In Re: Christopher Ole Munch, No. 2:2018cv00868 - Document 38 (C.D. Cal. 2018)

Court Description: ORDER DENYING APPEAL by Judge Manuel L. Real: The bankruptcy court's judgment is affirmed. IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that Appellant's appeal is DENIED. (Made JS-6. Case Terminated.) (gk)

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Insurance Corp. of New York."376"H0"CrrÓz"78;."792"*;vj"Ekt0"Cwi0"34."4227+"*jqnfkpi"vjcv" 43" fkuvtkev"eqwtv"fkf"pqv"cdwug"kvu"fkuetgvkqp"d{"eqpukfgtkpi"ncvg"hkngf"oqvkqp"hqt"uwooct{"lwfiogpv+0" 44" Ugeqpf."Crrgnncpv"ctiwgu"vjcv"cv"vjg"jgctkpi"qp"Fgegodgt"36."423:."vjg"dcpmtwrve{"eqwtv" 45" xkqncvgf"CrrgnncpvÓu"fwg"rtqeguu"tkijvu"d{"pqv"cnnqykpi"jko"vq"ugrctcvgn{"cpf"cffkvkqpcnn{"rtqeggf" 46" ykvj"qtcn"ctiwogpv"qp"jku"etquu"oqvkqp"hqt"uwooct{"lwfiogpvÏvjku"ku"ugrctcvg"cpf"crctv"htqo" 47" qtcn"ctiwogpv"rtgugpvgf"kp"qrrqukvkqp"vq"CrrgnnggÓu"etquu"oqvkqp"hqt"uwooct{"lwfiogpv0""See"Dt0" 48" 49" 4:" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" "Crrgnncpv"ocmgu"c"rcuukpi"ctiwogpv"vjcv"vjg"dcpmtwrve{"eqwtvÓu"twnkpi"qp"vjg"hktuv"Brunner"gngogpvÏÐokpkocn" uvcpfctf"qh"nkxkpiÑÏycu"gttqpgqwu0""Dt0"Cv"62/630""Jqygxgt."vjg"dcpmtwrve{"eqwtv"wnvkocvgn{"hqwpf"kp"CrrgnncpvÓu" hcxqt"cu"vq"vjku"gngogpv."cpf."oqtgqxgt."CrrgnnggÓu"fq"pqv"etquu/crrgcn"vjg"dcpmtwrve{"eqwtvÓu"hkpfkpi"qp"vjku"gngogpv0"" Ceeqtfkpin{."vjg"Eqwtv"pggf"pqv"cfftguu"vjg"hktuv"Brunner"gngogpv0" 5 " " 8" " 3" cv"48"*ÐQpeg"vjg"Eqwtv"kphqtogf"vjg"rctvkgu"vjcv"vjg"ocvvgt*u+"yqwnf"dg"vcmgp"wpfgt"uwdokuukqp." 4" Crrgnncpv"cumgf"vjg"]dcpmtwrve{"eqwtv_"cdqwv"qtcn"ctiwogpvu"hqt"vjg"ugrctcvg"ZOUL."cpf"Lwfig" 5" Ecttqnn"kphqtogf"vjg"Crrgnncpv"vjcv"Ò{qwt"vkog"hqt"ctiwkpi"ku"qxgt"Ot0"Owpej0ÓÑ+0"" 6" Pqvykvjuvcpfkpi"CrrgnncpvÓu"cnngigf"kpcdknkv{"vq"rtgugpv"cffkvkqpcn"qt"ugiogpvgf"qtcn"ctiwogpv." 7" vjg"Eqwtv"ku"ucvkuhkgf"vjcv"Crrgnncpv"ycu"chhqtfgf"c"hckt"cpf"ogcpkpihwn"qrrqtvwpkv{"vq"rwv"hqtyctf" 8" jku"ctiwogpvu."d{"xktvwg"qh"vjg"hwnn{"dtkghgf"etquu"oqvkqp"hqt"uwooct{"lwfiogpv."jku"tgurqpug"vq" 9" CrrgnngguÓ"oqvkqp"hqt"uwooct{"lwfiogpv."cpf"vjg"qtcn"ctiwogpv"vjcv"jg"ycu"rgtokvvgf"vq"rtgugpv0"" :" See Jordan Underwriters Servs., Inc. v. Intrepid Ins. 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Eqwtv"fkucitggu"ykvj"CrrgnncpvÓu"cuugtvkqp0""CrrgnncpvÓu"tghwucn"vq"rctvkekrcvg"kp"vjg"KDT"rtqitco." 3;" rctvkewnctn{"yjgp"jku"rc{ogpv"yqwnf"dg"|gtq"wpvkn"jg"ugewtgu"ickphwn"gornq{ogpv."ygkiju"jgcxkn{" 42" cickpuv"c"hkpfkpi"qh"iqqf"hckvj0""Ceeqtfkpin{."vjg"Eqwtv"hkpfu"vjcv"vjg"dcpmtwrve{"eqwtv"fkf"pqv" 43" eqookv"engct"gttqt"kp"fgvgtokpkpi"c"ncem"qh"iqqf"hckvj0" Dcugf"qp"vjg"gxkfgpeg"kp"vjg"tgeqtf."Crrgnncpv"jcu"hckngf"vq"ujqy"Ðcffkvkqpcn" 44" 45" ektewouvcpeguÑ"qt"Ðiqqf"hckvjÑ"cu"tgswktgf"d{"vjg"uvcpfctf"ugv"hqtvj"kp"Brunner0""See Brunner.":53" 46" H04f"cv"5;80""Vjg"Eqwtv."vjgtghqtg."citggu"ykvj"vjg"dcpmtwrve{"eqwtv"vjcv"Crrgnncpv"hckngf"vq"oggv" 47" 111" 48" 111" 49" 111" 4:" " " 32" " 3" jku"dwtfgp"qh"rtqxkpi"cp"Ðwpfwg"jctfujkrÑ"wpfgt"33"W0U0E0"¸"745*c+*:+0""Ceeqtfkpin{."vjg" 4" dcpmtwrve{"eqwtvÓu"lwfiogpv"ku"chhktogf0"""" KV"KU"JGTGD["QTFGTGF"vjcv"CrrgnncpvÓu"crrgcn"ku"FGPKGF0""*Fmv0"47+0" 5" 6" Fcvgf<"Ugrvgodgt"47."423:0" 7" " 8" aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"""""" 9" :" "" 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