Martha Pedroza v. United States of America, No. 5:2020cv00131 - Document 67 (C.D. Cal. 2021)
Court Description: MEMORANDUM OF DECISION by Judge Cormac J. Carney. For the foregoing reasons, the Court finds in favor of Plaintiff and awards her $677,744 in total damages, or $169,436 for her past and future medical care and lost wages and $508,308 for her pain and suffering. SEE DOCUMENT FOR FURTHER INFORMATION. (Made JS-6. Case Terminated.) (twdb)
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Martha Pedroza v. United States of America Doc. 67 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 EASTERN DIVISION 11 12 13 MARTHA PEDROZA, 14 Plaintiff, 15 v. 16 17 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 18 Defendant. 19 20 ) ) Case No.: EDCV 20-00131-CJC(KKx) ) ) ) ) ) ) MEMORANDUM OF DECISION ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 21 I. INTRODUCTION 22 23 Plaintiff Martha Pedroza initiated this negligence action against Defendant United 24 States of America under the Federal Tort Claims Act for injuries she sustained when she 25 was struck by a United States Postal Service (USPS) mail delivery truck. Having 26 considered the evidence, the parties’ objections to the evidence, the credibility of the trial 27 28 -1- Dockets.Justia.com 1 witnesses, and both parties’ arguments at trial, the Court finds in favor of Plaintiff and 2 awards her damages in the total amount of $677,744. 3 4 II. FINDINGS OF FACT 5 6 A. Plaintiff’s Prior Accident and Injuries 7 8 On December 1, 2017, Plaintiff was involved in a motor vehicle accident. (Trial 9 Transcript, Day Two, Volume One [hereinafter “D2 V1”] at 130:5-7.) After the accident, 10 Plaintiff went to Pomona Valley Hospital and complained of pain in her neck, or cervical 11 spine, and lower back, or lumbar spine. (Ex. 501.) In July 2018, Plaintiff was diagnosed 12 with sciatica in her lumbar spine. (Exs. 508, 509; D2 V1 at 133:12-15.) Plaintiff 13 received epidural injections in her lumbar spine to treat her sciatica. (D2 V1 at 19:4-8.) 14 Plaintiff received her final lumbar spine epidural injection in December 2018. (Id. at 15 134:20-23.) Plaintiff’s lumbar spine and cervical spine pain had subsided prior to 16 January 22, 2019. (Id. at 8:24-25, 9:11-13; 19:4-8, 91:3-7.) 17 18 B. The Incident 19 20 On January 22, 2019 between 5:00 PM and 6:00 PM, Plaintiff was struck by a 21 USPS mail delivery truck driven by then USPS employee Enri De Rosas in a parking lot 22 outside of Plaintiff’s place of employment, Victory Outreach, located at 250 W. Arrow 23 Highway, San Dimas, California (the “Incident”). (Ex. 108; Dkt. 55 [hereinafter 24 “Stipulated Facts”] ¶¶ 1, 3.) At the time of the Incident, Mr. De Rosas was employed by 25 USPS and acting within the scope of his employment. (Stipulated Facts ¶¶ 5-6.) For 26 reference, an image of the parking lot outside of Victory Outreach is reproduced below: 27 28 -2- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 (See Ex. 112.) 11 12 The bottom of the above image is the north side of the parking lot. (Ex. 108.) The 13 top of the image is the south side of the parking lot. (Id.) Victory Outreach is on the east 14 side of the parking lot (or the left-hand side of the above photo). Before the Incident, Mr. 15 De Rosas was delivering mail to Victory Outreach. (Ex. 108; Trial Transcript, Day One, 16 Volume Two [hereinafter “D1 V2”] at 21:22-22:13.) When Mr. De Rosas made the 17 delivery, it was already dark outside. (Trial Transcript, Day Two, Volume Two 18 [hereinafter “D2 V2”] at 54:2-4.) Before exiting his vehicle to deliver the mail, Mr. De 19 Rosas parked his mail delivery truck on the west side of the parking lot, parallel to the 20 front side of Victory Outreach, facing south. (See Ex. 108; Trial Transcript, Day One, 21 Volume One [hereinafter “D1 V1”] at 60:14-18; D2 V2 at 56:21-57:1.) 22 23 Plaintiff, then 56 years old, held the door open for Mr. De Rosas so that he could 24 enter the Victory Outreach building to deliver the mail. (D1 V2 at 22:6-18, 13:1.) 25 Plaintiff was wearing dark clothing on the evening of the Incident. (D2 V2 at 88:2-3.) 26 After allowing Mr. De Rosas to enter, Plaintiff walked away from the Victory Outreach 27 building and into the parking lot while Mr. De Rosas was still in the building. (D1 V2 at 28 22:19-24; D2 V2 at 63:22-25.) After leaving from the Victory Outreach building, -3- 1 Plaintiff stopped to converse with some coworkers in front of the building on the east 2 side of the parking lot. (D2 V2 at 64:12-17, 66:7-15; Ex. 115.) Mr. De Rosas exited 3 Victory Outreach and passed the Plaintiff and her coworkers to head towards his mail 4 delivery truck. (D2 V2 at 64:10-17.) At some point, Plaintiff headed towards her car as 5 well, which was parked on the west side of the parking lot, south of where Mr. De Rosas 6 had parked his mail delivery truck. (D1 V2 at 27:15-22; D2 V2 at 59:13-18; Ex. 114.) In 7 order to get to her car, Plaintiff had to pass in front of the mail delivery truck. (D1 V2 8 34:2-5.) 9 10 When Mr. De Rosas got back to his mail delivery truck, he turned on the engine 11 and headlights and moved forward. (D2 V2 at 67:14-21.) Before he started the mail 12 delivery truck and moved the vehicle forward, Mr. De Rosas was wearing a headlamp 13 that was turned on. (D2 V2 at 75:6-8; Ex. 108.) The light from the headlamp reflected 14 off the mail truck’s windshield. (D2 V2 at 75:10-12; Ex. 108.) The light reflecting off 15 the windshield prevented Mr. De Rosas from clearly seeing what was in front of his 16 vehicle. (D2 V2 at 75:13-15; Ex. 108.) 17 18 When Mr. De Rosas moved the mail truck forward, it struck Plaintiff on her right 19 side as she passed in front of it. (D1 V2 at 27:15-22; Ex. 108.) The mail truck weighs 20 3,050 pounds. (Stipulated Facts ¶ 8.) The mail truck dragged Plaintiff ten feet across an 21 asphalt surface as she was pinned under the front-left of the vehicle’s bumper. (D1 V2 at 22 35:23-25; Ex. 108; D1 V1 at 21:15-23:18.) The dragging ripped a hole in Plaintiff’s 23 blouse and left behind a roughly ten-foot skid mark of Plaintiff’s skin and clothing. (D1 24 V1 21:15-23:18, 86:1-4; Ex. 108.) Mr. De Rosas had to back up his mail truck so that 25 Plaintiff could get out from underneath the truck’s bumper. (D2 V2 at 69:17-70:5.) 