Andreas Carlwig -v- Sarodjiny Carlwig, No. 2:2014cv01506 - Document 42 (C.D. Cal. 2014)
Court Description: ORDER GRANTING PETITION FOR RETURN OF CHILDREN TO SWEDEN 1 , 3 . The Court also DENIES Mothers Motions to Dismiss and Stay the proceedings 20 . The Court ORDERS that A.L.C. and E.R.S.C. be returned to Sweden for custody proceedings forthwith. Fath er has stated that he will pay for Mother and the children to fly back to Sweden for custody proceedings. He has also stated that he will pay for all three to stay in a place separate and apart from him during the pendency of custody proceedings. Ac cordingly, the children are to return to Sweden in the custody of their mother Sarodjiny Carlwig. Sarodjiny Carlwig is ORDERED not to leave the jurisdiction of the Central District of California until her departure with the children to Sweden. The pa ssports of Sarodjiny Carlwig and A.L.C. are being held by the Los Angeles County District Attorneys Office. The Court ORDERS that the passports be released to Sarodjiny Carlwig upon a showing that a flight to Sweden has been booked and is imminent. F athers counsel is to file weekly status reports with the Court on the progress of travel arrangements for the return of A.L.C. and E.R.S.C. to Sweden. The first status report shall be filed no later than Thursday, April 24, 2014, with subsequent reports to be filed every seven days thereafter until the children have departed for Sweden by Judge Otis D. Wright, II. (lc). Modified on 4/17/2014 .(lc).
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Andreas Carlwig -v- Sarodjiny Carlwig Doc. 42 O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 United States District Court Central District of California 8 9 10 11 IN RE A.L.C. and E.R.S.C., 12 ANDREAS CARLWIG, Petitioner, 13 14 15 16 17 Case No. 2:14-cv-1506-ODW(SHx) ORDER GRANTING PETITION FOR RETURN OF CHILDREN TO v. SARODJINY CARLWIG, SWEDEN [1, 3] Respondent. I. INTRODUCTION 18 Before the Court is a discrete area of international law that presents a rare 19 instance where a federal district court must dip its toes into the waters of family law. 20 Petitioner Andreas Carlwig is seeking the expedited return of his two minor children 21 to Sweden pursuant to the Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child 22 Abduction, done at the Hague on October 25, 1980 (the “Convention”), and its 23 implementing legislation, the International Child Abduction Remedies Act 24 (“ICARA”), 42 U.S.C. §§ 11601–11. Respondent Sarodjiny Carlwig is the children’s 25 mother and the wife of Petitioner. She is currently in Los Angeles with the couple’s 26 two children. While the Court must make a foray into family law to adjudicate the 27 Petition, the Court notes that this is not a child custody proceeding. The Court’s role 28 is limited to determining where child custody proceedings should be held—the U.S. or Dockets.Justia.com 1 Sweden. For the reasons discussed below, the Court GRANTS the Petition and 2 ORDERS the return of A.L.C. and E.R.S.C. to Sweden for custody proceedings. 3 (ECF Nos. 1, 3.) II. PROCEDURAL HISTORY 4 5 On February 27, 2014, Petitioner Andreas Carlwig (“Father”) filed a Verified 6 Petition for Return of Children to Sweden under the Convention. (ECF No. 1, 3.)1 7 The Petition was assigned to this Court on March 7, 2014. 8 Carlwig (“Mother”) was served with the Petition on March 13, 2014. She chose to 9 proceed in this matter unrepresented by legal counsel. Respondent Sarodjiny 10 Mother filed a Response and Motion to Dismiss or Stay the Petition on March 11 27, 2014. (ECF No. 20.) On April 4, 2014, Father filed a Reply as well as separate 12 responses to the affirmative defenses and Motions. (ECF Nos. 24, 25, 26.) Mother 13 then filed an additional response titled Supplement (sic) Declaration of Respondent in 14 Opposition to the Petitioner on April 8, 2014. (ECF No. 35.) On April 11, 2014, the Court held an all-day hearing on the Petition and 15 16 Mother’s affirmative defenses. 17 filings, the Court instructed the parties at the hearing to limit testimony to certain 18 issues: the children’s habitual residence and the affirmative defenses available to 19 Mother. Both Mother and Father testified at the hearing, and the parties called a 20 handful of additional witnesses. The Court also accepted additional exhibits into 21 evidence.2 The Court’s analysis and factual findings are based on all of the filings and 22 exhibits in this case as well as the testimony at the April 11, 2014 hearing. 23 /// 24 /// 25 26 27 28 Having already thoroughly reviewed the parties’ 1 The Verified Petition was incorrectly docketed by the clerk as an application for appointment of guardian ad litem, but the Petition was properly filed and date stamped on February 27, 2014. 2 Father’s additional exhibits are cited in this Order as “Hrg. Ex. #.” Mother’s hearing exhibits were largely identical to the exhibits in her Response. But Mother also submitted a packet entitled “Affirmative Defenses” at the hearing. To the extent that documents in the packet are different or in addition to exhibits in the Response, the Court cites to the “Packet” and a page number. 2 III. 1 FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND FINDINGS 2 Father and Mother married in Las Vegas, Nevada, on November 1, 2007. 3 (Pet. 5:10, Ex. 3.) Father is a citizen of Sweden. (Pet. 5:4–6.) Mother was born in 4 India and is a citizen of both the U.S. and France. (Pet. 5:7–8.) Throughout their 5 marriage, the family’s residence has been largely dictated by Father’s job assignments. 6 Shortly after their wedding, the couple moved to Dubai, United Arab Emirates. 7 (Pet. 5:20–24.) Their first child, A.L.C., was born in Dubai in 2008. (Id.) A.L.C. is a 8 citizen of both the U.S. and Sweden. (Id.) 9 A. The Family’s Move to Sweden 10 In September 2011, Father’s employer closed its operations in the U.A.E., and 11 he was given a new assignment in Sweden. (Pet. 6:1–8.) Father commuted between 12 Stockholm, Sweden and Dubai for the next three months. (Id.) He testified at the 13 hearing that he was able to visit his wife and A.L.C. in Dubai every third weekend. 14 In January 2012, the entire family relocated to Stockholm. (Id.) Father and 15 A.L.C. left first for Sweden, while Mother remained in Dubai to finish the last part of 16 the move. (Id.) Mother contends that she was forced to move to Sweden and only 17 agreed to a six-month trial period. (Resp. ¶ 11.) In her Response and at the hearing, 18 Mother went into great detail about her residency status in Sweden and how the move 19 to Sweden interrupted previous plans to move to the U.S. (See, e.g., id. ¶ 11.) But the 20 Court finds most of Mother’s testimony regarding the move to Sweden irrelevant to 21 the Petition and her affirmative defenses. Ultimately, Mother acquiesced to the move 22 and lived in Sweden with Father and A.L.C. for about thirteen months. 23 While living in Sweden, A.L.C. started preschool and began making friends. 24 (Pet. 6:9–15.) Father’s relatives also live in Sweden and A.L.C. was able to spend 25 time with his relatives including his grandparents, aunts, and cousins. 