Geraldine Mary Torres v. Nancy A. Berryhill, No. 5:2018cv00019 - Document 21 (C.D. Cal. 2019)
Court Description: MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER by Magistrate Judge Karen L. Stevenson. IT IS ORDERED that the decision of the Commissioner is REVERSED, and this case is REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with this Memorandum Opinion and Order. (see document for details) (hr)
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Astrue."6;7"H05f"847."852"*;vj"Ekt0"4229+0""ÐUwduvcpvkcn"gxkfgpeg"ku"Òoqtg"vjcp" 8 c"ogtg"uekpvknnc"dwv"nguu"vjcp"c"rtgrqpfgtcpeg="kv"ku"uwej"tgngxcpv"gxkfgpeg"cu"c"tgcuqpcdng"okpf" 9 okijv"ceegrv"cu"cfgswcvg"vq"uwrrqtv"c"eqpenwukqp0ÓÑ""Gutierrez v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec.."962" : H05f" 73;." 744/45" *;vj" Ekt0" 4236+" *kpvgtpcn" ekvcvkqpu" qokvvgf+0"" ÐGxgp" yjgp" vjg" gxkfgpeg" ku" ; uwuegrvkdng"vq"oqtg"vjcp"qpg"tcvkqpcn"kpvgtrtgvcvkqp."yg"owuv"wrjqnf"vjg"CNLÓu"hkpfkpiu"kh"vjg{" 32 ctg"uwrrqtvgf"d{"kphgtgpegu"tgcuqpcdn{"ftcyp"htqo"vjg"tgeqtf0Ñ""Molina v. Astrue."896"H05f" 33 3326."3332"*;vj"Ekt0"4234+0" 34 " 35 Cnvjqwij"vjku"Eqwtv"ecppqv"uwduvkvwvg"kvu"fkuetgvkqp"hqt"vjg"EqookuukqpgtÓu."vjg"Eqwtv" 36 pqpgvjgnguu"owuv"tgxkgy"vjg"tgeqtf"cu"c"yjqng."Ðygkijkpi"dqvj"vjg"gxkfgpeg"vjcv"uwrrqtvu"cpf" 37 vjg"gxkfgpeg"vjcv"fgvtcevu"htqo"vjg"]EqookuukqpgtÓu_"eqpenwukqp0Ñ""Lingenfelter v. Astrue."726" 38 H05f"324:."3257"*;vj"Ekt0"4229+"*kpvgtpcn"swqvcvkqp"octmu"cpf"ekvcvkqp"qokvvgf+="Desrosiers v. 39 Sec’y of Health and Hum. Servs..":68"H04f"795."798"*;vj"Ekt0"3;::+0""ÐVjg"CNL"ku"tgurqpukdng" 3: hqt" fgvgtokpkpi" etgfkdknkv{." tguqnxkpi" eqphnkevu" kp" ogfkecn" vguvkoqp{." cpf" hqt" tguqnxkpi" 3; codkiwkvkgu0Ñ""Andrews v. Shalala."75"H05f"3257."325;"*;vj"Ekt0"3;;7+0" 42 " 43 Vjg"Eqwtv"yknn"wrjqnf"vjg"EqookuukqpgtÓu"fgekukqp"yjgp"vjg"gxkfgpeg"ku"uwuegrvkdng"vq" 44 oqtg" vjcp" qpg" tcvkqpcn" kpvgtrtgvcvkqp0"" Burch v. Barnhart." 622" H05f" 898." 