling Order issued on June 9 7, 2019. (Doc. 55.) 10 On August 29, 2019, Defendants filed a motion for summary judgment alleging Plaintiff 11 failed to exhaust his administrative remedies prior to filing suit. (Doc. 56.) Plaintiff filed an 12 opposition and Defendants filed their reply briefs. (Docs. 60, 62.) On January 14, 2020, the 13 undersigned issued Findings and Recommendations, recommending Defendants’ motion be 14 granted in part and denied in part. The motion was granted as to Defendants Hacker and Sherman 15 and denied as to the remaining Defendants. (Doc. 65.) District Judge Dale A. Drozd adopted the 16 findings on March 18, 2020, and dismissed Defendants Hacker and Sherman from this action. 17 (Doc. 68.) 18 On July 17, 2020, Defendants filed the instant motion for summary judgment addressing 19 the merits of Plaintiff’s first amended complaint. (Doc. 75.) Plaintiff filed an opposition to 20 Defendants’ motion (Doc. 81), and Defendants filed a reply (Doc. 89). 21 II. EVIDENTIARY MATTERS 22 In their motion for summary judgment, Defendants provided Plaintiff with the 23 requirements for opposing the motion under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56. (Doc. 75-1.) 24 Plaintiff nonetheless failed to accurately2 reproduce some of the itemized facts in Defendants’ 25 statement of undisputed facts and failed to expressly admit or deny any of those facts, pursuant to 26 Local Rule 260. (See id. at 2-3.) Where Plaintiff fails to identify or address a disputed fact 27 proffered by Defendant, that fact will be considered admitted. Plaintiff included his own 28 2 In some instances, Plaintiff changed or reframed Defendants’ facts. 2 1 “statement of undisputed facts,” of which approximately one-half are not supported by citation to 2 evidence. (See Doc. 81 at 26-33.) In support of his opposition to Defendants’ motion for summary judgment, Plaintiff also 3 4 submitted his own declaration and two declarations from inmates currently incarcerated at the 5 R.J. Donovan Correctional Facility. (Doc. 81 at 34-36 [Plaintiff], 50-51 [Bonty], 53-56 6 [Ramirez].) The Court will consider the declarations as evidence, except those portions not based 7 on the declarants’ own personal knowledge or perception. See Fed. R. Evid. 602, 701. Because 8 Plaintiff is pro se and attests under penalty of perjury that the contents of his complaint are true 9 and correct (Doc. 13 at 19), the Court also considers as evidence parts of the complaint that are 10 based on Plaintiff’s personal knowledge. See Jones v. Blanas, 393 F.3d 918, 923 (9th Cir. 2004) 11 (citations omitted). 12 III. SUMMARY OF FACTS 13 1. Plaintiff’s Factual Allegations 14 Plaintiff’s claims stem from events that occurred while he was incarcerated at Substance 15 Abuse Treatment Facility and State Prison, Corcoran (SATF), High Desert State Prison (HDSP), 16 and Kern Valley State Prison (KVSP). (Doc. 81 at 27, ¶¶ 2-4.) Plaintiff alleges that, while at 17 SATF, prison staff intentionally placed assaultive inmates in his cell. (Doc. 13 at 7.) Plaintiff 18 states that he attempted to report staff’s conduct to the unit classification committee (UCC), 19 including Associate Warden Collins, Correctional Captain Hacker, and Correctional Counselor 20 Williams, but the UCC made no changes to Plaintiff’s housing assignment at that time. (Id.) 21 Plaintiff alleges that, once he finished addressing the UCC, Defendant Collins told Plaintiff that if 22 he reported the assaults, Collins would ensure that Plaintiff was hurt or killed by other inmates. 23 (Id. at 8.) Plaintiff nevertheless reported the assaults, (Doc. 13 at 8), and was placed in 24 administrative segregation (Ad Seg) and approved for transfer to HDSP. (Id.) Other inmates in 25 Ad Seg were also approved for transfer to HDSP; thus, if Plaintiff were transferred with them, his 26 safety concerns would no longer be “localized.” (Id.) Plaintiff alleges that he informed 27 Correctional Counselor Peterson of his concerns, who responded that Plaintiff “had been warned 28 to not report the in-cell assaults by defendant Collins, that there was a price to pay.” (Id. at 9.) 3 1 Plaintiff was transferred to HDSP on December 11, 2015. (Doc. 13 at 9.) He informed 2 HDSP’s UCC of his safety concerns, and was approved for transfer to KVSP. (Id.) Plaintiff was 3 transferred on January 6, 2016. (Id.) 4 At KVSP, Plaintiff informed Correctional Officer Acebedo of the events at SATF and 5 HDSP. (Doc. 13 at 9.) Plaintiff appeared before KVSP’s UCC on January 14, 2016, which 6 included Defendant Acebedo and Correctional Officer Jones (not a defendant). (Id. at 10.) 7 Plaintiff alleges that Acebedo told Plaintiff that he spoke with Defendant Williams at SATF and 8 “had been advised to not allow plaintiff to escape his punishment,” and that he planned to return 9 Plaintiff to “A-yard.” (Id.) On January 21, 2016, Plaintiff again appeared before the UCC, this 10 time headed by Warden Pfeiffer, and requested not to be returned to A-yard. (Id.) Plaintiff alleges 11 that once Defendant Pfeiffer “came across the reference to ‘Attempted Murder of a C.O.’ 12 [Pfeiffer] said ‘send him back to A-yard.’” (Id.) Plaintiff states that he was placed in a cell with 13 an inmate who was a “verified Mexican Mafia member,” and was “kept prisoner in his cell by his 14 cellmate.” (Id. at 11.) 15 Plaintiff visited medical staff on January 25, 2016 and expressed suicidal “ideation as a 16 result of custody actions.” (Doc. 13 at 11.) Medical staff sent Plaintiff to the Correctional 17 Treatment Center (CTC) and placed him under psychiatric care. According to Plaintiff, on or 18 about February 10, 2016, Defendant Acebedo visited Plaintiff at CTC and stated that he would 19 “ensure that plaintiff was returned to A-yard.” (Id.) 20 Plaintiff alleges that, on February 24, 2016, Acebedo instructed staff to return him to A- 21 yard. (Doc. 13 at 12.) After the escorting officers left, Plaintiff informed A-yard staff of his safety 22 concerns and was then placed in a “holding cell at medical until arrangements could be made to 23 return … [him] to Ad-Seg.” (Id.) 24 2. Defendants’ Statement of Undisputed Facts 25 As noted above, Plaintiff did not expressly admit or deny Defendants’ particular facts. 26 Following a review of Plaintiff’s opposition (see Doc. 81 at 26-33), the Court interprets Plaintiff’s 27 lack of citation to contrary evidence as an admission and Plaintiff’s citations to contrary evidence 28 as a denial, as noted in brackets below. 4 1 1. During the events at issue in this case, Plaintiff Jesus Castaneda (K-23993) was an 2 inmate in the custody of the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR). 3 (Doc. 13 at 1 [admitted].) 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 2. Plaintiff was housed at California Substance Abuse Treatment Facility (SATF) from November 30, 2013, to December 11, 2015. (Dec. of B. Feinberg (Feinberg Dec.) ¶ 8 [admitted]) 3. Plaintiff transferred from SATF to High Desert State Prison (HDSP) on December 11, 2015. (Doc. 13 at 9; Dep. Of Jesus Castaneda (Castaneda Dep.) 94:18-22 [admitted].) 4. Plaintiff transferred from HDSP to Kern Valley State Prison (KVSP) on January 6, 2016. (Doc. 13 at 9 [admitted].) 5. During the events at issue in this case, Defendant J. Collins was employed as an Associate Warden at SATF. (Dec. of J. Collins (Collins Dec.) ¶ 1 [admitted].) 12 6. During the events at issue in this case, Defendant A. Williams was employed as a 13 Correctional Counselor II at SATF. (Dec. of A. Williams (Williams Dec.) ¶ 1 [admitted].) 14 7. During the events at issue in this case, Defendant N. Peterson was employed as a 15 Correctional Counselor II Supervisor at SATF. (Dec. of N. Peterson (Peterson Dec.) ¶ 1 16 [admitted].) 17 8. During the events at issue in this case, Defendant J. Acebedo was employed as a 18 Correctional Counselor II at KVSP. (Dec. of J. Acebedo (Acebedo Dec.) ¶ 1 [admitted].) 19 20 9. During the events at issue in this case, Defendant C. Pfeiffer was employed as an Acting Warden at KVSP. (Dec. of C. Pfeiffer (Pfeiffer Dec.) ¶ 1 [admitted].) 21 10. Plaintiff’s medical records show that during his incarceration at SATF, he submitted 22 numerous medical request forms and had regular contact with prison medical staff on a monthly 23 basis. (Feinberg Dec. ¶ 9 [admitted].) 24 11. Even if Plaintiff had not reported any assaults or physical injuries to his medical 25 providers, Plaintiff’s medical providers would have observed and documented any injuries when 26 they physically examined Plaintiff and provided him with care for his other medical conditions. 27 (Feinberg Dec. ¶ 9 [disputed, citing to Plaintiff, Bonty & Ramirez declarations].) 28 12. There are no medical records showing Plaintiff ever reported or received medical 5 1 treatment for injuries related to being punched in the face, hit, kicked, slapped, pushed, or choked 2 by his cellmates during his incarceration at SATF. (Feinberg Dec. ¶ 10 [admitted].) 3 13. If Plaintiff had been physically and sexually assaulted as he described in his 4 deposition, he would have suffered and exhibited injuries that would be consistent with the 5 assaults he described. (Feinberg Dec. ¶¶ 11-12 [disputed, citing to Plaintiff’s declaration at ¶ 2].) 6 14. Medical staff physically examined Plaintiff on August 26, 2015, due to his Prison 7 Rape Elimination Act (PREA) complaint and his placement in Administrative Segregation. 8 (Feinberg Dec. ¶¶ 15-16; Feinberg Dec. Ex. B [admitted].) 9 15. During Plaintiff’s physical examination on August 26, 2015, medical staff only found 10 reddened areas around Plaintiff’s neck and knees, and did not find any other injuries. Plaintiff 11 also did not complain of any injuries during the physical examination. (Feinberg Dec. ¶ 16; 12 Feinberg Dec. Ex. B [admitted].) 13 16. Plaintiff spoke with a staff psychologist on August 26, 2015, and told this 14 psychologist that he had been anally raped every night by his cellmate at the time from April 20, 15 2015 to July 3, 2015; that he had been anally raped several nights between February 4, 2014, and 16 April 19, 2014, by his cellmate at the time; that he was not being sexually abused by his current 17 cellmate; that he did not have any safety issues; and that he did not want to be placed in Sensitive 18 Needs Yard . (Feinberg Dec. ¶ 13; Feinberg Dec. Ex. B [admitted].) 19 17. Plaintiff’s claim that he was physically or sexually assaulted on a daily basis during 20 his incarceration at SATF is not supported by his medical records. (Feinberg Dec. ¶ 17 [disputed, 21 citing to Plaintiff’s declaration at ¶ 3].) 22 18. Counselor Williams did not receive or review any information indicating Plaintiff was 23 being harmed or would be harmed by his current cellmate. (Williams Dec. ¶¶ 3-9; Castaneda Dep. 24 25:19-25, 26:1, 55:15-21, 56:25, 57:1-5, 58:2-10, 59:13-16, 63:2-14 [disputed, citing to 25 Plaintiff’s deposition at 55:17-25, 60:20-25, 61:1-25].) 26 19. Plaintiff did not tell Counselor Williams the names of the officers who were allegedly 27 putting inmates into his cell to harm him. (Williams Dec. ¶ 3; Castaneda Dep. 60:13-19 28 [admitted].) 6 1 20. On August 21, 2015, Plaintiff appeared before a Unit Classification Committee 2 conducted by Associate Warden Collins, Captain Hacker, and Counselor Williams. (Doc. 13 at 7; 3 Castaneda Dep. 53:22-25; Williams Dec. ¶ 3; Williams Dec. Ex. A; Collins Dec. ¶ 2 [admitted].) 4 21. Associate Warden Collins did not receive or review any information indicating 5 Plaintiff was being harmed or would be harmed by his current cellmate. (Collins Dec. ¶¶ 3-8; 6 Castaneda Dep. 25:19-25, 26:1, 55:15-21, 56:25, 57:1-5 [disputed, citing to Plaintiff’s deposition 7 at 55:17-25 & Plaintiff’s declaration at ¶ 4].) 8 22. During the August 21, 2015 committee hearing, Associate Warden Collins and 9 Captain Hacker asked Plaintiff for more information about his current safety concerns. (Collins 10 Dec. ¶ 5; Williams Dec. ¶ 6; Castaneda Dep. 54:11-25. 55:1-14 [disputed, citing to Collins Dec. 11 ¶ 5, Williams Dec. without reference to a specific paragraph & Plaintiff’s deposition at 30:17- 12 21].) 13 23. During the August 21, 2015 committee hearing, Plaintiff did not answer Associate 14 Warden Collins and Captain Hacker’s questions about his current safety concerns. (Collins Dec. ¶ 15 5; Williams Dec. ¶ 6; Castaneda Dep. 54:17-25, 55:1-14 [disputed, citing to Plaintiff’s deposition 16 at 30:17-25 & Plaintiff’s declaration without reference to a specific paragraph].) 