26 Photographs of A.L.C. with his family in Sweden as well as a video were introduced 27 into evidence at the hearing. (Pet. Hrg. Exs. 25, 49.) A.L.C. also took part in several 28 extracurricular activities in Sweden including swimming, taekwondo, and soccer. 3 (Id.) 1 (Pet. 6:16–19.) At the hearing, Father testified that he helped coach A.L.C. in soccer. 2 Father also helped take A.L.C. to school and picked him up afterschool. (Id.) 3 When the family moved to Sweden in 2012, they moved into a rented 4 apartment. The lease was for nine months and was later extended an additional three 5 months. (Pet. Hrg. Ex. 3.) Father was employed in Sweden and is still employed by 6 the same company he worked for in Dubai. Mother was not employed while the 7 family lived in Sweden. Mother admits that they left no belongings behind in Dubai. 8 (Resp. ¶ 12.) 9 In September 2012, while living in Sweden, Mother learned that she was 10 pregnant with the couple’s second child—E.R.S.C. (Pet. 6:20–26.) The parties’ 11 stories conflict with respect to how they welcomed the news of Mother’s pregnancy. 12 But Father has submitted correspondence between the couple from the fall of 2012 13 suggesting that the couple’s marriage was in a good place and that they were happy 14 about the pregnancy. (See, e.g., Pet. Hrg. Exs. 8–10.) 15 B. Mother’s Departure to Los Angeles 16 Father testified at the hearing that Mother first raised the possibility of traveling 17 to Los Angeles in November 2012 for the purpose of giving birth to E.R.S.C. By all 18 accounts, Mother’s pregnancy with E.R.S.C. was a difficult one. The reason she gave 19 Father for wanting to give birth in Los Angeles was to be close to her friends—whom 20 she refers to as “family”—and because the birth of A.L.C. in Dubai was a bad 21 experience. (See, e.g., Pet. 6:27–7:3.) Father ultimately agreed to the trip, but admits 22 he had reservations particularly with the idea of A.L.C. going with Mother while he 23 had to remain in Sweden for work. (Id. at 7:4–9.) Father purchased roundtrip tickets 24 from Stockholm, Sweden to Los Angeles for Mother and A.L.C., with a departure date 25 of January 16, 2013, and a return date of September 4, 2013. (Pet. Ex. 4.) 26 Right before the scheduled departure date, Mother visited a doctor in Sweden 27 and learned that she had a low platelet count. (Pet. 7:15–19.) Concerned about her 28 health, the trip to Los Angeles was cancelled. (Id.) But Mother later changed her 4 1 mind and a new flight to Los Angeles was booked for herself and A.L.C. (Id. at 8:13– 2 9:2.) They left for Los Angeles on February 27, 2013, while Father remained in 3 Sweden. (Id. at 9:3–12.) Both Mother and Father admit to the existence of a note, 4 written by Father, consenting to the trip to Los Angeles. 5 apparently signed by Father, was submitted by Mother in her Response. (Resp. Ex. 6.) 6 The note only states that Father consented to Mother taking A.L.C. to Los Angeles. 7 (Id.) The note is silent as to the trip’s purpose or duration. (Id.) Father maintains that 8 the note is either a forgery or an earlier draft of the note. (ECF No. 24 at 4:6–10.) 9 Father states that the final draft included that the trip was to be only four to six months 10 in duration—enough time for Mother to give birth and recuperate. Father’s contention 11 that the trip was only temporary is consistent with the round-trip tickets that were 12 initially purchased for Mother and A.L.C. (See Pet. Ex. 4.) A handwritten note, 13 The Court notes that Mother testified and submitted various notes and 14 correspondence to demonstrate that the parties had discussed moving to the U.S. at 15 various points during their marriage. (See, e.g., Resp. ¶ 18, Exs. 1, 7.) But none of 16 Mother’s submissions indicate that the parties reached an agreement to move to Los 17 Angeles—or anywhere in the U.S.—in February 2013.3 18 C. The Time Spent in Los Angeles 19 Once Mother and A.L.C. arrived in Los Angeles, Father attempted to regularly 20 communicate with A.L.C. At the hearing, Father testified that the parties tried to 21 arrange a regular time for Skype calls, taking into account the time difference between 22 Los Angeles and Sweden. 23 In May 2013, E.R.S.C. was born in Los Angeles. Father made arrangements to 24 take time off from work and travel to Los Angeles for the birth, though Mother 25 26 27 28 3 The Court notes that around the time that Mother departed for Los Angeles with A.L.C. and through August 2013, Father was working on a project that could have sent him back to the U.A.E. (Resp. Exs. 7, 8.) If the project panned out, there are emails and other correspondence that indicate Father’s intention that Mother and the children join him in the U.A.E. (Id.) But a job in the U.A.E. never came to fruition. (Pet. 11:21–26.) 5 1 ultimately asked him to stay away. (Pet. 9:22–10:3.) But Father did visit Los Angeles 2 to see A.L.C. and E.R.S.C. in June and July of 2013. (Pet. 10:20–25.) Father stayed 3 with Mother and the children in a temporary apartment. (Id.) During the visit, the 4 family took a trip to Carlsbad, California, and Father testified that he and A.L.C. 5 visited LegoLand together. (See Pet. Hrg. Ex. 12.) However, Father had to return to 6 work in Sweden at the end of July. In the Petition, Father states that he suggested 7 bringing A.L.C. back with him, but when Mother refused, he went home alone 8 because the agreed-upon six months in Los Angeles had not passed. (Pet. 11:12–20.) 9 The Court finds that through at least August 2013, Mother sent Father mixed 10 signals with regard to their relationship and even her intentions about remaining in 11 Los Angeles. For example, Father proffered a Skype message from Mother dated 12 August 1, 2013, which was sent the day Father returned to Sweden from visiting Los 13 Angeles. (Pet. Hrg. Ex. 13.) In the message, Mother uses an intimate tone and 14 suggests that the parties reconciled while Father was visiting.4 (Id.) But at the same 15 time that Father was in Los Angeles, Mother was attempting to have A.L.C.’s 16 residency status altered in Sweden without Father’s permission or knowledge. (See, 17 e.g., Pet. 12:4–12, Exs. 10, 11.) Father only learned of Mother’s attempts after 18 receiving a letter from the Swedish Tax Authority when he returned home. (Id.) 19 In August and September 2013, Mother and Father attempted to reach a 20 resolution on where the family should live. But no resolution was reached, and Father 21 never agreed to Mother remaining in Los Angeles with the children. A potential move 22 to the U.S.—specifically New York City—was discussed, but in a series of emails it 23 was clear that any move to the U.S. was conditional and that the parties never reached 24 an agreement on the conditions. (See Resp. Ex. 9.) Father was only willing to move 25 to the U.S. if both parties could find employment. (Id.) Father testified at the hearing 26 that the company he currently works for does not have an office or subsidiaries in 27 4 28 Mother’s message also tends to discredit her allegations that Father sexually assaulted her during his visit. The allegations were first raised many months later after divorce and custody proceedings had been initiated by both parties. 