Roy Foster Otis v. Dean Borders, No. 2:2017cv08456 - Document 31 (C.D. Cal. 2019)
Court Description: MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER by Magistrate Judge Karen L. Stevenson. IT IS ORDERED THAT (1) the First Amended Petition 8 is denied ; and (2) Judgement shall be entered dismissing this action with prejudice. (SEE DOCUMENT FOR FURTHER INFORMATION) (gr)
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Borg."46"H05f"42."46"*;vj"Ekt0"3;;6+0""" 48 " C" uvcvg" rtkuqpgt" owuv" gzjcwuv" jku" uvcvg" eqwtv" tgogfkgu" dghqtg" c" hgfgtcn" eqwtv" oc{" 49 Vq"ucvkuh{"vjg"gzjcwuvkqp"tgswktgogpv."c"jcdgcu"rgvkvkqpgt"owuv"jcxg"hcktn{"rtgugpvgf"jku" 4: encko"d{"fguetkdkpi"vq"vjg"uvcvg"eqwtv"dqvj"vjg"hgfgtcn"ngicn"vjgqt{"cpf"vjg"qrgtcvkxg"hcevu"qp" 9" " " " " 3 yjkej"gcej"itqwpf"hqt"tgnkgh"ku"dcugf0""See Gray v. Netherland."73:"W0U0"374."384/85"*3;;8+" 4 *Ð]H_qt"rwtrqugu"qh"gzjcwuvkpi"uvcvg"tgogfkgu."c"encko"hqt"tgnkgh"kp"jcdgcu"eqtrwu"owuv"kpenwfg" 5 tghgtgpeg"vq"c"urgekhke"hgfgtcn"eqpuvkvwvkqpcn"iwctcpvgg."cu"ygnn"cu"c"uvcvgogpv"qh"vjg"hcevu"vjcv" 6 gpvkvng"vjg"rgvkvkqpgt"vq"tgnkgh0Ñ+0""ÐVjg"uvcvg"eqwtvu"jcxg"dggp"ikxgp"c"uwhhkekgpv"qrrqtvwpkv{"vq" 7 jgct"cp"kuuwg"yjgp"vjg"rgvkvkqpgt"jcu"rtgugpvgf"vjg"uvcvg"eqwtv"ykvj"vjg"kuuwgÓu"hcevwcn"cpf"ngicn" 8 dcuku0Ñ""Weaver v. Thompson."3;9"H05f"57;."586"*;vj"Ekt0"3;;;+"*ekvcvkqpu"qokvvgf+0""" 9 " : TgurqpfgpvÓu" gzjcwuvkqp" ctiwogpv" hqewugu" qp" yjgvjgt" Rgvkvkqpgt" hcktn{" rtgugpvgf" c" ; hgfgtcn"ngicn"vjgqt{"hqt"gcej"qh"jku"enckou0""*Cpuygt"cv"9/:0+""ÐKh"uvcvg"eqwtvu"ctg"vq"dg"ikxgp" 32 vjg"qrrqtvwpkv{"vq"eqttgev"cnngigf"xkqncvkqpu"qh"rtkuqpgtuÓ"hgfgtcn"tkijvu."vjg{"owuv"uwtgn{"dg" 33 cngtvgf"vq"vjg"hcev"vjcv"vjg"rtkuqpgtu"ctg"cuugtvkpi"enckou"wpfgt"vjg"Wpkvgf"Uvcvgu"Eqpuvkvwvkqp0Ñ"" 34 Duncan v. Henry."735"W0U0"586."587/88"*3;;7+"*per curiam+0""ÐKp"qtfgt"vq"cngtv"vjg"uvcvg"eqwtv." 35 c"rgvkvkqpgt"owuv"ocmg"tghgtgpeg"vq"rtqxkukqpu"qh"vjg"hgfgtcn"Eqpuvkvwvkqp"qt"owuv"ekvg"gkvjgt" 36 hgfgtcn" qt" uvcvg" ecug" ncy" vjcv" gpicigu" kp" c" hgfgtcn" eqpuvkvwvkqpcn" cpcn{uku0Ñ" " Fields v. 37 Waddington." 623" H05f" 323:." 3243" *;vj" Ekt0" 4227+" *ekvcvkqpu" qokvvgf+0" " Pqpgvjgnguu." c" 38 rgvkvkqpgt"ku"pqv"tgswktgf"vq"ekvg"Ðdqqm"cpf"xgtug"qp"vjg"hgfgtcn"eqpuvkvwvkqp0Ñ""See Picard v. 39 Connor." 626" W0U0" 492." 49:" *3;93+" *ekvcvkqp" qokvvgf+0" " Tcvjgt." Ðvjg" uwduvcpegÑ" qh" vjg" ngicn" 3: dcuku"qh"c"hgfgtcn"jcdgcu"eqtrwu"encko"owuv"dg"hcktn{"rtgugpvgf"vq"vjg"uvcvg"eqwtvu0""See id0" " 3; 42 KK0" 43 " Cpcn{uku" C0" 44 Itqwpf"Qpg"Ku"Pqv"Uwdlgev"vq"vjg"Gzjcwuvkqp"Tgswktgogpv0" 45 " 46 " 47 kpuvtwev" vjg" lwt{"qp" vjg" qhhgpug" qh" ukorng" cuucwnv." c" nguugt/kpenwfgf" qhhgpug" qh" vjg" etkog" qh" 48 cuucwnv"d{"ogcpu"qh"hqteg"nkmgn{"vq"rtqfweg"itgcv"dqfkn{"kplwt{0""*HCR"Gzjkdkv"C"cv"8/350+""Vjg" 49 Ecnkhqtpkc"Eqwtv"qh"Crrgcn"hqwpf"pq"gttqt"kp"vjg"vtkcn"eqwtvÓu"tghwucn"vq"ikxg"vjg"kpuvtwevkqp." 4: chvgt" hkpfkpi" vjcv" vjg" gxkfgpeg" fkf" pqv" ycttcpv" kv0" " *Nqfi0" Pq0" 6" cv" 9/320+" " Rgvkvkqpgt" Kp" Itqwpf" Qpg." Rgvkvkqpgt" enckou" vjcv" vjg" vtkcn" eqwtv" gttgf" kp" fgp{kpi" jku" tgswguv" vq" :" " " " " 3 uwdugswgpvn{"tckugf"vjku"encko"kp"jku"Rgvkvkqp"hqt"Tgxkgy."yjkej"vjg"Ecnkhqtpkc"Uwrtgog"Eqwtv" 4 uwooctkn{"fgpkgf0""*Nqfi0"Pq0"80+""" 5 " 6 Tgurqpfgpv"ctiwgu"vjcv"vjku"encko"ku"wpgzjcwuvgf"dgecwug"Rgvkvkqpgt"fkf"pqv"ekvg"cp{" 7 hgfgtcn"cwvjqtkv{"hqt"vjku"encko"dghqtg"vjg"Ecnkhqtpkc"Uwrtgog"Eqwtv0""*Cpuygt"cv":0+""Jqygxgt." 