26 27 28 -4- 1 C. Plaintiff’s Injuries, Treatment, and Cost of Treatment 2 3 1. Plaintiff’s Superficial Injuries and Initial Care 4 5 After being struck by the mail delivery truck, Plaintiff remained on the ground for 6 some time. (See Ex. 101.) At the scene, Plaintiff complained of pain to her hand, back, 7 head, and right shoulder. (See id.; Ex. 108.) An ambulance then transported Plaintiff to 8 Pomona Valley Hospital. (Ex. 149.) The ambulance cost Plaintiff $2,234, which her 9 insurance paid. (Stipulated Facts ¶ 11.) Pictures of Plaintiff taken at the hospital and 10 shortly after she left the hospital reveal that Plaintiff suffered numerous soft tissue 11 injuries, including bruising and abrasions to her right shoulder, left forearm, left forehead, 12 back of head, left ear, right hand, left buttock, and back. (Exs. 118, 121, 124, 126, 127, 13 132, 134, 135, 136, 137, 140.) The abrasion between Plaintiff’s shoulder blades—a ten- 14 inch by four-inch road rash—was especially pronounced. (Exs. 108, 137.) Immediately 15 after the Incident, Plaintiff had trouble raising her right arm. (D1 V1 at 111:23-112:2.) 16 17 Plaintiff was given various medical services at Pomona Valley Hospital, including 18 medical evaluations and several X-Rays and CT scans. (Exs. 516, 519-525.) Of note 19 here, Pomona Valley Hospital performed a CT scan of Plaintiff’s cervical spine. (Ex. 20 520.) The scan showed that Plaintiff’s cervical spine was normal. (Id.) Plaintiff incurred 21 $54,087.58 in bills for the medical services provided at Pomona Valley Hospital, which 22 her insurance paid. (Stipulated Facts ¶ 9.) Plaintiff was discharged from Pomona Valley 23 Hospital on January 23, 2019, the day after the Incident. (Ex. 527.) 24 25 The next day, on January 24, 2019, Plaintiff received an evaluation from her 26 primary care physician, Dr. Lorindha Argudo. (Ex. 528.) Dr. Argudo explained that 27 Plaintiff complained of pain in her neck, back, and shoulder. (Id.) Dr. Argudo did not, 28 however, order any treatment for these symptoms. (Id.) On January 26, 2019, Plaintiff -5- 1 went to San Dimas Community Hospital Emergency Room because she was lightheaded 2 and vomiting. (Ex. 530.) San Dimas Community Hospital noted that Plaintiff had full 3 range of motion in her neck. (Id.) Plaintiff was discharged from San Dimas Community 4 Hospital the same day with no recommendations for treatment to her neck, back, or 5 shoulders. (Id.) Plaintiff incurred $1,002.40 in bills for these follow up medical services, 6 which her insurance paid. (Stipulated Facts ¶¶ 10, 12.) 7 8 2. Plaintiff’s Treatment with Healthpointe Medical Group 9 10 On February 5, 2019, Plaintiff commenced a long course of treatment with several 11 doctors at Healthpointe Medical Group. She began with Dr. Cristian Santizo. (D2 V1 at 12 136:14-18.) Dr. Santizo conducted X-rays on Plaintiff’s thoracic and lumbar spine and 13 ordered an MRI to Plaintiff’s lumbar spine. (Dkt. 544.) He also recommended Plaintiff 14 commence physical therapy for her lumbar spine and right shoulder and undergo a 15 psychological evaluation. (Id.; see also Ex. 539 at 6.) Dr. Santizo charged Plaintiff 16 $2,126.27 for his services. (Ex. 203 at 14.) 17 18 From February 2019 to March 2019, Plaintiff underwent physical therapy with Dr. 19 Ferdinand Lopez for pain in her lower back and right shoulder. (Ex. 203 at 6-7; see also 20 Ex. 539 at 6.) Plaintiff also commenced psychiatric treatment with a Dr. Derrig in March 21 2019. (D2 V1 at 27:2-9.) Dr. Derrig assisted Plaintiff in dealing with the emotional 22 trauma stemming from the Incident. (Id. at 27:13-28:18.) At the time, Plaintiff was 23 having nightmares and trouble sleeping. (Id. at 27:22-28:3.) Plaintiff’s psychiatric 24 treatment ended in May 2019. (Ex. 203 at 12.) Plaintiff’s psychiatric treatment cost 25 $6,700. (Ex. 203 at 12, 21.) 26 27 Plaintiff underwent an MRI for her lumbar spine on February 15, 2019, as well as 28 an MRI for her right shoulder on February 20, 2019. (Ex. 162.) The total cost for these -6- 1 MRIs was $8,050. (Id.) On March 20, 2019, Dr. Michael Chuang rendered an evaluation 2 of Plaintiff. (Ex. 539.) Plaintiff came to Dr. Chuang complaining of pain in her mid- 3 back, lower-back, and right shoulder. (Id. at 2.) In his evaluation, Dr. Chuang noted that 4 there were no issues with Plaintiff’s cervical spine and left shoulder. (Id. at 3-4.) He 5 noted several issues with Plaintiff’s right shoulder and lumbar spine. (Id. at 4-5.) Dr. 6 Chuang diagnosed Plaintiff with radiculopathy, or sciatica, in her lumbar spine. (Id. at 7 5.) He also evaluated the MRI to Plaintiff’s right shoulder and noted a full thickness tear 8 at the leading edge of the subscapularis tendon. (Id. at 6.) At trial, Plaintiff’s expert, Dr. 9 Jonathan Frank, noted that the MRI of Plaintiff’s right shoulder showed a full thickness 10 tear with no retraction of the tendon and no muscular atrophy, suggesting that the tear in 11 Plaintiff’s right shoulder was acute rather than chronic. (D2 V2 at 15:10-16:7.) Dr. 12 Chuang recommended that Plaintiff continue with physical therapy and undergo surgery 13 to repair the acute tear in her right shoulder. (Ex. 539 at 7.) 14 Plaintiff underwent surgery on her right shoulder on May 13, 2019. (Ex. 543.) 15 16 The right shoulder surgery and corresponding consultations and follow up visits with Dr. 17 Chuang cost Plaintiff $60,355. (Ex. 164; Ex. 203 at 171; Ex. 203 at 11 2.) After her 18 surgery, Plaintiff was in significant pain, and she was forced to wear her right arm in a 19 sling for eight weeks, such that she had to rely on her left arm for everyday activities. 