6 1 New York City and he had no specific job prospects in the U.S. In an email from 2 September 29, 2013, Father reiterated to Mother that he never agreed to the children 3 living permanently in Los Angeles. (Pet. Hrg. Ex. 17.) Mother also admitted on 4 cross-examination that Father never agreed to a move to Los Angeles. 5 D. Legal Proceedings and Abuse Allegations 6 Both parties filed for divorce. On September 9, 2013, Mother filed for divorce 7 in Los Angeles County Superior Court. (Pet. Ex. 12.) Father claims he was unaware 8 of these proceedings until travelling to Los Angeles in November 2013. (Pet. 12:19– 9 13:23.) Meanwhile, Father filed for divorce and custody of the children in Sweden in 10 October 2013. (Id.) The couple remained in communication throughout this time and 11 Mother was made aware of the proceedings in Sweden. Father even submitted text 12 messages from Mother in which she expresses shock and dismay that Father is 13 unwilling to preserve the marriage. (Pet. Hrg. Ex. 19.) 14 On November 2, 2013, Father traveled to Los Angeles with the children’s 15 grandfather. (Pet. 13:17–23.) Upon his arrival, he was served with a temporary 16 restraining order that Mother had obtained from state court. (Id.; Pet. Hrg. Ex. 30-7.) 17 The temporary restraining order was modified a few days later, allowing Father to 18 have custody of A.L.C. while he was in town and visitation with E.R.S.C. (Pet. 14:7– 19 14.) 20 On November 10, 2013, Mother filed a police report alleging that Father 21 sexually assaulted her during his visit to Los Angeles in June and July 2013. (Pet. 22 Hrg. Ex. 31.) Mother reiterated these allegations in her Response and during the April 23 11, 2014 hearing on the Petition. (See, e.g., Resp. ¶ 58.) Mother has also alleged that 24 Father has been physically violent and verbally abusive throughout their marriage. 25 (See id.) Most of her allegations are vague and the timing of the allegations—after 26 both parties started legal proceedings—gives the Court pause. 27 /// 28 /// 7 IV. 1 LEGAL STANDARD 2 The Convention is a treaty between multiple signatories wherein countries 3 agree to cooperate in returning children to their home country for custody 4 proceedings. See Convention, art. 1; 42 U.S.C. § 11601(a). In wrongful removal or 5 retention cases, the Convention mandates that courts determine only the appropriate 6 venue and not the underlying merits of the custody dispute. See Convention, art. 16. 7 The court’s task is limited to a determination of where a child custody action should 8 be heard. See id.; Von Kennel Gaudin v. Remis, 282 F.3d 1178, 1182 (9th Cir. 2002) 9 (“The Convention does not extend to custody determinations. Rather, the Convention 10 simply restores the pre-abduction status quo by allowing for the return of a wrongfully 11 abducted child.”) The Convention only applies to children under the age of sixteen. 12 Convention, art. 4. 13 To secure the return of a child under the Convention, a petitioner must make out 14 a prima facie case for return by a preponderance of the evidence. 42 U.S.C. 15 § 11603(e). The petitioner must show that (1) prior to removal or retention, the child 16 was a habitual resident in another signatory country, (2) the removal or retention was 17 in breach of custody rights under the other country’s law, and (3) the petitioner was 18 actually exercising custody rights at the time of the removal or retention. Convention, 19 arts. 3–4; see also Von Kennel Gaudin, 282 F.3d at 1182. If a prima facie case is 20 established, then the court must order the prompt return of the child unless the 21 respondent can establish one of five narrow affirmative defenses. Convention, arts. 22 12–13, 20; Von Kennel Gaudin, 282 F.3d at 1182. The best interests of the child is not 23 a defense. See Hague International Child Abduction Convention: Text and Legal 24 Analysis, 51 Fed. Reg. 10494, 10510 (1986) [hereinafter “Public Notice 957”]. 25 Petitions under the Convention are to be adjudicated using “the most 26 expeditious procedures available.” Convention, art. 2. While the normal rules of 27 evidence generally apply, the Convention provides for flexibility with respect to 28 authentication and judicial notice. Documents or information related to an application 8 1 or petition under the Convention are admissible in court without authentication. 42 2 U.S.C. § 11605. Courts are also instructed to take judicial notice of the laws and 3 judicial or administrative decisions of the state of a child’s habitual residence. 4 Convention, art. 14. V. PRIMA FACIE CASE FOR RETURN 5 6 Having weighed all of the evidence, the Court finds that Father has met his 7 burden of establishing a prima facie case for the return of A.L.C. and E.R.S.C. to 8 Sweden. The Court initially notes that the Convention applies to this case because the 9 U.S. and Sweden are signatories and both children are well under the age of sixteen. 10 See U.S. Hague Convention Treaty Partners, Bureau of Consular Affairs, Dep’t of 11 State, 12 countries.html; (Pet. 5:10–12). 13 children’s habitual residence, Father’s custody rights in Sweden, and his exercise of 14 those rights—is addressed separately below. 15 A. http://travel.state.gov/content/childabduction/english/country/hague-partyEach element of Father’s prima facie case—the Habitual Residence 16 In determining the habitual residence of A.L.C. and E.R.S.C, the Court first 17 points out that the Petition is based on wrongful retention in the U.S. and not wrongful 18 removal. The parties do not dispute that Father consented to Mother and A.L.C. 19 departing Sweden for Los Angeles while Mother was pregnant with E.R.S.C. Where 20 the parties disagree is on the intended duration of the stay in Los Angeles. Father 21 argues that the trip to Los Angeles was supposed to be for four to six months while 22 Mother gave birth and recuperated. Mother contends that the parties agreed that she 23 was never returning to Sweden with A.L.C. and E.R.S.C., and that the children’s 24 habitual residence is now the U.S. Therefore, the Court must determine whether the 25 children are habitually resident in Sweden or the U.S. 26 The Convention does not define the term “habitual residence,” but the Ninth 27 Circuit has provided an analytical framework to guide this Court in assessing the 28 habitual residence of A.L.C. and E.R.S.C. In Mozes v. Mozes, 239 F.3d 1067 (9th Cir. 9 1 2001), the Ninth Circuit emphasized the importance of shared parental intent in 2 determining a child’s habitual residence. Moreover, “the first step toward acquiring a 3 new habitual residence is forming a settled intention to abandon the one left behind.” 4 Mozes, 239 F.3d at 1075. 5 appreciable period of time sufficient for acclimatization are also relevant to whether a 6 child’s habitual residence has changed. 