17 24. During the August 21, 2015 committee hearing, Plaintiff did not provide Associate 18 Warden Collins and Counselor Williams with any specific details or information about the 19 inmates who had assaulted him or the officers involved. (Collins Dec. ¶ 5; Williams Dec. ¶ 6; 20 Castaneda Dep. 33:22-25, 34:1-7, 55:4-21 [disputed, citing to Plaintiff’s deposition at 55:17-21 21 & Plaintiff’s declaration without reference to a specific paragraph].) 22 25. During the August 21, 2015 committee hearing, Plaintiff did not ask Associate 23 Warden Collins and Counselor Williams to place him into the Administrative Segregation Unit 24 (ASU), Sensitive Needs Yard (SNY), or protective custody due to his safety concerns. (Collins 25 Dec. ¶ 5; Williams Dec. ¶ 6; Castaneda Dep. 128:15-23 [disputed, citing to Plaintiff’s deposition 26 at 30:17-25].) 27 28 26. Before interviewing Plaintiff on November 5, 2015, Counselor Peterson did not have any prior knowledge about the harm Plaintiff allegedly experienced at SATF. (Peterson Dec. ¶ 2; 7 1 Castaneda Dep. 86:22-25, 87:1-3 [disputed; citing to Peterson Dec. ¶ 3].) 2 27. During the November 5, 2015 interview, Plaintiff did not tell Counselor Peterson the 3 names of the inmates who had assaulted him, the dates the assaults occurred, or the identities of 4 the officers allegedly responsible for putting assaultive inmates into his cell. (Peterson Dec. ¶¶ 4- 5 5; Castaneda Dep. 85:14-24 [disputed, citing to Peterson Dec. ¶ 3].) 6 28. Counselor Peterson never spoke with Associate Warden Collins or Counselor 7 Williams about Plaintiff’s safety concerns, Plaintiff’s housing situation, or Plaintiff’s upcoming 8 transfer to another institution. (Peterson Dec. ¶ 7; Castaneda Dep. 84:4-18 [disputed, citing to 9 Peterson Dec. ¶¶ 2-3].) 10 11 12 29. Plaintiff was never harmed during his incarceration at HDSP. (Castaneda Dep. 141:2025, 142:1-3; Doc. 13 at 9 [admitted].) 30. Associate Warden Collins, Counselor Williams, and Counselor Peterson did not have 13 the ability to affect Plaintiff’s housing situation at HDSP or KVSP. (Collins ¶ 9; Williams ¶ 10; 14 Peterson Dec. ¶ 8 [disputed, citing to Plaintiff’s deposition at 30:17-21, 84:7-12, 21-25].) 15 31. After Plaintiff transferred from SATF, Associate Warden Collins, Counselor 16 Williams, and Counselor Peterson did not direct or otherwise interfere with Plaintiff’s housing 17 assignments at HDSP or KVSP. (Collins ¶ 9; Williams ¶ 10; Peterson Dec. ¶ 8 [disputed, citing 18 to Plaintiff’s deposition at 103:4-9].) 19 32. Associate Warden Collins, Counselor Williams, and Counselor Peterson never 20 contacted Counselor Acebedo, Warden Pfeiffer, or any other staff member at KVSP in order to 21 harm Plaintiff. (Collins ¶ 9; Williams ¶ 10; Peterson Dec. ¶ 8; Acebedo Dec. ¶ 4 [disputed, citing 22 to Plaintiff’s deposition at 103:4-9].) 23 33. Associate Warden Collins, Counselor Williams, and Counselor Peterson never 24 received or reviewed any information indicating Plaintiff faced a serious risk of harm from any 25 inmates at KVSP. (Collins ¶ 9; Williams ¶ 10; Peterson Dec. ¶ 8 [disputed, citing to Plaintiff’s 26 deposition at 103:4-9].) 27 28 34. Before Plaintiff transferred to KVSP, Plaintiff had never spoke with or interacted with Counselor Acebedo. (Acebedo Dec. ¶ 4; Castaneda Dep. 98:4-14 [admitted].) 8 1 35. Plaintiff never told Counselor Acebedo the identities of the specific cellmates who had 2 assaulted him, the identities of specific inmates he believed were threatening him, the fact that his 3 SATF cellmates were Southern Hispanic gang members, or the identities of the officers who 4 allegedly placed assaultive inmates in his cell. (Acebedo Dec. ¶¶ 4, 6, 8; Castaneda Dep. 100:13- 5 25, 101:1-15, 120:13-24 [disputed, citing to Bonty & Ramirez declarations].) 6 7 36. On January 14, 2016, Plaintiff appeared before a classification committee headed by Counselor Acebedo. (ECF No. 13 at 10; Castaneda Dep. 102:5-8; Acebedo Dec. ¶ 6 [admitted].) 8 37. After the January 14, 2016 hearing, Counselor Acebedo did not take any actions to 9 affect Plaintiff’s housing assignment or cellmate assignment besides drafting a confidential 10 memorandum recommending Plaintiff be released back to Facility A. (Acebedo Dec. ¶¶ 6, 8 11 [disputed, citing to Bonty & Ramirez declarations].) 12 38. On January 21, 2016, Plaintiff appeared before a classification committee headed by 13 Warden Pfeiffer. (ECF No. 13 at 10; Castaneda Dep. 109:18-25, 110:1, 114:4-6, 117:3-24, 14 122:20-25, 123:1; Pfeiffer Dec. ¶ 2 [admitted].) 15 39. Plaintiff was never physically or sexually assaulted while he was housed at KVSP 16 Facility A. (Castaneda Dep. 110:14-19, 135:11-15, 137:18-22 [disputed, citing to Plaintiff’s 17 declaration at ¶ 8].) 18 40. Plaintiff never communicated to Counselor Acebedo and Warden Pfeiffer that he was 19 afraid of his KVSP cellmate or that his KVSP cellmate had threatened to harm him. (Castaneda 20 Dep. 110:8-13, 141:12-19; Acebedo Dec. ¶ 8; Pfeiffer Dec. ¶ 5 [disputed, citing to Plaintiff’s 21 deposition at 118:23-25, 119:13-25].) 22 IV. LEGAL STANDARDS 23 A. Summary Judgment 24 Summary judgment is appropriate when the moving party “shows that there is no genuine 25 dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. 26 Civ. P. 56(a); Albino v. Baca, 747 F.3d 1162, 1169 (9th Cir. 2014) (“If there is a genuine dispute 27 about material facts, summary judgment will not be granted”). The moving party “initially bears 28 the burden of proving the absence of a genuine issue of material fact.” In re Oracle Corp. Sec. 9 1 Litig., 627 F.3d 376, 387 (9th Cir. 2010) (citing Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 2 (1986)). The moving party may accomplish this by “citing to particular parts of materials in the 3 record, including depositions, documents, electronically stored information, affidavits or 4 declarations, stipulations …, admissions, interrogatory answers, or other materials,” or by 5 showing that such materials “do not establish the absence or presence of a genuine dispute, or that 6 an adverse party cannot produce admissible evidence to support the fact.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 7 56(c)(1)(A), (B). If the moving party moves for summary judgment on the basis that a material 8 fact lacks any proof, the Court must determine whether a fair-minded jury could reasonably find 9 for the non-moving party. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 252 (1986) (“The mere 10 existence of a scintilla of evidence in support of the plaintiff's position will be insufficient; there 11 must be evidence on which the jury could reasonably find for the plaintiff”). When the non- 12 moving party bears the burden of proof at trial, “the moving party need only prove that there is an 13 absence of evidence to support the non-moving party’s case.” Oracle Corp., 627 F.3d at 387 14 (citing Celotex, 477 U.S. at 325); see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(1)(B). 15 Summary judgment should be entered against a party who fails to make a showing 16 sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party’s case, and on which that 17 party will bear the burden of proof at trial. See Celotex, 477 U.S. at 322. “[A] complete failure of 18 proof concerning an essential element of the nonmoving party’s case necessarily renders all other 19 facts immaterial.” Id. at 322–23. In such a circumstance, summary judgment should be granted, 20 “so long as whatever is before the district court demonstrates that the standard for the entry of 21 summary judgment … is satisfied.” Id. at 323. 22 In reviewing the evidence at the summary judgment stage, the Court “must draw all 23 reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.” Comite de Jornaleros 24 de Redondo Beach v. City of Redondo Beach, 657 F.3d 936, 942 (9th Cir. 2011). It need only 25 draw inferences, however, where there is “evidence in the record ... from which a reasonable 26 inference ... may be drawn...;” the Court need not entertain inferences that are unsupported by 27 fact. Celotex, 477 U.S. at 330 n.2 (citation omitted). Additionally, “[t]he evidence of the non- 28 movant is to be believed....” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255. In judging the evidence at the summary 10 1 judgment stage, the Court does not make credibility determinations or weigh conflicting 2 evidence. Soremekun v. Thrifty Payless, Inc., 509 F.3d 978, 984 (9th Cir. 2007). 3 B. Deliberate Indifference to Serious Risk of Harm 4 “The Eighth Amendment imposes a duty on prison officials to protect inmates from 5 violence at the hands of other inmates.” Cortez v. Skol, 776 F.3d 1046, 1050 (9th Cir. 2015) 6 (citing Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 833 (1994)). Prison officials only act with deliberate 7 indifference when the following two requirements are met: (1) the objective requirement that the 8 deprivation be “objectively, sufficiently serious,” and (2) the subjective requirement that the 9 prison official had a “sufficiently culpable state of mind.” Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. at 833- 10 834. Prison officials can violate the constitution if they are “deliberately indifferent” to a serious 11 risk of harm to the inmate. Id. at 834; Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 104 (1976); Cortez v. Skol, 12 776 F.3d at 1050. To be liable for “deliberate indifference,” a prison official must “both be aware 13 of facts from which the inference could be drawn that a substantial risk of serious harm exists, 14 and he must also draw the inference.” Farmer, 511 U.S. at 837. “[A]n official's failure to alleviate 15 a significant risk that he should have perceived but did not, while no cause for commendation, 16 cannot ... be condemned as the infliction of punishment.” Id. at 838. Allegations of negligence do 17 not suffice. Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. at 105-06; Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1131 (9th Cir. 18 2000). 19 V. 20 SUMMARY OF THE PARTIES’ ARGUMENTS Defendants contend summary judgment is appropriate in this action because (1) Plaintiff’s 21 claims for damages for his mental and emotional injuries are barred by the PLRA because 22 Plaintiff cannot demonstrate physical injury; (2) there is no evidence Defendants Collins or 23 Williams acted with deliberate indifference to serious risk of harm to Plaintiff while he was 24 incarcerated at SATF in August 2015; (3) there is no evidence Defendants Collins, Williams or 25 Peterson were deliberately indifferent to Plaintiff’s safety concerns after he was transferred to 26 KVSP; (4) there is no evidence Defendant Peterson was deliberately indifferent to Plaintiff’s 27 safety concerns regarding a transfer to HDSP; (5) there is no evidence Defendants Acebedo or 28 Pfeiffer acted with deliberate indifference to a serious risk of harm to Plaintiff while he was 11 1 incarcerated at KVSP; and (6) all Defendants are entitled to qualified immunity. (Doc. 75-2 at 10- 2 30.) 3 In his opposition, Plaintiff addresses the August 21, 2015 classification committee 4 hearing, his medical records, his interview with Defendant Peterson on November 5, 2015, the 5 classification hearing of January 14, 2016, and an Ad Seg classification hearing of January 21, 6 2016, and asserts the following arguments: (1) his injuries were more than de minimis as 7 documented and he could not make any further showing “without getting into trouble”; (2) 8 Defendants Collins, Hacker3 and Williams acted with deliberate indifference; (3) Defendants 9 Collins, Williams and Peterson acted with deliberate indifference concerning Plaintiff’s transfer 10 to HDSP; (4) Defendant Peterson was deliberately indifferent; (5) Defendants Acebedo and 11 Pfeiffer acted with deliberate indifference to a serious risk of harm to Plaintiff; (6) Defendants 12 Pfeiffer, Collins, Williams and Peterson “took steps to have Plaintiff hurt or killed”; and (7) 13 Defendants Collins, Williams, Peterson and Acebedo violated Plaintiff’s clearly established 14 constitutional right. (Doc. 81 at 14-23.) In a heading entitled “Protective Custody/Sensitive Needs 15 Yard,” Plaintiff contends that while Defendants claim “there was nothing they could do” because 16 Plaintiff was unable to identify any inmate posing a threat, “[t]he threat has always been, and 17 remains being [sic], staff. Plaintiff refused to assist staff in covering up their crimes and even 18 filed a law suit [sic] against these very officers,” citing to an action pending in the Fresno County 19 Superior Court. (Id. at 23.) Plaintiff contends that while currently housed at the R.J. Donovan 20 Correctional Facility, “agents acting for the” Defendants “openly tell” Plaintiff they will be 21 placing predators into his cell. (Id. at 24-25.) He claims “[t]his cycle is being repeated over and 22 over again.” (Id. at 24.) In conclusion, Plaintiff contends “[i]ndisputable evidence shows that 23 defendants were deliberately indifferent to a serious risk of harm.” (Id. at 25.)4 24 In their reply brief, Defendants contend (1) Plaintiff’s unpled claims should be 25 disregarded because they are raised for the first time at summary judgment; (2) Plaintiff’s new 26 27 28 3 Defendant Hacker was dismissed from this action in the Order Adopting Findings and Recommendations issued by District Judge Dale A. Drozd on March 18, 2020. (Doc. 68.) Thus, Plaintiff’s arguments regarding dismissed Defendant Hacker were not considered. 