89;" *;vj" Ekt0" 45 4227+0""Jqygxgt."vjg"Eqwtv"oc{"tgxkgy"qpn{"vjg"tgcuqpu"uvcvgf"d{"vjg"CNL"kp"jku"fgekukqp" 46 Ðcpf"oc{"pqv"chhkto"vjg"CNL"qp"c"itqwpf"wrqp"yjkej"jg"fkf"pqv"tgn{0Ñ""Orn."6;7"H05f"cv"852=" 47 see also Connett v. Barnhart."562"H05f":93.":96"*;vj"Ekt0"4225+0""Vjg"Eqwtv"yknn"pqv"tgxgtug" 48 vjg" EqookuukqpgtÓu" fgekukqp" kh" kv" ku" dcugf" qp" jctonguu" gttqt." yjkej" gzkuvu" kh" vjg" gttqt" ku" 49 ÐÒkpeqpugswgpvkcn"vq"vjg"wnvkocvg"pqpfkucdknkv{"fgvgtokpcvkqp.Ó"qt"kh"fgurkvg"vjg"ngicn"gttqt."Òvjg" 4: 6" " " " " 3 cigpe{Óu"rcvj"oc{"tgcuqpcdn{"dg"fkuegtpgf0ÓÑ""Brown-Hunter v. 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Rnckpvkhh" gzjkdkvu" g{g" vykvejkpi" cpf" cdpqtocn" 49 vqpiwg1oqwvj"oqxgogpvu+."::2"*413:137"Î"fkueqpvkpwg"Tkurgtfcn."uvctv"Ncvwfc+."::8"*;1;14237" 4: Î"fkueqpvkpwg"Rczkn"cpf"Ncvwfc."uvctv"E{odcnvc"cpf"¥{rtgzc."kpetgcug"Vtc|qfqpg+0+""" 36" " " " " 3 Cffkvkqpcnn{." hqwt" qh" vjg" hkxg" fqevqtu" vq" eqpukfgt" vjg" ghhgev" qh" RnckpvkhhÓu" ogpvcn" 4 korcktogpvu"qp"jgt"cdknkv{"vq"yqtm"qrkpgf"vjcv"Rnckpvkhh"yqwnf"dg"cv"ngcuv"oqfgtcvgn{"nkokvgf" 5 kp"uqog"ctgcu"qh"eqpegpvtcvkqp."rgtukuvgpeg."cpf"rceg0""*See, e.g.."CT"88."92."93.":8.";2.";3" 6 *qrkpkqpu"qh"vjg"tgxkgykpi"rj{ukekcpu+="CT"657"*qrkpkqp"qh"gzcokpkpi"ru{ejqnqikuv+="CT"9:4/ 7 :7"*qrkpkqp"qh"vtgcvkpi"ru{ejkcvtkuv."Ft0"Mwttg+0+""Vjg"CNL"fkucitggf."uvcvkpi"vjcv"Rnckpvkhh"ycu" 8 vjg"rtkoct{"ectgikxgt"hqt"jgt"{qwpi"fcwijvgt"cu"ygnn"cu"c"rctv/vkog"ectgikxgt"hqt"c"igpvngocp." 9 cpf" vjgug" cevkxkvkgu" tgswktgf" Ðeqipkvkxg" cpf" eqpegpvtcvkqp" ecrcekv{" itgcvgt" vjcp" ]Rnckpvkhh_" : cnngigf0Ñ""*CT"390+""Gnugyjgtg"kp"vjg"fgekukqp."vjg"CNL"wugf"vjg"ucog"tcvkqpcng"vq"fkueqwpv" ; Ft0" MwttgÓu" qrkpkqp" vjcv" Rnckpvkhh" ycu" Ðoctmgfn{Ñ" nkokvgf" kp" jgt" cdknkv{" vq" ockpvckp" 32 eqpegpvtcvkqp." rgtukuvgpeg." qt" rceg." uvcvkpi" vjcv" Ft0" MwttgÓu" qrkpkqp" ycu" kpeqpukuvgpv" ykvj" 33 Ð]RnckpvkhhÓu_"qdugtxgf"ecrcekv{"vq"dg"vjg"uqng"rctgpv"qh"c"{qwpi"ejknf"cpf"c"rctv/vkog"ectgvcmgt" 34 qh"cpqvjgt"kpfkxkfwcn0Ñ""*CT"430+""" 35 " 36 Yjgp" vjg" CNL" ygkiju" eqphnkevkpi" ogfkecn" qrkpkqpu." vjg" CNL" owuv" ctvkewncvg" c" 37 Ðuwduvcpvkxg" dcukuÑ" hqt" tglgevkpi" c" ogfkecn" qrkpkqp" qt" etgfkvkpi" qpg" ogfkecn" qrkpkqp" qxgt" 38 cpqvjgt0""Garrison