7 Papakosmas, 483 F.3d 617, 622 (9th Cir. 2007). An actual change in geography and passage of an Id. at 1078; see also Papakosmas v. 8 The court in Mozes described three broad categories of cases when parents 9 dispute the habitual residence of their children. The first is where a family has 10 relocated as a unit and “manifested a settled purpose to change its habitual residence, 11 despite the fact that one parent may have qualms about the move.” Mozes, 239 F.3d at 12 1076. This scenario usually leads a court to find that a change in habitual residence 13 has occurred. Id. at 1076–77. The second fact pattern is when a child’s initial move 14 from an established habitual residence was clearly intended to be of a limited and 15 specific duration. 16 intentions of one parent do not lead to a change in the child’s habitual residence. Id. 17 The third scenario arises when the petitioning parent initially agreed that the child 18 could stay abroad for a period of indefinite or ambiguous duration. Id. at 1077. These 19 cases are very fact-dependent and usually have no clear answer. See id. at 1077–78. 20 Id. Courts in these cases will usually find that the changed The facts of this case fall within either the second or third scenario articulated 21 in Mozes. But this case also presents some unique facts and circumstances, 22 complicating the habitual-residence inquiry. The Court turns first to the habitual 23 residence of the eldest child A.L.C., and then addresses what appears to be an issue of 24 first impression with regard to the habitual residence of E.R.S.C. 25 1. A.L.C.’S Habitual Residence 26 Before A.L.C. departed Sweden with his mother on February 27, 2013, he was 27 clearly a habitual resident of Sweden. The family lived in Dubai, where A.L.C. was 28 born, until the end of 2011 when Father’s company shuttered its Dubai operations and 10 1 he was reassigned to Sweden. (Pet. 5:20–6:8.) In January 2012, the whole family 2 made the move to Sweden. (See, e.g., Pet. 6:1–15; Resp. ¶¶ 10–13 ) Father brought 3 A.L.C. to Sweden first, and Mother completed the move in Dubai and then followed 4 her family to Sweden. (Id.) Mother admitted in her Response, and testified to the 5 same, that nothing was left behind in Dubai when they left for Sweden. (Resp. ¶ 12) 6 In Sweden, the family rented a furnished apartment for nine months. (Pet. Hrg. 7 Ex. 3.) The lease was later extended an additional three months. (Id.) A.L.C. 8 attended preschool and participated in a number of extracurricular activities including 9 tennis, soccer, taekwondo, and swimming. (See, e.g., Pet. 6:16–19.) Sweden is 10 Father’s home country, so A.L.C. was able to spend time with relatives including his 11 grandparents. (Pet. Hrg. Exs. 25, 49.) While A.L.C. spent only about thirteen months 12 total in Sweden, the length of time is not as important as the fact that the family had 13 abandoned Dubai and A.L.C. had by all appearances a relatively stable and normal life 14 in Sweden. See Mozes, 239 F.3d at 1082 (“When a child has no clearly established 15 habitual residence elsewhere, it may become habitually resident even in a place where 16 it was intended to live only for a limited time.”) 17 According to Father’s testimony at the hearing, Mother first raised the idea of a 18 trip to Los Angeles with A.L.C. in November 2012. Mother was pregnant with their 19 second child at this point and expressed a desire to give birth in the U.S. A roundtrip 20 ticket was purchased for both Mother and A.L.C. with a departure date of January 16, 21 2013, and a return date of September 4, 2013. (Pet. Ex. 4.) Prior to the planned date 22 of departure, Mother visited a doctor and learned that she had a low platelet count. 23 (Pet. 7:15–19.) Due to health concerns, the trip to Los Angeles was cancelled at the 24 last minute. (Id.) However, weeks later—despite no change in Mother’s health or 25 platelet count—Mother again wanted to leave Sweden for Los Angeles to give birth. 26 (Id. at 8:13–9:12.) Father ultimately agreed to the trip and permitted Mother to take 27 A.L.C. with her. (Id.) 28 /// 11 1 There are sufficient facts to demonstrate that Father only intended the trip to be 2 temporary and last for a period of around six months. Father had been active in 3 A.L.C.’s life in Sweden, but did not travel with Mother and A.L.C. Father made clear 4 at the hearing that he had no job prospects in Los Angeles and that the family relied on 5 his income. In addition, in June 2013, Father registered A.L.C. at a new school in 6 Stockholm that he was expected to attend starting in September 2013. (Pet. 10:17–19, 7 Ex. 9.) This comports with Father’s belief that the trip to Los Angeles was merely an 8 extended stay. 9 (Pet. 9:15–18.) Mother and A.L.C. also left belongings behind in Sweden. 10 The Court found Mother’s testimony and supporting evidence with regard to the 11 parties’ understanding about the trip to Los Angeles to be less than credible. Mother 12 testified at the hearing that Father “knew” that she and A.L.C. were never returning to 13 Sweden. But Mother could not explain to the Court the basis of Father’s knowledge. 14 Mother testified that the parties had always talked about moving to the U.S., but on 15 cross-examination, Mother conceded that Father had never agreed to a move to Los 16 Angeles. Mother also proffered a handwritten note that Father signed consenting to 17 Mother taking A.L.C. to Los Angeles. (Resp. Ex. 6.) While the Court has serious 18 reservations about the validity of the note,5 the note itself in no way indicates that the 19 trip to Los Angeles with A.L.C. was intended to be permanent. (Id.) Furthermore, 20 according to Petitioner at the hearing, Swedish law requires that both parents consent 21 to a child being removed from the country. Therefore, the Court gives little weight to 22 the note as evidence of parental intent regarding the purpose and duration of the trip to 23 Los Angeles. 24 Overall, the Court finds no shared intent to abandon Sweden as A.L.C.’s 25 habitual residence. Although the parties discussed a potential move to the U.S. at 26 various times during their marriage, they did not agree on a move to Los Angeles or 27 5 28 Mother argues that the note is the final version that Father signed. (See Resp. ¶ 15.) Father alleges that the note is a forgery or an earlier draft, and that the final version included the fact that he was only consenting to a temporary stay in Los Angeles. (ECF No. 24 at 4:6–10.) 12 1 anywhere in the U.S. in February 2013 nor anytime thereafter. Based on all the 2 testimony and evidence submitted, the Court finds that Mother came to Los Angeles 3 with A.L.C. and attempted to change the agreement with Father once she arrived. 4 Regardless of whether Mother intended to deceive Father before leaving Sweden or 5 she decided not to return once arriving in Los Angeles, the Convention was adopted to 6 prevent her exact actions. “The Convention is designed to prevent child abduction by 7 reducing the incentive of the would-be abductor to seek unilateral custody over a child 8 in another country. The greater the ease with which habitual residence may be shifted 9 without consent of both parents, the greater the incentive to try.” Mozes, 239 F.3d at 10 1079. Mother was not happy in Sweden, but that did not give her license to make 11 unilateral decisions regarding A.L.C.’s habitual residency. 