4 Unpled and/or new claims were not considered by this Court. 12 1 factual allegations should be disregarded because they are raised for the first time at summary 2 judgment; (3) Plaintiff’s opposition relies on factual allegations that are not supported by any 3 evidence in the record; and (4) Defendants are entitled to summary judgment. (Doc. 89.) 4 VI. DISCUSSION 5 A. Damages for Mental and Emotional Injuries & the PLRA 6 Initially, Defendants contend Plaintiff’s claims for damages as a result of mental and 7 emotional injuries are barred by the Prison Litigation Reform Act (“PLRA”) because Plaintiff 8 cannot demonstrate physical injury. (Doc. 75-2 at 16.) Defendants contend indisputable evidence 9 shows Plaintiff did not experience more than a de minimis injury. Defendants reason that while 10 Plaintiff testified he had been physically and sexually assaulted by his cellmate while incarcerated 11 at SATF and his cellmate at KVSP ordered Plaintiff not to leave the cell, Plaintiff’s admission 12 that he was never physically attacked or injured after meeting with Defendants Collins and 13 Williams on August 21, 2015, means Plaintiff only experienced anxiety, depression, PTSD and 14 suicidal ideation. (Id.) Defendants further contend Plaintiff’s medical records establish Plaintiff 15 did not experience the physical and sexual assaults Plaintiff alleged during his deposition. (Id. at 16 16-17.) Because Plaintiff admits he did not suffer economic loss associated with his mental and 17 emotional injuries, and because he is not seeking injunctive relief and indicated he would be 18 satisfied with a declaratory judgment that Defendants had violate his civil rights, Plaintiff’s 19 remaining remedy is money damages for those mental and emotional injuries. (Id. at 17.) 20 Defendants again conclude, “[b]ecause indisputable evidence shows Plaintiff did not suffer any 21 physical injury, much less a de minimis injury, Plaintiff’s claims for damages against Warden 22 Pfeiffer, Associate Warden Collins, and Counselors Williams, Peterson, and Acebedo based on 23 his mental and emotional injuries are barred under the PLRA.” (Id., italics in original.) 24 In his opposition, Plaintiff contends his “physical injuries were not documented,” and 25 somewhat contradictorily, alleges documentation provided by Defendants shows “bruises around 26 the neck and knees (More than de minimis) as well as ‘…bumps in his perirectal and rectal area 27 …’ which warranted a diagnosis for ‘poss rectal lesions …’.” (Doc. 81 at 14-15.) Plaintiff 28 contends a Primary Care Progress Note dated April 11, 2014, reflects an exam that “took place 13 1 while plaintiff was being sexually assaulted by a cellmate (2/4/14-4/19/14).” (Id. at 15.) Plaintiff 2 contends he was denied the ability to eat, sleep, drink and receive mental health treatment while 3 he “was held hostage at KVSP.” (Id.) Plaintiff states that he “could not show any injuries to any 4 staff without getting in trouble,” citing to the Declarations of inmates Bonty & Ramirez. (Id.) He 5 contends the reason there is reference to bruises on his knees “is because that is how far plaintiff 6 could roll up his pants without assistance.” (Id.) Plaintiff contends he has “suffered physical, 7 emotional and psychological injuries beyond measure” and that those “injuries began at [Pleasant 8 Valley State Prison] on 2/7/10 and have followed plaintiff from prison to prison.” (Id. at 16.) 9 In their reply, Defendants reiterate their position, challenge Plaintiff’s specific assertions, 10 and conclude that because Plaintiff has failed to submit admissible evidence showing he suffered 11 any physical injury, such that a fair-minded jury could find for Plaintiff, summary judgment 12 should be granted “on Plaintiff’s claims for damages based on his mental and emotional injuries.” 13 (Doc. 89 at 11-13.) 14 As noted above, this action proceeds on claim 2 of Plaintiff’s first amended complaint 15 alleging deliberate indifference to serious risk of harm in violation of the Eighth Amendment. 16 Plaintiff requested compensatory and punitive damages, and injunctive relief, as to his claim. (See 17 Doc. 13 at 19.) 18 The Court must determine whether Plaintiff has demonstrated a physical injury and 19 whether that injury is more than de minimis. Defendants contend Plaintiff has not established any 20 physical injury. Plaintiff contends he has established physical injuries, including bruising and 21 bumps or possible lesions in his perirectal and rectal area. 22 23 24 25 26 27 Dr. Feinberg’s declaration in support of defendants’ summary judgment motion provides the following: In my review of Plaintiff’s medical records, I found no record showing Plaintiff ever reported or received medical treatment for injuries related to being punched in the face, hit, kicked, slapped, pushed, or choked by his cellmates during his incarceration at SATF. I also found no record showing Plaintiff ever reported or received medical treatment for injuries related to being sexually assaulted during his incarceration at SATF. 28 14 1 (Doc. 75-9 at 3, ¶ 10.) The declaration further states: During my review of Plaintiff’s medical records, I only found one record where Plaintiff ever complained of any injury to his rectal area. An April 11, 2014, Primary Care Provider Progress Note reflects that Plaintiff was seen by medical staff regarding his request for sun screen, and his complaints of having memory problems and feeling bumps in his perirectal and rectal area for the past 2 months. There is no indication that Plaintiff complained about being raped or physically assaulted during this examination. 2 3 4 5 6 7 (Id. at ¶ 14.) Plaintiff points to Exhibit B to Feinberg’s declaration to support his claim of 8 physical injuries for sexual assault. Exhibit B includes a document dated August 26, 2015, 9 prepared by SATF Staff Psychologist M. Avila. It states, in relevant part: “[Castaneda] also stated 10 that he was forced to endure anal sex several nights between the dates of 2/4/14 and 4/19/14 by 11 his cellmate at that time.” (Doc. 75-9 at 9.) Exhibit B also includes a Primary Care Progress Note 12 dated April 11, 2014 by J. Metts, M.D. It reports Plaintiff’s complaint of feeling “bumps in his 13 perirectal and rectal area … for the past 2 months,” indicates a rectal exam was not conducted, 14 and indicates a diagnosis of “poss rectal lesions” and a plan of “RTC for rectal exam.” (Doc. 79-9 15 at 10; see also Doc. 81 at 38 [same].) 16 In Oliver v. Keller, 289 F.3d 623 (9th Cir. 2002), the Ninth Circuit interpreted § 1997e(e) 17 requiring plaintiffs to show a “physical injury” before they can assert mental or emotional injury 18 claims. The Oliver court noted that “the phrase ‘physical injury’ does not wear its meaning on its 19 face” and that, “[i]n drafting § 1997e(e), Congress failed to specify the type, duration, extent, or 20 cause of ‘physical injury’ that it intended to serve as a threshold qualification for mental and 21 emotional injury claims.” Oliver, 289 F.3d at 626. After surveying prior case law, the Oliver court 22 held “that for all claims to which it applies, 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(e) requires a prior showing of 23 physical injury that need not be significant but must be more than de minimis.”5 Id. at 627. 24 Applying this standard to the facts before it, the Ninth Circuit found that an inmate's back and leg 25 pain, which the inmate described as “nothing too serious,” and canker sore were “not more than 26 de minimis.” Id. at 629. 27 28 De minimus is defined as “Trifling; negligible” or “so insignificant that a court may overlook it in deciding an issue or case.” De Minimus Definition, Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019), available at Westlaw. 5 15 1 Neither Oliver nor other Ninth Circuit decisions address the PLRA’s physical injury 2 requirement in the context of claims based on a sexual assault. However, the Second Circuit and 3 several federal district courts have done so. These courts “applied a ‘common sense’ approach 4 and found that sexual assault qualified as ‘more than a de minimis injury[.]’“ Cleveland v. Curry, 5 No. 07–cv–02809–NJV, 2014 WL 690846, at *6 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 21, 2014) (citing Liner v. 6 Goord, 196 F.3d 132, 135–36 (2d Cir.1999) (while there is no “statutory definition of ‘physical 7 injury’“ in the PLRA, the “alleged sexual assaults qualify as physical injuries as a matter of 8 common sense. Certainly, the alleged sexual assaults would constitute more than a de minimis 9 injury if they occurred”); Carrington v. Easley, No. 5:08–CT–3175–FL, 2011 WL 2132850, at *3 10 (E.D.N.C. May 25, 2011) (holding on default judgment in case where plaintiff alleged a guard 11 ordered him to undergo strip search and unsuccessfully attempted to fellate him that “a sexual 12 assault qualifies as a ‘physical injury’ under the PLRA.... [E]ven absent physical injury, sexual 13 assault is an injury of ‘constitutional dimensions' as to which the PLRA does not bar recovery”); 14 Marrie v. Nickels, 70 F.Supp.2d 1252, 1257 (D. Kan. 1999) (holding in case where guard was 15 alleged to have stroked the buttocks and genitalia of inmates during frisk search that such “sexual 16 assaults would qualify as physical injuries under § 1997e(e)”)). See also Kahle v. Leonard, 563 17 F.3d 736, 741-42 (8th Cir. 2009); Berryhill v. Schriro, 137 F.3d 1073, 1076 (8th Cir. 1998) 18 (“Certainly, sexual or other assaults are not a legitimate part of a prisoner’s punishment, and the 19 substantial physical and emotional harm suffered by a victim of such abuse are compensable 20 injuries”). 21 Here, there exists a disputed material fact as concerns whether Plaintiff was sexually 22 assaulted by a cellmate. Defendants contend that because Plaintiff’s medical records do not reveal 23 evidence of sexual assault, Plaintiff’s claim is barred by the PLRA. Plaintiff contends he was 24 sexually assaulted by his cellmate but did not report the assaults or seek medical care to avoid 25 retaliation by other inmates. The conduct Plaintiff alleged— sexual assault or rape by a 26 cellmate—meets the applicable definition of sexual assault. 18 U.S.C. § 2246(2).6 Further, the 27 28 18 U.S.C. § 2246(2)(C) defines “sexual act” to include “the penetration, however slight, of the anal or genital opening of another by hand or finger or by any object, with an intent to abuse, humiliate, harass, degrade, or arouse or gratify the sexual desire of any person.” 6 16 1 sexual assaults are alleged to have occurred repeatedly. Given this factual dispute, the 2 determination of whether a sexual assault occurred is a factual question for the jury, and the 3 factfinder could determine sexual assault and physical injury occurred even in the absence of 4 medical records. Therefore, summary judgment on this basis should be denied. 5 B. Defendants Collins & Williams: SATF August 2015/Serious Risk of Harm 6 Defendants Collins and Williams contend summary judgment should be granted in their 7 favor because Plaintiff did not face an objectively serious risk of harm from his SATF cellmate in 8 August 2015, there is no medical evidence establishing assaults, and because no fair-minded 9 factfinder could conclude Plaintiff had actually been assaulted by his cellmate after his August 10 2015 classification hearing. (Doc. 75-2 at 18-19; Doc. 89 at 13-14.) Plaintiff contends Collins and 11 Williams were deliberately indifferent because Plaintiff advised Williams before, and both 12 Collins and Williams during, a committee hearing, that he was being assaulted by his cellmate. 13 The UCC responded by threatening worse punishment should Plaintiff report those assaults. 14 Following the hearing, Plaintiff was assaulted for four days by that cellmate. Plaintiff alleges 15 defense exhibits establish Plaintiff had bruising around his neck and on his knees. Plaintiff 16 contends that while he was “not raped by that cellmate, the behavior is still classified as sexual 17 assault.” (Doc. 81 at 17.) 