20 (D2 V1 at 17:16-18:24.) Plaintiff also recommenced physical therapy for her right 21 shoulder from June 2019 to September 2019. (D2 V1 at 16:7-17; Ex. 203 at 7-10.) 22 Plaintiff’s physical therapy up to this point, including the initial physical therapy ordered 23 by Dr. Santizo and the physical therapy accompanying her right shoulder surgery, cost 24 Plaintiff $7,086. (Ex. 203 at 6-7.) Plaintiff’s right shoulder surgery and corresponding 25 26 27 28 1 The Court includes only those billing entries from Ex. 203 at 17 that correspond to Plaintiff’s right shoulder, which end at October 16, 2019. 2 The Court includes the cost of the services of Dr. Pedro Alupay from March 2019 to May 2019. (Ex. 203 at 11.) In his report, Dr. Chuang listed Dr. Alupay as a co-treater for Plaintiff’s right shoulder. (Ex. 539 at 7.) -7- 1 physical therapy seems to have been successful, as Dr. Chuang evaluated Plaintiff in 2 October 2019 and discharged her, finding that she had full use in both of her shoulders. 3 (Trial Transcript, Day Three, Volume One [hereinafter “D3 V1”] at 68:3-7; see also Ex. 4 203 at 17.) 5 6 On June 7, 2019, Plaintiff went to see Dr. Saeed Nick with complaints about pain 7 in her cervical spine and lumbar spine. (Ex. 544 at 5.) Dr. Nick noted some tenderness 8 and muscle spasms in Plaintiff’s cervical spine. (Id. at 3.) He also noted some 9 tenderness in Plaintiff’s lumbar spine with pain radiating from her lumbar spine to her 10 leg. (Id. at 5.) Dr. Nick did not order any treatment for the cervical spine, but he did 11 order epidural injections to treat Plaintiff’s lumbar spine. (Id. at 6.) Thereafter, Plaintiff 12 received three sets of three epidural injections to her lumbar spine. (Ex. 203 at 15-16.) 13 The treatment for Plaintiff’s lumbar spine, including consultations with Dr. Nick and the 14 epidural injections, cost $86,249. (Ex. 203 at 15-16; Ex. 172-174.) 15 16 On November 21, 2019, ten months after the Incident, Plaintiff had an MRI done 17 for her cervical spine. (Exs. 161, 553.) The MRI showed similar degenerative changes at 18 all levels of Plaintiff’s cervical spine and no evidence of nerve impingement. (D3 V1 at 19 86:25-87:5.) Defendant’s expert, Dr. Geoffrey Miller, noted that the MRI appeared to 20 show an average spine for a woman of Plaintiff’s age. (Id. at 89:4-7.) Nearly a year after 21 her MRI, in October 2020, Plaintiff began receiving treatment for her cervical spine from 22 Dr. Blake Berman. (Ex. 203 at 19.) Plaintiff began receiving epidural injections for her 23 cervical spine in February 2021. (Id.) Plaintiff had an additional MRI on her cervical 24 spine in June 2021. (Ex. 159.) Plaintiff incurred $32,275 in medical bills for treatment 25 for her cervical spine, including MRIs, epidural injections, and consultations. (Exs. 159, 26 161, 176, 203 at 19.) 27 28 -8- Plaintiff began to feel pain in her left shoulder in March 2020. (D2 V1 at 23:17- 1 2 24:9.) In June 2020, Plaintiff had an MRI on her left shoulder. (Ex. 160.) On August 6, 3 2020, Plaintiff underwent surgery on her left shoulder with Dr. Chuang. (Ex. 566.) After 4 the surgery, Plaintiff commenced physical therapy for her left shoulder from September 5 2020 to March 2021. (Ex. 203 at 4-5, 13, 24.) Plaintiff also received a “Cold Therapy 6 Unit” from Ortho Surgical Care to help her recover from her left shoulder surgery. (Ex. 7 181 at 1; D2 V1 at 43:9-20.) The medical bills associated with Plaintiff’s left shoulder, 8 including the MRI, surgery, physical therapy, “Cold Therapy Unit,” and various 9 consultations with Dr. Chuang amount to $69,580.78. (Exs. 160, 166, 181, 203 at 4-5, 10 13, 17-18, 23-24.) 11 D. 12 Plaintiff’s Missed Work 13 Owing to the medical treatment described above, Plaintiff missed a substantial 14 15 amount of work at Victory Outreach. By the Court’s count, Plaintiff missed 113 days of 16 work in 2019. (Ex. 235 at 7.) Most of the days that Plaintiff missed from work in 2019 17 were directly after the accident or around the time of her right shoulder surgery. (Id.) 18 Plaintiff earned $1,378.04 every two weeks in 2019. (See Ex. 232 at 1.) Plaintiff also 19 missed significant time from work in 2020, mostly around the time of her left shoulder 20 surgery, but also for her lumbar spine epidurals. (Ex. 235 at 29.) Plaintiff earned 21 $1,333.27 every two weeks in 2020. (See Ex. 233 at 1.) 22 23 \\ 24 \\ 25 \\ 26 \\ 27 \\ 28 -9- 1 III. Conclusions of Law 2 Plaintiff asserts a single claim for negligence against Defendant under the Federal 3 4 Tort Claims Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1346(b)(1). (Dkt. 1.) In California, the elements of 5 negligence are duty, breach of duty, causation, and damages.3 Carrera v. Maurice J. 6 Sopp & Son, 177 Cal.App.4th 366, 377 (2009) (citations omitted). Defendant did not 7 dispute that Mr. De Rosas owed Plaintiff a duty of care and breached that duty. (See, 8 e.g., Trial Transcript, Day Four [hereinafter “D4”] at 37:18-20; Dkt. 45 at 6.) Indeed, 9 drivers like Mr. De Rosas owe pedestrians a duty of ordinary care. See Francis v. City & 10 Cty. of San Francisco, 44 Cal. 2d 335, 339 (1955). Mr. De Rosas failed to exercise “the 11 care required of a reasonable and prudent person under the existing circumstances” when, 12 on a dark night and knowing that pedestrians were nearby, he began to move his mail 13 truck forward while wearing a headlamp that denied him the ability to clearly see through 14 his windshield. See id.; (see also D2 V2 at 75:6-15; Ex. 108.) Because Mr. De Rosas 15 was employed by Defendant and acting within the scope of his employment when his 16 mail truck struck Plaintiff, (Stipulated Facts ¶¶ 4-5), his negligence is attributable to 17 Defendant. See Lewine v. Babbit, 1994 WL 665142, at *1 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 14, 1994) 18 (explaining that FTCA covers “injury or loss of property, or personal injury or death 19 caused by the negligent or wrongful act or omission of any employee of the federal 20 government while acting within the scope of his office or employment”) (internal 21 quotations and citation omitted). 