Gengler, et al v. USA, et al, No. 1:2006cv00362 - Document 153 (E.D. Cal. 2010)
Court Description: MEMORANDUM DECISION GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART Petitioners' Motion for Attorney's Fees 122 , signed by Judge Oliver W. Wanger on 1/8/2010. (Kusamura, W)
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1 2 3 4 5 6 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE 7 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 8 9 10 LT. CMDR RICHARD T. GENGLER and CMDR DANIEL S. McSEVENEY, 11 Plaintiffs/ Petitioners, 12 13 vs. 14 15 16 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA THROUGH ITS DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE AND NAVY and SECRETARY DONALD C. WINTER, 17 18 19 Defendants/ Respondents. ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) No. CV-F-06-362 OWW/WMW MEMORANDUM DECISION GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART PETITIONERS' MOTION FOR ATTORNEYS' FEES (Doc. 122) 20 By motion filed on March 5, 2007, Petitioners moved for an 21 award of attorneys' fees as prevailing parties pursuant to the 22 Equal Access to Justice Act, 28 U.S.C. § 2412(d)(1). Petitioners 23 seek attorneys fees and costs in the amount of $115,400.60 due to 24 25 26 1 1 Lewis Brisbois Bisgard & Smith LLP ( Lewis Brisbois )1 and 2 $92,295.15 in services and costs provided on a pro bono basis by 3 attorneys at Bingham McCutchen LLP ( Bingham ).2 4 The motion was taken under submission after hearing on 5 August 6, 2007. On October 11, 2007, Petitioners filed a 6 Supplemental Declaration of William D. Kissinger and Timothy 7 Lord Updating Petitioners Motion for Attorneys Fees. 8 October 15, 2007, Petitioners filed a Revised Supplemental 9 Declaration of William D. Kissinger in Support of Petitioners On 10 Motion for Attorneys Fees. Petitioners assert that their 11 initial motion for attorneys fees documented fees and costs 12 incurred through February 28, 2007 for services performed by 13 Bingham and Lewis Brisbois. 14 incurred additional attorneys fees and costs in connection 15 finalization of the motion for attorneys fees, reviewing 16 Respondents opposition to the motion for attorneys fee, 17 drafting Petitioners reply, and preparing for and attending the 18 August 6, 2007 hearing. 19 incurred an additional fees and costs totaling $95,931.43 since 20 February 28, 2007 for services performed by Bingham and $6,020.00 21 for services performed by Lewis Brisbois since May 1, 2007, Petitioners assert that they have Petitioners assert that they have 22 1 23 24 25 26 Lewis Brisbois initially sought $108,540.60 in fees and costs. By supplemental declaration filed on July 24, 2007, Lewis Brisbois sought recover of additional fees and costs totaling $6,860.00 for services performed between February 1, 2007 and April 30, 2007. 2 Petitioners assert that they received approximately $45,000 in legal representation from Professor Charles Weisselberg on a pro bono basis but do not seek recovery for his services. 2 1 making the total amount sought to be awarded as $310,335.68 2 ($121,420.60 to Lewis Brisbois and $188,915.08 to Bingham). 3 Petitioners note that their initial motion for attorneys fees 4 filed on March 5, 2007 advised that they would supplement the 5 motion with additional fees and costs incurred after February 28, 6 2007. 7 Respondents object to the Supplemental Declaration and 8 Revised Supplemental Declaration and seek to strike them 9 several grounds. on First, Petitioners did not obtain leave of 10 Court to file these supplemental declarations after the motion 11 for attorneys fees was argued and taken under submission. 12 Second, Petitioners belated filing of these supplemental 13 declarations precludes any response or challenge to them by 14 Respondents. 15 incurred by Bingham, who was associated in the case one day 16 before orders were issued discharging Petitioners from the Navy 17 and mooting the case. 18 Third, the bulk of these additional fees were Respondents objections are well-taken. Petitioners 19 statement in a brief filed in March 2007 that they reserved the 20 right to supplement the fee request does not entitle them to do 21 so without leave of court months after the motion was argued and 22 taken under submission, negating Respondents right to contest 23 the supplemental declarations. 24 declarations filed in October 2007 are stricken. 25 26 Petitioners supplemental 28 U.S.C. § 2412(d)(1)(A) provides in pertinent part: (A) Except as otherwise specifically provided 3 by statute, a court shall award a prevailing party ... fees and other expenses ... incurred by that party in any civil action (other than cases sounding in tort) ... brought ... against the United States ... unless the court finds that the position of the United States was substantially justified or that special circumstances makes an award unjust. 1 2 3 4 5 (B) A party seeking an award of fees and other expenses shall, within thirty days of final judgment in the action, submit to the court an application for fees and other expenses which shows that the party is a prevailing party and is eligible to receive an award under this subsection, and the amount sought, including an itemized statement for any attorney or expert witness representing or appearing on behalf of the party stating the actual time expended and the rate at which fees and other expenses were computed. The party shall also allege that the position of the United States was not substantially justified. Whether or not the position of the United States was substantially justified shall be determined on the basis of the record (including the record with respect to the action or failure to act by the agency upon which the civil action is based) which is made in the civil action for which fees and other expenses are sought. 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 A. Prevailing Parties. 19 To be prevailing parties, Petitioners must meet two 20 criteria. 21 legal relationship of the parties. 22 be judicially sanctioned. 23 West Virginia Dep t of Health & Human Res., 532 U.S. 598, 604-605 24 (2001). 25 26 First, they must achieve a material alteration of the 1. Second, that alteration must Buckhannon Bd. & Care Home, Inc. v. Material Alteration of Legal Relationship. Petitioners assert that a material alteration of a legal 4 1 relationship between the parties occurs where the defendant is 2 required to do something directly benefitting the plaintiff that 3 the defendant otherwise would not have had to do. 4 rely on Carbonell v. I.N.S., 429 F.3d 894 (9th Cir.2005). Petitioners 5 In Carbonell, an alien petitioned for attorneys fees under 6 the EAJA after obtaining a court order incorporating a voluntary 7 stipulation staying deportation. 8 pertinent part: 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 The Ninth Circuit held in Carbonell satisfies the first prong of the prevailing party test, which requires a material alteration in the legal relationship between the parties, as a result of the parties stipulation to a stay of departure. The case before the district court primarily concerned whether Carbonell was entitled to a stay of deportation until the BIA reconsidered the question whether his due process rights had been violated, thus requiring his case to be reopened. Before the district court issued its order which incorporated the stay of deportation, the INS had the authority to deport Carbonell immediately. Had the INS done so prior to the BIA s deciding his motion to reopen his case, the BIA would have dismissed his case and Carbonell would have had no further recourse. Under the stipulation, however, the government was required to refrain from deporting Carbonell for 45 days pending the BIA s decision on his motion to reopen. The stipulation for the stay of deportation thus materially altered the legal relationship between the parties, because the defendants were required to do something directly benefitting the plaintiff[] that they otherwise would not have had to do. .... 23 24 25 26 ... In the instant case, it is irrelevant that Carbonell s underlying effective assistance claim was not resolved, and that he, therefore, remained under a final order of deportation. Under the stipulation for a stay, Carbonell received much of the relief 5 1 2 3 4 he sought in the district court and thus met the first requirement to be deemed a prevailing party. 429 F.3d at 900. Petitioners contend that the facts in this case parallel 5 those of Carbonell. Petitioners argue that, at the time this 6 action was filed, Respondents had the power to deploy active-duty 7 Naval Officers and Aviators as they saw fit by issuing lawful 8 orders by virtue of the President s power as commander-in-chief, 9 Fleming v. Page, 50 U.S. 603, 615 (1850), and by virtue of the 10 Uniform Code of Military Justice, 10 U.S.C. §§ 890, 892, allowing 11 punishment by court marshal for failing to obey any lawful order 12 or regulation. 13 [o]rganizing and mobilizing the military in a time of national 14 emergency, and protecting the national security of the United 15 States, are core Executive Branch functions. 16 By refusing to grant Petitioners requests for release from 17 active duty, Petitioners argue, Respondents intended to maintain 18 legal authority over Petitioners, including the ability to deploy 19 Petitioners through the issuance of lawful orders. 20 Petitioners refer to Respondents arguments that (Doc. 25 at 5). Petitioners argue that Respondents gave up their right to 21 deploy Petitioners outside the United States by a series of 22 orders entered by this Court. 23 Petitioners refer to the Order approving the Stipulation Re 24 Ex Parte Motion for Entry of Temporary Restraining Order filed on 25 April 7, 2006 (Doc. 12), wherein it was agreed inter alia that 26 Defendants shall maintain Petitioners non-deployable status 6 1 with the Navy through July 10, 2006 and will not deploy 2 Petitioners to Iraq or any location outside the Continental 3 United States prior to July 10, 2006. 4 12, 2006, the Court approved the parties stipulation extending 5 Petitioners non-deployable status through August 9, 2006 (Doc. 6 14). 7 (Doc. 37), denying Petitioners application for a temporary 8 restraining order to order their immediate discharge and to not 9 change their deployment status, but requiring Respondents to By Order filed on June Petitioners refer to the Order filed on August 11, 2006 10 give at least 20 days notice of any intent to change Petitioners 11 current non-deployment status so they can make application for 12 appropriate relief to the Court should that occur .... 