v. Colvin."97;"H05f";;7."3234"*;vj"Ekt0"4236+0"Igpgtcnn{."vjg"Eqwtv"yknn" 39 wrjqnf" vjg" CNLÓu" hkpfkpiu" kh" vjg{" ctg" uwrrqtvgf" d{" kphgtgpegu" tgcuqpcdn{" ftcyp" htqo" vjg" 3: tgeqtf0""Molina."896"H05f"cv"33320""Jqygxgt."vjg"CNL"owuv"ctvkewncvg"Ðurgekhke"cpf"ngikvkocvg" 3; tgcuqpu"vjcv"ctg"uwrrqtvgf"d{"uwduvcpvkcn"gxkfgpegÑ"hqt"fkueqwpvkpi"c"vtgcvkpi"qt"gzcokpkpi" 42 fqevqtÓu"qrkpkqp0 Trevizo v. Berryhill.":93"H05f"886."897"*;vj"Ekt0"4239+0""Cu"gzrnckpgf"dgnqy." 43 vjg"CNLÓu"tgcuqpu"hqt"fkueqwpvkpi"Ft0"MwttgÓu"qrkpkqp"tgictfkpi"RnckpvkhhÓu"cdknkv{"vq"ockpvckp" 44 eqpegpvtcvkqp."rgtukuvgpeg."cpf"rceg"Î"i.e.."RnckpvkhhÓu"Ðecrcekv{"vq"dg"vjg"uqng"rctgpv"qh"c"{qwpi" 45 ejknfÑ"cpf"jgt"yqtm"cu"c"rctv/vkog"ectgikxgt"Î"fq"pqv"ucvkuh{"vjku"uvcpfctf0"" 46 " C0" RnckpvkhhÓu"Uvcvwu"cu"c"Ukping"Oqvjgt"" 47 48 " 49 Vjg"CNLÓu"hktuv"tgcuqp"hqt"fkueqwpvkpi"Ft0"MwttgÓu"qrkpkqp"ycu"vjcv"Rnckpvkhh"ku"c"ukping" 4: oqvjgt0""Ykvjqwv"oqtg."jqygxgt."c"rgtuqpÓu"uvcvwu"cu"c"oqvjgt"qt"ukping"rctgpv"jcu"pq"dgctkpi" 37" " " " " 3 qp"jgt"hwpevkqpcn"ecrcekv{"kp"c"eqorgvkvkxg"yqtm"gpxktqpogpv0""Cf. Trevizo.":93"H05f"cv"898" 4 *ÐCdugpv"urgekhke"fgvcknu"cdqwv"]vjg"rnckpvkhhÓu_"ejknfectg"tgurqpukdknkvkgu."vjqug"vcumu"ecppqv" 5 eqpuvkvwvg"Òuwduvcpvkcn"gxkfgpegÓ"kpeqpukuvgpv"ykvj"]c"vtgcvkpi"rj{ukekcpÓu_"kphqtogf"qrkpkqp." 6 cpf"vjwu"vjg"CNL"kortqrgtn{"tgnkgf"qp"]vjg"rnckpvkhhÓu_"ejknfectg"cevkxkvkgu"vq"tglgev"vjg"vtgcvkpi" 7 rj{ukekcp"qrkpkqp0Ñ+= Garcia v. Colvin."384"H0"Uwrr0"5f"32;8."3326"*F0"Qt0"4238+"*CNL"gttgf" 8 kp"ekvkpi"vjg"rnckpvkhhÓu"Ðcevkxkvkgu"qh"dgkpi"c"ukping"rctgpvÑ"cu"c"tgcuqp"hqt"cuukipkpi"nguu"vjcp" 9 hwnn"ygkijv"vq"c"fqevqtÓu"qrkpkqp"vjcv"vjg"rnckpvkhh"jcf"oqfgtcvg"vq"ugxgtg"ogpvcn"nkokvcvkqpu" : dgecwug"Ðvjg"CNL"pgingevgf"vq"tgeqipk|g"vjg"coqwpv"qh"cuukuvcpeg"vjcv"]vjg"rnckpvkhh_"tgswktgf" ; vq" ceeqornkuj" vjgug" vjkpiuÑ" cpf." hwtvjgt." vjg" rnckpvkhh" jcf" gzrgtkgpegf" vjtgg" eqpvcevu" htqo" 32 ejknf"rtqvgevkxg"ugtxkegu+= Beltran v. Berryhill."Pq0"4<39/EX/2333:/FYE."423:"YN"3753;48." 33 cv" ,5" *Y0F0" Ycuj0" Oct0" 4;." 