12 The Court notes that Mother has supplied evidence of A.L.C.’s acclimatization 13 here in the U.S., but this does not support a finding of a change in A.L.C’s habitual 14 residence. Id. at 1079 (“Despite the superficial appeal of focusing primarily on the 15 child’s contacts in the new country . . . in the absence of parental intent, courts should 16 be slow to infer from such contacts that an earlier habitual residence has been 17 abandoned.”). Moreover, Mother’s attempts to alter A.L.C.’s status with the Swedish 18 Tax Authority also lend no support to a change in A.L.C.’s habitual residence. (See, 19 e.g., Pet. 12:4–12, Exs. 10, 11.) Mother attempted to change A.L.C.’s status with 20 Swedish authorities without Father’s permission or knowledge, which actually 21 bolsters this Court’s assessment that Mother deceived Father as to the true purpose of 22 the trip to Los Angeles. 23 The Court finds Father’s testimony and evidence compelling and sufficient to 24 meet his burden of establishing by a preponderance of the evidence that A.L.C. was a 25 habitual resident of Sweden before Mother’s retention of A.L.C. in the U.S. 26 2. E.R.S.C.’s Habitual Residence 27 E.R.S.C.’s habitual residence presents a trickier question—the habitual 28 residence of a newborn absent shared parental intent. While the issue is complicated 13 1 by the fact that E.R.S.C.—unlike her brother A.L.C.—has never been to Sweden, the 2 Court finds that its assessment of parental intent with regard to A.L.C. applies equally 3 to E.R.S.C. and ultimately favors the same result as A.L.C. 4 E.R.S.C. was born here in the U.S., but a child’s “place of birth is not 5 automatically the child’s habitual residence.” Holder v. Holder, 392 F.3d 1009, 1020 6 (9th Cir. 2004); see also Delvoye v. Lee, 329 F.3d 330, 334 (3d Cir. 2003). Moreover, 7 an infant’s habitual residence is not established solely based on the location of the 8 mother. Nunez-Escudero v. Tice-Menley, 58 F.3d 374, 379 (8th Cir. 1995) (“To say 9 that the child’s habitual residence derived from his mother would be inconsistent with 10 the Convention, for it would reward the abducting parent and create an impermissible 11 presumption that the child’s habitual residence is wherever the mother happens to 12 be.”) Thus, E.R.S.C. is not a habitual resident of the U.S. simply because Mother is 13 present here and desires to stay. 14 Although not identical to the circumstance at hand, the Third Circuit’s holding 15 in Delvoye v. Lee, 329 F.3d 330 (3d Cir. 2003), cert denied, 540 U.S. 967 (2003), is 16 instructive on the habitual residence of a newborn like E.R.S.C. In Delvoye, the 17 parents met and got pregnant in the U.S. 329 F.3d at 332. The father, who was from 18 Belgium, convinced the mother to travel there and avoid the cost of giving birth in the 19 U.S. Id. at 334. Shortly after the child’s birth, the parents’ relationship fell apart and 20 mother and child returned to New York. Id. The father then filed a petition under the 21 Convention arguing that the mother wrongfully removed the newborn from Belgium. 22 Id. at 332. The court in Delvoye held that Belgium was not the newborn’s habitual 23 residence, because the parents lacked a “degree of common purpose” to habitually 24 reside in Belgium with the child. Id. at 334. The mother was living out of suitcases in 25 Belgium, had only a temporary visa, and left most of her belongings behind in New 26 York. Id. 27 Like in Delvoye, the Court finds in this case that Father and Mother lacked a 28 shared intent for E.R.S.C. to reside in Los Angeles or anywhere in the U.S. Father 14 1 only consented to Mother traveling to Los Angeles for E.R.S.C.’s birth—not for 2 E.R.S.C. to remain in the U.S. permanently. 3 newborn in Delvoye was at least physically present in the U.S. when the court found 4 the child to be habitually resident here as opposed to Belgium where the child was 5 born, but the Delvoye court’s holding emphasized parental intent and not physical 6 presence in reaching its conclusion. Id. at 334; see also Whiting v. Krassner, 391 F.3d 7 540, 550–51 (3d Cir. 2004) (expanding on the holding in Delvoye and emphasizing 8 that acclimatization of a very young child “is not nearly as important as the settled 9 purpose and shared intent of the child’s parents.”). The Court acknowledges that the 10 The Ninth Circuit has also emphasized the importance of shared parental intent 11 in assessing the habitual residence of infants. In Holder v. Holder, 392 F.3d 1009, 12 1020–21 (9th Cir. 2004), a ten-month old was found to be habitually resident in the 13 U.S. because both parents were habitually resident in the U.S. at the child’s birth. The 14 parents also did not intend to abandon the U.S. permanently when the family moved 15 to Germany for the father’s military assignment. Holder, 392 F.3d at 1020–21. Here, 16 unlike in Holder, the Court finds that neither parent was habitually resident in the U.S. 17 at E.R.S.C.’s birth. Father was living and working in Sweden and still believed that 18 Mother intended to return to him with both of their children. While Mother may have 19 formed the intent not to return by the time E.R.S.C. was born, she was hardly settled 20 in the U.S. Mother was unemployed, relied on Father for financial support, left many 21 of her belongings in Sweden, and continued to negotiate a permanent residence with 22 Father through at least August 2013. 23 Moreover, while the Ninth Circuit expressly declined to address whether an 24 infant can acquire a habitual residence absent shared parental intent, the court in 25 Holder did acknowledge that “it is practically impossible for a newborn child, who is 26 entirely dependent on its parents, to acclimatize” independently of his or her parents. 27 Id. at 1020–21. Thus, this Court finds that E.R.S.C.’s young age suggests that she 28 cannot simply acquire habitual residence here in the U.S. based on the ten months she 15 1 has spent here. See Whiting, 391 F.3d at 550–51 (acknowledging the difficulty of 2 determining the habitual residence of infants because they are not capable of forming 3 “meaningful connections with the people and places” they encounter daily); Nunez- 4 Escudero, 58 F.3d at 379 (holding that the habitual residence of an infant is not 5 automatically where the mother is located). 