13 Petitioners refer to the Order filed on November 3, 2006 (Doc. 14 107) granting Gengler s motion that he be released from the 15 custody of the Respondents from November 4, 2006 to December 8, 16 2006. 17 Law 9 and 12of that Order: 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Finally, Petitioners refer to Finding of Fact 21 and Conclusions of 21. has the and its The government further argues the court no authority to determine the legality of contract in dispute, the Navy s actions, cannot meddle in the Navy s conduct of business. ... 9. The Court also finds that there are, at a minimum, substantial questions going to the merits of the petition. It is established that the terms of service contracts of enlisted personnel are governed by contract law standards and are enforceable. See, e.g., Santiago v. Rumsfeld, 425 F.3d 549, 554 (9th Cir.2005). Though there is no case directly on point, at least one district court has held that an officer s agreement to 7 1 2 3 serve additional time as a result of educational programs is also contractual in nature, even though an officer is a Presidential appointee. See Wallace v. Brown, 1979 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 10156 *20 n.2 (S.D.N.Y.1979). 4 ... 5 6 7 8 9 10 12. The exceptional circumstances of this petition to resolve Petitioner s right to be released from active duty include that further delay renders nugatory his good faith expectations and belief as to release from active duty on which he relied to his detriment and will obviate any relief in this case. Petitioners assert that these orders materially altered the 11 legal relationship between Petitioners and Respondents by 12 modifying Respondents legal authority to deploy Petitioners at 13 will through the issuance of lawful deployment orders: 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 First, the requirement that Respondents refrain from deploying Petitioners outside of the Continental United States for approximately four months directly benefitted Petitioners as their temporary restraining order sought an order preventing Defendants from changing Petitioners status from nondeployable to deployable or otherwise sending them to ... any location outside the United States. (Doc. 2 at 2.) Second, the order requiring Respondents to give at least 20 days notice of any intent to change Plaintiffs current non-deployment status so they can make application for appropriate relief to the Court should that occur directly benefitted Petitioners as the language itself gave the Petitioners an opportunity to seek relief if Respondents wished to exercise their authority to deploy Petitioners. Lastly, the Court s Order granting Petitioner s bail motion directly benefitted ... Gengler as he received the relief he requested in his habeas corpus petition. He was released from Respondents custody and from active duty, which barred 8 Respondents from exercising their authority over him for the time specified in the bail order. Notably, Petitioner Gengler offered the Respondents a mechanism for him to attend the University of Chicago and not alter the legal relationship between the parties. With the Court s encouragement, he proposed that the Navy grant him a series of leaves that would still maintain his active duty status. The Respondents, however, rejected that proposal (Doc. 107, at 10), necessitating the ruling by this Court that altered Gengler s relationship with the Navy by releasing him from the Navy s custody. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Respondents argue that Petitioners are not prevailing 9 parties in this action. 10 Respondents cite Farrar v. Hobby, 506 U.S. 103, 111-112 11 (1992). In Hobby, the Supreme Court held that a civil rights 12 plaintiff who recovers damages in any amount, whether 13 compensatory or nominal, qualifies as a prevailing party under 42 14 U.S.C. § 1988, but that the court should consider the extent of 15 plaintiff s recovery in fixing a reasonable attorneys fee award, 16 and that a plaintiff who received only nominal damages of one 17 dollar on a claim for $17 million is not entitled to attorneys 18 fees under Section 1988. Respondents rely on the following 19 statement in Farrar: 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 [T]o qualify as a prevailing party, a civil rights plaintiff must obtain at least some relief on the merits of his claim. The plaintiff must obtain an enforceable judgment against the defendant from whom the fees are sought ... or comparable relief through a consent decree or settlement. Whatever relief the plaintiff secures must directly benefit him at the time of the judgment or settlement ... Otherwise the judgment or settlement cannot be said to affec[t] the behavior of the defendant toward the 9 plaintiff. ... Only under these circumstances can civil rights litigation effect the material alteration of the legal relationship of the parties and thereby transform the plaintiff into a prevailing party ... In short, a plaintiff prevails when actual relief on the merits of his claim materially alters the legal relationship between the parties by modifying the defendant s behavior in a way that directly benefits the plaintiff. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 506 U.S. at 111-112. Respondents also cite Hewitt v. Helms, 482 U.S. 755, 760 (1987): 17 Respect for ordinary language requires that a plaintiff receive at least some relief on the merits of his claim before he can be said to prevail ... Helms obtained no relief. Because of the defendants official immunity he received no damages award. No injunction or declaratory judgment was entered in his favor. Nor did Helms obtain relief without benefit of a formal judgment - for example, through a consent decree or settlement ... The most that he obtained was an interlocutory ruling that his complaint should not have been dismissed for failure to state a constitutional claim. That is not the stuff of which legal victories are made. 18 See also Hanrahan v. Hampton, 446 U.S. 754, 759 (1980)(procedural 19 and evidentiary rulings may affect the disposition on the merits, 20 but are themselves not matters on which a party can prevail for 21 purposes of shifting attorneys fees). 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 22 Respondents also cite Buckhannon Bd. & Care Home, Inc., 23 supra, 532 U.S. 598; where a rest home which operated assisted 24 living residences, failed an inspection by the West Virginia fire 25 marshal s office because some residents were incapable of self- 26 preservation as defined by state law. 10 After receiving orders to 1 close its facilities, Buckhannon filed suit in federal court 2 against the state and state agencies seeking declaratory and 3 injunctive relief that the self-preservation requirement violated 4 the Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988 and the Americans with 5 Disabilities Act of 1990. 6 pending the court s resolution. 7 then eliminated the self-preservation requirement and the 8 district court granted respondents motion to dismiss the action 9 as moot. Respondents agreed to stay the orders The West Virginia legislature Buckhannon moved for attorneys fees as the prevailing 10 party under the FHAA and the ADA, basing their entitlement to 11 attorneys fees on the catalyst theory, which posits that a 12 plaintiff is a prevailing party if it achieves the desired result 13 because the lawsuit brought about a voluntary change in the 14 defendant s conduct. 15 theory is not a permissible basis for the award of attorneys 16 fees under the FHAA or the ADA. 17 stated: 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 The Supreme Court ruled that the catalyst In so ruling, the Supreme Court We have only awarded attorney s fees where the plaintiff has received a judgment on the merits ... or obtained a court-ordered consent decree ... - we have not awarded attorney s fees where the plaintiff has secured the reversal of a directed verdict ... or acquired a judicial pronouncement that the defendant has violated the Constitution unaccompanied by judicial relief, ... Never have we awarded attorney s fees for a nonjudicial alteration of actual circumstances. ... While urging an expansion of our precedents on this front, the dissenters would simultaneously abrogate the merit requirement of our prior cases and award attorney s fees where the plaintiff s claim was at least colorable and not ... 11 1 2 3 4 5 6 groundless. ... We cannot agree that the term prevailing party authorizes federal courts to award attorney s fees to a plaintiff who, by simply filing a nonfrivolous but nonetheless potentially meritless lawsuit (it will never be determined), has reached the sought-after destination without obtaining any judicial relief. 532 U.S. at 606. 7 Respondents argue that the Ninth Circuit s decision in 8 Carbonell is distinguishable because Carbonell was under an order 9 of deportation at the time he obtained a court order 10 incorporating a voluntary stipulation with the INS staying the 11 deportation. 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Here, Respondents contend: Petitioners had no orders to be deployed overseas. (Gunter Decl. ¶ 6.) Nor was it likely Petitioners would be selected for an assignment overseas. (Doc. 25, Attach. 1, ¶ 4.) Instead, Petitioners were scheduled to stay at VX-9 for the remaining year, since VX-9 was undermanned for pilots. (Gunter Decl. ¶ 6.). The stipulation upon which Petitioners rely maintained their current non-deployable status, in effect, maintaining the status quo. In reaching this stipulation, there was no decision whatsoever on the merits of Petitioners claims. The stipulation provided Petitioners with the same relief they already had - assignment to VX-9 .... 20 21 22 23 Thus, the stipulation did not materially alter the legal status of the parties; nor did the Court s order requiring the Navy to give Petitioners 20 days notice of any intent to change Petitioners current nondeployable status so that they could make an application for possible relief. 