22 Defendant does, however, dispute Plaintiff’s role in causing the Incident, raising a 23 24 comparative fault affirmative defense. Defendant also asserts that Plaintiff’s injuries 25 26 27 28 3 Because the Incident occurred in California, California law applies to Plaintiff’s claims. See 28 U.S.C. § 1346(b)(1) (creating governmental liability “in accordance with the law of the place where the act or omission occurred”). -10- 1 were not caused by the Incident and that she incurred unreasonable medical expenses. 2 These issues will be discussed in turn below. 3 4 A. Comparative Fault 5 6 Comparative fault reduces a plaintiff’s recovery in proportion to his or her share of 7 fault. See Li v. Yellow Cab Co. of Calif., 13 Cal. 3d 804, 824 (1975). Defendant has the 8 burden of proving Plaintiff’s fault. See Phipps v. Copeland Corp. LLC, 64 Cal. App. 5th 9 319, 278 (2021). Defendant has failed to meet that burden and the Court will not reduce 10 Plaintiff’s recovery on grounds of comparative fault. 11 12 Plaintiff did not behave in a negligent manner before being struck by the mail 13 truck. Defendant failed to prove that Plaintiff stepped in front of the mail truck after Mr. 14 De Rosas had started its engine. (See D2 V1 at 128:21-22; D2 V2 at 68:4-8.) And that 15 Plaintiff was wearing dark clothing at night is not, without more, negligent behavior. 16 Further, though it was hardly clear from the record, even if Plaintiff stepped in front of 17 the mail truck after Mr. De Rosas turned on the vehicle’s headlights, (see D2 V2 at 18 67:18-20), that would not be negligent behavior. In fact, the fact that a driver has his 19 headlights on is all the more reason for a pedestrian who wants to pass in front of the 20 driver’s vehicle to believe that the driver can see her. 21 22 The case cited by Defendant in its Trial Brief, Wittenbach v. Ryan, 63 Cal. App. 3d 23 712 (1976), is inapposite. That case dealt with a pedestrian-plaintiff who passed behind a 24 vehicle and was struck by the vehicle as it backed up. Id. at 715. The court faulted the 25 plaintiff for not waiting for the defendant to back his vehicle up after having watched the 26 defendant enter his vehicle and “[knowing] that he had to back up.” Id. at 717. But a 27 vehicle backing up is a markedly different circumstance than a vehicle moving forward. 28 A reasonably prudent pedestrian in a parking lot knows that a driver who is backing their -11- 1 vehicle up has somewhat impaired visibility as to what is behind his vehicle. The same 2 does not hold for a pedestrian in a parking lot passing in front of a vehicle. That 3 pedestrian can reasonably expect that the driver knows what is in front of his vehicle and 4 therefore should not have to take the extra cautionary steps described in Wittenbach. 5 6 B. Causation 7 8 Plaintiff must prove by a preponderance of the evidence a causal connection 9 between Mr. De Rosas’ negligence and her injuries. See Mitchell v. Gonzales, 54 Cal. 3d 10 1041, 1052 (1991); Skinner v. Vacaville Unified Sch. Dist., 37 Cal. App. 4th 31, 42 11 (1995). A tortfeasor must take a plaintiff as she is—even if, by reason of some 12 preexisting condition, the plaintiff is more susceptible to injury than an ordinary person 13 and incurred more harm because of the defendant’s conduct than an ordinary person 14 would. See Rideau v. Los Angeles Transit Lines, 124 Cal.App.2d 466, 471 (1954); 15 Judicial Council of California Civil Jury Instruction (“CACI”) 3928. While a plaintiff is 16 not entitled to damages for any preexisting physical or emotional condition, she may 17 recover damages if such condition was aggravated by a defendant’s wrongful conduct. 18 See CACI 3927. 19 20 The parties do not dispute that Plaintiff’s need for immediate medical care in the 21 days after the Incident was the result of Mr. De Rosas’ negligence. (See, e.g., Dkt. 45 at 22 24.) After being struck and dragged by a heavy truck, Plaintiff reasonably sought 23 medical attention for the harms caused by the event. This included Plaintiff’s ambulance 24 ride from the scene of the Incident, stay and care at Pomona Valley Hospital Emergency 25 Room, and subsequent visits to her primary care physician and San Dimas Community 26 Hospital Emergency Room. 27 28 -12- 1 Defendant does, however, dispute that Mr. De Rosas’ negligence caused the 2 injuries for which Plaintiff was treated by Healthpointe Medical Group. The Court 3 concludes that Mr. De Rosas’ negligence caused Plaintiff’s right shoulder injury and the 4 aggravation of her preexisting lumbar spine injury.4 However, Plaintiff has failed to 5 prove by a preponderance of the evidence that her left shoulder and cervical spine injuries 6 or conditions were caused by Mr. De Rosas’ negligence. 7 1. 8 Right Shoulder and Lumbar Spine 9 Plaintiff offered persuasive evidence to show that she suffered an acute tear to her 10 11 right rotator cuff when she was struck by the mail delivery truck. The truck, weighing 12 3,050 pounds, (Stipulated Facts ¶ 8), struck Plaintiff and dragged her at least ten feet 13 across an asphalt surface, leaving behind a skid of clothing and skin on the ground, (See 14 Ex. 108.) Dr. Frank testified that it was likely that Plaintiff was attempting to extricate 15 herself from underneath the vehicle while she was being dragged by pushing away from 16 the mail truck with her arms. (D2 V2 15:7-15.) 