8 kh"c"encko"ku"pqv"eqipk|cdng"qp"hgfgtcn"jcdgcu"tgxkgy."vjg"hgfgtcn"gzjcwuvkqp"tgswktgogpv"fqgu" 9 pqv"crrn{0""See Engle v. Isaac."678"W0U0"329."342"p03;"*3;:4+"*ÐKh"c"uvcvg"rtkuqpgt"cnngigu"pq" : fgrtkxcvkqp" qh" c" hgfgtcn" tkijv." ¸" 4476" ku" ukorn{" kpcrrnkecdng0" Kv" ku" wppgeguuct{" kp" uwej" c" ; ukvwcvkqp" vq" kpswktg" yjgvjgt" vjg" rtkuqpgt" rtgugtxgf" jku" encko" dghqtg" vjg" uvcvg" eqwtvu0Ñ+=" 32 Gutierrez v. Griggs."8;7"H04f"33;7."33;9/;:"*;vj"Ekt0"3;:5+"*ÐKpuqhct"cu"Iwvkgttg|"ukorn{" 33 ejcnngpigu" vjg" eqttgevpguu" qh" vjg" uvcvg" gxkfgpvkct{" twnkpiu" cpf" vjg" lwt{" kpuvtwevkqpu." jg" jcu" 34 cnngigf"pq"fgrtkxcvkqp"qh"hgfgtcn"tkijvu0"Yjgp"c"uvcvg"rtkuqpgt"jcu"hckngf"vq"cnngig"c"fgrtkxcvkqp" 35 qh"c"hgfgtcn"tkijv."¸"4476"fqgu"pqv"crrn{"cpf"kv"ku"wppgeguuct{"hqt"wu"vq"fgvgtokpg"yjgvjgt"vjg" 36 rtkuqpgt" ucvkuhkgf" vjg" ¸" 4476*d+" gzjcwuvkqp" tgswktgogpv0Ñ+" *ekvcvkqp" qokvvgf+0" " Jgtg." 37 Tgurqpfgpv"eqpvgpfu"vjcv"RgvkvkqpgtÓu"encko"kp"Itqwpf"Qpg"qh"vjg"HCR"ku"pqv"eqipk|cdng"qp" 38 hgfgtcn"jcdgcu"tgxkgy"dgecwug"jg"hcknu"vq"cnngig"c"hgfgtcn"eqpuvkvwvkqpcn"xkqncvkqp0""*Cpuygt"cv" 39 34/350+""Kh"Tgurqpfgpv"ku"eqttgev."vjg"gzjcwuvkqp"tgswktgogpv"fqgu"pqv"crrn{"vq"Itqwpf"Qpg0""" 3: " 3; " 42 eqwtv"gttgf"kp"tghwukpi"jku"tgswguv"hqt"cp"kpuvtwevkqp"qp"c"nguugt/kpenwfgf"qhhgpug"hcknu"vq"tckug" 43 c"hgfgtcn"swguvkqp0""Cu"c"igpgtcn"twng."c"uvcvg"eqwtvÓu"fgvgtokpcvkqp"cu"c"ocvvgt"qh"uvcvg"ncy"vjcv" 44 cp"kpuvtwevkqp"ycu"pqv"ycttcpvgf"d{"vjg"gxkfgpeg"ku"pqv"eqipk|cdng"qp"hgfgtcn"jcdgcu"tgxkgy0"" 45 See Menendez v. Terhune."644"H05f"3234."324;"*;vj"Ekt0"4227+"*ÐCp{"gttqt"kp"vjg"uvcvg"eqwtvÓu" 46 fgvgtokpcvkqp"qh"yjgvjgt"uvcvg"ncy"cnnqygf"hqt"cp"kpuvtwevkqp"kp"vjku"ecug"ecppqv"hqto"vjg"dcuku" 47 hqt"hgfgtcn"jcdgcu"tgnkgh0Ñ+0""Nkmgykug."c"uvcvg"eqwtvÓu"hcknwtg"kp"c"pqp/ecrkvcn"ecug"vq"ikxg"cp" 48 kpuvtwevkqp" qp" c" nguugt/kpenwfgf" qhhgpug." gkvjgt"sua sponte" qt" wrqp" vjg" rgvkvkqpgtÓu" tgswguv." 49 fqgu"pqv"rtgugpv"c"hgfgtcn"eqpuvkvwvkqpcn"swguvkqp0""See Windham v. Merkle."385"H05f"32;4." 4: 3328"*;vj"Ekt0"3;;:+"*ÐWpfgt"vjg"ncy"qh"vjku"ektewkv."vjg"hcknwtg"qh"c"uvcvg"eqwtv"vq"kpuvtwev"qp" Vjg"Eqwtv"eqpewtu"ykvj"Tgurqpfgpv"vjcv"RgvkvkqpgtÓu"encko"kp"Itqwpf"Qpg"vjcv"vjg"vtkcn" ;" " " " " 3 nguugt" kpenwfgf" qhhgpugu" kp" c" pqp/ecrkvcn" ecug" fqgu" pqv" rtgugpv" c" hgfgtcn" eqpuvkvwvkqpcn" 4 swguvkqp0Ñ+="Bashor v. Risley."952"H04f"344:."3462"*;vj"Ekt0"3;;:+"*ÐHcknwtg"qh"c"uvcvg"eqwtv"vq" 5 kpuvtwev" qp" c" nguugt" qhhgpug" ]kp" c" pqp/ecrkvcn" ecug_" hcknu" vq" rtgugpv" c" hgfgtcn" eqpuvkvwvkqpcn" 6 swguvkqp"cpf"yknn"pqv"dg"eqpukfgtgf"kp"c"hgfgtcn"jcdgcu"eqtrwu"rtqeggfkpi0Ñ+"*swqvkpi"James 7 v. Reese."768"H04f"547."549"*;vj"Ekt0"3;98++="see also Bagby v. Sowders.":;6"H04f"9;4."9;7" 8 *8vj" Ekt0" 3;;2+" *Ð]Y_jgtg." cu" jgtg." vjg" jkijguv" eqwtv" qh" c" uvcvg" jcu" tgxkgygf" c" fghgpfcpvÓu" 9 tgswguv"hqt"c"nguugt"kpenwfgf"qhhgpug"kpuvtwevkqp"cpf"eqpenwfgf"vjcv"kv"ku"pqv"ycttcpvgf"d{"vjg" : gxkfgpeg"gnkekvgf"cv"vtkcn."vjcv"eqpenwukqp"ku"czkqocvkecnn{"eqttgev."cu"c"ocvvgt"qh"uvcvg"ncy0Ñ+=" ; Chavez v. Kirby.":6:"H04f"3323."3325"*32vj"Ekt0"3;::+"*jqnfkpi"vjcv"vjg"fgpkcn"qh"c"pqp/ecrkvcn" 32 jcdgcu" rgvkvkqpgtÓu" tgswguv" fwtkpi" vtkcn" hqt" c" nguugt/kpenwfgf" qhhgpug" kpuvtwevkqp" ycu" pqv" 33 eqipk|cdng"cu"c"hgfgtcn"encko."ekvkpi"c"twng"qh"Ðcwvqocvke"pqp/tgxkgycdknkv{Ñ+="Perry v. Smith." 34 :32"H04f"329:."32:2"*33vj"Ekt0"3;:9+"*ucog."cpf"hkpfkpi"kv"koocvgtkcn"vjcv"vjg"rgvkvkqpgt"jcf" 35 tgswguvgf"vjg"kpuvtwevkqp"dgecwug"Ðc"tgswguv"hqt"uwej"c"ejctig"hcknu"vq"kpxqmg"c"fwg"rtqeguu" 36 tkijv"hqt"vjg"ukorng"tgcuqp"vjcv"vjg"tkijv"fqgu"pqv"gzkuvÑ+="Pitts v. Lockhart.";33"H04f"32;."334" 37 *:vj"Ekt0"3;;2+"*ÐC"oclqtkv{"qh"vjg"ektewkvu"eqpukfgtkpi"vjku"fkhhkewnv"kuuwg"jcxg"jgnf"vjcv"vjg" 38 hcknwtg"qh"c"uvcvg"eqwtv"vq"kpuvtwev"qp"c"nguugt"kpenwfgf"qhhgpug"kp"c"pqpecrkvcn"ecug"pgxgt"tckugu" 39 c"hgfgtcn"eqpuvkvwvkqpcn"swguvkqp0Ñ+0""""""" 3: " 3; " 42 jgtg0" " Kp" uqog" ektewouvcpegu." Ðvjg" tghwucn" d{" c" eqwtv" vq" kpuvtwev" c" lwt{" qp" nguugt" kpenwfgf" 43 qhhgpugu." yjgp" vjqug" qhhgpugu" ctg" eqpukuvgpv" ykvj" fghgpfcpvÓu" vjgqt{" qh" vjg" ecug." oc{" 44 eqpuvkvwvg" c" eqipk|cdng" jcdgcu" encko]0_Ñ" " See Solis v. Garcia." 