6 The Court finds that the best approach to E.R.S.C.’s habitual residence is to 7 look to the last location of shared parental intent, which is Sweden. The Court 8 believes that a location of some stability is more likely to be a child’s habitual 9 residence. Cf. Mozes, 239 F.3d at 1082 (finding that that the children were habitually 10 resident in Israel despite an agreement to an indefinite stay in the U.S. in part because 11 “the economic base on which the family depended for sustenance remained entirely in 12 Israel.”); E.M. Clive, The Concept of Habitual Residence, Jurid. Rev. 127, 147 (1997) 13 (theorizing that an infant may have no habitual residence until “living in a country on 14 a footing of some stability.”) Here, the last location of any stability for the family was 15 Sweden. Sweden is where Father is employed. Mother admitted at the hearing that 16 she is unemployed here in the U.S. and relying on financial support from Father as 17 well as government assistance. In addition, the Court has already found that A.L.C.’s 18 habitual residence is Sweden. Splitting the children up for custody determinations in 19 two countries is untenable. For these reasons, the Court finds that E.R.S.C.’s habitual 20 residence is Sweden and not the U.S. 21 B. Father’s Custody Rights Under Swedish Law 22 Removal or retention is wrongful where it is in breach of custody rights under 23 the law of the country in which the child was habitually resident immediately before 24 the removal or retention. 25 operation of law, or (b) by reason of judicial or administrative decision or an 26 agreement having legal effect under the law of the country of habitual residence. Id. 27 Here, the Court has found that the habitual residence of both children is Sweden. 28 Under Swedish family law, married parents have joint custody of children absent Convention, art. 3. 16 Custody rights may arise (a) by 1 some decree to the contrary. Föräldrabalk[FB][Code Relating to Parents, Guardians, 2 and Children]6:3(Swed.) (copy of code attached to Petition as Exhibit 15). Father and 3 Mother are married and have been married since before the children were born. There 4 is no judicial or administrative decision or legal agreement that contradicts or alters 5 their joint custody under Swedish law. Accordingly, Father has custody rights over 6 both A.L.C. and E.R.S.C. 7 C. Father’s Exercise of Custody Rights 8 Father was also exercising his custody rights at the time Mother wrongfully 9 retained the children in the U.S. Courts should “liberally find ‘exercise’ whenever a 10 parent with de jure custody rights keeps, or seeks to keep, any sort of regular contact 11 with his or her child.” Friedrich v. Friedrich (Friedrich II), 78 F.3d 1060, 1065 (6th 12 Cir. 1996); Asvesta v. Petroutsas, 580 F.3d 1000, 1018 (accepting the standard for 13 exercise of custody rights set forth in Friedrich II). Delving any deeper into a 14 petitioner’s exercise of custody rights gets “dangerously close to forbidden territory: 15 the merits of the custody dispute.” Friedrich II, 78 F.3d at 1065. 16 In this case, there is ample evidence that Father exercised his custody rights 17 over both A.L.C. and E.R.S.C. at the time of Mother’s wrongful retention. Father was 18 active in A.L.C.’s life in Sweden. He lived with Mother and A.L.C., financially 19 supported A.L.C., and even coached A.L.C. in soccer. (See, e.g., Pet. 6:16–19.) After 20 Mother and A.L.C. departed for Los Angeles, Father had regular communication with 21 A.L.C. over the phone and on Skype. While Father was not present at E.R.S.C.’s 22 birth, it was not by choice. He requested time off from work and made travel plans to 23 Los Angeles for E.R.S.C.’s birth before Mother told him to stay away. (Pet. 9:22– 24 10:25.) In addition, Father came to Los Angeles to visit both A.L.C. and E.R.S.C. in 25 June and July 2013. Despite what the Court finds to be Mother’s attempts to thwart 26 Father’s contact with the children, Father has never stopped trying to maintain contact 27 with his two children. 28 sufficient to meet his burden of establishing exercise of his custody rights. Father’s contact with A.L.C. and E.R.S.C. is more than 17 VI. 1 AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSES 2 Since the Court has found that Father has made out a prima facie case for return 3 of the children by a preponderance of the evidence, the Court must order the return of 4 the children unless Mother can prove one of the Convention’s five narrow affirmative 5 defenses. 6 defenses—a mature child’s objection—is inapplicable, but Mother has argued that the 7 four remaining affirmative defenses bar return of the children to Sweden. 8 Nevertheless, the Court finds that Mother has failed to meet her burden with respect to 9 each of her affirmative defenses. 10 A. See 42 U.S.C. §§ 11601(a)(4), 11603(e)(2). One of the affirmative Consent or Subsequent Acquiescence 11 Mother’s strongest affirmative defense is consent or subsequent acquiescence. 12 Under the Convention, a court is not bound to order the return of a child if the 13 respondent establishes that the petitioner consented to or subsequently acquiesced in 14 the removal or retention of the child. Convention, art. 13(a). A court must make two 15 distinct inquiries when considering this affirmative defense. Consent involves the 16 petitioner’s conduct prior to the contested removal or retention, while acquiescence 17 looks at whether the petitioner subsequently agreed to or accepted the removal or 18 retention. Gonzalez-Caballero v. Mena, 251 F.3d 789, 794 (9th Cir. 2001); see also 19 Friedrich II, 78 F.3d at 1069. A respondent must prove consent or subsequent 20 acquiescence by a preponderance of the evidence. 42 U.S.C. § 11603(e)(2)(B). 21 The Court finds insufficient evidence that Father consented to the children 22 becoming habitual residents in the U.S. While consent does not have to be expressed 23 with the same degree of formality that is required for subsequent acquiescence, a court 24 should focus on “what the petitioner actually contemplated and agreed to in allowing 25 the child to travel outside [his or her] home country.” Baxter v. Baxter, 423 F.3d 363, 26 371 (3d Cir. 2005). Here, as has already been discussed at length above in assessing 27 the habitual residence of the children, Father did not consent to either A.L.C. or 28 E.R.S.C. remaining in the U.S. Father allowed Mother to travel to Los Angeles with 18 1 A.L.C. to give birth to E.R.S.C. Father only intended and consented to the trip lasting 2 for four to six months—enough time for Mother to give birth and recuperate. See 3 Baxter, 423 F.3d at 371 (“The fact that a petitioner initially allows children to travel, 4 and knows their location and how to contact them, does not necessarily constitute 5 formal consent to removal or retention under the Convention.”). 