423:+" *vjg" rnckpvkhhÓu" cevkqpu" cu" c" rctgpv" fkf" pqv" pgeguuctkn{" 34 eqpvtcfkev" vjg" rj{ukekcpÓu" qrkpkqp" vjcv" jg" jcu" octmgf" nkokvcvkqpu" kp" jku" cdknkv{" vq" hqnnqy" 35 kpuvtwevkqpu"cpf"gzgtekug"lwfiogpv"cpf."vjgtghqtg."vjg"hcev"vjcv"vjg"rnckpvkhh"ycu"tckukpi"c"uocnn" 36 ejknf" ycu" pqv" c" urgekhke." ngikvkocvg" tgcuqp." uwrrqtvgf"d{" uwduvcpvkcn" gxkfgpeg." vq" tglgev" vjg" 37 rj{ukekcpÓu"qrkpkqp+= Jones v. Berryhill."Pq0"439EX224;5DJUFYE."4239"YN"739:736."cv" 38 ,4"*Y0F0"Ycuj0"Qev0"38."4239+."tgrqtv"cpf"tgeqoogpfcvkqp"cfqrvgf."Pq0"4<39/EX/224;5/ 39 DJU." 4239" YN" 737:3::" *Y0F0" Ycuj0" Pqx0" 9." 4239+" *CNLÓu" eqpenwuqt{" uvcvgogpv" vjcv" c" 3: fqevqtÓu"hkpfkpiu"ygtg"kpeqpukuvgpv"ykvj"c"rnckpvkhhÓu"cdknkv{"vq"hwpevkqp"cu"c"ukping"rctgpv"ycu" 3; pqv"c"urgekhke"cpf"ngikvkocvg"tgcuqp"hqt"fkueqwpvkpi"vjcv"fqevqtÓu"qrkpkqp+=" Powell v. Colvin." 42 Pq0"E38/777:/DJU/LRF."4238"YN"9887;37."cv",:"*Y0F0"Ycuj0"Fge0"43."4238+."tgrqtv"cpf" 43 tgeqoogpfcvkqp"cfqrvgf."Pq0"E38/777:DJU."4239"YN"99:7:"*Y0F0"Ycuj0"Lcp0";."4239+" 44 *ÐVjg"Eqwtv"yknn"pqv"cuuwog."ukorn{"d{"xktvwg"qh"vjg"hcev"vjcv"vjg"rnckpvkhh"ku"c"oqvjgt."vjcv"jgt" 45 fckn{"cevkxkvkgu"ctg"kpeqpukuvgpv"ykvj"fkucdknkv{.Ñ"cpf."vjgtghqtg"jgt"oqvjgtjqqf"ku"pqv"c"urgekhke" 46 cpf"ngikvkocvg"tgcuqp"hqt"fkueqwpvkpi"c"rj{ukekcpÓu"qrkpkqp+="see also"Heidy C. v. Berryhill." 47 Pq0"GFEX"39/4524/MU."423;"YN"673564."cv",9"*E0F0"Ecn0"Hgd0"7."423;+"*Ðvjg"Eqwtv"tglgevu" 48 vjg"EqookuukqpgtÓu"cvvgorv"vq"fkuetgfkv"RnckpvkhhÓu"uvcvgogpvu"uqngn{"dgecwug"Rnckpvkhh."c"ukping" 49 oqo" qh" c" vjgp" rtg/vggp" dq{." jcf" pqv" nquv" cnn" oqvkxcvkqp" cpf" rj{ukecn" ecrcekv{" hqt" dgkpi" c" 4: oqvjgt"vq"jgt"uqp"cpf."kpuvgcf."rgtukuvgf."vq"vjg"dguv"qh"jgt"cdknkv{."kp"rtqxkfkpi"hqqf."enqvjkpi." 38" " " " " 3 vtcpurqtvcvkqp" vq" uejqqn." cpf" c" engcp" jqog" hqt" jgt" ejknfÑ+="Rappe v. Colvin." Pq0" 3<36/EX/ 4 253;7/LVT."4237"YN"78;4454."cv",9"*G0F0"Ycuj0"Ugrv0"4:."4237+"*ÐVjg"CNL"gttgf"kp"wukpi" 5 RnckpvkhhÓu"cdknkv{"vq"ectg"hqt"jgt"ejknftgp"cpf"fq"jqwugjqnf"ejqtgu"vq"fkuetgfkv"jgt0Ñ+="but see 6 Rollins v. Massanari."483"H05f":75.":78"*;vj"Ekt0"4223+"*rnckpvkhhÓu"cdknkv{"vq"Ðockpvckp]_"c" 7 jqwugjqnf"cpf"tcku]g_"vyq"{qwpi"ejknftgp."ykvj"pq"ukipkhkecpv"cuukuvcpeg"htqo"jgt"gz"jwudcpfÑ" 