43;" H05f" ;44." ;4;" *;vj" Ekt0" 45 4222+="Bashor."952"H04f"cv"34620""Jgtg."jqygxgt."vjg"nguugt/kpenwfgf"qhhgpug"qh"ukorng"cuucwnv" 46 jcf"pqvjkpi"vq"fq"ykvj"RgvkvkqpgtÓu"vjgqt{"qh"vjg"ecug."yjkej"ycu"tgcuqpcdng"fqwdv"vjcv"jg"jcf" 47 eqookvvgf"cp{"etkog0""*6"TV"3224/4:0+""Vjwu."kv"tgockpu"vjg"ecug"vjcv"RgvkvkqpgtÓu"encko"qh" 48 gpvkvngogpv"vq"cp"kpuvtwevkqp"qp"c"nguugt/kpenwfgf"qhhgpug"ku"pqv"eqipk|cdng"qp"hgfgtcn"jcdgcu" 49 tgxkgy0" 4: " Cnvjqwij"vjg"Pkpvj"Ektewkv"tgeqipk|gu"cp"gzegrvkqp"vq"vjku"igpgtcn"twng."kv"fqgu"pqv"crrn{" 32" " " " " 3 " Dgecwug" RgvkvkqpgtÓu" encko" kp" Itqwpf" Qpg" hcknu" vq" rtgugpv" c" hgfgtcn" swguvkqp." kv" ku" 4 fkuokuugf"pqv"hqt"ncem"qh"gzjcwuvkqp."dwv"hqt"pqp/eqipk|cdknkv{0""See Estelle v. McGuire."724" 5 W0U0" 84." 89" *3;;3+" *ÐKp" eqpfwevkpi" jcdgcu" tgxkgy." c" hgfgtcn" eqwtv" ku" nkokvgf" vq" fgekfkpi" 6 yjgvjgt" c" eqpxkevkqp" xkqncvgf" vjg" Eqpuvkvwvkqp." ncyu." qt" vtgcvkgu" qh" vjg" Wpkvgf" Uvcvgu0Ñ+0"" 7 Jqygxgt."vjku"fqgu"pqv"rtgenwfg"vjg"Eqwtv"htqo"eqpukfgtkpi"RgvkvkqpgtÓu"tgockpkpi"encko"kp" 8 Itqwpf" Vyq" qh" kpuwhhkekgpe{" qh" vjg" gxkfgpeg." dqvj" hqt" gzjcwuvkqp" cpf" qp" vjg" ogtkvu0" " See" 9 Insyxiengmay v. Morgan."625"H05f"879."889"*;vj"Ekt0"4227+"*ÐGzjcwuvkqp"ku"fgvgtokpgf"qp"c" : encko/d{/encko"dcuku0Ñ+="Nelson v. Solem."936"H04f"79."82"p04"*:vj"Ekt0"3;:5+"*ÐKh"]rgvkvkqpgtÓu_" ; encko"eqwnf"dg"eqpuvtwgf"qpn{"cu"c"uvcvg"ncy"encko."vjgp"hcknwtg"vq"gzjcwuv"vjku"encko"yqwnf" 32 pqv"rtgxgpv"vjg"fkuvtkev"eqwtv"htqo"eqpukfgtkpi"vjg"tgockpkpi"gzjcwuvgf"hgfgtcn"encko0Ñ+0""" 33 " 34 D0" Itqwpf"Vyq"Ku"Gzjcwuvgf0" 35 " 36 Kp"Itqwpf"Vyq."Rgvkvkqpgt"enckou"vjcv"vjg"gxkfgpeg"rtgugpvgf"cv"vtkcn"ycu"kpuwhhkekgpv"vq" 37 uwrrqtv" vjg" lwt{Óu" hkpfkpi" vjcv" jg" rgtuqpcnn{" kphnkevgf" itgcv" dqfkn{" kplwt{" wrqp" vjg" xkevko0"" 38 *HCR"Gzjkdkv"C"cv"36/390+""Vjg"Ecnkhqtpkc"Eqwtv"qh"Crrgcn"tglgevgf"vjku"encko"chvgt"hkpfkpi" 39 uwduvcpvkcn"gxkfgpeg"hqt"vjg"lwt{Óu"hkpfkpi0""*Nqfi0"Pq0"6"cv"34/360+""Rgvkvkqpgt"uwdugswgpvn{" 3: tckugf"vjku"encko"kp"jku"Rgvkvkqp"hqt"Tgxkgy."yjkej"vjg"Ecnkhqtpkc"Uwrtgog"Eqwtv"uwooctkn{" 3; fgpkgf0""*Nqfi0"Pq0"80+" 42 " 43 Tgurqpfgpv" ctiwgu" vjcv" vjku" encko" ku" wpgzjcwuvgf" dgecwug" Rgvkvkqpgt" fkf" pqv" ekvg" cp{" 44 hgfgtcn"cwvjqtkv{"hqt"vjku"encko"dghqtg"vjg"Ecnkhqtpkc"Uwrtgog"Eqwtv0""*Cpuygt"cv":0+"""Jqygxgt." 45 kp"jku"Rgvkvkqp"hqt"Tgxkgy"kp"vjg"Ecnkhqtpkc"Uwrtgog"Eqwtv."Rgvkvkqpgt"ekvgf"People v. Johnson." 46 48"Ecn0"5f"779."79:"*3;:2+."yjkej"tgeqipk|gu"vjcv"EcnkhqtpkcÓu"ngicn"uvcpfctf"hqt"enckou"qh" 47 kpuwhhkekgpe{"qh"vjg"gxkfgpeg"ku"kfgpvkecn"vq"vjg"eqttgurqpfkpi"hgfgtcn"uvcpfctf0""*Nqfi0"Pq0"7" 48 cv"360+""Kv"ku"cp"qrgp"swguvkqp"kp"vjg"Pkpvj"Ektewkv"yjgvjgt"c"jcdgcu"rgvkvkqpgt"ecp"ucvkuh{"vjg" 49 hgfgtcn" gzjcwuvkqp" tgswktgogpv" uqngn{"d{" tgn{kpi" qp" c"uvcvg" uvcpfctf" vjcv" ku"kfgpvkecn" vq" vjg" 4: hgfgtcn"uvcpfctf"yjgp"rtgugpvkpi"vjg"encko"vq"vjg"uvcvg"eqwtvu0""See Fields."623"H05f"cv"3244/ 33" " " " " 3 46" *cuuwokpi" vjcv" tckukpi" cp" kfgpvkecn" uvcvg" uvcpfctf" eqwnf" uwhhkeg" vq" gzjcwuv" c" encko" dwv" 4 hkpfkpi"vjcv"vjg"rgvkvkqpgt"jcf"hckngf"vq"ujqy"kfgpvkecn"vtgcvogpv+="see also Casey v. Moore." 