24 25 26 Petitioner Gengler did obtain a temporary one-month discharge from the Navy to complete his first term of business school. However, this limited interim relief does not alter 12 1 2 3 the fact that the Court never ruled on the merits, recognized at the hearing that there was no clear right of discharge, and never ordered the relief sought in the habeas petitions - Petitioners permanent discharge from the Navy. 4 Respondents cite Dearmore v. City of Garland, 519 F.3d 517, 5 524 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 129 S.Ct. 131 (2008): 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Under these facts, to qualify as a prevailing party under § 1988(b), we hold that the plaintiff (1) must win a preliminary injunction, (2) based upon an unambiguous indication of probable cause of the merits of the plaintiff s claims as opposed to a mere balancing of the equities in favor of the plaintiff, (3) that causes the defendant to moot the action, which prevents the plaintiff from obtaining final relief on the merits. Such a test satisfies Buckhannon because it requires that a party obtain a judicial ruling which results in a material change in the legal relationship between the parties. It also does not implicate the catalyst theory, which the Supreme Court struck down in Buckhannon, because this test grants prevailing party status only when the defendant moots the plaintiff s action in response to a court order, not just in response to the filing of a lawsuit. 17 Petitioners reply that Respondents attempt to distinguish 18 Carbonell is unavailing: [U]nder Carbonell what matters is that 19 the Navy lost the authority to deploy Petitioners outside the 20 Continental United States, not whether the Navy intended to 21 exercise that authority. Petitioners further contend that 22 Respondents assertion is contradicted by the statement of 23 Respondents counsel at the hearing on November 1, 2006: 24 25 26 The government has in good faith, from the beginning of this case, originally tried to work it out. The only stipulation we had was not to deploy these officers to Iraq because 13 that was the concern with the original temporary restraining order - motion for temporary restraining order. It was to prevent them from being deployed to Iraq because they were going to go for either six or 12-month deployments. 1 2 3 4 So we, in a spirit of cooperation, agreed to find replacements there. I got it cleared through the Navy to do that. 5 6 (Doc. 124 at 87:1-10). 7 Petitioners further argue that the Supreme Court cases cited 8 by Respondents do not negate their status as prevailing parties. 9 Petitioners cite Ninth Circuit authority that a grant of a 10 preliminary injunction may satisfy the prevailing party 11 requirements. 12 In Watson v. County of Riverside, 300 F.3d 1092, 1096 (9th 13 Cir.2002), cert. denied, 538 U.S. 923 (2003), the Ninth Circuit 14 held: 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 A preliminary injunction issued by a judge carries all the judicial imprimatur necessary to satisfy Buckhannon. In this case, the County was prohibited from introducing Watson s report at the termination hearing for one reason and one reason only: because Judge Timlin said so. Under Williams, Watson was a prevailing party. And under Buckhannon, he was not a mere catalyst of an extra-judicial voluntary change in conduct. There was nothing voluntary about the County s inability to use the report. 22 23 24 25 26 We recognize that there will be occasions when the plaintiff scores an early victory by securing a preliminary injunction, then loses on the merits as the case plays out and judgment is entered against him - a case of winning a battle but losing the war. The plaintiff would not be a prevailing party in that circumstance. But this case is 14 5 different because Watson s claim for permanent injunctive relief was not decided on the merits. The preliminary injunction was not dissolved for lack of entitlement. Rather, Watson s claim for permanent injunction was rendered moot when his employment termination hearing was over, after the preliminary injunction had done its job. 6 See also Carbonell, supra, 429 F.3d at 899: [A]lthough Carbonell 7 obtained relief that was not an enforceable judgment on the 8 merits or a consent decree, he nonetheless can qualify as a 9 prevailing party. 1 2 3 4 10 Marina Development Co., 535 F.3d 1026, 1037 n.16 (9th Cir.2008): The mere fact that the Center achieved a preliminary injunction will not support an award of fees. See Sole v. Wyner, ___ U.S. ___, 127 S.Ct. 2188, 2195 ... (2007)( Prevailing party status, we hold, does not attend achievement of a preliminary injunction that is reversed, dissolved or otherwise undone by the final decision in the same case. ) 11 12 13 14 15 16 But see Center for Biological Diversity v. Petitioners argue that this line of cases is unaffected by 17 the Supreme Court s decision in Sole v. Wyner, 551 U.S. 74 18 (2007). 19 In Sole, an organizer of an event in which participants were 20 to form a peace symbol with their nude bodies at a state beach 21 brought a Section 1983 action against state officials seeking 22 preliminary and permanent injunctions prohibiting state officials 23 from interfering with the event or with future such events. 24 district court granted a preliminary injunction but, following 25 the event, denied the motion for a permanent injunction. 26 district court awarded attorneys fees to the organizer based on 15 The The 1 the preliminary injunction. 2 in pertinent part: Wyner ... urges that despite the denial of a permanent injunction, she got precisely what she wanted when she commenced this litigation: permission to create the nude peace symbol without state interference. That fleeting success, however, did not establish that she prevailed on the gravamen of her plea for injunctive relief, i.e., her charge that state officials had denied her and other participants in the peace symbol display the right to engage in constitutionally protected expressive activities. ... Prevailing party status, we hold, does not attend achievement of a preliminary injunction that is reversed, dissolved, or otherwise undone by the final decision in the same case. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 The Supreme Court reversed, holding 551 U.S. at 83. However, the Supreme Court cautioned: We express no view on whether, in the absence of a final decision on the merits of a claim for permanent injunctive relief, success in gaining a preliminary injunction may sometimes warrant an award of counsel fees. We decide only that a plaintiff who gains a preliminary injunction does not qualify for an award of counsel fees under § 1988(b) if the merits of the case are ultimately decided against her. 13 14 15 16 17 18 Id. at 86. 19 With regard to the stipulated Order temporarily releasing 20 Gengler from Respondents custody, Petitioners argue that though 21 the bail order did not then effect a permanent discharge, it 22 released him from active duty and achieved some of the relief ... 23 Gengler sought in his habeas corpus case. 24 Whether Petitioners were prevailing parties under the 25 governing standards is a close and difficult question. 26 16 1 Petitioners objectives in the lawsuit were twofold: (1) to 2 prevent their deployment to Iraq and (2) to secure their 3 immediate discharge from the Navy. 4 power to deploy Petitioners was abrogated, when no orders for 5 Petitioners deployment existed. 6 Petitioners to remain at VX-9 does not detract from the fact that 7 Respondents were prevented from issuing orders for Petitioners 8 overseas deployment. Petitioner s discharge was not achieved. 2. 9 10 By Court Orders, Respondents That the Court Orders permitted Judicially Sanctioned. Respondents do not respond to this aspect of the motion. 11 From this silence it is inferred that Respondents concede that 12 Petitioners have demonstrated this prong of the prevailing 13 party test given the Court orders described above. 14 series of orders, Plaintiffs non-deployable status was 15 maintained until their claims were mooted by their discharge 16 after eight years, not the seven years their contracts provided, 17 after they entered into pilot training and service agreements 18 with the Navy. 19 start graduate business school. 20 discharge after seven years in accordance with the contract term. 21 Their success was limited. Through this Gengler also obtained a one month separation to Plaintiffs did not achieve 22 B. Substantially Justified. 23 Respondents bear the burden of proving substantial 24 justification. United States v. $12,248 U.S. Currency, 957 F.2d 25 1513, 1517 (9th Cir.1991). 26 justified if it is justified in substance or in the main, that A position is substantially 17 1 is, if it has a reasonable basis both in law and fact. United 2 States v. One 1984 Ford Van, Etc., 873 F.2d 1281, 1282 (9th 3 Cir.1989), quoting Pierce v. Underwood, 487 U.S. 552, 565 (1988). 4 A position can be justified even though it is not correct. 5 Pierce v. Underwood, 487 U.S. 566 n.2. 6 government s position to determine whether it was substantially 7 justified, we look to the record of both the underlying 8 government conduct at issue and the totality of circumstances 9 present before and during litigation. In evaluating the Barry v. Bower, 825 F.2d 10 1324, 1330 (9th Cir.1987). 11 substantially justified at each stage of the proceedings. 12 v. Apfel, 149 F.3d 1051, 1052 (9th Cir.1998). 13 sustain its burden by showing its position is a novel but 14 credible extension or interpretation of the law. 15 Hill, 775 F.2d 1037, 1042 (9th Cir.1985). 16 lost does not raise a presumption that its position was not 17 substantially justified and the government need not show that it 18 had a substantial likelihood of prevailing. 19 The government s position must be The government may Petition of That the government Id. Petitioners argue that Respondents cannot demonstrate that 20 their position before and during this litigation was 21 substantially justified under these standards: 22 23 24 25 26 Corbin First and foremost, the Navy cannot justify drafting Service Agreements with seven-year terms, and then disregarding those terms. During discovery, the Navy admitted that at the time the Service Agreements were drafted in 1996, the Respondents had knowledge of or were otherwise aware of the existence of the eight-year statutory service term ... codified as 10 U.S.C. § 653. (Lopez Decl., 18 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Ex. A, Resp. to Req. for Admis. Nos. 97, 107.) If the Respondents truly believed that 10 U.S.C. § 653 set forth unwaivable eightyear active duty service obligations, they could not be justified in drafting Service Agreements that obligated the Petitioners to serve only seven years. The Respondents may try to assert that its conduct in drafting the Service Agreements was due to some sort of good-faith error. It should not be heard to do so. During discovery, the Respondents stonewalled on this point, failing to provide any documents or information showing why the Navy executed Service Agreements with sevenyear active duty requirements for fixed-wing pilots after 1989, when Congress passed section 653. (Doc. 114, Joint Scheduling Conference Statement at 3). 