18 Defendants cite to their undisputed facts numbers 10 through 17 in support of their 19 argument. Plaintiff disputes numbers 11, 13 and 17, specifically referencing his declaration to 20 dispute Defendants’ assertions. 21 As to number 11, Plaintiff cites to his declaration without providing a specific paragraph 22 number. A review of Plaintiff’s declaration regarding whether “[e]ven if Plaintiff had not reported 23 any assaults or physical injuries to his medical providers, Plaintiff’s medical providers would 24 have observed and documented any injuries when they physically examined Plaintiff and 25 provided him with care for his other medical conditions,” reveals the following: 26 27 28 1. Prior to the August 21, 2015, Unit Classification Committee (UCC) I informed defendant Williams that I had been assaulted by inmates placed into my cell, that my current cellmate was harming me and that I wanted it to stop. 17 1 2. Pursuant to inmate rules, I was not able to allow any staff members to see any injurys [sic] caused by my cellmates. I had to hide them and keep them hidden. If an injury was seen by staff, I would have had to dismiss it as an accident I caused myself. 2 3 3. When I did report any injuries I was not able to blame anyone for them. I did report tears to my rectum, a dislocated hip and shoulder injuries to medical staff. 4 5 4. During the August 21, 2015 UCC, I told all of the members that my current cellmate was harming me and that I wanted it to stop. 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 (Doc. 81 at 34-35.) As to number 13—that if Plaintiff had been physically and sexually assaulted as he described in his deposition, he would have suffered and exhibited injuries that would be consistent with the assaults he described—Plaintiff cites to his declaration, paragraph 2, to dispute Defendants’ assertion. Paragraph 2 explains why any injuries Plaintiff may have suffered were not exhibited. As to number 17— that Plaintiff’s claim that he was physically or sexually assaulted on a daily basis during his incarceration at SATF is not supported by his medical records —Plaintiff cites to paragraph 3 of his declaration to dispute Defendants’ assertion. Paragraph 3 explains why there are no medical records to support Plaintiff’s claim of physical and sexual assault. Defendants cite to Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372 (2007) and Law v. Gripe, No. 2:16-cv1830-GEB-EFB P, 2018 WL 1453199, at *11 (E.D. Cal. Mar. 22, 2018). While Scott stands for the proposition that “[w]hen opposing parties tell two different stories, one of which is blatantly contradicted by the record, so that no reasonable jury could believe it, a court should not adopt that version of the facts for purposes of ruling on a motion for summary judgment” (id. at 380), here, the differing stories are not similarly “blatantly contradicted.” In Scott, the Supreme Court further explained the discrepancy: 24 27 That was the case here with regard to the factual issue whether respondent was driving in such fashion as to endanger human life. Respondent's version of events is so utterly discredited by the record that no reasonable jury could have believed him. The Court of Appeals should not have relied on such visible fiction; it should have viewed the facts in the light depicted by the videotape. 28 (Id. at 380-381.) Here, the Court does not find that Plaintiff’s version of the events “is so utterly 25 26 18 1 discredited by the record that no reasonable jury could have believed him.” Credibility is key in 2 this circumstance and that is a call for a jury to make. The Court does not find a blatant 3 contradiction on this record. 4 In Law v. Gripe, the Court considered plaintiff’s claim alleging sexual assault by a 5 correctional officer in violation of the Eighth Amendment on summary judgment. This Court 6 finds Law distinguishable. The Court held as follows: 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Rubino argues that the undisputed evidence establishes that he could not have sexually assaulted plaintiff at approximately 2:00 a.m. on June 24, 2016 as plaintiff claims. He has submitted electronic records from Rounds Tracker showing that he stopped at each cell around 2:00 a.m. that morning only for about 3 seconds. He further argues that plaintiff's medical records belie plaintiff's claim that his penis was swollen and bleeding. On the other hand, as Rubino points out, plaintiff has offered no evidence in opposition to summary judgment other than his own, self-serving assertion that Rubino assaulted him. But the motion for summary judgment still requests that plaintiff's credibility be rejected, a task for which summary judgment is inappropriate. The Rounds Tracker evidence certainly makes it unlikely that Rubino could have assaulted plaintiff during the interval of 2:03 to 2:05 a.m. when he was touching the sensor unit to each cell, it does not establish what Rubino was doing prior to or after those checks. Thus, the Tracker evidence will make it difficult for a fact finder at trial to credit plaintiff's testimony that the sexual contact occurred, that evidence alone does not preclude a jury from doing so. In that sense, the Tracker evidence is not the kind of video evidence that was present in Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 127 S.Ct. 1769, 167 L.Ed.2d 686 (2007), on which defendant relies. In fact, Rubino has made no accounting for his time before and after the 2:00 a.m. cell checks. See ECF No. 84–10 (Rubino Decl.). The medical records and medical declaration provided by Dr. Feinberg are more problematic for plaintiff, particularly when viewed in combination with the Tracker evidence. There is simply no medical evidence, at all, that plaintiff sustained any injury to his penis on June 24, 2016. The record contains only plaintiff's allegation. All medical providers who examined plaintiff's penis found no abnormality. Plaintiff did not pursue treatment for his claimed injuries. See ECF No. 81 at 29. Further, even assuming the sexual contact occurred, plaintiff testified that the alleged contact with Rubino felt pleasurable at the time. Id. at 25. This evidence starkly contradicts plaintiff's claim that his penis was so injured by the contact that he experienced “injury, pain, bleeding, and suffering” for 12 to 14 months. See id. at 28. In short, plaintiff has provided conflicting accounts of what occurred which simply cannot be reconciled. It strains credulity that plaintiff would have viewed the sexual contact as pleasurable while it occurred if he were being subjected to such force as would cause the injuries he claims to have sustained— injuries for which there is no medical corroboration. And these conflicting accounts are further tempered by Tracker evidence 19 1 3 indicating a strong improbability that there could have been time for the event to occur as plaintiff has alleged. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to plaintiff does not mean ignoring plaintiff's own conflicting accounts nor ignoring all other evidence adverse to plaintiff. 4 Law v. Gripe, 2018 WL 1453199 at *11. Unlike Law, this record does not include other evidence 5 in addition to insupportable medical record evidence. Moreover, the plaintiff in Law did not 6 allege that the lack of supporting medical record evidence was due to a fear of retaliation by other 7 inmates were the assaults reported—as Plaintiff has done here. In Law, the lack of “medical 8 corroboration,” plaintiff’s testimony that he derived pleasure from the incident, and other 9 evidence “indicating a strong improbability” that events occurred as the plaintiff alleged, weighed 2 10 in favor of summary judgment for the defendant. Here, however, the Court finds it at least 11 probable that a jury could find Plaintiff’s testimony credible that assaults occurred, and that 12 Plaintiff could not seek medical treatment for them. Defendants also cite to Plaintiff’s deposition testimony in support of their argument. (Doc. 13 14 75-2.) The Court has reviewed the entire deposition transcript and concludes that while there 15 appears to be contradictory testimony offered by Plaintiff as to whether he was assaulted by his 16 cellmate following the committee hearing (see Castaneda Dep. at 66-68 and 73 [assaultive 17 conduct occurred] cf. 141-142 [not attacked]), this case is not one where “no fair-minded jury 18 could conclude Plaintiff was actually being assaulted by his cellmate every day after August 21, 19 2015,” as Defendants assert. The questions posed at pages 66 through 68 were specific and clear 20 as to timing and location, whereas the question posed at pages 141 through 142 was compound 21 and unclear: “So throughout our conversation here today discussing what happened at SATF, at 22 High Desert State Prison, and at Kern Valley State Prison, we discussed how you had previously 23 been attacked before you had spoke to Hacker, Collins, and Williams. [¶] Do you recall - - it 24 doesn’t sound like you had any - - you were ever attacked or injured any time afterwards, is that 25 right?” 26 In sum, the Court concludes there is exists a material dispute as to whether a jury could 27 return a verdict in Plaintiff’s favor, finding he was harmed following the committee hearing, 28 despite a lack of medical evidence to support his assertions of physical injury. As a result, 20 1 summary judgment should be denied. 2 C. Defendants Collins & Williams: SATF August 2015/Deliberate Indifference 3 Defendants next contend Collins and Williams were not deliberately indifferent to a 4 serious risk of harm from Plaintiff’s cellmate. Defendants contend Plaintiff “only alleges he told 5 Counselor Williams and Associate Warden Collins that correctional staff were placing inmates in 6 his cell to hurt him,” and even if true, did not put them on notice that the issue “extended to his 7 current cellmate,” and that Plaintiff did not provide sufficient information that would have 8 allowed Collins and Williams to identify Plaintiff’s safety concerns regarding that cellmate. (Doc. 9 75-2 at 19.) Plaintiff refused an offer to be placed in Ad Seg, did not ask to be placed in Ad Seg 10 during the committee hearing, and conceded he did not know what information Collins had prior 11 to the hearing. (Id. at 19-20.) Defendants further note Plaintiff “directly” admitted he has no 12 evidence Collins and Williams were aware of his safety concerns before the hearing, and there is 13 no evidence they received any information that Plaintiff was being harmed by his cellmate 14 following the hearing. (Id. at 20.) In his opposition, Plaintiff contends Collins and Williams 15 “heard and witnessed the same things,” and that neither “acted except to threaten [him] to not 16 report any assaults.” (Doc. 81 at 17-18.) 17 To be liable for “deliberate indifference,” a prison official must “both be aware of facts 18 from which the inference could be drawn that a substantial risk of serious harm exists, and he 19 must also draw the inference.” Farmer, 511 U.S. at 837. 20 In support of the motion for summary judgment, Defendant Collins declares, in pertinent 21 part, that: (1) he chaired a classification committee hearing on August 21, 2015, to conduct an 22 annual review of Plaintiff’s custody status and housing assignment; (2) before the hearing, 23 Collins had never received or reviewed any information indicating Plaintiff was being harmed by 24 other inmates or staff at SATF; (3) Plaintiff asked for single cell status, stating he had been 25 assaulted by inmates in the past and had not reported the assaults for fear that reporting would 26 spread throughout the facility; (4) Plaintiff did not provide the committee with specific details or 27 information about those past assaults; (5) Plaintiff did not indicate the assaults were ongoing; (6) 28 Plaintiff did not state or otherwise indicate to the committee that correctional staff were trying to 21 1 harm him by housing him with violent inmates; (7) Plaintiff did not tell the committee he was 2 concerned officers would continue to try to harm him by housing him with violent inmates if he 3 did not receive single cell status; (8) Collins explained Plaintiff did not qualify for single cell 4 status and asked Plaintiff if he had any current safety concerns regarding housing and to explain 5 or provide more information about his current housing and safety concerns; (9) Captain Hacker 6 also advised Plaintiff he did not qualify for single cell status and asked Plaintiff whether he 7 wanted to be placed in Ad Seg; (10) Plaintiff replied to these inquiries by stating he did not want 8 to be placed in Ad Seg, refused to elaborate on his safety concerns, and indicated several times he 9 would go back to his assigned yard; (11) the committee elected to continue double celling 10 Plaintiff; (12) Collins never told Plaintiff he would make sure he would be stabbed by other 11 inmates if he reported correctional officers were placing inmates into Plaintiff’s cell to hurt him, 12 nor did he threaten to harm Plaintiff in any way, at any time; (13) Collins did not take any action 13 to have Plaintiff harmed before, during or after the hearing, nor did he direct others to do so; (14) 14 Collins had no further contact with Plaintiff; and (15) Collins does not have the authority to affect 15 Plaintiff’s housing at other institutions, and he never contacted Defendants Acebedo or Pfeiffer, 16 or any other staff at KVSP, in order to harm Plaintiff. (Doc. 75-4 at 1-3, ¶¶ 2-9.) 