5 5:8"H05f":;8.";36"*;vj"Ekt0"4226+"*hkpfkpi"kv"wppgeguuct{"vq"tguqnxg"vjg"kuuwg"dgecwug"vjg"uvcvg" 6 cpf"hgfgtcn"uvcpfctfu"ygtg"pqv"kfgpvkecn+="Peterson v. Lampert."53;"H05f"3375."3382"*;vj"Ekt0" 7 4225+"*en banc+"*ucog+0""Jqygxgt."vjg"Pkpvj"Ektewkv"jcu"jgnf"vjcv"c"rgvkvkqpgtÓu"tgnkcpeg"qp"cp" 8 kfgpvkecn"uvcvg"uvcpfctf"ecp"dg"qpg"qh"ownvkrng"hcevqtu"ujqykpi"vjcv"jg"jcf"hcktn{"rtgugpvgf"jku" 9 encko0""See"Sanders v. Ryder."564"H05f";;3."3222"*;vj"Ekt0"4225+"*jqnfkpi"vjcv"c"rgvkvkqpgtÓu" : encko" qh" Ðkpghhgevkxg" cuukuvcpeg" qh" eqwpugnÑ" kp" vjg" Ycujkpivqp" uvcvg" eqwtvu" ycu" gzjcwuvgf" ; dgecwug"vjg"uvcpfctfu"hqt"vjg"encko"ctg"vjg"ucog"wpfgt"uvcvg"cpf"hgfgtcn"ncy."dwv"cnuq"dgecwug" vjg"rgvkvkqpgt"ycu"pro se cpf"jcf"ekvgf"hgfgtcn"cwvjqtkvkgu"kp"jku"tgrn{"dtkgh+0""" 32 33 " 34 Hqt"c"rgvkvkqpgt"vq"ucvkuh{"vjg"hgfgtcn"hckt"rtgugpvcvkqp"tgswktgogpv"uqngn{"d{"tgn{kpi"qp" 35 cp"kfgpvkecn"uvcvg"uvcpfctf."jg"owuv"ujqy"vjcv"vjg"uvcvg"eqwtvu"yqwnf"vtgcv"vjg"enckou"kfgpvkecnn{" 36 d{."hqt"gzcorng."rtqfwekpi"cp"chhktocvkxg"uvcvgogpv"d{"vjg"uvcvgÓu"jkijguv"eqwtv"vjcv"vjg"uvcvg" 37 cpf"hgfgtcn"uvcpfctfu"ctg"kfgpvkecn0""See Fields."623"H05f"cv"32460""Vjg"Ecnkhqtpkc"Uwrtgog" 38 Eqwtv"tgrgcvgfn{"jcu"ocfg"uwej"chhktocvkxg"uvcvgogpvu"cdqwv"enckou"qh"kpuwhhkekgpe{"qh"vjg" 39 gxkfgpeg0""See Johnson."48"Ecn0"5f"cv"798"*ÐEcnkhqtpkc"fgekukqpu"uvcvg"cp"kfgpvkecn"uvcpfctf0Ñ+=" 3: People v. Young."56"Ecn0"6vj"336;."3397"*4227+"*ÐYg"crrn{"cp"kfgpvkecn"uvcpfctf"wpfgt"vjg" 3; Ecnkhqtpkc" Eqpuvkvwvkqp0Ñ+=" People v. Staten." 46" Ecn0" 6vj" 656." 682" *4222+" *ÐCp" kfgpvkecn" 42 uvcpfctf"crrnkgu"wpfgt"vjg"Ecnkhqtpkc"Eqpuvkvwvkqp0Ñ+0""""" 43 " 44 Ikxgp" vjg" chhktocvkxg" uvcvgogpvu" d{" vjg" Ecnkhqtpkc" Uwrtgog" Eqwtv" vjcv" vjg" uvcvg" cpf" 45 hgfgtcn"uvcpfctfu"hqt"enckou"qh"kpuwhhkekgpe{"qh"vjg"gxkfgpeg"ctg"kfgpvkecn."vjg"Eqwtv"hkpfu"vjcv" 46 RgvkvkqpgtÓu"tgnkcpeg"qp"vjg"Ecnkhqtpkc"uvcpfctf"ycu"uwhhkekgpv"vq"ucvkuh{"vjg"hgfgtcn"tgswktgogpv" 47 qh" hckt" rtgugpvcvkqp0" " Kp" vjg" cdugpeg" qh" c" Pkpvj" Ektewkv" fgekukqp" jqnfkpi" vjcv" c" rgvkvkqpgtÓu" 48 tgnkcpeg"qp"cp"kfgpvkecn"uvcvg"uvcpfctf"d{"kvugnh"ucvkuhkgu"vjg"hckt"rtgugpvcvkqp"tgswktgogpv."vjg" 49 Eqwtv"hkpfu"rgtuwcukxg"vjg"fgekukqpu"qh"qvjgt"eqwtvu"hkpfkpi"vjcv"kv"fqgu0""See Nunez v. Gibson." 4: 4239"YN"582262:."cv",35"*E0F0"Ecn0"Oc{"33."4239+"*Ð]K_p"vjg"cdugpeg"qh"iwkfcpeg"htqo"vjg" 34" " " " " 3 Pkpvj"Ektewkv."vjg"Eqwtv"hkpfu"vjcv"yjgtg."cu"jgtg."vjg"uvcvg"cpf"hgfgtcn"uvcpfctfu"ctg"kfgpvkecn." 4 vjg" uvcvg" eqwtv" pgeguuctkn{" jcf" c" hckt" qrrqtvwpkv{" vq" rcuu" qp" c" rgvkvkqpgtÓu" hgfgtcn" encko0Ñ+" 5 *eqnngevkpi" ukoknct" fkuvtkev" eqwtv" ecugu" htqo" vjg" Pkpvj" Ektewkv+=" see also Evans v. Court of 6 Common Pleas." ;7;" H04f" 3449." 3455" *5f" Ekt0" 3;;4+" *Ð]V_jg" vguv" hqt" kpuwhhkekgpe{" qh" vjg" 7 gxkfgpeg"ku"vjg"ucog"wpfgt"dqvj"Rgppu{nxcpkc"cpf"hgfgtcn"ncy0"0"0"0"Cu"uwej"vjg"ogvjqf"qh" 8 cpcn{uku"cuugtvgf"kp"vjg"hgfgtcn"eqwtvu"ycu"tgcfkn{"cxckncdng"vq"vjg"uvcvg"eqwtv0Ñ+"*ekvcvkqpu"cpf" 9 kpvgtpcn" swqvcvkqp" octmu" qokvvgf+="Nadworny v. Fair." :94" H04f" 32;5." 3324" *3uv" Ekt0" 3;:;+" : *hkpfkpi"c"encko"jcf"dggp"hcktn{"rtgugpvgf"dgecwug"Ðvjg"vguv"hqt"tgxkgykpi"uwhhkekgpe{"qh"vjg" ; gxkfgpeg"ku"guugpvkcnn{"kfgpvkecn"wpfgt"]Ocuucejwugvvu_"ncy"cu"wpfgt"vjg"EqpuvkvwvkqpÑ+0""" 32 " 33 Oqtgqxgt."kv"ku"tgcuqpcdng"vq"eqpenwfg"vjcv"vjg"Ecnkhqtpkc"eqwtvuÓ"tglgevkqp"qh"vjku"encko" 34 wpfgt"vjg"kfgpvkecn"Ecnkhqtpkc"uvcpfctf"hqt"kpuwhhkekgpe{"qh"vjg"gxkfgpeg"pgeguuctkn{"tguqnxgf" 35 vjg"hgfgtcn"eqpuvkvwvkqpcn"encko0""See Smart v. Hedgpeth."698"H0"CrrÓz":25"*;vj"Ekt0"4234+" 36 *hkpfkpi"vjcv"hqt"c"Ecnkhqtpkc"rtkuqpgtÓu"encko"qh"kpuwhhkekgpe{"qh"vjg"gxkfgpeg."