10 ... 11 12 13 14 15 Of course, once the Navy decided that it had made a mistake in drafting the Service Agreements for the Petitioners and an unknown number of other pilots, the Navy did nothing to rectify its mistake. It did not inform Petitioners of the error. It did not try to accommodate in any meaningful way the Petitioners reasonable expectations about the length of their Navy service. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Nor does it appear that the Navy has consistently interpreted § 653. In drafting the Service Agreements, the Navy may have believed that the provision was not mandatory, and that the Navy could enter into contracts with different terms. We do not know what the Navy believed as it drafted the Service Agreements; the Navy refused to disclose any information or documents on this point in discovery. We do know, however, that even after it decided that the statute contained a mandatory provision, the Navy has acted inconsistently. 23 24 25 26 The Petitioners requests for release from active duty were denied by the Navy on the claim that it did not have the authority to waive Title 10 law and that misinformation by a government authority does not form the basis or justification for violating a 19 1 2 3 4 statute. (Doc. 59, Ex. 32). But the Respondents themselves later indicated that the provision was not mandatory. In the administrative process, the Navy and the Secretary of the Navy had the authority to grant Petitioners RAD requests, but the BCNR was not persuaded that such authority should have been exercised. (Doc. 56, Ex. 7). 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 More tellingly, even after deciding that § 653 was mandatory, the Navy has discharged fixed-wing jet pilots prior to their service of seven years on active duty. The Respondents were forced to make this concession during discovery: The United States admits that its IRAD program and Voluntary Separation Program resulted in or will result in the discharge or release of Naval Aviators prior to the completion of the applicable statutory service terms contained in 10 U.S.C. § 653. (Lopez Decl., Ex. A, Resp. to Req. for Admis. No. 86.). The Navy also admitted that it granted individual RAD requests of at least five fixed-wing jet pilots prior to the service of eight years on active duty. (Lopez Decl., Ex. A., Resp. to Req. Admis. Nos. 77, 78, 81-85). After the Petitions were filed in this Court, Respondents took such positions as the plaintiffs enlistment agreements is [sic] simply irrelevant (Doc. 25 at 6) and that an officer s commission is indefinite in term, and an officer serves at the pleasure of the President and can only resign a commission effective upon acceptance, which means, a court may not order that the resignation be accepted and the officer discharged. (Doc. 78, at 7-17). The Court rejected all of these claims noting, Under this position [of the Navy], the length of time of active duty service is limited by neither the Service Agreement nor by § 653. (Doc. 107 at 9.) The Respondents also argued that the court has no authority to determine the legality of the contract in dispute, the Navy s actions, and cannot meddle in the Navy s conduct of its business - a position that was also rejected by this Court. Thus, Respondents will not be able to meet their high burden of proving that their actions 20 1 were substantially justified. 2 This Court s bail order establishes that Respondents positions were without justification .... 3 17 Specifically, the Court found that the unusual and exceptional circumstances present here were created by the Navy through its error in drafting the Service Agreement. (Doc. 107 at 13. Emphasis added.) In fact the Court was troubled by the lack of disclosure, in a contract drafted by the Navy, which results in a mistake from which the Navy seeks to benefit, by considering the express term relating to time of service on active duty to be invalid and unenforceable. Id. at 15. The Court stated that it was the Navy that knew or should have known of the existence of § 653 and of any conflict between their Service Agreement and provisions of § 653 and the minimum term of active duty - not Petitioners. (Id. at 13.) The Court further held that the Service Agreement created a reasonable and justifiable expectation that [Petitioner] would only be required to serve on active duty for seven years after his designation as a Naval Aviator. Id. at 14. Finally, the Court found that the Navy did not explain or take any action to resolve the conflict between the active duty term of the service agreement and § 653. Id. 18 Respondents argue that the record establishes that their 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 19 position was substantially justified under the governing 20 standards: 21 22 23 24 25 26 Nothing more than negligence has been established with respect to the incorrect term in the Service Agreements. There was absolutely no evidence presented that the Navy intentionally entered into the Service Agreements with erroneous terms. Moreover, Petitioners winging orders, executed without question, contained the correct eight-year term of service. (Gunter Decl. ¶ 3 & Ex. A.) The Navy has explained why some officers were discharged prior to completion of their 21 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 eight-year terms and why Petitioners requests were denied. (See Gunter Decl. ¶¶ 4-5 & Ex. C.) In short, the manpower needs of the Navy changed in 2004, when Petitioners [sic] made their RAD requests, as a result of the impact of Operation Iraqi Freedom and the long-term effects of the Global War on Terror. (Gunter Decl. ¶ 5.) In addition, officers who had fallen off track in their careers (which did not include Petitioners) were discharged through voluntary incentive programs and involuntary RAD programs. (Gunter Decl. ¶ 5.) The Navy has further explained why its legal analysis with respect to the enforceability of 10 U.S.C. § 653 was modified. (See Hester Decl. ¶¶ 2-3.) Given that the Court has recognized there is no case directly on point with the facts here, the Navy s Office of Legal Counsel can hardly be criticized for further researching and evaluating the issue and ultimately changing its opinion. Neither legal counsel s initial opinion or its modified opinion was contrary to any established law. 14 23 Petitioners set forth sweeping statements concerning the Court s purported rejection of the United States arguments in this litigation. In fact, the Court has recognized on multiple occasions that the law is unsettled in this area and has issued two published decisions on the United States motions to dismiss ... With respect to the United States argument that a contrary term in a service agreement cannot trump a federal statute, set forth in the first motion to dismiss, the Court denied the motion without prejudice to it being renewed following further factual development. (See Doc. 31.) Given the novelty of the issues, and the lack of controlling case law, the United States position in these motions was substantially justified .... 24 ... 25 The mere fact that Petitioner Gengler prevailed in the bail hearing does not create a presumption that the United States 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 26 22 1 2 3 4 5 6 position was not substantially justified ... The hearing on Petitioner Gengler s bail request consumed several hours. The Court recognized that the case was close, the United States had not acted unreasonably in trying to resolve the case, and some of the exceptional circumstances were self-created by Petitioner Gengler. (Doc. 124 ... 79:1015, 80:11-24, 81:16-18, 82:15-18.) Petitioners reply that the Navy bears full responsibility 7 for creating this whole mess by drafting Service Agreements 8 with seven-year active duty terms. 9 seek to rely on new evidence in arguing that the Navy was To the extent Respondents 10 merely negligent in drafting Service Agreements that were 11 contrary to the statute, Petitioners assert that even a good 12 faith mistake is not a defense to an EAJA fees motion because the 13 government s action must be justified so as to satisfy a 14 reasonable person. 15 Mgndichian, 312 F.Supp.2d 1250, 1262 (C.D.Cal.2003): 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Petitioners further cite In re Application of Good faith alone, however, does not demonstrate that the government s decision to deny petitioner s claim and litigate the case was substantially justified. Taylor v. United States, 815 F.2d 249, 254 (3rd Cir.1987)(Becker, J., concurring)( ... we are not denying attorney s fees because of the government s good faith. Good faith or laudatory motives are not a defense to an EAJA claim ); Truckers United for Safety v. Mead, 201 F.Supp.2d 52,56 (D.D.C.2002)( ... the Government s arguments that its good faith belief equates to substantial justification of its actions and that the decisions of other courts provide substantial justification are without merit ), rev d on other grounds, 329 F.3d 891 (D.C.Cir.2003); Cf. Pierce, supra, 487 U.S. at 563 ... ( to be substantially justified means, of course, more than merely undeserving of sanctions for frivolousness ). 23 1 Petitioners further argue that the government concedes that 2 their requests were denied in March 2004 on the basis of the now 3 repudiated Hester memorandum. 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Petitioners assert: Even though it was disavowed, Mr. Hester s memorandum was sent to the BCNR by the Navy Personnel Command with a recommendation that the Board follow it. The Navy Personnel Command did not advise the BCNR that its own legal counsel had, instead, concluded that the Navy was not necessarily bound by the eight-year statute. (Hester Decl., ¶ 5). The BCNR asked Petitioners counsel to respond to Mr. Hester s March 18 memorandum. And the BCNR relied upon the memorandum. The BCNR substantially concurred with Hester s finding that [the] eight-year obligation was established by statute and not subject to change by contractual agreement. (Weisselberg Supp. Decl., ¶ 14 & accompanying Exhibits B, C, D, E & F). 13 Petitioners argue that Respondents cannot be substantially 14 justified in using a legal memorandum that the author and his 15 office disavowed. 