17 Defendant Williams provides the following declaration, in relevant part, in support of the 18 motion for summary judgment: (1) Williams participated in the classification committee hearing 19 of August 21, 2015; (2) Williams never received or reviewed any information indicating Plaintiff 20 was being harmed by his cellmates or correctional staff at SATF; (3) Williams spoke with 21 Plaintiff several days or weeks before the hearing for a “pre-hearing interview,” but Plaintiff 22 never informed Williams he was being harmed by his cellmates or that he was being harmed by 23 correctional staff; (4) during the pre-interview hearing, Williams never told Plaintiff he should 24 not report being harmed by correctional staff, nor did Williams tell Plaintiff other inmates would 25 harm him if he reported harm by cellmates or correctional staff, and Williams made no attempt to 26 discourage Plaintiff from reporting any harm; (5) Plaintiff asked for single cell status during the 27 classification committee hearing, stating he had been assaulted by inmates in the past and had not 28 reported the assaults for fear that reporting would spread throughout the facility; (6) Plaintiff did 22 1 not provide the committee with specific details or information about those past assaults; (7) 2 Plaintiff did not indicate the assaults were ongoing; (8) Plaintiff did not state or otherwise indicate 3 to the committee that correctional staff were trying to harm him by housing him with violent 4 inmates; (9) Plaintiff did not tell the committee he was concerned officers would continue to try 5 to harm him by housing him with violent inmates if he did not receive single cell status; (10) 6 Williams observed Captain Hacker and Defendant Collins question Plaintiff during the hearing, 7 asked Plaintiff about current safety concerns and that Plaintiff provide additional information 8 about those safety concerns; (11) in response, Plaintiff stated he did not wish to go to Ad Seg and 9 did not have any current safety concerns; (12) Plaintiff never indicated to the committee he faced 10 an imminent threat of being harmed; (13) Williams does not recall Defendant Collins ever 11 threatening Plaintiff with harm during the hearing; (14) the committee elected to continue 12 Plaintiff’s double cell status; (15) Williams recorded the committee’s notes as the hearing took 13 place and those notes were incorporated into a Classification Committee Chrono; (16) Williams 14 never threatened to harm Plaintiff in any way before, during or after the hearing; (17) Williams 15 never took action to have Plaintiff harmed before, during or after the hearing, nor directed any 16 other correctional staff to take action to have Plaintiff harmed before, during or after the hearing; 17 (18) after the hearing, Plaintiff never informed Williams he was being harmed by his current 18 cellmate or that he was being harmed by correctional staff; (19) Williams does not have the 19 authority to affect Plaintiff’s housing at another institution, and never contacted Defendants 20 Acebedo or Pfeiffer, or any other staff at KVSP, in order to harm Plaintiff; and (20) Williams 21 never received or reviewed any information indicating Plaintiff faced a serious risk of harm from 22 other inmates at KVSP. (Doc. 75-7 at 1-4, ¶¶ 2-10.) 23 Plaintiff testified at his deposition that he told Defendant Collins “that corrections officers 24 were placing inmates into my cell to hurt me.” (Castaneda Dep., at 32.) According to Plaintiff, 25 Collins responded that if Plaintiff were to report the assaults, Collins “was going to make sure 26 that [Plaintiff got] stabbed by other inmates,” “that [Collins] was going to have them stab” 27 Plaintiff. (Id.) The discussion occurred during the committee hearing, and “went on for quite a 28 few minutes.” (Id.) When asked whether he identified specific inmates during the hearing, 23 1 Plaintiff testified he “didn’t have a chance to get into any specifics before they issued the threat to 2 me and the conversation ended immediately thereafter.” (Id. at 34.) Regarding the correctional 3 officers who were placing inmates in Plaintiff’s cell, Plaintiff believed those officers could be 4 identified, as they were the “officers who conducted cell moves” (id.) and while he did not 5 remember the names of the inmates who harmed him, Plaintiff testified he “made sure [he] 6 documented this in administrative appeals to preserve it on the record” (id. at 35). Plaintiff also 7 testified at his deposition that before the committee hearing, he told Defendant Williams that 8 “correctional officers were putting inmates in [his] cell to assault [him]” (id. at 60) and while he 9 did not identify those inmates by name, Plaintiff believed he “told her that it was happening at 10 that time” (id. at 60, 65). Defendant Williams told Plaintiff not to report the assaults. (Id. at 60-61, 11 65.) 12 In Plaintiff’s declaration in support of his opposition to Defendants’ motion for summary 13 judgment, Plaintiff declares he “informed defendant Williams that [he] had been assaulted by 14 inmates placed into [his] cell, that [his] current cellmate was harming [him] and that [he] wanted 15 it to stop.” (Doc. 81 at 34, ¶ 1.) 16 Defendants’ contention centers on the fact Plaintiff did not identify his current cellmate, 17 and therefore, Collins and Williams would not have been on notice “that this issue extended to his 18 current cellmate.” An inference, however, can be drawn from Plaintiff’s testimony that his reports 19 of physical and sexual assault were ongoing and would have included his current cellmate. At his 20 deposition, Plaintiff testified he told Williams prior to the committee hearing that “correctional 21 officers were putting inmates” into his cell to assault him, and “that it was happening at that 22 time.” (Castaneda Dep., at 60:15-23.) Williams told Plaintiff not to report it. (Id. at 60:24-25.) 23 Plaintiff told Williams he “wanted it stopped.” (Id. at 60:4-6.) Williams told Plaintiff he “was 24 going to be seriously hurt” if he reported these incidents, and that Plaintiff “knew that happened 25 because it’s happened to inmates before.” Plaintiff acknowledged that but explained to Williams 26 that “nothing could be worse than what’s happening to [him] right now and [he wanted] to report 27 it and [he wanted] it to stop.” (Id. at 61:13-21; see also 65:11-14.) Plaintiff further testified that 28 during the committee hearing, Williams “pretended not to remember” their prior conversation at 24 1 all. (Id. at 63:15-16.) After Williams read a prepared statement concerning Plaintiff’s program, 2 the committee asked if Plaintiff had any questions and Plaintiff “stopped Ms. Williams right 3 there,” referenced their prior conversation and his intent to discuss that conversation “openly in 4 the committee.” (Id. at 63:25-64:8.) Plaintiff reminded Williams about officers putting inmates in 5 his cell and Williams “continued to pretend like she was not aware or didn’t remember the 6 conversation.” (Id. at 64:11-14.) 7 Regarding Defendants’ contention that Plaintiff “directly admits he has no evidence” that 8 Collins and Williams were aware of Plaintiff’s safety concerns before or after the committee 9 hearing, a review of Plaintiff’s deposition testimony reveals Plaintiff qualifies his admission that 10 he has no other evidence of Defendants’ awareness. (See, e.g., Castaneda Dep., at 94:3-6.) It 11 therefore appears that Plaintiff believes “their lack of surprise regarding the circumstances” is 12 some evidence that Defendants were on notice of the issue. Defendants’ citations to their 13 undisputed material fact numbers 18, 21 and 23 through 25 are also unpersuasive. Plaintiff 14 disputes each of those facts, citing to other portions of his own deposition testimony or to his 15 declaration in support of his opposition to this motion. 16 The Court does not make credibility determinations or weigh conflicting evidence when 17 considering Defendants’ motion. Based on the foregoing, there is exists a material dispute as to 18 whether a jury could return a verdict in Plaintiff’s favor, finding Defendants Collins and Williams 19 were deliberately indifferent to a serious risk of harm to Plaintiff. Soremekun v. Thrifty Payless, 20 Inc., 509 F.3d at 984. Summary judgment is therefore inappropriate and should be denied. 21 D. Defendant Peterson: HDSP/Deliberate Indifference 22 Defendants contend that, even when viewed in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, 23 Plaintiff’s allegations against Defendant Peterson do not show that transferring Plaintiff from 24 SATF to HDSP created a substantial risk of serious harm. There is no evidence any SATF 25 inmates transferred with Plaintiff to HDSP were aware that Plaintiff had reported being assaulted 26 at SATF and no evidence those inmates intended to harm Plaintiff. Defendant Peterson reviewed 27 Plaintiff’s central file and interviewed Plaintiff. Plaintiff did not identify the inmates or 28 correctional officers involved, nor indicate any dates of the assaults alleged. Plaintiff also rejected 25 1 placement in a sensitive needs yard (SNY). Defendants conclude that Peterson did not act with 2 deliberate indifference as Plaintiff did not face an intolerably high risk of serious injury. (Doc. 75- 3 2 at 22-23.) 4 Plaintiff responds that the “AdSeg committee deemed the safety concerns localized to 5 SATF, not because of the buildings there, or the ground, or air, but because of inmates who were 6 aware of the situation.” Therefore, Plaintiff faced danger from those inmates who were 7 transferred from SATF with Plaintiff to another facility and Defendant Peterson was aware of that 8 danger. (Doc. 81 at 19.) 9 In support of the motion for summary judgment, Defendant Peterson declared he is a 10 Correctional Counselor II Supervisor at SATF and was in that position when the events at issue 11 arose. (Doc. 75-6 at 1, ¶ 1.) In response to a letter from Plaintiff directed to the Warden at SATF, 12 Peterson reviewed Plaintiff’s central file and interviewed Plaintiff on November 5, 2015. (Id. at 1- 13 2, ¶ 2-3.) Plaintiff’s central file indicated “Plaintiff had previously refused several offers to place 14 him on Sensitive Needs Yard (SNY) to address his safety concerns.” (Id. at 2, ¶ 3.) When 15 Peterson interviewed Plaintiff and asked Plaintiff to clarify his safety concerns and his request, 16 Plaintiff simply indicated that “CDCR was putting” or “placing” “him in jeopardy by transferring 17 Plaintiff to another general population facility.” (Id. at 2, ¶ 4.) Plaintiff advised Peterson that he 18 would “never go to SNY.’” (Id.) At the conclusion of the interview, Peterson advised Plaintiff, 19 based upon “the available information and Plaintiff’s case factors, [that] the recommendation to 20 transfer Plaintiff to an alternative facility for housing was appropriate.” (Id.) Peterson declares 21 Plaintiff did not advise him of “any information about his allegations against Defendants 22 Williams and Collins,” did not identify the inmates who assaulted him in the past and did not 23 identify the correctional officers responsible for placing the assaultive inmates into Plaintiff’s 24 cell. (Id. at 2, ¶ 5.) 25 During his deposition, Plaintiff testified he recalled “explaining to [Peterson] the situation 26 regarding [his] cellmates. I remember speaking to him about what took place at committee. I 27 remember him - - I remember informing him that I had communicated my concerns and problems 28 with all of the committee members in Ad Seg including the warden.” (Castaneda Dep., at 83-84.) 