8 ycu"c"ngikvkocvg"tgcuqp"uwrrqtvgf"d{"uwduvcpvkcn"gxkfgpeg"hqt"fkueqwpvkpi"c"fqevqtÓu"qrkpkqp" 9 vjcv"vjg"rnckpvkhh"eqwnf"pqv"dgpf."uvqqr."qt."inter alia."etqwej+0""" : " ; Vjg"tgeqtf"ujqyu"vjcv."fwtkpi"vjg"rgtkqf"kp"swguvkqp."Rnckpvkhh."vq"ocpcig"cu"c"ukping" 32 rctgpv."tgnkgf"qp"cuukuvcpeg"htqo"vjg"Eqwpv{"qh"TkxgtukfgÓu"EcnYqtmu"Rtqitco."yjkej"qhhgtgf." 33 inter alia."ecuj"ckf."ogpvcn"jgcnvj"ugtxkegu."cpf"hkpcpekcn"cuukuvcpeg"ykvj"ejknf"ectg0""*See CT" 34 :63"*Rnckpvkhh"fkuewuugu"eqornkcpeg"ykvj"EcnYqtmu"Rtqitco+.":::"*Rnckpvkhh"pqvkhkgf"vjcv"ujg" 35 pq" nqpigt" ku" gnkikdng" hqt" ogpvcn" jgcnvj" ugtxkegu" vjtqwij" EcnYqtmu++=" see also EQWPV[" QH" 36 TKXGTUKFG" 37 jvvr<11fruu0eq0tkxgtukfg0ec0wu1ugnh/uwhhkekgpe{1ecnyqtmu" *ncuv" xkukvgf" Octej" 36." 423;+=" 38 Gerritsen v. Warner Bros. Entm’t Inc0."334"H0"Uwrr0"5f"3233."3255"*E0F0"Ecn0"4237+"*ÐWpfgt" 39 Twng"423."vjg"eqwtv"ecp"vcmg"lwfkekcn"pqvkeg"qh"Ò]r_wdnke"tgeqtfu"cpf"iqxgtpogpv"fqewogpvu" 3: cxckncdng" htqo" tgnkcdng" uqwtegu" qp" vjg" Kpvgtpgv.Ó" uwej" cu" ygdukvgu" twp" d{" iqxgtpogpvcn" 3; cigpekgu0Ñ+0" " Vjgtg" ku." oqtgqxgt." pq" Cfwnv" Hwpevkqp" Tgrqtv" kfgpvkh{kpi" RnckpvkhhÓu" fckn{" 42 ejknfectg"cevkxkvkgu."vjg"CNL"fkf"pqv"swguvkqp"Rnckpvkhh"cv"vjg"jgctkpi"cdqwv"vjg"pcvwtg"qh"jgt" 43 ejknfectg"cevkxkvkgu"*see generally CT"49/78+."cpf"vjg"CNL"fkf"pqv"gnkekv"kphqtocvkqp"htqo"c" 44 vjktf"rctv{"cdqwv"RnckpvkhhÓu"rgthqtocpeg"cu"c"rctgpv0""Vjgtg"ku."vjgtghqtg."pq"uwrrqtv"kp"vjg" 45 tgeqtf" hqt" vjg" CNLÓu" cuuworvkqp" vjcv" Rnckpvkhh" rgthqtogf" cevkxkvkgu" cu" c" rctgpv" vjcv" ctg" 46 kpeqpukuvgpv" ykvj" Ft0" MwttgÓu" cuuguuogpv" qh" jgt" ogpvcn" nkokvcvkqpu0" " Ceeqtfkpin{." vjg" CNL" 47 gttgf" kp" wukpi" RnckpvkhhÓu" uvcvwu" cu" c" ukping" rctgpv" cu" itqwpfu" hqt" fkueqwpvkpi" Ft0" MwttgÓu" 48 qrkpkqp"cpf"hqt"hkpfkpi"vjcv"Rnckpvkhh"ycu"pqv"oqtg"vjcp"okpkocnn{"nkokvgf"kp"jgt"cdknkv{"vq" 49 ockpvckp"eqpegpvtcvkqp."rgtukuvgpeg."qt"rceg0" FGRCTVOGPV" QH" RWDNKE" " 4: 39" " " UQEKCN" UGTXKEGU." ECNYQTMU." " " D0" RnckpvkhhÓu"Rctv/Vkog"Yqtm"" 3 " 4 5 Vjg"CNLÓu"ugeqpf"tgcuqp"hqt"fkueqwpvkpi"Ft0"MwttgÓu"qrkpkqp"cpf"hqt"hkpfkpi."cv"Uvgr" 