16 F.3d 383 (9th Cir.1993): 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Petitioners cite Wilderness Soc. v. Babbitt, 5 The Refuge Manager s report did not foreclose the possibility that the Service could formulate a grazing plan that would be compatible with purposes of the Refuge. Based upon this report, however, the Service had a duty to investigate the compatibility of grazing with the Refuge s purposes prior to permitting grazing on the Refuge. Nonetheless, the Service continued its same practices, issuing grazing permits for 1990 without any compatibility determination. It made little headway in formulating a new management plan prior to the initiation of the Wilderness Society lawsuit in 1991. In light of the Refuge Manager s report, we cannot find that the Service s actions were substantially justified. Petitioners further argue that Respondents positions were 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 not substantially justified: The Navy took inconsistent positions throughout these proceedings, insisting at times that the statute necessarily invalidates the Service Agreements (i.e., the Navy has no discretion) but then sometimes demonstrating that the Navy had some kind of amorphous, unexplained discretion to release pilots earlier than eight years. Because the BCNR substantially concurred in Mr. Hester s conclusion that the statute contained no exceptions, however, and because this conclusion was the basis for the Navy s final administrative actions, Petitioners were required to go to great lengths to prove that the position was wrong and that the Navy should be estopped from taking it. Petitioners were required to show that the Navy regularly demonstrated that it had authority to release pilots prior to the completion of the eight-year statutory term. Through discovery, the Navy was forced to admit that it granted other pilots requests for release at seven years from active duty and also released pilots through the VSP and IRAD Programs. Though the Navy now offers a variety of reasons for exercising its discretion to release these other aviators, Respondents have never explained why signing the Petitioners Service Agreements was not a valid exercise of such authority. If, as Mr. Hester belatedly admits, the Navy was not necessarily bound by the eight-year statute (Hester Decl., ¶ 5), nothing prevented the Navy from signing Service Agreements with seven-year terms. Even Mr. Hester s recent declaration does not provide details of the Navy s changed position. Nor does it attempt to explain why a Navy not bound by the statute would not be free to contract for a seven-year term. 22 Finally, with regard to Respondents position that the Court 23 recognized on multiple occasions that the law in this area is 24 unsettled, Petitioners cite Gutierrez v. Barnhart, 274 F.3d 1255, 25 1261 (9th Cir.2001)( [T]here is no per se rule that EAJA fees 26 25 1 cannot be awarded where the government s litigation position 2 contains an issue of first impression ) and United States v. 3 Marolf, 277 F.3d 1156, 1163 n.2 (9th Cir.2002)( [W]hether an 4 issue is one of first impression is but one factor to be 5 considered; it is not dispositive ). 6 Respondents have not carried their burden of demonstrating 7 substantial justification. Respondents positions during this 8 litigation were not justified in substance or the main because 9 they had no reasonable basis both in fact and law. The case was 10 precipitated by the Navy s mistake in the term of its contract 11 with Petitioners. 12 established law that Petitioners were not entitled to enforce the 13 written contract in accordance with its terms. 14 of certainty in the law, Petitioners achieved limited success in 15 forestalling their deployment to Iraq. Respondents were unable to show by clearly Based on the lack 16 C. 17 Under the EAJA, attorneys fees are set at the market rate, 18 but capped at $125 per hour unless the court determines that an 19 increase in the cost of living or a special factor, such as the 20 limited availability of qualified attorneys for the proceedings 21 involved, justifies a higher fee . 22 23 Reasonable Attorneys Fees. 1. 28 U.S.C. § 2412(d)(2)(A). Statutory Cap. In the Ninth Circuit, three requirements must be satisfied 24 before the court can exceed this statutory limit: First, the 25 attorney must possess distinctive knowledge and skills developed 26 through a practice specialty. Second, those distinctive skills 26 1 must be needed in the litigation. 2 be available elsewhere at the statutory rate. 3 924 F.2d 1492, 1496 (9th Cir.1991). 4 Lastly, those skills must not Love v. Reilly, In arguing that Petitioners are entitled to a higher hourly 5 rate, Petitioners submit the Declaration of Timothy R. Lord, a 6 partner of Lewis Brisbois Bisgard & Smith LLP. 7 pertinent part that he was a trial attorney with the United 8 States Department of Justice from 1992 until 2001 in the DOJ s 9 Civil Division, Torts Branch, Admiralty/Aviation Section. 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Mr. Lord avers in Mr. Lord further avers: 5. My 15-year career includes the first nine with DOJ where I also litigated well over 100 cases in over 25 federal District Courts throughout the nation and handled numerous appeals in various Circuit Courts of Appeals, and on two occasions, assisted the Solicitor General s Office at DOJ in briefing two cases that came before the United States Supreme Court. 6. My clients at DOJ included Departments of the United States Military, including the Navy, when the government s litigated conduct implicated admiralty jurisdiction. As part of my duties, I worked closely with local United States Attorneys, Navy Jag [sic] and other government agency counsel on numerous cases involving contract dispute actions, one of which I tried in the District Court of Maryland. I also represented dozens of seamen and litigated other personal injury actions where terms of employment contracts with the government were at issue. 7. My experience at DOJ provided the necessary, if not unique, experience and knowledge needed to undertake the representation of Petitioners in this action. This includes knowledge of the myriad of unique procedural requirements and law applicable to actions against the United 27 ¶ 4. States based on government employment contracts. My familiarity with and understanding of the litigation practices of the United States Attorneys and their clients and counsel was a unique qualification for representation of the Petitioners in this case. 1 2 3 4 8. In private practice, I have developed a specialty practice in federal litigation and government contracts and I have authored publications in this area of law. I have represented numerous clients that have either brought suit against the government or have been sued by the government on contract claims. 5 6 7 8 9 ... 10 17 12. My minimum hourly rate for handling litigation involving the United States Government is $225.00. In this case, my hourly rate was discounted to $200.00 per hour in deference to the Petitioners financial situation. Associate, Jeffrey Stoltz, billed a minimal amount of time at his normal rate of $150.00 per hour. Mr. Stoltz [who had been a college roommate of Petitioner McSeveney] had represented Petitioners on a pro bono basis at the Administrative level and was therefore uniquely suited to assist in the early stages of litigation. 18 Petitioners also submit the Declaration of William D. Kissinger, 19 a partner of Bingham McCutchen. 20 part: 11 12 13 14 15 16 21 22 23 24 25 26 Mr. Kissinger avers in pertinent 2. Bingham has been involved in this lawsuit since November 2006. Since that time I have been the lead attorney at Bingham representing Petitioners in this matter. Bingham has represented a number of military reserve officers and enlisted soldiers in the past as part of its pro bono practice. 3. ... From 1997-2001, I worked for the United States Department of State in Washington in the Office of Legal Adviser. 28 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 From 2001-2203, I was senior Deputy Legal Affairs Secretary to California Governor Gray Davis. I returned to private practice in 2003, I returned to my former partnership, which had become Bingham McCutchen, where I now specialize in energy and environmental litigation matters as well as a general litigation practice. My general litigation practice has included frequent pro bono representations that have included petitions for attorneys fees following the successful prosecution of these matters. As co-counsel for Petitioners, I have experience in the litigation matters involved in this litigation. 4. I was first contacted about this case in November, 2006. Charles Weisselberg, cocounsel for Petitioners Gengler and McSeveney, sought my advice and assistance to finish discovery and prepare the case for an evidentiary hearing. In light of a similar matter my firm was handling at the time, Bingham McCutchen agreed to serve as cocounsel on a pro bono basis. Working with Mr. Lord and Mr. Weisselberg, Bingham attorneys reviewed and planned discovery, consulted with the Petitioners and cocounsel, conducted extensive legal research, and engaged in many other tasks as the case moved forward towards an evidentiary hearing. I anticipated that we would use our Washington D.C. office to aid in discovery. 5. I staffed this case as I would have any other case of this size handled by my firm, dividing the work into issue areas and discrete projects. I worked with and supervised more junior Bingham attorneys who worked on this matter. I am informed and believe the following are the professional backgrounds of these individuals. 22 23 24 25 26 6. Jennifer Lopez is a senior associate at Bingham. She graduated from ... the University of Southern California School of Law in 2001. Jennifer has significant experience will all aspects of litigation at the federal and state levels. She has been an associate on this case since Bingham became co-counsel on this case in November 29 1 2 3 2006. She has taken the lead on drafting motions, preparing for and will attend the hearing on Respondents motion to dismiss on April 2, 2007 and preparing for and will attend the hearing on Petitioners motion for attorneys fees on April 2, 2007 [sic]. 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 7. David Beach is an associate at Binghan. He graduated from ... the University of California, Hastings College of the Law in 2003. David assisted in research and drafting Petitioners motion for attorneys fees. David has significant experience with habeas corpus proceedings, having prosecuted a similar matter in 2006. 