Ðvjg"tglgevkqp" 37 qh"]jku_"kfgpvkecn"uvcvg"encko"pgeguuctkn{"cpuygtgf"vjg"hgfgtcn"eqpuvkvwvkqpcn"swguvkqpÑ+="see 38 also Juan H. v. Allen."62:"H05f"3484."3496"p034"*;vj"Ekt0"4227+"*hkpfkpi"vjcv"dgecwug"kv"ku" 39 wppgeguuct{"hqt"uvcvg"eqwtvu"vq"ekvg"hgfgtcn"ncy"kp"tglgevkpi"c"hgfgtcn"encko."c"Ecnkhqtpkc"eqwtvÓu" 3: wug"qh"c"uvcvg"ncy"uvcpfctf."ykvj"uvcvg"eqwtv"fgekukqpu"uwej"cu"Johnson."vq"tglgev"cp"kpuwhhkekgpe{" 3; qh" vjg" gxkfgpeg" encko" ycu" gpqwij" vq" uwdlgev" vjg" encko" vq" hgfgtcn" jcdgcu" tgxkgy" wpfgt" 4:" 42 W0U0E0" ¸"4476*f+*3++0" " Kv" vjgtghqtg" yqwnf" ugtxg" pq" rwtrqug" kp" vjgug" ektewouvcpegu" hqt" 43 Rgvkvkqpgt"vq"tgvwtp"vq"vjg"Ecnkhqtpkc"Uwrtgog"Eqwtv"uq"vjcv"kv"oc{"crrn{"vjg"kfgpvkecn"uvcpfctf." 44 yjkej"jcf"dggp"crrnkgf"qpeg"cntgcf{"qp"fktgev"tgxkgy."vq"tguqnxg"vjg"hgfgtcn"eqpuvkvwvkqpcn" 45 encko0""See Castille v. Peoples."6:;"W0U0"568."572"*3;:;+"*Ð]Q_peg"vjg"uvcvg"eqwtvu"jcxg"twngf" 46 wrqp"c"encko."kv"ku"pqv"pgeguuct{"hqt"c"rgvkvkqpgt"Òvq"cum"vjg"uvcvg"hqt"eqnncvgtcn"tgnkgh."dcugf" 47 wrqp"vjg"ucog"gxkfgpeg"cpf"kuuwgu"cntgcf{"fgekfgf"d{"fktgev"tgxkgy0ÓÑ+"*swqvkpi"Brown v. 48 Allen."566"W0U0"665."669"*3;75++0""Hqt"vjgug"tgcuqpu."fkuokuucn"qh"Itqwpf"Vyq"hqt"ncem"qh" 49 gzjcwuvkqp"ku"wpycttcpvgf."cpf"kv"yknn"dg"tgxkgygf"qp"vjg"ogtkvu0" 4: " 35" " " " " 3 UVCPFCTF"QH"TGXKGY" 4 " K0" 5 Vjg"Cpvkvgttqtkuo"Cpf"Ghhgevkxg"Fgcvj"Rgpcnv{"Cev" 6 " 7 Wpfgt" 4:" W0U0E0" ¸" 4476*f+." cu" cogpfgf" d{" vjg" Cpvkvgttqtkuo" cpf" Ghhgevkxg" Fgcvj" 8 Rgpcnv{"Cev"qh"3;;8"*ÐCGFRCÑ+."c"uvcvg"rtkuqpgt"yjqug"encko"jcu"dggp"Ðcflwfkecvgf"qp"vjg" 9 ogtkvuÑ"ecppqv"qdvckp"hgfgtcn"jcdgcu"tgnkgh"wpnguu"vjcv"cflwfkecvkqp<""*3+"tguwnvgf"kp"c"fgekukqp" : vjcv"ycu"eqpvtct{"vq."qt"kpxqnxgf"cp"wptgcuqpcdng"crrnkecvkqp"qh."engctn{"guvcdnkujgf"Hgfgtcn" ; ncy."cu"fgvgtokpgf"d{"vjg"Uwrtgog"Eqwtv"qh"vjg"Wpkvgf"Uvcvgu="qt"*4+"tguwnvgf"kp"c"fgekukqp" 32 vjcv"ycu"dcugf"qp"cp"wptgcuqpcdng"fgvgtokpcvkqp"qh"vjg"hcevu"kp"nkijv"qh"vjg"gxkfgpeg"rtgugpvgf" 33 kp"vjg"Uvcvg"eqwtv"rtqeggfkpi0" 34 " 35 Hqt" vjg" rwtrqugu" qh" Ugevkqp" 4476*f+." Ðengctn{" guvcdnkujgf" Hgfgtcn" ncyÑ" tghgtu" vq" vjg" 36 Uwrtgog"Eqwtv"jqnfkpiu"kp"gzkuvgpeg"cv"vjg"vkog"qh"vjg"uvcvg"eqwtv"fgekukqp"kp"kuuwg0""Cullen v. 37 Pinholster."785"W0U0"392."3:4"*4233+="see also Kernan v. Cuero."aa"W0U0"aa."35:"U0"Ev0"6.";" 38 *4239+"*per curiam+"*Ðektewkv"rtgegfgpv"fqgu"pqv"eqpuvkvwvg"engctn{"guvcdnkujgf"hgfgtcn"ncy0"0"0"0"" 39 ]p_qt."qh"eqwtug."fq"uvcvg/eqwtv"fgekukqpu."vtgcvkugu."qt"ncy"tgxkgy"ctvkenguÑ+"*kpvgtpcn"swqvcvkqp" 3: octmu"cpf"ekvcvkqpu"qokvvgf+0""C"Uwrtgog"Eqwtv"rtgegfgpv"ku"pqv"engctn{"guvcdnkujgf"ncy"wpfgt" 3; ¸" 4476*f+*3+" wpnguu" kv" Ðuswctgn{" cfftguugu" vjg" kuuwgÑ" kp" vjg" ecug" dghqtg" vjg" uvcvg" eqwtv" qt" 42 guvcdnkujgu"c"ngicn"rtkpekrng"vjcv"Ðengctn{"gzvgpfuÑ"vq"vjg"ecug"dghqtg"vjg"uvcvg"eqwtv0""Moses v. 43 Payne."777"H05f"964."982"*;vj"Ekt0"422;+="see also Harrington v. Richter."784"W0U0":8."323" 44 *4233+"*kv"ÐÒku"pqv"cp"wptgcuqpcdng"crrnkecvkqp"qh"engctn{"guvcdnkujgf"Hgfgtcn"ncy"hqt"c"uvcvg" 45 eqwtv"vq"fgenkpg"vq"crrn{"c"urgekhke"ngicn"twng"vjcv"jcu"pqv"dggp"uswctgn{"guvcdnkujgf"d{ÓÑ"vjg" 46 Uwrtgog"Eqwtv+"*ekvcvkqp"qokvvgf+0""" 47 " 48 C" uvcvg" eqwtv" fgekukqp" ku" Ðeqpvtct{" vqÑ" engctn{" guvcdnkujgf" hgfgtcn" ncy" wpfgt" Ugevkqp" 49 4476*f+*3+"qpn{"kh"vjgtg"ku"Ðc"fktgev"cpf"kttgeqpekncdng"eqphnkev.