26 1 Plaintiff recalled “reiterating what the committee members told” him to Peterson, including that if 2 Plaintiff reported the assaults he would be punished, and that “[Peterson] and the other committee 3 members were aware that [he] was going to punished and that [he] should expect it.” (Id. at 84.) 4 Peterson told Plaintiff “there was a price to pay for having reported the assaults.” (Id. at 85.) 5 During his deposition, Plaintiff also testified he was transferred to HDSP and was “placed on a 6 yard with multiple inmates that were with [him] in Ad Seg at SATF, who were aware that [he] 7 had reported assaults there at SATF.” (Castaneda Dep., at 95.) Plaintiff could not identify those 8 inmates, remember their names or provide any physical descriptions, stating he “had no idea who 9 they are.” (Id.) When asked how he knew those inmates were aware of his reporting the assaults 10 at SATF, Plaintiff testified: “Because they - - I mean, you could hear conversations in Ad Seg, 11 and everybody there in Ad Seg was being transferred to another institution who was being 12 transferred to the same institution that I was going to.” (Id at 95-96.) Plaintiff estimates there 13 were about 30 inmates in his “general area” who transferred from SATF to HDSP; Plaintiff 14 “could hear their conversations.” (Id. at 96.) 15 In Plaintiff’s declaration in support of his opposition to the motion for summary judgment, 16 Plaintiff states that “[o]nce [he] arrived, at KVSP, [he] was interviewed by Counselor Peterson 17 who informed [him] that he was aware that [Plaintiff] had escaped [his] punishment at HDSP.” 18 (Doc. 81 at 35, ¶ 7.) 19 The Eighth Amendment requires more than a “mere threat” of possible harm. See Berg v. 20 Kincheloe, 794 F.2d 457, 459 (9th Cir. 1986) (“The standard does not require that the guard or 21 official believe to a moral certainty that one inmate intends to attack another at a given place at a 22 time certain before that officer is obligated to take steps to prevent such an assault. But, on the 23 other hand, he must have more than a mere suspicion that an attack will occur”). While a 24 prisoner's failure to give prison officials advance notice of a specific threat is not dispositive with 25 respect to whether prison officials acted with deliberate indifference to the prisoner's safety needs, 26 deliberate indifference will not be found where there is no other evidence in the record showing 27 that the defendants knew of facts supporting an inference and drew the inference of substantial 28 risk to the prisoner. Labatad v. Corrs. Corp. of America, 714 F.3d 1155, 1160-61 (9th Cir. 2013). 27 1 The Court acknowledges that “[d]eliberate indifference is a high legal standard.” Toguchi 2 v. Chung, 391 F.3d 1051, 1060 (9th Cir. 2004). “If a [prison official] should have been aware of 3 the risk, but was not, then the [official] has not violated the Eighth Amendment, no matter how 4 severe the risk.’” Id. (internal quotation marks & citation omitted). 5 Here, a material dispute exists as to whether Defendant Peterson was aware that Plaintiff 6 faced a serious risk of harm when viewed favorably to Plaintiff. Defendant Peterson’s declaration 7 contradicts Plaintiff’s deposition testimony and Plaintiff’s declaration filed in support of his 8 opposition to summary judgment. Given this factual dispute, a factfinder could find that 9 Defendant Peterson had been made aware of Plaintiff’s safety concerns in the form of assaults by 10 his cellmates, that Peterson was aware of the threats of future assaults made to Plaintiff by 11 Defendants Collins and Williams should Plaintiff report the cellmate assaults, and that by 12 transferring Plaintiff to another facility where other inmates were aware Plaintiff had violated 13 “prison rules” by reporting to SATF officials that he’d been assaulted by his cellmates, Plaintiff 14 would continue to suffer assaults by other inmates. Taken together, these facts could lead a 15 reasonable jury to conclude Defendant Peterson was on notice of a risk to Plaintiff and failed to 16 adequately protect Plaintiff. As a result, summary judgment should be denied. 17 E. Defendants Acebedo & Pfeiffer: KVSP/Deliberate Indifference 18 Defendants contends there is no evidence Defendants Acebedo and Pfeiffer acted with 19 20 21 deliberate indifference to a serious risk of harm to Plaintiff. (Doc. 75-2 at 23-27.) 1. No Objectively Serious Risk of Harm at KVSP Defendants contend Plaintiff did not face a substantial risk of being harmed by other 22 inmates at KVSP because there is no evidence any of the inmates at KVSP were aware of 23 Plaintiff’s report of assaults and Plaintiff’s fear was speculative. Defendants also contend there is 24 no evidence to show Plaintiff’s cellmate at KVSP threatened him for reporting assaults at SATF. 25 (Doc. 75-2 at 23-24.) 26 The Eighth Amendment of the United States Constitution protects prisoners against a 27 prison official’s “deliberate indifference” to “a substantial risk of serious harm.” Farmer, 511 28 U.S. at 828. “Deliberate indifference” has both an objective and subjective component: there must 28 1 be an objective risk to inmate safety, and the official in question must also “draw the inference” 2 that the risk exists and disregard it. Id. at 837. For a risk to be objectively “substantial” it must be 3 more than merely possible, since prisons are, “by definition,” institutions “of involuntary 4 confinement of persons who have a demonstrated proclivity for anti-social criminal, and often 5 violent, conduct.” Hudson v. Palmer, 468 U.S. 517, 526 (1984); see also Brown v. Hughes, 894 6 F.2d 1533, 1537 (11th Cir. 1990) (noting that the “known risk of injury must be a strong 7 likelihood, rather than a mere possibility before a guard's failure to act can constitute deliberate 8 indifference” (internal quotation marks omitted)). For this reason, “speculative and generalized 9 fears of harm at the hands of other prisoners do not rise to a sufficiently substantial risk of serious 10 harm.” Williams v. Wood, 223 F. App'x 670, 671 (9th Cir. 2007). 11 Defendants cite to Plaintiff’s deposition at pages 101, 105 through 107, and 140, as well 12 as Defendants’ Statement of Undisputed Fact (SUDF) number 39, in support of their assertions. 13 Defendants’ SUDF number 39 provides: “Plaintiff was never physically or sexually assaulted 14 while he was housed at KVSP Facility A. (Castaneda Dep. 110:14-19, 135:11-15, 137:18-22.)” 15 Plaintiff disputes this fact, citing to paragraph 8 of his Declaration in his opposition which reads 16 as follows: 17 Following the January 21, 2016 UCC headed by Pfeiffer, I was asked to submit to restraints so that a medical doctor could have my weight taken. As soon as the restraints were applied, I was escorted back to A-yard and placed into a cell with another inmate, before the restraints were removed. I was denied food, water, sleep and mental health treatment by my cellmate. 18 19 20 21 (Doc. 81 at 35-36, ¶ 8.)7 22 In his deposition, as noted by Defendants, Plaintiff testified he had no evidence or reason 23 A review of Plaintiff’s first amended complaint and opposition to the motion for summary judgment provides a timeline. Plaintiff transferred from HDSP to KVSP on or about January 6, 2016. (Doc. 81 at 27; see also Doc. 75-5 at 2, ¶ 3 [Acebedo Decl.].) A few days after arrival at KVSP, possibly on January 10, 2016, Plaintiff met with Acebedo for the first time. (Doc. 13 at 9; Doc. 81 at 6.) Plaintiff informed Acebedo “about what had occurred at PVSP, SATF, and HDSP,” that “staff had been punishing [him] and were now trying to have [him] seriously hurt or killed.” (Doc. 81 at 6; see also Doc. 13 at 9 [informed “Acebedo about all of the aforementioned events (SATF, HDSP)”].) On January 14, 2016, Plaintiff appeared before a committee headed by Defendant Acebedo. (Doc. 13 at 10; Doc. 81 at 6.) On January 21, 2016, Plaintiff appeared before a committee headed by Defendant Pfeiffer in Ad Seg. (Doc. 13 at 10; Doc. 81 at 6.) 7 24 25 26 27 28 29 1 to believe that any other inmates from SATF had transferred with him to KVSP from SATF, and 2 had no evidence or reason to believe that any of the inmates at KVSP were aware of the reports 3 he made at SATF. (Castaneda Dep., at 101:16-25.) Citing to pages 105 through 107, Defendants 4 contend that although Plaintiff’s KVSP cellmate had a cellphone and Plaintiff was afraid KVSP 5 inmates could learn about his reporting assaults by other inmates while at SATF, Plaintiff did not 6 have any evidence that any KVSP inmates ever learned what had occurred at SATF through their 7 cellphones. A review of the transcript reveals Plaintiff was asked whether he had “any evidence 8 that this process [a background check performed via cell phone by inmates at one institution 9 concerning inmates transferred in from another institution] occurred at Kern Valley State 10 Prison?” (Castaneda Dep., at 106:23-24.) Plaintiff answered, “I don’t have any knowledge that it 11 actually happened, but I know that my cellmate was in possession of a cell phone.” (Id. at 106:25- 12 107:2.) Citing to page 140, lines 14 through 16 of Plaintiff’s deposition, Defendants note that 13 although Plaintiff alleged his KVSP cellmate prevented him from leaving the cell, Plaintiff 14 admitted his cellmate never explained to Plaintiff why he was being punished, and simply stated 15 that Plaintiff knew why. Plaintiff believed the reference was to his reporting assaults occurring at 16 SATF. A review of the deposition transcript reveals that Plaintiff testified that he made his 17 cellmate aware Plaintiff knew he was “going to punished” and that he was going to “wait for it to 18 take place.” (Id., at 139:24-140:2.) When asked what his cellmate specifically said to him, 19 Plaintiff testified: 20 21 22 23 That I knew that I had punishment coming and that I shouldn’t try to run from it. If I did, if I tried to say anything to the corrections officers that were passing by during count or distributing food, that he was going to administer punishment right then and there, and that I should just wait, essentially take the punishment, and that I would be okay afterwards, and that I would be allowed to remain in general population and everything would be okay. 24 (Id. at 140:5-13.) When Plaintiff was asked why he believed his cellmate was trying to punish 25 him, Plaintiff testified: “Because I had removed myself from the yard once already there on A 26 yard because I had reported in-cell assaults at SATF because I had myself removed from the 27 general population in High Desert.” (Id. at 140:18-21.) 28 Defendant Acebedo’s declaration in support of Defendants’ motion for summary 30 1 judgment states that Acebedo: (1) did not receive or review any information indicating Plaintiff 2 faced a serious risk of harm from any KVSP inmate; (2) does not recall speaking with Plaintiff on 3 January 10, 2016, or recall ever indicating to Plaintiff “that there were ‘heavy hitters’ or Mexican 4 Mafia gang members in KVSP Facility A; and (3) never indicated to Plaintiff punishments by 5 inmates for violating inmate rules were more severe in Facility A. (Doc. 75-5 at 2, ¶¶ 4-5.) 6 Regarding the January 14, 2016, UCC hearing, Acebedo states: (1) Plaintiff said he could 7 no longer program in general population due to a PREA complaint filed while housed at SATF; 8 (2) following review of Plaintiff’s central file, Acebedo advised Plaintiff he was cleared to house 9 at Facility A because two separate investigations cleared Plaintiff’s PREA complaints as 10 unsubstantiated; (3) Plaintiff continued to claim he could not program in general population and 11 refused to answer related questions; (4) when asked whether he wished to be housed in the SNY, 12 Plaintiff stated he did not wish to be placed in SNY; (5) when asked whether he had any specific 13 enemy concerns at KVSP, Plaintiff stated he did not; (6) based on the information received at the 14 hearing, Plaintiff was temporarily placed in Ad Seg due to his safety concerns; (7) Acebedo 15 drafted a confidential memorandum recommending Plaintiff’s release to Facility A due to a lack 16 of new information regarding Plaintiff’s safety or enemy concerns; (8) Acebedo did not state or 17 indicate he had spoken with Defendant Williams; (9) Acebedo did not state or otherwise indicate 18 Williams asked him to ensure Plaintiff’s punishment was carried out at KVSP; and (10) Acebedo 19 did not state or otherwise indicate Plaintiff would be punished in any way while housed at 20 Facility A. (Doc. 75-5 at 2-3, ¶ 6.) 