8. Zak Smith is an associate at Bingham. He graduated from. ... the University of California at Los Angeles School of Law in 2003. Zak assisted in research and drafting Petitioners motion for attorneys fees. Zak has considerable experience with all aspects of litigation at the federal and state levels. 13 14 15 16 9. Briana Lynn Morgan is an associate at Bingham. She graduated from ... Hastings College of the Law in 2004. Briana assisted in research regarding Respondents motion to dismiss. Briana has experience with all aspects of litigation at the federal and state levels. 17 According to Paragraph 13 of Mr. Kissinger s declaration his 18 hourly rate was $500 in 2006 and $540 in 2007; Ms. Lopez s hourly 19 rate was $395 in 2006 and $440 in 2007; Mr. Beach s and Mr. 20 Smith s hourly rates were $340 in 2006 and $395 in 2007; and Ms. 21 Morgan s hourly rate was $255 in 2006 and $270 in 2007. 22 In support of their request to exceed the statutory cap, 23 Petitioners submit the Declaration of Robert Rubin. Mr. Rubin 24 avers that he is currently the Legal Director of the Lawyers 25 Committee for Civil Rights of the San Francisco Bay Area and that 26 30 1 he has practiced for the past 25 years in the area of complex 2 federal and state civil rights litigation. 3 avers: 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Mr. Rubin further 5. Since graduating from law school [in 1979], I have participated in the litigation or more than 60 civil rights matters on behalf of plaintiffs. Almost all of these matters involved cases in which prevailing plaintiffs were entitled to an award of attorneys fees and costs. Of these civil rights matters, approximately half included an award of attorneys fees and costs. Most awards were made pursuant to 42 U.S.C.§ 1988 or its California analog, C.C.P. § 1021.5. The remaining awards were made pursuant to ... EAJA .... 11 After listing some of the more significant cases Mr. Rubin has 12 been involved in, he further avers: 23 7. I have become familiar with the rates charged and the billing and work practices of lawyers in California and the nation in many ways: (1) from my own considerable involvement in attorneys fees litigation and expert consultations and testimony; (2) by discussing attorneys fees, billing, and work practices with other attorneys; (3) by representing other attorneys seeking fees; (4) by obtaining declarations from other attorneys regarding market rates, attorneys fees, billing and work practices; (5) by reviewing surveys, legal newspapers, reported decisions, and treatises regarding prevailing attorneys rates, fees, billing, and work practices; (6) by reviewing attorneys fees applications and awards in other cases, as well as unpublished decisions; and (7) by reviewing rates charged by, and billing, and work practices of, firms with which my organization has associated. 24 ... 25 8. The hourly billing rate of $200 per hour for Tim Lord (1992 law graduate) and $540 per hour for Bill Kissinger in 2007 and $500 per 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 26 31 hour in 2006 (1987 law graduate) are wholly consistent with the rates charged by comparable attorneys in the San Francisco Bay Area and numerous other locales within California for work comparable to that performed in the instant case. (In fact, they are lower than rates at many San Francisco Bay Area firms). 1 2 3 4 5 ... 6 10. Mr. Lord s rate of $200 per hour ... $540 per hour for Bill Kissinger in 2007 and $500 per hour in 2006 are wholly appropriate for lawyers of this background and experience. Their rates are well within the range of rates charged and awarded to lawyers with comparable background, experience, and skill in cases comparable to the instant case. 7 8 9 10 11 ... 12 13. In addition to those factors listed in ¶ 7 above, I have become familiar with the rates and practices of law firms through working with them on pro bono matters. Over the past 25 years, I have co-counseled cases with private attorneys in at least 40 instances. And I know the kinds of cases they ll accept or reject. I can unequivocally state that few, if any, private attorneys would be willing to take a case such as this one with the knowledge that their attorneys fee claim would be capped at $150 per hour. The risk and expense are simply too great. 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Although Petitioners are not seeking an award of the 21 attorneys fees incurred by Charles D. Weisselberg. 22 Weisselberg, who is a professor at Boalt Hall, avers in pertinent 23 part: 24 25 26 Mr. 3. One of my areas of expertise is federal habeas corpus practice and procedure. In the eleven years I taught at USC, I supervised students in the Post-Conviction Justice Project. The project represented inmates at 32 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 FCI Terminal Island under an arrangement with the Federal Bureau of Prisons. We later expanded our representation to include state inmates at CIW Frontera. With my colleagues and students, I litigated many habeas corpus and post-conviction cases. My work included habeas corpus petitions for federal inmates and detainees under 28 U.S.C. sec. 2241 (often on issues such as sentence credit, parole, and immigration detention). I have filed federal habeas corpus petitions for state inmates under 28 U.S.C. sec. 2254 and motions to vacate federal convictions under 28 U.S.C. sec. 2255. In addition, I litigated other federal matters, including civil rights actions. I continued to handle post-conviction cases after I moved to Boalt Hall in 1998. I have been counsel or cocounsel in all federal districts in California, as well as in the U.S. Courts of Appeals for the Second, Third, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Ninth, and Tenth Circuits, and the U.S. Supreme Court. 4. In addition to my habeas corpus litigation practice, I have studied (and taught) federal habeas corpus doctrines and procedures. I was a consultant to the Federal Courts Study Committee in 1989-1990 on issues of federal habeas corpus. My work for the Committee was subsequently published ... I also served as a member of the State Bar of California s Committee on Federal Courts. During that time, I was the principal author of the State Bar s comments on proposed amendments to the federal habeas statutes. 5. I was first contacted about this case on October 12, 2006. Timothy Lord, counsel for Petitioners ..., sought my advice and assistance on federal habeas corpus practice and procedure. I was moved by the plight of the Petitioners and I was upset at the conduct of the Navy. I agreed to serve as co-counsel on a pro bono basis. In November, as it appeared that we would need to complete discovery and prepare for an evidentiary hearing on an expedited basis, I contacted William Kissinger of Bingham McCutchen LLP for assistance. In addition to his deep 33 1 2 litigation experience (and his firm s experience representing reservists), Bingham McCutchen has a Washington D.C. office which could help in completing discovery. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 6. Working with Mr. Lord (and later with counsel from Bingham McCutchen), I researched and wrote portions of briefs and other pleadings, argued the Respondents (second) motion to dismiss, argued at the hearing on the bail motion, reviewed and planned discovery, spent many hours consulting with the Petitioners, and engaged in many other tasks as the case moved forward towards an evidentiary hearing. I conservatively estimate that I worked over a hundred hours on the matter. My billing rate is $450 per hour. I estimate the value of my services on this case as at least $45,000. Respondents argue that Petitioners have not made the showing 12 required under the EAJA to exceed the statutory cap. 13 cite Pierce v. Underwood, 487 U.S. 552, 572-573 (1988): 14 25 [T]he special factor formulation suggests Congress thought that $75 an hour was generally quite enough public reimbursement for lawyers fees, whatever the local or national market might be. If that is to be so, the exception for limited availability of qualified attorneys for the proceedings involved must refer to attorneys qualified for the proceedings in some specialized sense, rather than just in their general legal competence. We think it refers to attorneys having some distinctive knowledge or specialized skill needful for the litigation in question - as opposed to an extraordinary level of the general lawyerly knowledge and ability useful in all litigation. Examples of the former would be an identifiable practice specialty such as patent law, or knowledge of foreign law or language. Where such qualifications are necessary and can be obtained only at rates in excess of the $75 cap, reimbursement above that limit is allowed. 26 For the same reason of the need to preserve 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 34 Respondents 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 the intended effectiveness of the $75 cap, we think the other special factors envisioned by the exception must be such as are not of broad and general application. We need not specify what they might be, but they include nothing relied upon by the District Court in this case. The novelty and difficulty of issues, the undesirability of the case, the work and ability of counsel, and the results obtained, ... are factors applicable to a broad spectrum of litigation; they are little more than routine reasons why market rates are what they are. The factor of customary fees and awards in other cases, ... is even worse; it is not even a routine reason for market rates, but rather a description of market rates. It was an abuse of discretion for the District Court to rely on these factors. 11 See also Love v. Reilly, supra, 924 F.2d at 1496 (environmental 12 litigation is an identifiable practice specialty that requires 13 distinctive knowledge); Pirus v. Brown, 869 F.2d 536 (9th 14 Cir.1989)(attorney specialized in social security cases). 15 Respondents argue: 16 17 18 19 20 Although the issues in this action were novel, they did not require specialized skill. And there is certainly no specialized skill required in researching and filing a claim under EAJA. An increased EAJA rate is not justified. Should the Court determine that an EAJA fee award is proper, the United States requests leave for additional discovery on the issue of the reasonableness of the fees and the enhanced rates requested. 