Ñ"yjkej"qeewtu"yjgp"vjg"uvcvg" 4: eqwtv"gkvjgt"*3+"cttkxgf"cv"c"eqpenwukqp"qrrqukvg"vq"vjg"qpg"tgcejgf"d{"vjg"Uwrtgog"Eqwtv"qp"c" 36" " " " " 3 swguvkqp"qh"ncy"qt"*4+"eqphtqpvgf"c"ugv"qh"hcevu"ocvgtkcnn{"kpfkuvkpiwkujcdng"htqo"c"tgngxcpv" 4 Uwrtgog"Eqwtv"fgekukqp"dwv"tgcejgf"cp"qrrqukvg"tguwnv0""Murray v. Schriro."967"H05f";:6.";;9" 5 *;vj"Ekt0"4236+"*ekvkpi"Williams v. Taylor."74;"W0U0"584."627"*4222++0""C"uvcvg"eqwtv"fgekukqp" 6 ku"cp"Ðwptgcuqpcdng"crrnkecvkqpÑ"qh"engctn{"guvcdnkujgf"hgfgtcn"ncy"wpfgt"Ugevkqp"4476*f+*3+" 7 kh"vjg"uvcvg"eqwtvÓu"crrnkecvkqp"qh"Uwrtgog"Eqwtv"rtgegfgpv"ycu"Ðqdlgevkxgn{"wptgcuqpcdng."pqv" 8 ogtgn{"ytqpi0Ñ""White v. Woodall."794"W0U0"637."63;"*4236+0""Vjg"rgvkvkqpgt"owuv"guvcdnkuj" 9 vjcv"Ðvjgtg"]ecp_"dg"pq"Òhcktokpfgf"fkucitggogpvÓÑ"vjcv"vjg"engctn{"guvcdnkujgf"twng"cv"kuuwg" : crrnkgu"vq"vjg"hcevu"qh"vjg"ecug0""See id."cv"3928/29"*kpvgtpcn"ekvcvkqp"qokvvgf+0""Hkpcnn{."c"uvcvg" ; eqwtvÓu"fgekukqp"ku"dcugf"qp"cp"wptgcuqpcdng"fgvgtokpcvkqp"qh"vjg"hcevu"ykvjkp"vjg"ogcpkpi"qh" 32 4:"W0U0E0"¸"4476*f+*4+"yjgp"vjg"hgfgtcn"eqwtv"ku"Ðeqpxkpegf"vjcv"cp"crrgnncvg"rcpgn."crrn{kpi" 33 vjg"pqtocn"uvcpfctfu"qh"crrgnncvg"tgxkgy."eqwnf"pqv"tgcuqpcdn{"eqpenwfg"vjcv"vjg"hkpfkpi"ku" 34 uwrrqtvgf"d{"vjg"tgeqtf"dghqtg"vjg"uvcvg"eqwtv0Ñ""Hurles v. Ryan."974"H05f"98:."99:"*;vj"Ekt0+" 35 *kpvgtpcn" swqvcvkqp" octmu" qokvvgf+." cert. denied." 357" U0" Ev0" 932" *4236+0" " Uq" nqpi" cu" 36 ÐÒ]t_gcuqpcdng"okpfu"tgxkgykpi"vjg"tgeqtf"okijv"fkucitgg.ÓÑ"vjg"uvcvg"eqwtvÓu"fgvgtokpcvkqp"qh" 37 vjg"hcevu"ku"pqv"wptgcuqpcdng0""See Brumfield v. Cain."aaa"W0U0"aaa."357"U0"Ev0"448;."4499" 38 *4237+0""" 39 " 3: CGFRC"vjwu"Ðgtgevu"c"hqtokfcdng"dcttkgt"vq"hgfgtcn"jcdgcu"tgnkgh"hqt"rtkuqpgtu"yjqug" 3; enckou"jcxg"dggp"cflwfkecvgf"kp"uvcvg"eqwtv0Ñ""White v. Wheeler."aa"W0U0"aa."358"U0"Ev0"678." 42 682"*4237+"*per curiam+"*kpvgtpcn"swqvcvkqp"octmu"cpf"ekvcvkqp"qokvvgf+0""Rgvkvkqpgt"ecttkgu"vjg" 43 dwtfgp"qh"rtqqh0""See Pinholster."785"W0U0"cv"3:30"" 44 " 45 KK0" 46 " Vjg"Uvcvg"Eqwtv"Fgekukqp"Qp"Itqwpf"Vyq"Ku"Gpvkvngf"Vq"CGFRC"Fghgtgpeg0" 47 Cu" pqvgf." vjg" qpn{" eqipk|cdng" encko" jgtg" ku" RgvkvkqpgtÓu" encko" kp" Itqwpf" Vyq" qh" 48 kpuwhhkekgpe{"qh"vjg"gxkfgpeg0""Rgvkvkqpgt"tckugf"kv"qp"fktgev"tgxkgy"kp"vjg"Ecnkhqtpkc"Eqwtv"qh" 49 Crrgcn0""*Nqfi0"Pq0"3"cv"43/460+""Vjg"Ecnkhqtpkc"Eqwtv"qh"Crrgcn"fgpkgf"vjg"encko"kp"c"tgcuqpgf" 4: fgekukqp"qp"vjg"ogtkvu0""*Nqfi0"Pq0"6"cv"34/360+""Rgvkvkqpgt"vjgp"rtgugpvgf"vjg"encko"vq"vjg" 37" " " " " 3 Ecnkhqtpkc" Uwrtgog" Eqwtv" kp" vjg" Rgvkvkqp" hqt" Tgxkgy" *Nqfi0" Pq0" 7" cv" 36/39+." yjkej" vjg" 4 Ecnkhqtpkc"Uwrtgog"Eqwtv"fgpkgf"uwooctkn{"ykvjqwv"eqoogpv"qt"ekvcvkqp"vq"cwvjqtkv{"*Nqfi0" 5 Pq0"8+0""Vjwu."Ugevkqp"4476*f+"crrnkgu."cpf"vjg"Eqwtv"nqqmu"vjtqwij"vjg"Ecnkhqtpkc"Uwrtgog" 6 EqwtvÓu"uwooct{"fgpkcn"vq"vjg"ncuv"tgcuqpgf"fgekukqp"Î"vjg"fgekukqp"qh"vjg"Ecnkhqtpkc"Eqwtv"qh" 7 Crrgcn"qp"fktgev"tgxkgy"Î"vq"fgvgtokpg"yjgvjgt"vjg"uvcvg"eqwtvÓu"cflwfkecvkqp"qh"Itqwpf"Vyq" 8 ku"wptgcuqpcdng"qt"eqpvtct{"vq"engctn{"guvcdnkujgf"hgfgtcn"ncy0""See Johnson v. Williams."78:" 9 W0U0"4:;."4;9"p03"*4235+"*ÐEqpukuvgpv"ykvj"qwt"fgekukqp"kp"Ylst v. Nunnemaker."723"W0U0"9;9." : :28" *3;;3+." vjg" Pkpvj" Ektewkv" Ònqqm]gf_" vjtqwijÓ" vjg" Ecnkhqtpkc" Uwrtgog" EqwtvÓu" uwooct{" ; fgpkcn"qh"]vjg"rgvkvkqpgtÓu_"rgvkvkqp"hqt"tgxkgy"cpf"gzcokpgf"vjg"Ecnkhqtpkc"Eqwtv"qh"CrrgcnÓu" 32 qrkpkqp0Ñ+="see also. e.g.."Jones v. Harrington.":4;"H05f"334:."3358"*;vj"Ekt0"4238+"*nqqmkpi" 33 vjtqwij"Ecnkhqtpkc"Uwrtgog"EqwtvÓu"uwooct{"fgpkcn"qh"c"rgvkvkqp"hqt"tgxkgy"vq"vjg"Ecnkhqtpkc" 34 Eqwtv"qh"CrrgcnÓu"fgekukqp"qp"fktgev"tgxkgy+0" 35 " 36 FKUEWUUKQP" 37 " 38 Rgvkvkqpgt"enckou"vjcv"vjg"gxkfgpeg"ycu"kpuwhhkekgpv"vq"uwrrqtv"vjg"lwt{Óu"hkpfkpi"vjcv"jg" rgtuqpcnn{"kphnkevgf"itgcv"dqfkn{"kplwt{"qp"vjg"xkevko0""*HCR"Gzjkdkv"C"cv"36/390+" 39 "" 3: K0" 3; Ngicn"Uvcpfctf" 42 " 43 Ð]V_jg"Fwg"Rtqeguu"Encwug"rtqvgevu"vjg"ceewugf"cickpuv"eqpxkevkqp"gzegrv"wrqp"rtqqh" 44 dg{qpf"c"tgcuqpcdng"fqwdv"qh"gxgt{"hcev"pgeguuct{"vq"eqpuvkvwvg"vjg"etkog"ykvj"yjkej"jg"ku" 45 ejctigf0Ñ""In re Winship."5;9"W0U0"57:."586"*3;92+0""Yjgp"c"jcdgcu"rgvkvkqpgt"ejcnngpigu"vjg" 46 uwhhkekgpe{"qh"vjg"gxkfgpeg"uwrrqtvkpi"vjg"lwt{Óu"xgtfkev."