21 In light of the foregoing, the Court does not agree with Defendants that Plaintiff’s fears 22 were speculative and generalized and, therefore, insufficient to show a serious risk of harm. The 23 evidence before the Court on summary judgment reflects a genuine dispute of material fact as to 24 whether Defendants Acebedo and Pfeiffer were aware of a substantial risk of serious harm to 25 Plaintiff from his cellmate or potential cellmates while housed at KVSP. See, e.g., Mitchell v. 26 Chavez, No. 1:13-cv-01324-DAD-EPG, 2016 WL 3906956, at *4 (E.D. Cal. July 19, 2016) 27 (denying summary judgment where a plaintiff alleged that he had told guards about prior 28 altercations with members of the 2–5 gang). As a result, summary judgment should be denied. 31 1 2. Acebedo: Deliberate Indifference to Serious Risk of Harm at KVSP 2 Defendants contend that even assuming Plaintiff’s allegations regarding Defendant 3 Acebedo’s statements were true, “there is still no evidence Counselor Acebedo knew of a serious 4 risk that Plaintiff would be harmed by inmates” at KVSP. Defendants contend Plaintiff admitted 5 he described the events at SATF in very general terms and “only expressed a fear that inmates at 6 [KVSP] would become aware of what occurred at SATF after being released to Facility A.” (Doc. 7 75-2 at 24.) Defendants note Plaintiff did not identify the inmates who had assaulted him or any 8 specific staff members other than Williams or explain to Acebedo that the cellmates who 9 assaulted him were Southern Hispanic gang members. (Id.) Defendants contend Plaintiff admitted 10 “he did not have any evidence to believe that any [KVSP] inmates were aware of the reports he 11 made at SATF.” (Id.) Nor did Plaintiff communicate any concerns after the January 14, 2016, 12 committee hearing. (Id.) Thus, “there is no evidence [Defendant] Acebedo was aware of facts 13 from which he could draw the inference that there was a serious risk Plaintiff would be harmed by 14 any [KVSP] inmates. Plaintiff’s disclosure of past assaults at SATF is not sufficient to show he 15 faced an immediate risk of harm by any particular inmate” at KVSP and Plaintiff’s failure to 16 identify the parties involved deprived Defendant Acebedo “of information that might have 17 allowed him to draw the inference that Plaintiff faced a risk of harm” at KVSP. (Id. at 24-25.) 18 Defendants also contend there is no evidence Acebedo “aware of Plaintiff’s cellmate assignment 19 or that [Defendant] Acebedo had the opportunity to stop Plaintiff from being housed with his 20 [KVSP] cellmate.” (Id. at 25.) Defendants conclude Defendant Acebedo did not act with 21 deliberate indifference when he recommended Plaintiff’s transfer to Facility A or A yard, thereby 22 entitling him to summary judgment. (Id.) 23 In his opposition, Plaintiff contends Acebedo informed Plaintiff “that inmates who 24 violated rules on A-yard were severely punished because of the presence of Mexican Mafia 25 members,” and that Williams had advised Acebedo “to not allow plaintiff to escape his 26 punishment.” (Doc. 81 at 19.) Plaintiff contends that regardless of whether any KVSP inmate 27 were aware of what occurred at SATF, “Acebedo carried out Williams request and ensured that 28 plaintiff was hurt or killed.” (Id.) Plaintiff contends Acebedo’s actions “made sure that plaintiff 32 1 feared returning to the yard and was willing to go to Ad Seg,” and that once in Ad Seg, Plaintiff’s 2 life would be “in danger on A-yard.” (Id. at 20.) Plaintiff contends Defendant Acebedo “did not 3 leave it up to chance whether KVSP inmate were aware of what had occurred at SATF” but acted 4 “knowingly and willingly to put plaintiff’s life at risk.” (Id.) 5 The Court considers whether Acebedo was “both [] aware of facts from which the 6 inference could be drawn that a substantial risk of serious harm exists,” and whether he drew that 7 inference. Farmer, 511 U.S. at 837. 8 At his deposition, Plaintiff testified that at the first meeting with Defendant Acebedo, 9 Plaintiff “explained to him that I reported in-cell assaults, and the correctional staff there told me 10 that they were going to punish me for it. And that I believe that the punishment was going to be 11 carried out there in his institution.” (Castaneda Dep., at 99:5:9.) Acebedo advised Plaintiff there 12 were “a lot of heavy hitters there on the yard, which meant that they were high ranking members 13 of the Mexican mafia, which is the top of the hierarchy in Southern Hispanics. And that 14 punishment that was administered against other inmates for violating rules was done very 15 severely because of their presence there.” (Id. at 99:23-100:5.) Plaintiff testified he told Acebedo 16 that he “was concerned about what was going to happen to [him] there in his yard.” (Id. at 17 100:11-12.) When asked whether Plaintiff identified “specific cellmates who had assaulted” him, 18 Plaintiff replied, “[n]o, I spoke in very general terms about what had taken place at SATF.” (Id. at 19 100:16-17.) Plaintiff testified he identified staff members in his discussion with Acebedo: “The 20 only one that I actually remember specifically, I may have mentioned a lot of staff members, but I 21 remember specifically just very quickly mentioning the name Williams, CC2 Williams, and only 22 reason I remember that is because he stopped me in the conversation there and told me that he 23 knew CC2 Williams and that they were actually very good friends.” (Id. at 100:23-101:4.) 24 Plaintiff further testified he did not explain to Acebedo that the cellmates who assaulted him were 25 Southern Hispanics. (Id. at 101:11-15; but see 120:13-20 [Plaintiff and Acebedo “spoke about … 26 the rules regarding Southern Hispanics and the punishment administered by Southern Hispanics 27 for violation of those rules”].) At the subsequent committee hearing headed by Defendant 28 Acebedo, Plaintiff told the committee “what [he] had already told Acebedo.” (Id. at 103.) When 33 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 asked what Plaintiff told the committee about why he wanted a SNY placement, Plaintiff stated: I explained to them that I had reported assaults at SATF, and that they had told me that they were going to put me back in general population where inmates were aware that I had reported them, and they were going to allow the inmates to punish me, and that I was going - - that they were going to allow that to happen there on their yard, and that Acevedo told me that the punishment that’s administered there is very severe. I explained to them my disability. That I would likely be killed, I told them that I didn’t want to even given that an opportunity to take place. If they could place me in protective custody until I could be transferred to a sensitive needs yard. (Castaneda Dep., at 104:20-105:7.) When asked whether he remembered telling Acebedo or any 10 other committee members “exactly why” he was afraid he would be assaulted in housed at KVSP, 11 Plaintiff testified he “had already explained the situation to Acebedo. And if I explained it to the 12 committee members, it was only in general terms.” (Id. at 108:10-12.) 13 Defendants rely in part upon their statement of undisputed facts numbers 35 and 37: 14 35. Plaintiff never told Counselor Acebedo the identities of the specific cellmates who had assaulted him, the identities of specific inmates he believed were threatening him, the fact that his SATF cellmates were Southern Hispanic gang members, or the identities of the officers who allegedly placed assaultive inmates in his cell. (Acebedo Dec. ¶¶ 4, 6, 8; Castaneda Dep. 100:13-25, 101:1-15, 120:13-24.) 15 16 17 18 19 20 37. After the January 14, 2016 hearing, Counselor Acebedo did not take any actions to affect Plaintiff’s housing assignment or cellmate assignment besides drafting a confidential memorandum recommending Plaintiff be released back to Facility A. (Acebedo Dec. ¶¶ 6, 8.) 21 Plaintiff disputes both, citing to the Bonty and Ramirez declarations in support of his opposition 22 to Defendants’ summary judgment motion. Regarding number 35, neither the Bonty or Ramirez 23 declarations specifically speak to or dispute the substance of the facts stated—what Plaintiff may 24 or may not have told Acebedo, although both are potentially relevant to the reason Plaintiff did 25 not report the inmate assaults. While Plaintiff testified he did not identify specific cellmates who 26 assaulted him at SATF (Castaneda Dep., at 100:13-17), Plaintiff also testified that he explained to 27 Acebedo that he “reported in-cell assaults, and that the correctional staff there told Plaintiff he 28 was going to be punished for it, and that it was Plaintiff’s belief that the “punishment was going 34 1 to be carried out there in [Acebedo’s] institution.” (Castaneda Depo., at 99:5-9.) According to 2 Plaintiff, Acebedo stated to him that “a lot of heavy hitters” were present on A-yard, “very high 3 ranking members of the Mexican Mafia, which is the top of the hierarchy in Southern Hispanics.” 4 (Id. at 99:23-100:2.) Plaintiff also testified he told the committee headed by Acebedo that he 5 “wanted to be placed into protective custody until [he] was placed in the sensitive needs yard.” 6 (Id. at 129:14-18.) Plaintiff asked for such placement because he “reported assaults by inmates to 7 staff, and that staff threatened to have [him] punished by inmates, and that [Plaintiff] believed that 8 the punishment was going to be carried out there” at KVSP. (Id. at 130:3-8.) 9 Regarding number 37, while the Bonty and Ramirez declarations do not explain whether 10 Acebedo took any actions affecting Plaintiff’s housing, Plaintiff’s deposition testimony in this 11 regard creates a genuine issue of material fact. Plaintiff testified that Acebedo visited him while 12 he was at CTC, after the January 2016 UCC hearing, and that Acebedo made statements relating 13 to Plaintiff’s housing on that occasion. (Castaneda Dep., at 110:23-111:4, 112:12-113:6, 117:13- 14 16, 118:23-120:5, 135:3-9.) 15 The Court concludes there exist genuine issues of material fact concerning whether 16 Acebedo was “aware of facts from which the inference could be drawn that a substantial risk of 17 serious harm” to Plaintiff existed. Farmer, 511 U.S. at 837. Credibility is plainly at issue here and 18 is not a determination to be made on summary judgment. Manley v. Rowley, 847 F.3d at 711. 19 20 3. Acebedo: No Admissible Evidence re 2/24/2016 Transfer Defendants contend there is no admissible evidence to support Plaintiff’s claim that 21 Defendant Acebedo attempted to transfer Plaintiff to Facility A or A-yard. (Doc. 75-2 at 25-26.) 22 Defendants contend the only evidence of an attempted transfer is “the inadmissible hearsay 23 statements of the unidentified correctional officers who attempted to escort Plaintiff that day.” 24 (Id. at 26.) Defendants also note that Plaintiff testified his last encounter with Acebedo was on 25 February 10, 2016, and that no other evidence exists to show Defendant Acebedo was personally 26 involved with Plaintiff’s February 24, 2016 transfer. (Id.) 27 28 In his opposition, Plaintiff points to his deposition testimony that Defendant Acebedo visited him while Plaintiff was “in CTC” and that Acebedo “informed plaintiff that he was going 35 1 to be returned to A-yard.” (Doc. 81 at 20.) Plaintiff contends he was returned to A-yard on 2 February 24, 2016, and that “the officers informed plaintiff that they were carrying out orders of 3 Acebedo.” (Id.) Plaintiff further contends Defendant Acebedo is “the only Counselor II of A- 4 yard,” is “instrumental in any transfer of inmates in and out of A-yard,” that Acebedo “wrote a 5 memo that asked for plaintiff to be returned back to A-yard” and staff would defer to Defendant 6 Acebedo regarding housing. (Id.) 7 In support of the motion for summary judgment, Defendant Acebedo declared as follows: 8 After the January 14, 2016 UCC hearing, I did not have any further interactions with Plaintiff. Other than drafting the confidential memorandum described in Paragraph 6, I did not take any other actions to affect Plaintiff’s housing assignment or cellmate assignment at KVSP. I never reviewed or received any information indicating Plaintiff’s cellmates in Facility A would threaten or had threatened to harm him in January 2016. I never told Plaintiff in February 2016 I was going to ensure he returned to Facility A. I never told Plaintiff that I would allow him to retain a bottle of lotion to use the next time he was sexually assaulted. I also never directed any other correctional staff members to pack up Plaintiff’s personal property and to return Plaintiff to Facility A. 