17 The medical evidence presented at trial establishes that Plaintiff’s right shoulder 18 19 injury resulted from the Incident. Plaintiff complained of pain in her right shoulder 20 immediately after the Incident, both at the scene and with Dr. Argudo on the day 21 following the Incident. (Exs. 108, 528.) She also had trouble raising her right arm 22 directly after the Incident. (D1 V1 at 111:23-112:2.) Plaintiff’s complaints of right 23 shoulder pain also persisted in the months following the Incident. (Ex. 539 at 2.) Photos 24 taken at Pomona Valley Hospital also show that Plaintiff sustained bruising on the front 25 of her right shoulder. (Ex. 118.) Dr. Frank also testified that an acute tear to the 26 subscapularis tendon in a person’s right shoulder would cause internal bleeding in the 27 28 4 The Court also concludes that Mr. De Rosas’ negligence caused Plaintiff significant emotional trauma, (see D2 V1 at 27:22-28:3), for which psychiatric treatment was necessary. -13- 1 area where Plaintiff had bruising. (D2 V2 at 14:13-21.) Plaintiff also received an MRI 2 on her right shoulder on February 20, 2019, less than one month after the Incident. (Ex. 3 162.) In his March 2019 evaluation, Dr. Chuang also explained that the MRI of 4 Plaintiff’s right shoulder revealed a full thickness tear at the leading edge of Plaintiff’s 5 subscapularis tendon. (Ex. 539 at 6.) Dr. Frank also reviewed this MRI and explained 6 that it showed that Plaintiff’s tendon had not significantly retracted from the bone. (D2 7 V2 at 15:10-16:7.) Dr. Frank explained that with a chronic, or long-term, rotator cuff 8 injury, one’s tendon retracts from the bone, whereas an acute tear is not accompanied by 9 significant retraction. (Id. at 20:8-21:7, 25:22-26:1.) From Plaintiff’s MRI as well as 10 photos from Plaintiff’s right shoulder surgery, Dr. Frank concluded that Plaintiff suffered 11 an acute tear in her right shoulder at the time of the Incident. (Id. at 15:16-16:7, 19:2-8.) 12 13 Plaintiff has also proven that her lumbar spine injury was aggravated by the 14 Incident. As explained above, Plaintiff was involved in a motor vehicle accident in 15 December 2017. (D2 V1 at 130:5-7.) As a result, Plaintiff developed sciatica in her 16 lumbar spine, diagnosed in July 2018. (Exs. 508, 509; D2 V1 at 10:10-20.) Plaintiff 17 received epidural injections to her lumbar spine to treat her sciatica up until December 18 2018. (D2 V1 at 19:4-8, 134:20-23.) However, Plaintiff’s lumbar spine sciatica had 19 subsided by the time of the Incident. (Id. at 19:6-8.) 20 21 The pain in Plaintiff’s lumbar spine then returned and intensified because of the 22 Incident. Her complaints of lower back pain were immediate. She complained of back 23 pain at the scene, (Ex. 101), with Dr. Argudo the day following the Incident, (Ex. 528), 24 and at San Dimas Community Hospital on January 26, 2019, (Ex. 530). Her lumbar 25 spine pain was also much different in nature than the pain she experienced after her 2017 26 accident. The pain was greater and it affected a different area of her body, her lower 27 back and right glute, than the area affected after the 2017 accident, her leg and hip. (D2 28 V1 at 19:9-16.) -14- Plaintiff’s complaints of lower back pain persisted in the months following the 1 2 Incident. (Ex. 539 at 2.) She received an MRI on her lumbar spine on February 15, 3 2019, just weeks after the Incident. (Ex. 533.) Dr. Chuang discussed various problems 4 with Plaintiff’s lumbar spine in his March 2019 evaluation and diagnosed her with 5 sciatica, recommending that she continue her course of physical therapy with Dr. Lopez. 6 (Ex. 539 at 6-7.) Plaintiff’s sciatica persisted through physical therapy, as she 7 complained to Dr. Nick in June 2019 of sharp pain to her lower back, causing Dr. Nick to 8 order epidural injections for her lumbar spine. (Ex. 544.) Dr. Alexander reviewed 9 Plaintiff’s February 2019 MRI as well as his own X-rays and noted disc protrusion and 10 disc space narrowing in Plaintiff’s lumbar spine. (D2 V1 at 78:14-16, 80:7-18.) Dr. 11 Alexander concluded that Plaintiff’s injury was caused by the accident, based on his 12 review of the MRI, the degree of Plaintiff’s ongoing symptoms, and the fact that her 13 lumbar spine pain had subsided prior to the Incident. (D2 V1 at 77:20-23, 91:3-7.) 14 The medical treatment that Plaintiff received relating to her lumbar spine and right 15 16 shoulder include initial consults with Dr. Santizo, (Ex. 203 at 14), physical therapy with 17 Dr. Lopez, (Ex. 203 at 6-10), MRIs on Plaintiff’s lumbar spine and right shoulder, (Ex. 18 162), right shoulder surgery, (Exs. 164, Ex. 203 at 17), a number of epidural injections to 19 Plaintiff’s lumbar spine, (Exs. 172-174, 203 at 15-16), and various office consultations 20 with Dr. Chuang, Dr. Alupay, and Dr. Nick, (Ex. 203 at 11, 15-16, 17.) 5 As noted by Dr. 21 Alexander, Plaintiff will also require future medical care for her lumbar spine, including 22 visits with her physicians, medication, physical therapy, and further epidural injections. 23 (D2 V1 at 124:18-125:7; see also Ex. 605.) 24 25 26 27 28 5 The Court cannot discern from the record to which injury Plaintiff’s acupuncture relates. (See Ex. 203 at 1.) Therefore, she will not recover the reasonable value of the acupuncture. -15- 2. 1 Left Shoulder and Cervical Spine 2 3 In contrast to her showing of causation on her right shoulder injury, Plaintiff did 4 not prove by a preponderance of the evidence that her left shoulder injury was causally 5 related to the Incident. Plaintiff’s theory of causation for her left shoulder injury, as 6 testified to by Dr. Frank, is that she injured her left shoulder because she had to overuse it 7 while her right shoulder recovered from surgery. (D2 V2 at 26:14-21.) However, in 8 rendering his opinion, Dr. Frank did not know how long Plaintiff’s right arm was 9 immobilized after her surgery. (Id. at 42:20-23.) He further acknowledged that there is 10 no published literature supporting his theory of injury by overuse. (Id. at 43:3-10.) 11 Further belying Plaintiff’s theory is the timing of her complaints regarding her left 12 shoulder. Plaintiff first complained of pain in her left shoulder in March 2020. (Id. at 13 41:13-42:8.) This came well after she had recovered from her right shoulder surgery, as 14 Dr. Chuang concluded that she had full use of both of her arms in October 2019. (D3 V1 15 at 68:3-11.) 