6 Vyq."vjcv"Rnckpvkhh"ku"pqv"oqtg"vjcp"okpkocnn{"nkokvgf"kp"eqpegpvtcvkqp."rgtukuvgpeg."cpf"rceg" 7 ycu"vjcv."hqt"c"rgtkqf."Rnckpvkhh"yqtmgf"rctv/vkog"cu"c"ectgikxgt0""Vjku"vqq"ku"pqv"c"ngikvkocvg" 8 tgcuqp"uwrrqtvgf"d{"uwduvcpvkcn"gxkfgpeg"hqt"fkueqwpvkpi"Ft0"MwttgÓu"qrkpkqp0" 9 " : Vjg" tgeqtf" ujqyu" vjcv." fwtkpi" vjg" rgtkqf" kp" swguvkqp." Rnckpvkhh" hqwpf" jgtugnh" kp" fktg" ; hkpcpekcn" ektewouvcpegu" cpf." vq" eqpvkpwg" tgegkxkpi" cuukuvcpeg" vjtqwij" EcnYqtmu." jcf" vq" 32 eqorn{"ykvj"Tkxgtukfg"Eqwpv{Óu"Ygnhctg/vq/Yqtm"tgswktgogpvu0""Kp"Lcpwct{"4235."Rnckpvkhh" 33 vqnf"jgt"vjgtcrkuv"Ktoc"Hkegtg"Î"yjqo"ujg"ucy"vjtqwij"vjg"EcnYqtmu"Rtqitco"Î"vjcv"ujg"ycu" 34 wpcdng"vq"rc{"jgt"tgpv"cpf"yqwnf"hceg"gxkevkqp"kh"ujg"eqwnf"pqv"rc{"d{"Octej"3."42350""*CT" 35 :590+""Kp"Lwpg"4235."Rnckpvkhh"tgrqtvgf"vjcv"ujg"ycu"vt{kpi"vq"fq"Ðugnh/gornq{ogpv"lqduÑ"vq"rc{" 36 jgt"tgpv"cpf"dg"eqornkcpv"ykvj"vjg"EcnYqtmu"Rtqitco0""*CT":630+""Qp"Lwn{"53."4235."Rnckpvkhh" 37 tgrqtvgf"vjcv"ujg"jcf"tgegkxgf"jgt"vjtgg/fc{"gxkevkqp"pqvkeg"cpf"jcf"pq"dcem/wr"jqwukpi0""*CT" 38 :670+" " Qp" Cwiwuv" 35." 4235." Rnckpvkhh" tgrqtvgf" vjcv" ujg" jcf" qdvckpgf" vyq" xqnwpvggt" lqdu" vq" 39 eqorn{"ykvj"vjg"EcnYqtmuÓ"RtqitcoÓu"Ygnhctg/vq/Yqtm"tgswktgogpvu0""*CT":690+""Kp"Crtkn" 3: 4236."Rnckpvkhh"tgrqtvgf"vjcv"ujg"ycu"yqtmkpi"rctv/vkog"cu"c"ectgikxgt"hqt"cp"kpfkxkfwcn"ykvj" 3; RctmkpuqpÓu"Fkugcug0""*CT":770+""Rnckpvkhh"eqpvkpwgf"vq"tgrqtv"yqtmkpi"cu"c"rctv/vkog"ectgikxgt" 42 vjtqwij"Lwn{"42370""*CT"::6="see also id. :94."::4.":7;0+""Kp"Qevqdgt"4237."qpg"oqpvj"chvgt" 43 Ft0"Rcvgn"kphqtogf"Rnckpvkhh"vjcv"ujg"pq"nqpigt"dgnqpigf"vq"vjg"EcnYqtmu"Rtqitco"*see CT" 44 97;+."Rnckpvkhh"tgrqtvgf"vq"jgt"pgy"ru{ejkcvtkuv."Ft0"Mwttg."vjcv"ujg"ycu"pqv"gornq{gf0""*CT" 45 97;0+""Ikxgp"RnckpvkhhÓu"ektewouvcpegu."vjg"hcev"vjcv"ujg"yqtmgf"cu"c"rctv/vkog"ectgikxgt"hqt"3:" 46 oqpvju"yjkng"rctvkekrcvkpi"kp"vjg"EcnYqtmu"Rtqitco"ycu"pqv"c"ngikvkocvg"tgcuqp"uwrrqtvgf" 47 d{"uwduvcpvkcn"gxkfgpeg"kp"vjg"tgeqtf"hqt"fkueqwpvkpi"Ft0"MwttgÓu"qrkpkqp"tgictfkpi"RnckpvkhhÓu" 48 cdknkv{"vq"ockpvckp"eqpegpvtcvkqp."rgtukuvgpeg."cpf"rceg"kp"c"eqorgvkvkxg"yqtm"gpxktqpogpv0" 49 ^^" 4: ^^"" 3:" " " " " E0" Eqpenwukqp" 3 " 4 5 Kp"hkpfkpi"vjcv"vjg"CNL"gttgf"kp"fkueqwpvkpi"vjg"qrkpkqp"qh"Ft0"Mwttg."vjg"Eqwtv"pqvgu" 6 vjcv"vjg"CNL"wugf"c"ukoknct"tcvkqpcng"vq"fkueqwpv"vjg"qrkpkqp"qh"vjg"vyq"tgxkgykpi"rj{ukekcpu." 