6 Mother relies heavily on the note from Father allowing Mother to take A.L.C. to 7 Los Angeles. But even if the Court believed the consent-to-travel note was 8 legitimate—of which the Court is skeptical—the note would hardly operate as consent 9 for Mother to reside permanently in Los Angeles with the children. The note merely 10 states that Father has consented for Mother to travel with A.L.C. and provides an 11 address where they will “stay” while in Los Angeles. (Resp. Ex. 6.) The note does 12 not indicate that Father is consenting to a permanent move to the U.S. Mother also 13 argues that she and Father had always talked about moving to the U.S. But there is a 14 distinction between talking about moving to the U.S. and actually consenting to the 15 move at the time in 2013 when Mother brought A.L.C. to Los Angeles and gave birth 16 to E.R.S.C. 17 discussed moving to the U.S. at various points in their marriage, but no definitive 18 agreement as to location or time was ever reached. Mother has failed to establish that 19 Father consented to the move to Los Angeles. Mother’s supporting evidence only demonstrates that the couple 20 There is also insufficient evidence to establish Father’s subsequent 21 acquiescence. Acquiescence requires “an act or statement with the requisite formality, 22 such as testimony in a judicial proceeding; a convincing written renunciation of rights; 23 or a consistent attitude of acquiescence over a significant period of time.” Friedrich 24 II, 78 F.3d at 1070. Mother has submitted no evidence of a formal renunciation of 25 custody rights by Father. Moreover, there is an utter lack of evidence of a “consistent 26 attitude of acquiescence.” The Court acknowledges that after Father realized that 27 Mother was not going to return to Sweden with the children, he took steps to mediate 28 the dispute with Mother. But at no time did Father agree to Mother remaining in Los 19 1 Angeles with A.L.C. and E.R.S.C. Mother admitted during cross-examination at the 2 hearing that Father has never agreed to living in Los Angeles. In an email dated 3 September 29, 2013, Father reiterated that he never agreed to a permanent stay in Los 4 Angeles and continued to disagree with Mother retaining the children in Los Angeles. 5 (Pet. Hrg. Ex. 17.) Father did consider a move to New York City with Mother in 6 August 2013, but he had certain conditions of which Mother was less than amenable. 7 (Resp. Ex. 9.) Discussions about potentially moving elsewhere in the U.S., if certain 8 conditions such as finding a job are met, hardly amount to a “consistent attitude of 9 acquiescence.” 10 Moreover, the Court finds that Father’s attempts to reach a resolution with 11 Mother only further demonstrate a lack of acquiescence to Mother’s unilateral move 12 to Los Angeles. See Friedrich II, 78 F.3d at 1070 (finding no acquiescence where 13 father “resolutely sought custody” of his son since the abduction). If he had ceased 14 trying to negotiate a location that would make both of them happy or had simply let 15 time pass with Mother and his children living in Los Angeles, then the Court would 16 find acquiescence more likely. But that is not the case here. The Court has reviewed 17 numerous emails as well as Skype and text messages sent over the duration of 18 Mother’s time in Los Angeles. They all demonstrate Father’s clear desire for the 19 children to live in a location where both Father and Mother can reside—either in 20 Sweden, the United Arab Emirates, or somewhere where Father could find work. Los 21 Angeles was never in the mix. 22 has failed to meet her burden of establishing Father’s subsequent acquiescence to her 23 wrongful retention of A.L.C. and E.R.S.C. in the U.S. 24 B. For these reasons, the Court also finds that Mother Grave Risk of Physical or Psychological Harm 25 The next affirmative defense raised by Mother is grave risk of harm. Under the 26 Convention, a child should not be returned if there is a grave risk that the child’s 27 return would “expose the child to physical or psychological harm or otherwise place 28 the child in an intolerable situation.” Convention, art. 13(b). This affirmative defense 20 1 has a higher burden than consent or subsequent acquiescence and must be established 2 by clear and convincing evidence. 42 U.S.C. § 11603(b). When the grave risk of 3 harm affirmative defense is raised, it is “not license for a court in the abducted-to 4 country to speculate on where the child would be happiest.” Friedrich II, 78 F.3d at 5 1068; see also Von Kennel Gaudin, 415 F.3d at 1035 (quoting Friedrich II on the 6 grave risk of harm defense). Rather, the question before the court is whether the child 7 would suffer “serious abuse that is a great deal more than minimal.” Von Kennel 8 Gaudin, 415 F.3d at 1035 (internal quotations omitted). 9 Here, Mother has alleged that Father has been physically and verbally abusive. 10 She has also claimed that Father raped her on more than one occasion. But the Court 11 finds that Mother’s allegations lack credibility. For example, Mother filed a police 12 report here in Los Angeles alleging that Father raped her multiple times while he was 13 visiting in June and July 2013. (Pet. Hrg. Ex. 31.) But the Court questions the timing 14 of the police report, which was not filed until November 10, 2013. (See id.) In the 15 interim, the couple’s marriage had completely fallen apart, Mother and Father had 16 filed for divorce in different countries, and Father had announced his plans to seek 17 return of the children to Sweden. (Pet. 14:7–14, Ex. 12; Resp. Ex. 13.) 18 telling is a Skype message sent by Mother to Father on August 1, 2013—the day 19 Father returned from Sweden after visiting Los Angeles. (Pet. Hrg. Ex. 13.) In the 20 message, Mother states that she misses Father and wants to hug and kiss him like she 21 did while he was visiting. (Id.) Not only does the message suggest that any sexual 22 relations were consensual while Father was in Los Angeles, but the message actually 23 alludes to Mother being the one to reinitiate their romantic relationship. (Id. (“I 24 wanted to hug u and kiss u so many times but There was no space for that in your 25 heart in the beginning But u finally let me it was nice to be able to put my head on 26 your shoulder . . .”).) Mother’s rape allegations months later stand in stark contrast to 27 her intimate tone in the Skype message to Father the day he returned from the visit to 28 Los Angeles—the visit during which he allegedly raped her. 21 Even more 1 Mother has also alleged that Father has been physically abusive toward her and 2 has, on at least one occasion, physically pushed A.L.C. to the side during an argument. 3 (See Resp. ¶ 62.) But Mother’s allegations of physical abuse are vague at best, and 4 she has produced no additional evidence to corroborate her testimony. Additional 5 witness testimony and declarations filed with the Court provide no first-hand accounts 6 of abuse and appear to be largely based on hearsay statements from Mother. (See e.g., 7 Resp. Ex. 16.) Even assuming that the Court found Mother’s testimony credible, the 8 Court does not believe that her allegations rise to the level of “serious abuse.” Von 9 Kennel Gaudin, 415 F.3d at 1035. 10 In addition, Mother testified that Father’s verbal abuse posed a grave risk of 11 psychological harm to A.L.C. and E.R.S.C. According to Mother’s hearing testimony, 12 A.L.C. has been attending therapy because he is afraid of Father and has witnessed 13 Father’s treatment of Mother. 