16 17 Similarly, Plaintiff has failed to adequately prove a causal relationship between the 18 Incident and her cervical spine injury. A CT scan of Plaintiff’s cervical spine taken at 19 Pomona Valley Hospital on the evening of the Incident showed that her cervical spine 20 was normal. (Ex. 520.) Consistent with the CT scan results, Dr. Chuang also noted that 21 Plaintiff’s cervical spine was normal in his March 2019 evaluation. (Ex. 539 at 3.) 22 While there is evidence that Plaintiff complained of pain in her neck soon after the 23 Incident, (see, e.g., Ex. 528), no MRI was ordered on Plaintiff’s cervical spine until 24 November 21, 2019, ten months after the Incident, (Ex. 553). On top of that, Plaintiff did 25 not begin receiving epidural injections to her cervical spine until January 2021, (D2 V1 at 26 29:22-24), and the record does not reflect that Plaintiff received other forms of treatment 27 to her cervical spine prior to the epidural injections. 28 -16- 1 Dr. Miller’s testimony regarding Plaintiff’s cervical spine condition was 2 instructive. Dr. Miller noted that in discussing a cervical spine injury, one must identify a 3 specific level of the cervical spine that appears to be in a worse condition than the others. 4 (D3 V1 at 87:17-25.) Dr. Miller reviewed the MRI on Plaintiff’s cervical spine and noted 5 that no level appeared different than any other. (Id. at 87:23-88:6.) Dr. Miller concluded 6 that Plaintiff’s cervical spine showed multiple-level degeneration, typical for a 56-year- 7 old woman like Plaintiff. (Id. at 87:23-88:2.) This is somewhat consistent with Dr. 8 Alexander’s testimony that he had seen cervical spine conditions like Plaintiff’s in 9 patients who had never been in an accident. (D2 V1 at 121:25-122:2.) 10 11 C. Damages 12 13 Defendant must pay Plaintiff reasonable compensation for the harm it caused her. 14 See CACI 3900. A plaintiff may recover any reasonable charges for past medical 15 treatment that the plaintiff has paid or still owes, see Williams v. The Pep Boys Manny 16 Moe & Jack of California, 27 Cal.App.5th 225, 237 (2018), reasonably necessary future 17 medical care, see Bermudez v. Ciolek, 237 Cal.App.4th 1311, 1328 (2015), and lost 18 wages, see CACI 3903C. 19 20 “[A]n injured plaintiff whose medical expenses are paid through private insurance 21 may recover as economic damages no more than the amounts paid by the plaintiff or his 22 or her insurer for the medical services received or still owing at the time of trial.” Howell 23 v. Hamilton Meats & Provisions, Inc., 52 Cal. 4th 541, 566 (2011). When a plaintiff pays 24 for medical treatment through an insurer, evidence of the full amount billed is 25 inadmissible. Corenbaum v. Lampkin, 215 Cal. App. 4th 1308, 1328-1333 (2013). 26 However, in cases involving uninsured plaintiffs, courts take a far more holistic approach 27 to determining the reasonable value of medical expenses. See Bermudez, 237 Cal. App. 28 4th at 1330 (explaining that damages for uninsured plaintiffs “will usually turn on a wide-17- 1 ranging inquiry into the reasonable value of medical services provided.”) The court in 2 Bermudez explained that in assessing damages for an uninsured plaintiff, courts should 3 assess the “full range” of fees paid in the market and that no part of the full range of fees 4 should be “wall[ed] off.” Id. at 1334. A plaintiff who elects not to use his or her 5 insurance is treated as uninsured for the purposes of calculating damages. Pebley v. 6 Santa Clara Organics, LLC, 22 Cal. App. 5th 1266, 1276 (2018).6 7 Defendant’s expert Lindsay Knutson’s methodology most accurately captures the 8 9 reasonable market value for Plaintiff’s past and future medical treatment. Ms. Knutson’s 10 methodology is a market value analysis that accounts for what payers and providers are 11 paying and charging in the relevant market. (Trial Transcript, Day Three, Volume Two 12 [hereinafter “D3 V2”] at 19:20-23.) In calculating the cost of medical services, Ms. 13 Knutson takes Medicare reimbursement rates and multiplies them by a multiplier that 14 represents what commercial payers typically pay in the market. (Id. at 36:25-41:6.) Ms. 15 Knutson’s methodology relies on comprehensive data from a multitude of reputable 16 sources, including the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the American 17 Hospital Association, the American Society of Anesthesiologists, and GoodRX, a website 18 that lists costs at major pharmacies. (Id. at 36:24-41:6, 46:19-47:1, 48:12-22, 49:18-24.) 19 Ms. Knutson noted that cash-paying patients, like Plaintiff, typically pay the same or less 20 than the amounts paid by commercial payers. (Id. at 21:21-25; 41:7-10.) 21 The methodologies of Dr. Alexander and Carol Hyland were not as reliable as that 22 23 of Ms. Knutson. Dr. Alexander testified that a 25% reduction would be appropriate 24 across the board for Plaintiff’s past medical expenses. (D2 V1 at 92:17-19.) Dr. 25 6 26 27 28 Contrary to Plaintiff’s assertion in her Trial Brief, Pebley did not hold that damages calculations are inadmissible when arrived at through a methodology that makes use of Medicare rates. (See Dkt. 49 at 11-14.) The court in Pebley explained that an uninsured plaintiff’s recovery should not be limited “to what [an insurer] (and possibly Medicare) would have paid.” 22 Cal. App. 5th at 1277. But the court never said that those rates cannot be part of the “wide-ranging inquiry” into the reasonable value of medical expenses. -18- 1 Alexander was unclear on how he arrived at his calculation. On direct examination, Dr. 2 Alexander made a vague reference to FAIR Health, a publication that “looks at 3 reasonable rates for healthcare around the county,” but failed to explain how he made use 4 of this publication in arriving at his 25% reduction. (D2 V1 at 75:13-18.) On cross 5 examination, Dr. Alexander acknowledged that he did not refer to FAIR Health or any 6 other publication in this case specifically. (D2 V1 at 124:14-17.) In determining the cost 7 of Plaintiff’s future medical care, Ms. Hyland relied on the Medical Fee Book. (D2 V2 at 8 113:21-25.) Ms. Knutson pointed out that the Medical Fee Book provides data on the 9 amount providers charge, rather than the amount payers end up paying. (D3 V2 at 51:14- 10 23.) But what providers receive is a more accurate representation of the reasonable 11 market value of a medical service than the amount providers hope to receive. 