7 yjq"dqvj"hqwpf"vjcv"Rnckpvkhh"ycu"oqfgtcvgn{"nkokvgf"kp"jgt"cdknkv{"vq"ockpvckp"eqpegpvtcvkqp" 8 rgtukuvgpeg"cpf"rceg0""*CT"420+""Urgekhkecnn{."vjg"CNL"uvcvgf"vjcv"vjg"tgxkgykpi"rj{ukekcpuÓ" 9 qrkpkqpu"ygtg"Ðpqv"uwrrqtvgfÑ"dgecwug"vjg"tgxkgykpi"rj{ukekcpu"fkf"pqv"igv"c"ejcpeg"vq"tgxkgy" : tgeqtfu"ujqykpi"vjcv"Rnckpvkhh"ycu"vjg"uqng"rctgpv"qh"c"{qwpi"ejknf"cpf"yqtmgf"rctv/vkog"cu"c" ; ectgikxgt"hqt"cpqvjgt"kpfkxkfwcn0""*CT"420+""Vjg"CNL"ku"kpeqttgev<""vjg"tgxkgykpi"rj{ukekcpu" 32 did"igv"c"ejcpeg"vq"tgxkgy"tgeqtfu"htqo"Ft0"Rcvgn"kpfkecvkpi"vjcv"Rnckpvkhh"ycu"c"ukping"oqvjgt0"" 33 *See CT"9;8"*Pqxgodgt"9."4234"vtgcvogpv"pqvg"htqo"Ft0"Rcvgn+."83"*tghngevkpi"vjcv"Ft0"RcvgnÓu" 34 tgeqtfu"ygtg"ugpv"vq"vjg"tgxkgykpi"rj{ukekcp"hqt"tgxkgy"qp"Hgdtwct{":."4235"Î"vjtgg"oqpvju" 35 chvgt" vjg" tgngxcpv" vtgcvogpv" pqvg" ycu" ytkvvgp+0+" " Oqtgqxgt." hqt" vjg" tgcuqpu" uvcvgf" cdqxg." 36 tgictfnguu"qh"yjcv"vjg"tgxkgykpi"rj{ukekcpu"fkf"qt"fkf"pqv"tgxkgy."kv"ycu"wptgcuqpcdng"hqt"vjg" 37 CNL"vq"kphgt"htqo"RnckpvkhhÓu"uvcvwu"cu"c"ukping"oqvjgt"cpf"jgt"rctv/vkog"gornq{ogpv"vjcv"vjg" 38 tgxkgykpi"rj{ukekcpuÓ"cuuguuogpv"qh"RnckpvkhhÓu"ogpvcn"nkokvcvkqpu"ycu"kpeqttgev0""See Molina." 39 896"H05f"cv"33320" 3: " 3; Kp"uwo."vjg"CNL"hckngf"vq"ctvkewncvg"ngicnn{"uwhhkekgpv"tgcuqpu"uwrrqtvgf"d{"uwduvcpvkcn" 42 gxkfgpeg"hqt"fkueqwpvkpi"vjg"qrkpkqpu"qh"Ft0"Mwttg"cpf"qvjgt"ogfkecn"uqwtegu"vjcv"Rnckpvkhh" 43 ycu"oqtg"vjcp"okpkocnn{"nkokvgf"kp"ockpvckpkpi"eqpegpvtcvkqp."rgtukuvgpeg."qt"rceg0""Hwtvjgt." 44 vjg"CNLÓu"eqpenwukqp"cv"Uvgr"Vyq"vjcv"Rnckpvkhh"jcf"pq"oqtg"vjcp"c"unkijv"ogpvcn"cdpqtocnkv{" 45 ykvj"pq"oqtg"vjcp"c"okpkocn"ghhgev"qp"jgt"cdknkv{"vq"yqtm"ycu"pqv"Ðengctn{"guvcdnkujgfÑ"d{"vjg" 46 ogfkecn"gxkfgpeg0""See Webb."655"H05f"cv"8:90""Vjg"Eqwtv"ecppqv"uc{"vjcv"vjgug"gttqtu."yjkej" 47 qeewttgf" xgt{" gctn{" kp" vjg" ugswgpvkcn" cpcn{uku." ygtg" kpeqpugswgpvkcn" vq" vjg" wnvkocvg" 