Ðvjg"tgngxcpv"swguvkqp"ku"yjgvjgt." 47 chvgt"xkgykpi"vjg"gxkfgpeg"kp"vjg"nkijv"oquv"hcxqtcdng"vq"vjg"rtqugewvkqp."any"tcvkqpcn"vtkgt"qh" 48 hcev"eqwnf"jcxg"hqwpf"vjg"guugpvkcn"gngogpvu"qh"vjg"etkog"dg{qpf"c"tgcuqpcdng"fqwdv0Ñ""Jackson 49 v. Virginia."665"W0U0"529."53;"*3;9;+"*gorjcuku"kp"qtkikpcn+="see also Coleman v. Johnson." 4: 788"W0U0"872."878"*4234+"*per curiam+"*Ðswguvkqp"wpfgt"Jackson ku"yjgvjgt"]vjg"lwt{Óu_"hkpfkpi" 38" " " " " 3 ycu"uq"kpuwrrqtvcdng"cu"vq"hcnn"dgnqy"vjg"vjtgujqnf"qh"dctg"tcvkqpcnkv{0Ñ+0""Jackson"fqgu"pqv" 4 tgswktg" vjcv" vjg" rtqugewvqt" chhktocvkxgn{" ÐÒtwng" qwv" gxgt{" j{rqvjguku" gzegrv" vjcv" qh" iwknv0ÓÑ"" 5 Wright v. West." 727" W0U0" 499." 4;8" *3;;4+" *ekvcvkqp" qokvvgf+0" " Hwtvjgt." ÐÒ]e_ktewouvcpvkcn" 6 gxkfgpeg"cpf"kphgtgpegu"ftcyp"htqo"kv"oc{"dg"uwhhkekgpv"vq"uwuvckp"c"eqpxkevkqp0ÓÑ""Walters v. 7 Maass." 67" H05f" 3577." 357:" *;vj" Ekt0" 3;;7+" *ekvcvkqp" qokvvgf+0" " Yjgp" vjg" hcevwcn" tgeqtf" 8 uwrrqtvu" eqphnkevkpi" kphgtgpegu." vjg" hgfgtcn" eqwtv" owuv" rtguwog" Î" gxgp" kh" kv" fqgu" pqv" 9 chhktocvkxgn{"crrgct"qp"vjg"tgeqtf"Î"vjcv"vjg"vtkgt"qh"hcev"tguqnxgf"cp{"uwej"eqphnkevu"kp"hcxqt" : qh"vjg"rtqugewvkqp"cpf"fghgt"vq"vjcv"tguqnwvkqp0""Jackson."665"W0U0"cv"548="McDaniel v. Brown." ; 77:"W0U0"342."355"*4232+0""Wnvkocvgn{."hqt"RgvkvkqpgtÓu"encko"vq"dg"uweeguuhwn."vjg"lwt{Óu"hkpfkpi" 32 owuv"dg"Ðuq"kpuwrrqtvcdng"cu"vq"hcnn"dgnqy"vjg"vjtgujqnf"qh"dctg"tcvkqpcnkv{0Ñ""Coleman."354"U0" 33 Ev0"cv"42870" 34 " 35 " 36 wpfgt" c" Ðvykeg/fghgtgpvkcn" uvcpfctf0Ñ" " Parker v. Matthews." 789" W0U0" 59." 65" *4234+" *per 37 curiam+0" " Ceeqtfkpin{." vjku" EqwtvÓu" kpswkt{" ku" nkokvgf" vq" yjgvjgt" vjg" Ecnkhqtpkc" eqwtvuÓ" 38 tglgevkqp"qh"RgvkvkqpgtÓu"kpuwhhkekgpe{"qh"vjg"gxkfgpeg"enckou"ycu"cp"qdlgevkxgn{"wptgcuqpcdng" 39 crrnkecvkqp"qh"Jackson0""See Emery v. Clark."865"H05f"3432."3435/36"*;vj"Ekt0"4233+="Juan H. 3: v. Allen."62:"H05f"3484."3497"p035"*;vj"Ekt0"4227+0""" 3; " 42 "KK0" 43 " 44 " 45 itgcv"dqfkn{"kplwt{0""*HCR"Gzjkdkv"C"cv"36/390+""Vjg"Ecnkhqtpkc"Eqwtv"qh"Crrgcn"fkucitggf<" 46 "" Yjgp."cu"jgtg."dqvj"Jackson cpf"CGFRC"crrn{"vq"vjg"ucog"encko."vjg"encko"ku"tgxkgygf" Cpcn{uku" Rgvkvkqpgt" ctiwgf" vjcv" vjg" xkevkoÓu" kplwtkgu" ygtg" pqv" uwhhkekgpvn{" ugtkqwu" vq" swcnkh{" cu" 47 " 48 kphnkevu" itgcv" dqfkn{" kplwt{" qp" cp{" rgtuqp" qvjgt" vjcp" cp" ceeqornkeg" kp" vjg" 49 eqookuukqp"qh"c"hgnqp{"qt"cvvgorvgf"hgnqp{"ujcnn"dg"rwpkujgf"d{"cp"cffkvkqpcn" 4: cpf"eqpugewvkxg"vgto"qh"kortkuqpogpv"kp"vjg"uvcvg"rtkuqp"hqt"vjtgg"{gctu0Ñ""ÐVjg" Ugevkqp"3424409."uwdfkxkukqp"*c+."rtqxkfgu<"ÐCp{"rgtuqp"yjq"rgtuqpcnn{" 39" " " " " 3 fgvgtokpcvkqp"yjgvjgt"c"rctvkewnct"xkevko"jcu"uwhhgtgf"rj{ukecn"jcto"vjcv"coqwpvu" 4 vq"Òitgcv"dqfkn{"kplwt{Ó"ku"v{rkecnn{"c"swguvkqp"qh"hcev"vq"dg"tguqnxgf"d{"vjg"lwt{0"" 5 *People v. Cross"*422:+"67"Ecn06vj"7:."85"*Cross+0+""Itgcv"dqfkn{"kplwt{"ku"fghkpgf" 6 kp"ugevkqp"3424409."uwdfkxkukqp"*h+."cu"Òukipkhkecpv"qt"uwduvcpvkcn"rj{ukecn"kplwt{0Ó"" 7 Jqygxgt."Òvjg"kplwt{"pggf"pqv"dg"uq"itcxg"cu"vq"ecwug"vjg"xkevko"Ðrgtocpgpv.Ñ" 8 Ðrtqnqpigf.