12 13 1. Past Medical Care 14 15 Plaintiff incurred significant costs for immediate medical care in the days directly 16 after the Incident, including an ambulance ride, care at Pomona Valley Hospital 17 Emergency Room and San Dimas Community Hospital Emergency Room, and a 18 consultation with her primary physician. These costs, totaling $57,323.98, were covered 19 by Plaintiff’s insurer. Defendant does not dispute the reasonableness of those costs. 20 (Stipulated Facts ¶¶ 9-12.) Plaintiff will receive the full amount of these costs. 21 22 Plaintiff further incurred the following medical bills relating to her emotional 23 trauma, right shoulder injury, and lumbar spine injury after she began treating with 24 Healthpointe Medical Group: $8,050 from Precise Imaging for MRIs of Plaintiff’s 25 lumbar spine and right shoulder, (Ex. 162), $44,200 from Orangewood Surgical Center 26 for her right shoulder surgery, (Ex. 164), $60,900 from Orangewood Surgical Center for 27 epidural injections to Plaintiff’s lumbar spine (Ex. 172-74), $2,126.27 from Healthpointe 28 Medical Group for initial consultations and evaluations with Dr. Santizo, (Ex. 203 at 14), -19- 1 $7,086 from Healthpointe for physical therapy related to Plaintiff’s lumbar spine and 2 right shoulder, (Ex. 203 at 6-10), $25,349 from Healthpointe for various consultations 3 and treatments relating to Plaintiff’s lumbar spine, (Ex. 203 at 15-16), $16,155 from 4 Healthpointe for various consultations and treatments related to Plaintiff’s right shoulder, 5 (Ex. 203 at 11, 17), and $6,700 from Healthpointe for psychiatric services, (Ex. 203 at 12, 6 21). The Court will not consider the remainder of the bills submitted by Plaintiff because 7 these bills are either related to Plaintiff’s cervical spine or left shoulder or Plaintiff failed 8 to clearly tie them to injuries caused by the Incident. 9 10 Unfortunately, at trial, Ms. Knutson did not go through the various bills submitted 11 by Plaintiff and opine on the reasonable value of the services described in each bill. 12 Rather, she gave a total reasonable value for all services rendered by each provider. For 13 example, Ms. Knutson opined that the reasonable value of all the bills from Healthpointe 14 totaled $18,329.55. However, that reasonable total value would cover bills relating to 15 Plaintiff’s right shoulder and lumbar spine, for which she will recover, as well as bills 16 relating to her left shoulder and cervical spine, for which she will not recover. To solve 17 this issue, the Court finds it appropriate to derive a reasonable value percentage from Ms. 18 Knutson’s testimony and apply that percentage to the bills that it has deemed causally 19 related to the Incident. 20 21 For Healthpointe’s bills that are causally related to the Incident, Plaintiff will 22 receive 32.5% of the charged amount. The 32.5% figure comes from Knutson’s total 23 reasonable value of $18,329.55 divided by the total amount charged by Healthpointe as 24 of June 3, 2020 of $56,472. (See D3 V2 at 54:8.) For Orangewood Surgical Center’s 25 bills that are causally related to the Incident, Plaintiff will receive 14% of the amount 26 charged. (See id. at 54:11.) The 14% figure comes from Knutson’s total reasonable 27 value of $18,317.72 divided by the total amount charged by Orangewood Surgical Center 28 as of February 8, 2021 of $130,610. (See id. at 54:10-11.) And Plaintiff will receive -20- 1 20% of the amounts charged by Precise Imaging that are causally related to the Incident. 2 (See id. at 54:14). The 20% figure comes from Knutson’s total reasonable value of 3 $2,505.88 divided by the total amount charged by Precise Imaging as of June 2, 2020 of 4 $12,450. (See id. at 54:12-14.) Thus, Plaintiff will receive $1,610 for her Precise 5 Imaging bills, $14,714 for her Orangewood Surgical Center bills, and $18,660.29 for her 6 Healhpointe bills. In total, Plaintiff will receive $34,984.29 for these bills. 7 2. 8 Future Medical Care 9 Plaintiff seeks recovery for various types of future medical treatment. However, 10 11 Plaintiff failed to produce qualified expert testimony supporting the reasonable necessity 12 of much of this future care, including the “ENT Evaluation,” “Multidisciplinary Pain 13 Program,” and “Shoulder Corticosteroid.”7 (See Ex. 605 at 8-10.) Other aspects of 14 Plaintiff’s future treatment are not causally related to the Incident, including cervical 15 spine epidurals and cervical spine surgery. (Id.) Dr. Alexander testified that Plaintiff 16 would need future care for her lumbar spine, including intermittent physical therapy, 17 medication, epidural injections, and follow-up doctor’s visits. (D2 V1 at 125:18-126:7.) 18 He acknowledged that it was somewhat speculative that Plaintiff would need follow up 19 X-rays and MRIs for her lumbar spine. (Id. at 125:8-11.) 20 Plaintiff will therefore recover for the medical treatments identified in Section A: 21 22 Physician Visits, Section F: Physical Therapy, and Section I: Lumbar Epidurals in 23 Exhibit 605. For the reasons explained above, the Court will use Ms. Knutson’s 24 reasonable value for these medical services. Using the values in Exhibit 605 that Ms. 25 Knutson provided, Plaintiff will recover $63,085.15 for her future medical treatment. 