21 Petitioners respond that their showing of entitlement to 22 fees in excess of the EAJA cap cannot be rebutted because 23 Respondents have not filed any declarations countering their 24 declarations on this issue. Petitioners further contend: 25 26 This is a habeas corpus proceeding which necessarily requires knowledge beyond simply 35 1 2 3 4 filing a claim under the EAJA. Habeas petitions are unique from other types of litigation, requiring lawyers with experience in this area. Timothy Lord, Charles Weisselberg and William Kissinger have all declared that they have specialized skills and that these skills were necessary for this litigation. 5 Petitioners have not shown that any counsel s distinctive 6 skills were needed in the litigation or that those skills were 7 not be available elsewhere at the statutory rate, both of which 8 must also be shown. Specifically, the Court observed that Mr. 9 Lord, who handled the case before Mr. Weisselberg s entry to the 10 case, lacked knowledge of applicable law and did not effectively 11 advocate in court. None of Mr. Lord s prior defense department 12 experiences applied to the circumstances of this case, except the 13 EAJA fees issue. Mr. Lord is not, by background or performance, 14 entitled to a rate in excess of the statutory cap. While Mr. 15 Weisselberg may have the distinctive skills in habeas law, 16 Petitioners do not seek recovery of his fees. In addition, the 17 fact that Mr. Lord had to retain Mr. Weisselberg as co-counsel is 18 further indication that Mr. Lord did not have the distinctive 19 skill required by the case law. That Mr. Lord offered a 20 Washington, D.C. office, no specialized knowledge or experience 21 in any field other than military service contract law and habeas 22 corpus law were required in this case. 23 More noteworthy, federal habeas corpus practice is funded 24 and managed by federal trial and appellate courts under the 25 Criminal Justice Act, which establishes rates for panel attorneys 26 36 1 in non-capital and capital habeas cases. 2 were $110 and $175, respectively. 3 law in this case does not justify exceeding the cap. 4 associate attorneys, whose time is billed, has demonstrated any 5 level of distinctive skill required; experience in federal and 6 state litigation is not a distinctive skill, nor is working on 7 one habeas matter, nor is conducting legal research as directed 8 by a senior attorney. 9 of attorneys fees in excess of the EAJA statutory cap of $125 10 11 These rates for 2009 The nature of the applicable None of the Petitioners are not entitled to an award per hour. Respondents accurately argue that attorneys fees sought by 12 Petitioners are not reasonable because $92,295.15 of that request 13 are claimed by a firm that associated in one day before orders 14 were issued discharging Petitioners from the Navy and mooting the 15 case. 16 Bingham McCutchen was associating as counsel was executed by 17 counsel filed on December 12, 2006 (Doc. 115). 18 advised at the December 13, 2006 Scheduling Conference that 19 discharge orders had been issued for Petitioners and were 20 expected to take effect within 24 to 48 hours. 21 Respondents discharged Petitioners from the Navy on December 19 22 and 20, 2006. 23 24 25 26 The Notice of Association of Counsel advising that Petitioners were (Doc. 117). As Respondents correctly contend: [S]ince Petitioners discharge from the Navy, their numerous attorneys have devoted extraordinary hours and significant resources in vehemently opposing a request to dismiss the case as moot and crafting proposed stipulated orders with particular and detailed findings (never reached by the 37 1 2 3 Court) to strengthen an attorney fees motion. Such conduct is directly contrary to the policy behind EAJA. 28 U.S.C. § 2412(d)(1)(C) provides: 7 The court, in its discretion, may reduce the amount to be awarded pursuant to this subsection, or deny an award, to the extent that the prevailing party during the course of the proceedings engaged in conduct which unduly and unreasonably protracted the final resolution of the matter in controversy. 8 In a Supplemental Declaration, Mr. Weisselberg avers in 4 5 6 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 pertinent part: 3. In late October or early November, the Petitioners both told me that they could not afford to continue to pay Mr. Lord. I asked Mr. Lord whether he and his firm could represent the Petitioners on a pro bono basis, but I was informed that they could not. 4. In late November 2006, the government responded to our discovery requests and answered the petitions for writ of habeas corpus. It became clear that we would need to seek additional discovery, that the case would not be resolved through the pleadings and motions, and that there would be an evidentiary hearing in late 2006 or early 2007. 5. I concluded that we needed to arrange for additional (pro bono) counsel in order to litigate the case to conclusion without significantly increasing the Petitioners financial obligations to Mr. Lord and his firm. I could not litigate the case by myself. As a full-time law professor, I do not have litigation support or a working law office. I do not have a litigation budget. I could not underwrite the expense of depositions, some of which would likely take place in Washington, D.C. or elsewhere in the eastern United States, even if I could arrange time to complete the discovery myself given my teaching schedule. 38 6. I approached William Kissinger and the law firm of Bingham McCutchen LLP. They agreed to take on the case. The firm is seeking to recover its fees under the Equal Access to Justice Act, but I understand that it will not seek to obtain any fees or expenses from the Petitioners. 1 2 3 4 7. I specifically went to Bingham McCutchen because the firm has experience representing military personnel in similar matters, has highly skilled counsel and a Washington D.C. office, and could staff the case fast. I had in fact called the firm for advice as I was briefing the Petitioners opposition to the government s (second) motion to dismiss in October, and the firm sent me briefs from another case. 5 6 7 8 9 10 13 8. The Bingham firm jumped into the case. One of the earliest tasks completed by the Bingham lawyers was drafting a meet and confer letter demanding further discovery, which I sent to government counsel on December 11, 2006 .... 14 ... 15 22 10. We tentatively agreed to hold a meet and confer session on December 12, 2006 to discuss outstanding discovery. The government later asked to hold the session after our December 13 scheduling conference. At the scheduling conference, the government announced that it would discharge the Petitioners from the military. The meet and confer session was not held. My recollection is that I advised the Court at the December 13 conference that the discovery requests remained outstanding, and that while we of course were glad that the Petitioners were being discharged, we were not waiving any rights with respect to discovery. 23 The Court finds that no further discovery was required 11 12 16 17 18 19 20 21 24 after December 12, 2006. There was no need for another law firm 25 to attempt to perpetuate and multiply the litigation for EAJA fee 26 purposes. The extended opposition to the government s motion to 39 1 dismiss the case which had been mooted by the Petitioners 2 discharges was entirely unnecessary and unjustified. 3 not provide any legal services of value to the resolution of this 4 action. 5 reduced to a habeas case based on Petitioners original counsel, 6 Mr. Lord s unfamiliarity or inexperience with the law under which 7 he advanced other meritless claims eliminated by Rule 12(b)(6) 8 motions to dismiss. 9 reduced pursuant to Section 2412(d)(1)(C) by the $92,295.15 in 10 That law firm did the opposite. 13 14 15 16 17 18 The case had been Petitioners request for attorneys fees is fees incurred by Bingham, which are denied. 2. 11 12 Bingham did Lodestar. In Commissioner, INS v. Jean, 496 U.S. 154, 161 (1990), the Supreme Court held: [O]nce a private litigant has met the multiple conditions for eligibility for EAJA fees, the district court s task of determining what fee is reasonable is essentially the same as that described in Hensley [v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 433-437 (1983)]. In determining what a reasonable attorneys fee entails, 19 the district court must apply the hybrid approach adopted in 20 Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 423 ... (1983). ... The 21 most useful starting point for determining the amount of a 22 reasonable fee is (1) the number of hours reasonably expended on 23 the litigation (2) multiplied by a reasonable hourly rate. ... 24 The resulting figure is known as the Lodestar. Wal-Mart 25 Stores, Inc. v. City of Turlock, 483 F.Supp.2d 1023, 1040 26 (E.D.Cal.2007). Although there is a strong presumption that the 40 1 lodestar represents a reasonable fee, Burlington v. Dague, 505 2 U.S. 557, 562 (1992), the district court has the discretion to 3 exclude from the initial fee calculation hours that were not 4 reasonably expended, for example, cases that are overstaffed. 5 Furthermore, the Supreme Court in Hensley held: Counsel for the prevailing party should make a good faith effort to exclude from a fee request hours that are excessive, redundant, or otherwise unnecessary, just as a lawyer in private practice ethically is obligated to exclude such hours from his fee submission. 'In the private sector, "billing judgment" is an important component in fee setting. It is no less important here. Hours that are not properly billed to one's client also are not properly billed to one's adversary pursuant to statutory authority.' .... 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Id. at 434. As explained in Wood v. Sunn, 865 F.2d 982, 991 (9th 13 Cir.1988): 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Many factors previously identified by courts as probative on the issue of reasonableness of a fee award, see e.g., Kerr v. Screen Extras Guild, Inc., 526 F.2d 67, 69-70 (9th Cir.1975), cert. denied, 425 U.S. 951 ... (1976), are now subsumed within the initial calculation of the lodestar amount. Blum v. Stenson, 465 U.S. 886, 898-900 ... (1984)( the novelty and complexity of the issues, the special skill and experience of counsel, the quality of the representation, and the results obtained are subsumed within the lodestar); Pennsylvania v. Delaware Valley Citizen s Council, 478 U.S. 546 ... (1986), rev d after rehearing on other grounds, 483 U.S. 711 ... (1987)(an attorney s superior performance is subsumed). 24 See also Clark v. City of Los Angeles, 803 F.2d 987, 990 & n.3 25 (9th Cir.1986). 