14 forthcoming about A.L.C.’s therapy—at first refusing to provide the therapist’s name 15 and phone number and then only being able to provide a first name. Mother also 16 claimed to have video evidence of Father’s verbal and emotional abuse toward A.L.C. 17 When the Court inquired further, Mother played a cellphone video of Father bathing 18 A.L.C. The Court finds that the video actually demonstrates Father’s extraordinary 19 ability to keep his cool during a pretty intense temper tantrum from A.L.C., in which 20 A.L.C. is throwing objects at Father. Father’s reaction was only a stern warning, and 21 he did not get physical with the child. The Court finds that Mother’s allegations of 22 physical and verbal abuse are insufficient to establish a grave risk of harm to the 23 children. But on cross-examination, Mother was less than 24 Furthermore, to the extent that Mother claims that the return of the children to 25 Sweden will cause psychological harm because of their attachments to Los Angeles, 26 the Court finds this evidence irrelevant to the grave-risk inquiry. See Friedrich II, 78 27 F.3d at 1068 (holding that a respondent cannot argue that a child has grown used to his 28 /// 22 1 surroundings as a basis of psychological harm, because “it is the abduction that causes 2 the pangs of subsequent return.”). 3 The grave-risk-of-harm inquiry should also be limited to the degree of harm 4 that could occur to the children in the immediate future, which is “the period 5 necessary to obtain a custody determination” in the home country. Id. at 1037. 6 Moreover, courts that find a grave risk of harm must still order the return of the 7 children if the risk can be minimized or eliminated through some alternative remedy 8 or undertaking. Von Kennel Gaudin, 415 F.3d at 1037. Here, Father testified at the 9 hearing that if the Court ordered the return of the children to Sweden, he would pay 10 for Mother and the children to stay in an apartment separate and apart from him. The 11 Court believes that this alleviates any risk of physical or psychological harm to the 12 children until a Swedish court can make a custody determination. 13 C. The Well-Settled Defense 14 Mother also argues that A.L.C. and E.R.S.C. are well-settled here in Los 15 Angeles, so the Court should not order their return to Sweden. A large portion of 16 Mother’s evidence, including declarations and documentary evidence of A.L.C.’s 17 school and extracurricular activities in Los Angeles, go toward this defense. 18 Unfortunately, the well-settled defense is not available to Mother, because of the 19 timing of the Petition. 20 If proceedings under the Convention commenced more than one year after the 21 wrongful removal or retention, the Convention states that the child should not be 22 returned if the child has become settled in or accustomed to his or her surroundings. 23 Convention, art. 12. But the Convention is clear that the defense only applies if the 24 Petition has been filed more than one year after the wrongful removal or retention. Id. 25 Here, Mother and A.L.C. departed Sweden on February 27, 2013. The Petition was 26 filed in this Court exactly one year later on February 27, 2014. Moreover, the Court 27 has already explained that this case is not a wrongful-removal action but rather one for 28 wrongful retention of the children in the U.S. Although the Court has not articulated 23 1 an exact date when it became clear that Mother was not going to return with the 2 children, any date would necessarily fall after the date of departure from Sweden and 3 well within the one-year period. Thus, the well-settled defense is unavailable to 4 Mother. 5 D. Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms Exception 6 The final affirmative defense that Mother has raised is one based on public 7 policy and fundamental human rights. Article 20 of the Convention allows a court to 8 refuse to return a child “if doing so would violate fundamental principles relating to 9 the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms.” This affirmative defense 10 must be established by the higher standard of clear and convincing evidence. 42 11 U.S.C. § 11603(e)(2)(A). Moreover, it is almost never invoked and should only be 12 raised “on the rare occasion that return of a child would utterly shock the conscience 13 of the court or offend all notions of due process.” Public Notice 957, at 10510; see 14 also Hazbun Escaf v. Rodriquez, 200 F. Supp. 2d 603, 614 (E.D. Va. 2002). 15 Mother has proffered numerous news articles and Internet postings to argue that 16 Sweden is a racist country that will not welcome her children, who are of mixed race. 17 (Packet 74–93.) However, a few examples of hate crimes and evidence of racist 18 sentiments among a portion of the Swedish population does not reach the level of 19 utterly shocking the conscience—especially when they do not involve the parties at 20 issue here. Unfortunately, Sweden is not the only country where hate crimes and 21 racism exist, and many examples of similar crimes and sentiments can be found here 22 in the U.S. Accordingly, the Court finds that the fundamental principles of human 23 rights and fundamental freedoms do not prevent this Court from ordering the return of 24 A.L.C. and E.R.S.C. to Sweden. 25 VII. CONCLUSION AND RETURN ORDER 26 For the reasons discussed above, the Court hereby GRANTS the Petition for 27 Return of Children to Sweden. (ECF Nos. 1, 3.) The Court also DENIES Mother’s 28 Motions to Dismiss and Stay the proceedings. 24 (ECF No. 20.) The Court has 1 jurisdiction to hear the Petition under 42 U.S.C. § 11603(a), and a stay would 2 contravene the Convention’s instructions to “use the most expeditious procedures 3 available” in adjudicating petitions. Convention, art. 2. 4 The Court ORDERS that A.L.C. and E.R.S.C. be returned to Sweden for 5 custody proceedings forthwith. Father has stated that he will pay for Mother and the 6 children to fly back to Sweden for custody proceedings. He has also stated that he 7 will pay for all three to stay in a place separate and apart from him during the 8 pendency of custody proceedings. Accordingly, the children are to return to Sweden 9 in the custody of their mother Sarodjiny Carlwig. 10 Sarodjiny Carlwig is ORDERED not to leave the jurisdiction of the Central 11 District of California until her departure with the children to Sweden. The passports 12 of Sarodjiny Carlwig and A.L.C. are being held by the Los Angeles County District 13 Attorney’s Office. The Court ORDERS that the passports be released to Sarodjiny 14 Carlwig upon a showing that a flight to Sweden has been booked and is imminent. 15 Father’s counsel is to file weekly status reports with the Court on the progress 16 of travel arrangements for the return of A.L.C. and E.R.S.C. to Sweden. The first 17 status report shall be filed no later than Thursday, April 24, 2014, with subsequent 18 reports to be filed every seven days thereafter until the children have departed for 19 Sweden. 20 IT IS SO ORDERED. 21 22 April 17, 2014 23 24 25 ____________________________________ OTIS D. WRIGHT, II UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE 26 27 28 25
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