26 27 28 7 It is not enough that Carol Hyland, who is not a medical expert, testified as to what medical experts told her was reasonably necessary. -21- 1 2 3. Lost Earnings 3 4 Plaintiff will also recover lost earnings for the days she missed from work in 2019 5 that were causally related to the Incident. As mentioned above, Plaintiff missed 113 6 workdays in 2019. (Ex. 235 at 7.) Four of those days predate the accident, (Ex. 235 at 7 7), the record indicates that three days were spent at a “Latin America Conference,” six 8 days were only partially missed for a doctor’s appointment, and one day was missed for 9 Plaintiff’s cervical spine MRI. (Ex. 235 at 8-25.) Therefore, only 99 of the missed 10 workdays, or 9.9 two-week pay periods, were causally related to the Incident. Plaintiff 11 will recover $13,642.60 for lost earnings in 2019, or 9.9 multiplied by Plaintiff’s 2019 12 pay of $1,378.04. 13 14 In 2020, Plaintiff missed three days of work for her lumbar spine epidurals. (Ex. 15 235 at 30-37.) The remainder of the workdays Plaintiff missed were for her husband’s 16 surgery, cervical spine epidurals, and left shoulder surgery. (Id.) The Court will 17 therefore award Plaintiff lost earnings for three days in 2020, or 0.3 two-week pay 18 periods. This amounts to $399.98, or 0.3 multiplied by Plaintiff’s 2020 pay of $1,333.27. 19 In total, Plaintiff will recover $14,042.58 in lost earnings. 20 21 4. Pain and Suffering 22 23 A plaintiff is entitled to recover damages for physical pain and for mental suffering 24 from her physical injuries. Hilliard v. A. H. Robins Co., 148 Cal. App. 3d 374, 413 25 (1983). Mental suffering may include any “fright, nervousness, grief, anxiety, worry, 26 mortification, shock, humiliation, indignity, embarrassment, apprehension, terror or 27 ordeal.” Capelouto v. Kaiser Foundation Hospitals, 7 Cal. 3d 889, 892–893 (1972). 28 -22- 1 Loss of enjoyment of life is also a factor in determining pain and suffering damages. Huff 2 v. Tracy, 57 Cal. App. 3d 939, 942–944 (1976). 3 4 In its trial brief, Defendant argued that Plaintiff’s pain and suffering damages 5 should be limited to one-third of economic damages. (Dkt. 45 at 8.) The Court rejects 6 Defendant’s attempt to extrapolate a limit from a handful of cases. See, e.g., Estate of 7 Mary Honda v. United States of America, No. 15-cv-00317, Dkt. 61 (C.D. Cal. Jan. 20, 8 2017) (awarding non-economic damages at 1.5 times economic damages). No fixed 9 standard exists for deciding the amount of pain and suffering damages. See Pearl v. City 10 of Los Angeles, 36 Cal.App.5th 475, 491 (2019) (internal citations omitted); CACI 11 3905A. Instead, “jur[ies] [are] entrusted with vast discretion in determining the amount 12 of damages to be awarded.” Plotnik v. Meihaus, 208 Cal.App.4th 1590, 1602 (2012). 13 The only standard for pain and suffering damages is that they be an amount that “a 14 reasonable person would estimate as fair compensation.” Duarte v. Zachariah, 22 15 Cal.App.4th 1652, 1664-1665 (1994) (internal citations omitted). 16 17 The Incident took a great physical and mental toll on Plaintiff. Being dragged ten 18 feet against an asphalt surface by a heavy mail truck is both terribly frightening and 19 painful. At the scene of the Incident and at Pomona Valley Hospital afterwards, Plaintiff 20 was clearly traumatized and seemed to be agitated and in significant pain. (Exs. 101, 21 104-107.) She was reeling from an acute tear in her right shoulder, an aggravation of her 22 lumbar spine sciatica, and serious soft tissue injuries, including a severe abrasion between 23 her shoulder blades. (Ex. 137.) When Plaintiff’s family had to change the bandage on 24 the abrasion between Plaintiff’s shoulder blades, the pain was excruciating, as Plaintiff 25 felt like they “were tearing [her] skin off.” (D1 V2 at 44:13-20.) Immediately after the 26 accident, Plaintiff required help from her family with bathing and cleaning her wounds. 27 (D1 V1 at 106:22-107:3.) In the months after the Incident, Plaintiff was having 28 nightmares and could not sleep. (D2 V1 at 27:22-28:3.) -23- As described above, Plaintiff has had to undergo extensive medical treatment to 1 2 treat her right shoulder and lumbar spine, including surgery, physical therapy, and 3 various epidural injections. This treatment has been painful and disruptive to Plaintiff’s 4 life. For example, after Plaintiff’s right shoulder surgery, she was unable to use her right 5 arm for many months. (Id. at 18:15-17.) The surgery also caused Plaintiff to miss a 6 substantial amount of time from work and prevented Plaintiff from spending time with 7 her family, an activity she greatly values. (Id. at 67:9-14.) 8 9 Due to the pain caused by the Incident, Plaintiff has been unable to partake in the 10 hobbies that she used to enjoy frequently, including riding her motorcycle, (id. at 54:20- 11 57:17), fishing, (id. at 57:19-59:19), and hiking, (id. at 59:23-64:3). Plaintiff also cannot 12 perform some basic tasks without triggering her pain, such as cleaning her home. (Id. at 13 68:25-69:9.) Plaintiff’s co-worker, Rosanna Carrillo, explained that Plaintiff has slowed 14 down significantly since the Incident and must take frequent breaks during her work. 15 (D1 V1 at 88:20-89:11.) Plaintiff’s daughter also testified that her mom has slowed 16 down since the Incident and is no longer able to partake in various family activities. (Id. 17 at 122:6-123:22.) It is obvious that Plaintiff’s emotional trauma still lingers, as Plaintiff 18 was unable to speak about the Incident and its aftermath at trial without becoming 19 emotional. The Court concludes that pain and suffering damages should be awarded at 20 three times Plaintiff’s economic damages, or $508,308. 21 22 \\ 23 \\ 24 \\ 25 \\ 26 \\ 27 \\ 28 -24- 1 IV. CONCLUSION 2 3 For the foregoing reasons, the Court finds in favor of Plaintiff and awards her 4 $677,744 in total damages, or $169,436 for her past and future medical care and lost 5 wages and $508,308 for her pain and suffering. 6 7 DATED: September 27, 2021 __________________________________ 8 CORMAC J. CARNEY 9 UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE 10 11 12 13 CC: FISCAL 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 -25-
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