26 As the Clark court explained: [T]he Supreme Court has recognized that 41 adjustments, both upward and downward to the lodestar amount are sometimes appropriate, albeit in rare and exceptional cases ... Blum, 465 U.S. at 898-901 ... The possibility of adjustments to the lodestar amount necessitates an analysis of various factors that could justify an adjustment. In this circuit, the relevant factors were identified in Kerr v. Screen Extras Guild, Inc., 526 F.2d 67, 70 (9th Cir.1975). Although several of these factors are now considered to be subsumed within the calculation of the lodestar figure ..., review of the Kerr factors remains the appropriate procedure for considering a request for a fee-award adjustment. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Id. The Kerr factors, as modified by Stewart v. Gates, 987 F.2d 10 1450, 1453 (9th Cir.1993), are: 11 12 (1) the time and labor required of the attorney(s); 13 (2) the novelty and difficulty of the questions presented; 14 15 16 17 18 (3) the skill requisite to perform the legal service properly; (4) the preclusion of other employment by the attorney(s) because of the acceptance of the action; (5) the customary fee charged in matters of the type involved; 19 20 (6) any time limitations imposed by the client or the circumstances; 21 (7) the amount of money, or the value of the rights involved, and the results obtained; 22 23 (8) the experience, reputation and ability of the attorney(s); 24 (9) the undesireability of the action; 25 (10) the nature and length of the professional relationship between the attorney and the client; 26 42 (12) awards in similar actions. 1 2 3 Id.; see also Rule 54-293(c), Local Rules of Practice. The fee applicant bears the burden of documenting the 4 appropriate hours expended in the litigation and must submit 5 evidence in support of those hours worked. 6 433, 437. 7 rebuttal that requires submission of evidence to the district 8 court challenging the accuracy and reasonableness of the hours 9 charged or the facts asserted by the prevailing party in its Hensley, supra at The party opposing the fee application has a burden of 10 submitted affidavits. Blum v. Stenson, 465 U.S. 886, 892 n.5 11 (1984); Toussaint v. McCarthy, 826 F.2d 901, 904 (9th Cir. 1987). 12 Here, because of the reduction pursuant to Section 13 2412(d)(1)(C) of the attorneys fees incurred by Bingham, the 14 lodestar determination focuses solely on the attorneys fees and 15 costs requested by Lewis Brisbois for Mr. Lord s services. 16 17 18 Because of the statutory cap, the hourly rate is set at $125 per hour. See discussion supra. Respondents do not challenge Petitioners documentation of 19 the hours incurred by the various attorneys at issue in this 20 motion, i.e., they do not contend that the billing statements or 21 declarations are not supported or are otherwise deficient. 22 However, Respondents contend: 23 24 25 26 A review of the bills discloses excessive, duplicate and unreasonable billing. There are five attorneys of record, as evidenced on the title page of Petitioners motion: two attorneys from the Lewis, Brisbois firm; two attorneys from the Bingham, McCutchen firm; and one law professor. In addition, the 43 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Bingham firm employed another three associates in researching the attorney fees issues and opposing the United States motion to dismiss as moot ... The bills are replete with interoffice conferences with these attorneys on virtually every aspect of the proceedings since the Bingham firm associated into the case. For example, on December 13, 2006, two attorneys and the law professors all prepared for and attended the scheduling conference. All three later conferenced with counsel for the United States ... There is simply no justification for the battalion of lawyers working on this matter after Petitioners were discharged from the Navy. The billing was excessive and duplicative. 9 Because Petitioners do not seek recovery of the fees 10 incurred by Professor Weisselberg and because the fees incurred 11 by Bingham are disallowed, Respondents contention that the 12 billing was excessive and duplicative is no longer applicable. 13 Respondents do not challenge the reasonableness of the hours 14 incurred by attorneys at Lewis Brisbois prior to the association 15 of Bingham as co-counsel. Petitioners contend that the fees 16 incurred by Bingham McCutchen are reasonable in light of the 17 government s positions throughout this litigation, including in 18 this motion: 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Bingham McCutchen entered the case because Petitioners could no longer afford Mr. Lord s fees, and there was a need (on shortened time) to conduct further discovery and prepare for a hearing ... As soon as they were retained, the firm began preparing for discovery and an evidentiary hearing ... Bingham McCutchen then this [sic] motion for attorneys fees, which are certainly recoverable ... Petitioners have submitted documentation sufficiently explaining all of the fees that have been incurred. The most important declaration concerning attorneys fees is 44 1 that of William Kissinger. 2 there would have been conferences between the attorneys from the 3 two law firms and Mr. Weisselberg about the case concerning the 4 need to associate Bingham as co-counsel, there are a number of 5 time entries concerning research, drafting, discussions, etc. of 6 a voluntary stipulation of dismissal and entries concerning 7 research about the possibility of damages claims by Petitioners. 8 Given that the United States declared its intent to discharge 9 Petitioners from the Navy and forthwith moved to dismiss the 10 action as moot, such work is unjustified and was unnecessary. 11 That Petitioners opposed that motion to dismiss in lieu of a 12 voluntary stipulation of dismissal or a cross-motion to dismiss 13 under Rule 41 is not reasonable and not compensable. 14 justification for attorney s fees incurred for researching the 15 possibility of damages claims by Petitioners at the time the case 16 was ended. 17 pro bono counsel about how the case should be staffed. 18 Although it is understandable that There is no The Court is not required to accept the judgment of The Declaration of Timothy Lord filed on March 5, 2007, 19 (Doc. 122-4) and attached bills establish that Mr. Lord devoted 20 304.2 hours to Petitioner Gengler s case and 209.8 hours to 21 Petitioner McSeveney through January 31, 2007, and that Mr. Stolz 22 devoted 2.5 hours to Petitioner Gengler and 5.7 hours to 23 Petitioner McSeveney through January 31, 2007. 24 undoubtedly duplication in the underlying legal work on common 25 issues of law that were identical for Petitioners. 26 the separate issue of graduate school, which was not a legal 45 There was Gengler had 1 issue. Mr. Lord s declaration filed on July 23, 2007, (Doc. 144- 2 3) and attached bills establish that Mr. Lord devoted 16.9 hours 3 to Petitioner Gengler and 17.4 hours to Petitioner McSeveney 4 between February 1, 2007 and April 30, 2007, presumably on 5 billing and attorneys fees issues. 6 devoted by Mr. Lord to Petitioners case is 548.3. 7 the statutory hourly rate of $125.00, the lodestar for Mr. Lord s 8 professional services is $68,537.50. 9 devoted by Mr. Stolz to Petitioners case is 8.2. The total number of hours Multiplied by The total number of hours Multiplied by 10 the statutory hourly rate of $125.00, the lodestar for Mr. 11 Stolz s professional services is $1,025.00. 12 for Lewis Brisbois is $69,537.50. 13 The total lodestar However, as has been discussed, some of the hours devoted by 14 Lewis Brisbois after the association of Bingham in December, 15 2006, were incurred in connection with a meritless opposition to 16 Respondents motion to dismiss the action as moot because of 17 Petitioners discharges from the Navy in late December, 2006. 18 From the Court s review of the bills attached to Mr. Lord s 19 declarations, it is difficult to isolate these specific amounts 20 of time because the bills do not break out the time to specific 21 tasks. 22 incurred after December 1, 2006 is deleted to eliminate this 23 unnecessary time. The net recoverable attorneys to Lewis and Lord 24 are $68,902.50. 25 26 Five hours, in the amount of $625.00, of Mr. Lord s time CONCLUSION Petitioners pro bono counsel was upset by the Navy s 46 1 conduct in this case. The Navy was upset by Petitioners conduct 2 to the extent that it lost confidence in their ability to perform 3 honorably and competently as Naval aviators. 4 argued that Petitioners case was about their own selfish 5 interests, and despite the Navy s mistake in the written contract 6 term of service, that all persons, including Petitioners, are 7 presumed to know the law, as reflected in their winging orders. 8 Further, in view of the huge investment the United States makes 9 in training a Naval aviator, that the eight year statutory term The Navy forcefully 10 of service was entirely reasonable. Without engaging in 11 hyperbole, the Navy characterized the case as one where 12 Petitioners sought to advance their personal interests over that 13 of their country s. 14 of American military service people have had their terms of 15 service involuntarily extended. 16 entitled to profit from the Navy s error by strict adherence to 17 the terms of their written contracts terms. 18 discern that any interest has been served in this case, other 19 than Petitioners objective to avoid alleged 8 year statutory 20 service obligations. 21 objective to prevent deployment to Iraq was achieved. 22 categorically unnecessary to have six or more lawyers working on 23 the case. 24 in no way justified such an attorney staffing selection, which 25 was Petitioners choice. 26 over-allocation of resources. The Navy also emphasized that large numbers Petitioners rejoined they were It is hard to This objective was not achieved. The It was The size, lack of complexity, and merits of the case They cannot bill the taxpayers for this For the reasons stated above: 47 1 2 3 4 5 1. Petitioners motion for attorneys fees is GRANTED IN PART AND DENIED IN PART; 2. EAJA attorneys fees are awarded to Lewis Brisbois and Mr. Lord, jointly, in the amount of $68,912.50; 3. Petitioners counsel, Lewis Brisbois Bisgard & Smith 6 LLP, shall prepare and lodge a form of order consistent with this 7 Memorandum Decision within five (5) court days following service 8 of this Memorandum Decision 9 10 IT IS SO ORDERED. 11 Dated: January 8, 2010 emm0d6 /s/ Oliver W. Wanger UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 48
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