48 pqpfkucdknkv{"fgvgtokpcvkqp."pqt"ecp"vjg"Eqwtv"tgcuqpcdn{"fkuegtp"vjg"CNLÓu"rcvj"fgurkvg"jgt" 49 gttqtu0""See Brown-Hunter.":28"H05f"cv"6;40""Ceeqtfkpin{."vjg"gttqtu"ctg"pqv"jctonguu."cpf"vjg" 4: ocvvgt"owuv"dg"tgocpfgf0""See id.""" 3;" " " " " " 3 X0" 4 Tgocpf"ku"Ycttcpvgf" " 5 6 Kv" ku" fggrn{" vtqwdnkpi" vjcv." cv" Uvgr" Vyq." c" de minimis uetggpkpi" vjtgujqnf." vjg" CNL" 7 fkueqwpvgf" RnckpvkhhÓu" ukipkhkecpv" jkuvqt{" qh" ru{ejkcvtke" vtgcvogpv" cpf" fggogf" RnckpvkhhÓu" 8 cnngigf"ogpvcn"korcktogpv"ÐitqwpfnguuÑ"rtkoctkn{"dgecwug"Rnckpvkhh"ycu"c"ukping"oqvjgt"yjq" 9 yqtmgf" c" rctv/vkog" lqd0" " Pgxgtvjgnguu." vjg" Eqwtv" ecppqv" uc{" vjcv" hwtvjgt" cfokpkuvtcvkxg" : rtqeggfkpiu"yqwnf"ugtxg"pq"wughwn"rwtrqug"cpf."kh"vjg"kortqrgtn{"fkuetgfkvgf"gxkfgpeg"ygtg" ; etgfkvgf"cu"vtwg."vjg"CNL"yqwnf"dg"tgswktgf"vq"hkpf"Rnckpvkhh"fkucdngf"qp"tgocpf0""See Garrison." 32 97;"H05f"cv"32420""Vjku"ecug."vjgp."ku"pqv"vjg"Ðtctg"gzegrvkqpÑ"kp"yjkej"vjg"etgfkv"cu"vtwg"twng" 33 ujqwnf"dg"crrnkgf"cpf"vjg"ocvvgt"tgocpfgf"hqt"vjg"ecnewncvkqp"cpf"cyctf"qh"dgpghkvu0""See Leon 34 v. Berryhill.":96"H05f"3352."3355"*;vj"Ekt0"4239+0""Vjgtghqtg."vjg"Eqwtv"tgocpfu"hqt"hwtvjgt" 35 eqpukfgtcvkqp0"" 36 ^^" 37 ^^" 38 ^^" 39 ^^" 3: ^^" 3; ^^" 42 ^^" 43 ^^" 44 ^^" 45 ^^" 46 ^^" 47 ^^"" 48 ^^"" 49 ^^"" 4: ^^"" 42" " " " " 3 EQPENWUKQP" 4 " 5 " 6 ku" TGXGTUGF." cpf" vjku" ecug" ku" TGOCPFGF" hqt" hwtvjgt" rtqeggfkpiu" eqpukuvgpv" ykvj" vjku" 7 Ogoqtcpfwo"Qrkpkqp"cpf"Qtfgt0" 8 " " 9 " KV" KU" HWTVJGT" QTFGTGF" vjcv" vjg" Engtm" qh" vjg" Eqwtv" ujcnn" ugtxg" eqrkgu" qh" vjku" : Ogoqtcpfwo"Qrkpkqp"cpf"Qtfgt"cpf"vjg"Lwfiogpv"qp"eqwpugn"hqt"rnckpvkhh"cpf"hqt"fghgpfcpv0" ; " 32 " 33 " 34 FCVG<"Octej"3;."423;" 35 " 36 37 "Hqt"vjg"tgcuqpu"uvcvgf"cdqxg."KV"KU"QTFGTGF"vjcv"vjg"fgekukqp"qh"vjg"Eqookuukqpgt" " NGV"LWFIOGPV"DG"GPVGTGF"CEEQTFKPIN[" " " " " " " aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa" """"""""""MCTGP"N0"UVGXGPUQP"""""" " WPKVGF"UVCVGU"OCIKUVTCVG"LWFIG" 38 39 3: 3; 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 4: 43" " "
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