Ñ"qt"ÐrtqvtcevgfÑ"dqfkn{"fcocig0Ó""*Cross."supra."cv"r0"860+"ÒRtqqh"vjcv" 9 c"xkevkoÓu"dqfkn{"kplwt{"ku"ÐitgcvÑ"0"0"0"ku"eqooqpn{"guvcdnkujgf"d{"gxkfgpeg"qh"vjg" : ugxgtkv{" qh" vjg" xkevkoÓu" rj{ukecn" kplwt{." vjg" tguwnvkpi" rckp." qt" vjg" ogfkecn" ectg" ; tgswktgf"vq"vtgcv"qt"tgrckt"vjg"kplwt{0Ó""*Id0"cv"r0"880+Ñ""*People v. Woods"*4237+" 32 463"Ecn0Crr06vj"683."6:80+" 33 " 34 " 35 fcocig." uwej" cu" ncegtcvkqpu." dtwkugu." qt" cdtcukqpu" ku" uwhhkekgpv" hqt" c" hkpfkpi" qh" 36 Òitgcv"dqfkn{"kplwt{0Ó""*People v. Jaramillo"*3;9;+";:"Ecn0Crr05f":52.":58Î:59" 37 ]ownvkrng" eqpvwukqpu." uygnnkpi" cpf" fkueqnqtcvkqp" qh" vjg" dqf{." cpf" gzvgpukxg" 38 dtwkugu" ygtg" uwhhkekgpv" vq" ujqy" Òitgcv" dqfkn{" kplwt{Ó_=" ugg" People v. Sanchez" 39 *3;:4+"353"Ecn0Crr05f"93:."fkucrrtqxgf"qp"qvjgt"itqwpfu"kp"People v. Escobar" 3: *3;;4+"5"Ecn06vj"962."973."hp0"7"]gxkfgpeg"qh"ownvkrng"cdtcukqpu"cpf"ncegtcvkqpu"vq" 3; vjg"xkevkoÓu"dcem"cpf"dtwkukpi"qh"vjg"g{g"cpf"ejggm"uwuvckpgf"c"hkpfkpi"qh"Òitgcv" 42 dqfkn{"kplwt{Ó_="ugg"cnuq"People v. Corona"*3;:;+"435"Ecn0Crr05f"7:;"]c"uyqnngp" 43 lcy."dtwkugu"vq"jgcf"cpf"pgem"cpf"uqtg"tkdu"ygtg"uwhhkekgpv"vq"ujqy"Òitgcv"dqfkn{" 44 kplwt{Ó_0+Ñ""*People v. Washington"*4234+"432"Ecn0Crr06vj"3264."3269Î326:0+" 45 " ÐCp"gzcokpcvkqp"qh"Ecnkhqtpkc"ecug"ncy"tgxgcnu"vjcv"uqog"rj{ukecn"rckp"qt" 46 EcuvknnqÓu"kplwtkgu"ygtg"gswcn"vq"qt"oqtg"ugtkqwu"vjcp"vjqug"kp"vjg"ecugu"ekvgf" 47 cdqxg0""Kp"cffkvkqp"vq"gzvgpukxg"dtwkukpi."cdtcukqpu."c"dncem"g{g."cpf"c"ewv"dgjkpf" 48 vjg"gct"Ï"yjkej"cnqpg"yqwnf"dg"uwduvcpvkcn"gxkfgpeg"qh"itgcv"dqfkn{"kplwt{"Ï"ujg" 49 nquv"eqpuekqwupguu"cv"rqkpvu"fwtkpi"vjg"cvvcem."cpf"uwuvckpgf"c"rgtocpgpv"uect"cpf" 4: ncuvkpi" xkuwcn" korcktogpv0" " Cnn" qh" vjg" gxkfgpeg" rtgugpvgf" ujqygf" vjcv" vjgug" 3:" " " " " 3 kplwtkgu" ygtg" vjg" fktgev" tguwnv" qh" ]RgvkvkqpgtÓu_" rj{ukecn" cvvcem" qp" Ecuvknnq0"" 4 Uwduvcpvkcn" gxkfgpeg" uwrrqtvu" vjg" lwt{Óu" hkpfkpi" wpfgt" ugevkqp" 3424409." 5 uwdfkxkukqp"*c+."vjcv"]Rgvkvkqpgt_"rgtuqpcnn{"kphnkevgf"itgcv"dqfkn{"kplwt{0" 6 " 7 *Nqfi0"Pq0"6"cv"34/360+" 8 " 9 " : wptgcuqpcdng0""Cu"fgvckngf"d{"vjg"Eqwtv"qh"Crrgcn."vjg"gxkfgpeg"fgoqpuvtcvgf"vjcv"vjg"xkevko" ; uwuvckpgf"dtwkugu"qp"jgt"pgem"*5"TV"83:+."hceg"*5"TV"842/43+."ctou"*5"TV"846/47+."ngiu"*5"TV" 32 84:."852/53+."cpf"nghv"hqqv"*5"TV"858+0""Ujg"cnuq"jcf"c"dncem"g{g"*5"TV"844+"cpf"c"ewv"qp"jgt" 33 dcem"*5"TV"859."866+0""C"ykvpguu."Tgdgeec"Ocftkicn."ucy"uetcrgu"qp"vjg"xkevkoÓu"mpggu"cpf" 34 dnqqf"dgjkpf"jgt"gct0""*5"TV"8;50+""Cpqvjgt"ykvpguu."Qhhkegt"Mko."ucy"okpqt"uygnnkpi"cpf" 35 dtwkugu" qp" vjg" xkevkoÓu" hceg" cpf" dnqqf" dgjkpf" jgt" gct0" " *5" TV" 9230+" " Vjg" xkevko" nquv" 36 eqpuekqwupguu"fwtkpi"vjg"cvvcem0""*5"TV"5450+""Ujg"uwuvckpgf"rgtocpgpv"kplwtkgu"eqpukuvkpi"qh" 37 c"uect"qp"jgt"dcem"*5"TV"85:/5;+"cpf"dnwtt{"xkukqp"*5"TV"83;+0""Vjku"gxkfgpeg"rgtokvvgf"c" 38 tgcuqpcdng"kphgtgpeg"vjcv"Rgvkvkqpgt"kphnkevgf"c"ukipkhkecpv"qt"uwduvcpvkcn"rj{ukecn"kplwt{"wrqp" 39 vjg" xkevko0" " Ceeqtfkpin{." vjg" Ecnkhqtpkc" Eqwtv" qh" CrrgcnÓu" tglgevkqp" qh" vjku" encko" fkf" pqv" 3: kpxqnxg" cp"wptgcuqpcdng" crrnkecvkqp" qh" vjg"Jackson" uvcpfctf0" " See" 4:" W0U0E0" ¸" 4476*f+*3+0" 3; Rgvkvkqpgt"ku"pqv"gpvkvngf"vq"jcdgcu"tgnkgh"qp"vjku"encko0"" 42 11" 43 11" 44 11" 45 11" 46 11" 47 11" 48 11" 49 11" 4: 11" Vjg" Ecnkhqtpkc" Eqwtv" qh" CrrgcnÓu" tglgevkqp" qh" vjku" encko" ycu" pqv" qdlgevkxgn{" 3;" " " " " QTFGT" 3 4 " 5 " 6 ku"fgpkgf="cpf"*4+"Lwfiogpv"ujcnn"dg"gpvgtgf"fkuokuukpi"vjku"cevkqp"ykvj"rtglwfkeg0" 7 " 8 FCVGF<""Octej"37."423;" Hqt"cnn"qh"vjg"hqtgiqkpi"tgcuqpu."KV"KU"QTFGTGF"vjcv"*3+"vjg"Hktuv"Cogpfgf"Rgvkvkqp" 9 : ; " " " " " " " " ""aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa""""" " """"""MCTGP"N0"UVGXGPUQP"" ""WPKVGF"UVCVGU"OCIKUVTCVG"LWFIG" 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 3: 3; 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 4: 42" " "
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