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 (Doc. 75-5 at 3, ¶ 8.) As noted in section E.2, supra, Plaintiff testified at his deposition that 16 Acebedo visited him while he was at CTC after the January 2016 UCC hearing, and that Acebedo 17 made statements relating to Plaintiff’s housing on that occasion. (See Castaneda Dep., at 110:23- 18 111:4, 112:12-113:6, 117:13-16, 118:23-120:5, 135:3-9.) Thus, there is some evidence other than 19 inadmissible hearsay concerning Plaintiff’s claims that Acebedo was behind Plaintiff’s return to 20 A Yard. 21 The Court again concludes there exist genuine issues of material fact concerning whether 22 Acebedo was “aware of facts from which the inference could be drawn that a substantial risk of 23 serious harm” to Plaintiff existed, and that Acebedo drew that inference. Farmer, 511 U.S. at 837. 24 Credibility is not a determination to be made on summary judgment. Manley v. Rowley, 847 F.3d 25 at 711. Therefore, summary judgment should be denied. 26 27 28 4. Pfeiffer: Deliberate Indifference to Serious Risk of Harm at KVSP Defendants next contend that even if Plaintiff faced an objectively serious risk of harm, there is no evidence Defendant Pfeiffer was deliberately indifferent to that risk. (Doc. 75-2 at 2636 1 27.) Defendants cite Plaintiff’s deposition testimony that Pfeiffer “only said he had read a 2 confidential report explaining why Plaintiff had been placed in the ASU and that he agreed with 3 the report’s recommendations to return Plaintiff to A-Yard.” (Id. at 26.) Defendants note Plaintiff 4 admitted Pfeiffer did not identify the author of the report he had reviewed, nor discussed the 5 contents of the report other than to note his agreement with it, and that Plaintiff had never read the 6 report. (Id.) Defendants also note Plaintiff did not tell Defendant Pfeiffer about any specific 7 inmates who were threatening him or about any of the attacks he had previously experienced.” 8 (Id. at 27.) Further, Pfeiffer declared he “never received or reviewed any information indicating 9 Plaintiff had any safety concerns or experienced any safety issued with his cellmates.” (Id.) 10 Therefore, Defendants contend Defendant Pfeiffer is entitled to summary judgment as there is no 11 evidence Pfeiffer knew of any facts supporting an inference or that Pfeiffer drew an inference that 12 Plaintiff faced a substantial risk of harm. (Id.) 13 In his opposition, Plaintiff contends Defendant Pfeiffer “knew that if plaintiff was 14 removed from A-yard for safety concerns, that plaintiff could no longer return to A-yard.” (Doc. 15 81 at 21.) Plaintiff contends “the only memorandum written was by Acebedo,” and that Pfeiffer 16 “knew Acebedo wanted plaintiff to be hurt or killed.” (Id.) Plaintiff contends that when “Pfeiffer 17 came across the reference to Attempted Murder of a Corrections Officer” during the hearing, 18 Pfeiffer agreed “with Acebedo to have plaintiff hurt or killed.” (Id.) Plaintiff further contends 19 Pfeiffer was “aware of basic inmate rules” and those rules were “strictly enforced on F.P. level IV 20 yards, with lethal force.” (Id.) Plaintiff contends those inmate rules were used by Pfeiffer and 21 Acebedo “to carry out punishment on inmates under the guise of ignorance.” (Id.) 22 In support of the motion for summary judgment, Defendant Pfeiffer declares (1) that 23 during the January 21, 2016 classification committee hearing he never received or reviewed any 24 information indicating Plaintiff faced a serious risk of harm if he were housed with other inmates 25 at KVSP; (2) he never spoke with Defendants Williams, Collins, Peterson or Acebedo about 26 Plaintiff’s safety issues or housing prior to the hearing; (3) he was never told or otherwise 27 indicated to Plaintiff that his decision was based entirely on Plaintiff’s disciplinary record of 28 attempted murder of a correctional officer, and did not base his decision entirely on that history; 37 1 (4) he does not recall having any direct interactions with Plaintiff following the hearing; and (5) 2 he never received or reviewed any information indicating Plaintiff’s cellmate in Facility A would 3 threaten or had threatened to harm Plaintiff in January 2016. (Doc. 75-8 at 1-2, ¶¶ 3-5.) 4 Plaintiff testified at his deposition that Pfeiffer “was aware that [Plaintiff] would be hurt if 5 [he] was returned to A yard, and he actually made that decision to have me returned to A yard.” 6 (Castaneda Dep., at 124:17-21.) Regarding the evidence to support his theory, Plaintiff testified 7 Pfeiffer “was present there at the committee and this is - - this was the discussion that took place 8 during committee.” (Id. at 124:22-125:1.) Regarding his discussion with Pfeiffer, Plaintiff stated: 9 “He actually read the report of Acevedo explaining why I was placed in Ad Seg, and also read the 10 recommendation of Acebedo that I be returned back to A yard, and agreed with the 11 recommendation that I be returned back to [A] yard after I explained to him that I was going to be 12 hurt or killed if I was returned back to the same population I just had myself removed from.” (Id. 13 at 125:4-10.) Asked specifically about the “report” read by Pfeiffer, Plaintiff testified Pfeiffer 14 explained to him during the committee that “he had read the report.” (Id. at 125:15-18.) The 15 report was not identified by Pfeiffer as authored by Acebedo, but Plaintiff testified Pfeiffer “said 16 he read the confidential report explaining the reason why” Plaintiff had been placed in Ad Seg, 17 which Plaintiff testified “was the report written by” Acebedo. (Id. at 125:21-23.) Pfeiffer 18 “referred to it as the confidential memorandum that explained why” Plaintiff was in Ad Seg. (Id. 19 at 126:1-2.) Because Plaintiff acknowledged he had not read the report himself, he was asked 20 what led him to believe Acebedo was the author of the report Pfeiffer read at the hearing; Plaintiff 21 testified that Acebedo told Plaintiff “during the first committee that he was going to write the 22 report saying that [Plaintiff] be placed in Ad Seg with the recommendation that [Plaintiff be 23 returned right back to A yard.” (Id. at 125:6-126:14.) Plaintiff further testified he told the 24 committee headed by Pfeiffer that he asked to be kept in Ad Seg until he could be transitioned 25 into a sensitive needs yard. (Id. at 130:15-17.) 26 Here, Plaintiff’s deposition testimony presents some evidence that Defendant Pfeiffer was 27 deliberately indifferent to the serious harm Plaintiff faced. It is for a jury to decide whether or not 28 Pfeiffer was deliberately indifferent to a serious risk of harm to Plaintiff at KVSP. Manley v. 38 1 Rowley, 847 F.3d at 711. 2 VII. 3 4 5 Qualified Immunity Defendants also contend they are entitled to qualified immunity. (Doc. 75-2 at 27-30; Doc. 89 at 23-24.) Government officials enjoy qualified immunity from civil damages unless their conduct 6 violates clearly established statutory or constitutional rights. Jeffers v. Gomez, 267 F.3d 895, 910 7 (9th Cir. 2001) (quoting Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818 (1982)). A qualified immunity 8 analysis requires determining: (1) whether facts alleged, taken in the light most favorable to the 9 injured party, show the defendants’ conduct violated a constitutional right; and (2) whether the 10 right was clearly established. Lacey v. Maricopa Cnty., 693 F.3d 896, 915 (9th Cir. 2012) (en 11 banc) (citing Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 201 (2001)). Courts may “exercise their sound 12 discretion in deciding which of the two prongs of the qualified immunity analysis should be 13 addressed first in light of the circumstances in the particular case at hand.” Pearson v. Callahan, 14 555 U.S. 223, 236 (2009). 15 “[S]ummary judgment based on qualified immunity is improper if, under the plaintiff's 16 version of the facts, and in light of the clearly established law, a reasonable officer could not have 17 believed his conduct was lawful.” Schwenk v. Hartford, 204 F.3d 1187, 1196 (9th Cir. 2000) 18 (citing Grossman v. City of Portland, 33 F.3d 1200, 1208 (9th Cir. 1994)). The Supreme Court 19 has “repeatedly told courts ... not to define clearly established law at a high level of generality.” 20 Mullenix v. Luna, 577 U.S. 7, 12 (2015) (alteration in original) (quoting Ashcroft, 563 U.S. at 21 742). “The dispositive question is ‘whether the violative nature of particular conduct is clearly 22 established.’” Id. (quoting Ashcroft v. al-Kidd, 563 U.S. 563 U.S. 731, 742 (2011)). “[T]his 23 inquiry ‘must be undertaken in light of the specific context of the case, not as a broad general 24 proposition.’” Brosseau v. Haugen, 543 U.S. 194, 198 (2004) (quoting Saucier, 533 U.S. at 201). 25 “Qualified immunity gives government officials breathing room to make reasonable but 26 mistaken judgments about open legal questions.” Ashcroft v. al-Kidd, 563 U.S. at 743. The 27 existence of triable issues of fact as to whether prison officials were deliberately indifferent does 28 not necessarily preclude qualified immunity. Estate of Ford v. Ramirez–Palmer, 301 F.3d 1043, 39 1 1053 (9th Cir. 2002). 2 Defendants Collins and Williams contend they are entitled to qualified immunity because 3 the evidence indicates they were not deliberately indifferent to a serious risk that Plaintiff would 4 be harmed by his SATF cellmate and there is no medical evidence to show Plaintiff was sexually 5 assaulted. (Doc. 75-2 at 28.) Defendant Peterson contends he is entitled to qualified immunity 6 because he did not act with deliberate indifference in response to Plaintiff’s letter as Plaintiff did 7 not provide Peterson with specific details about his safety concerns regarding the transfer from 8 SATF to HDSP. (Id.) Defendants Acebedo and Pfeiffer contend they did not act with deliberate 9 indifference at KVSP because Plaintiff never provided them with information about specific 10 safety concerns and never informed them that he was threatened by his KVSP cellmate. (Id.) 11 Defendants contend “case law does not clearly establish that deliberate indifference occurs 12 when the inmate never provides the officer with information about current threats to his safety 13 and only expresses a generalized fear of harm based on past assaults.” (Doc. 89 at 24.) 14 Defendants’ contention however is contingent upon a construction of the disputed facts in their 15 favor. If Plaintiff's version of facts is believed by the jury, Defendants acted with the specific 16 purpose of punishing Plaintiff and causing him harm. A reasonable officer would not have 17 believed that it was lawful to ignore Plaintiff’s concerns regarding his safety posed by the inmates 18 housed in Plaintiff’s cell at the various institutions. 19 The Court has already determined that under Plaintiff's version of events the allegations 20 demonstrate violations of Plaintiff's rights under the Eighth Amendment. The first prong— 21 whether facts alleged, taken in the light most favorable to the injured party, show the defendants’ 22 conduct violated a constitutional right—is therefore resolved in Plaintiff's favor. The second 23 prong—whether the right was clearly established—relies on Defendants’ version of facts that are 24 disputed by Plaintiff. 25 In sum, because Defendants have not met their burden of demonstrating the absence of a 26 genuine issue of material, summary judgment based on qualified immunity is inappropriate. See 27 Adickes v. S. H. Kress & Co., 398 U.S. 144, 157 (1970); see also Act Up!/Portland v. Bagley, 988 28 F.2d 868, 873 (9th Cir. 1993) (if there is a genuine dispute as to the “facts and circumstances 40 1 within an officer's knowledge,” or “what the officer and claimant did or failed to do,” summary 2 judgment is not appropriate.) 3 VIII. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 4 Based on the foregoing, the Court recommends that Defendants’ motion for summary 5 judgment (Doc. 75) be DENIED. 6 These Findings and Recommendations will be submitted to the United States District 7 Judge assigned to this case, pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(l). Within 14 days 8 of the date of service of these Findings and Recommendations, the parties may file written 9 objections with the Court. The document should be captioned, “Objections to Magistrate Judge’s 10 Findings and Recommendations.” Failure to file objections within the specified time may result in 11 waiver of rights on appeal. Wilkerson v. Wheeler, 772 F.3d 834, 839 (9th Cir. 2014) (citing 12 Baxter v. Sullivan, 923 F.2d 1391, 1394 (9th Cir. 1991)). 13 14 15 16 IT IS SO ORDERED. Dated: /s/ Sheila K. Oberto September 8, 2022 . UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 41

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