First Horizon Home Loans v. Doost, et al, No. 2:2009cv01906 - Document 18 (D. Ariz. 2009)
Court Description: ORDER granting 12 Motion to Remand to State Court. This case will be remanded to Maricopa County Superior Court. First Horizon's request for Rule 11 sanctions is granted. First Horizon's request for reasonable costs and attorney's fe es is granted. By November 20, 2009, First Horizon shall file a memorandum and supporting material identifying the expenses, other than attorneys' fees and costs, incurred as a result of Doost's improper removal, and also identifying the a ttorneys' fees and recoverable litigation costs incurred in obtaining this remand. By December 4, 2009, Doost shall file a response. No reply will be permitted. The Court will award sanctions, attorneys' fees, and costs after reviewing the parties' submissions. Signed by Judge David G Campbell on 11/6/09. (Attachments: # 1 Remand Letter)(DMT, )
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First Horizon Home Loans v. Doost, et al 1 Doc. 18 WO 2 3 4 5 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 6 FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 First Horizon Home Loans, a division of ) ) First Tennessee Bank National ) Association, ) ) Plaintiff, ) ) vs. ) ) Ghulam Doost, ) ) Defendant. ) No. CV09-1906 PHX DGC ORDER 14 On or about July 27, 2009, following a trustee sale, Plaintiff First Horizon Home 15 Loans (“First Horizon”) received a deed to property at 18232 West Banff Lane in Surprise, 16 Arizona (“the property”). Dkt. #12-1 at 10-12.1 On July 30, 2009, First Horizon gave 17 written notice to the current occupant, Defendant Ghulam Doost, to vacate the property by 18 August 6, 2009. Dkt. #12 at 3; Dkt. #12-1 at 7-8. When Doost did not vacate, First Horizon 19 filed this action for forcible entry and detainer, pursuant to A.R.S. § 12-1171 et seq, in 20 Maricopa County Superior Court, No. CV2009-025074. Dkt. #12 at 3; Dkt. #12-1 at 1-5. 21 Doost removed the action to this Court, alleging federal question and diversity jurisdiction. 22 Dkt. #1, ¶¶ 8-9. 23 First Horizon has filed a motion to remand on the ground that neither federal question 24 nor diversity jurisdiction apply. Dkt. # 12. It also asks the Court to award costs and 25 26 27 28 1 Citations to pages in the parties’ filings will be to the page numbers applied by the Court’s electronic docket at the top of each page, not to the numbers at the bottom of each page of a document. Dockets.Justia.com 1 attorney’s fees incurred as a result of the removal and to impose sanctions against Doost 2 under Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure because his removal was frivolous. 3 Dkt. # 12. The motion has been fully briefed. Dkt. ##12, 15. For reasons that follow, the 4 Court will grant the motion to remand and grant the request for attorney’s fees and 5 sanctions.2 6 I. Motion for remand. 7 Pursuant to the removal statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1441, any civil action brought in state 8 court over which the federal district courts have original jurisdiction may be removed to the 9 federal district court in the district where the action is pending. Courts strictly construe the 10 statute against removal jurisdiction. Gaus v. Miles, Inc., 980 F.2d 564, 566 (9th Cir. 1992). 11 Indeed, there is a “strong presumption” against removal and “[f]ederal jurisdiction must be 12 rejected if there is any doubt as to the right of removal in the first instance.” Id. This strong 13 presumption “against removal jurisdiction means that the defendant always has the burden 14 of establishing that removal is proper.” Id. “If at any time before final judgment it appears 15 that the district court lacks subject matter jurisdiction, the case shall be remanded.” 16 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c). 17 A. Federal question jurisdiction. 18 The Court has subject matter jurisdiction over cases involving “federal questions” 19 pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1331, which provides: “The district courts shall have original 20 jurisdiction of all civil actions arising under the Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United 21 States.” 1. 22 The well-pleaded complaint rule. 23 The United States Supreme Court has held that for purposes of subject matter 24 jurisdiction, the federal right claimed “must be an element, and an essential one, of the 25 plaintiff’s cause of action.” Gully v. First National Bank, 299 U.S. 109, 112 (1936) (citations 26 27 28 2 The parties’ request for oral argument is denied. The parties have fully briefed the issues and oral argument will not aid the Court’s decision. See Lake at Las Vegas Investors Group, Inc. v. Pac. Malibu Dev. Corp., 933 F.2d 724, 729 (9th Cir. 1991). -2- 1 omitted). “[F]ederal jurisdiction exists only when a federal question is presented on the face 2 of the plaintiff’s properly pleaded complaint.” Rivet v. Regions Bank of La., 522 U.S. 470, 3 475 (1998) (citations omitted). 4 On its face, First Horizon’s complaint does not state a claim that “arises under” federal 5 law. First Horizon requests immediate possession – an issue arising solely under Arizona 6 law. See A.R.S. § 12-1173.01. “By unimpeachable authority, a suit brought upon a state 7 statute does not arise under an act of Congress or the Constitution of the United States[.]” 8 Gully, 299 U.S. at 116; see Pan Am., 366 U.S. at 664-65. Thus, under the well-pleaded 9 complaint rule, the complaint does not arise under federal law. 10 2. The artful pleading doctrine. 11 Despite the language on the face of the complaint, Doost alleges that First Horizon 12 cloaks an essentially federal claim under state law. Dkt. #15 at 4. Under the artful pleading 13 doctrine a plaintiff “may not avoid federal jurisdiction by omitting from the complaint 14 allegations of federal law that are essential to the establishment of his claim.” Lippitt v. 15 Raymond James Fin. Servs., Inc., 340 F.3d 1033, 1039-41 (9th Cir. 2003) (internal citations 16 and quotations omitted). Although the artful pleading doctrine allows courts to look beyond 17 the face of the complaint to find federal jurisdiction, “[c]ourts should ‘invoke the doctrine 18 only in limited circumstances as it raises difficult issues of state and federal relationships and 19 often yields unsatisfactory results.’” Id. (quoting Sullivan v. First Affiliated Sec., Inc., 20 813 F.2d 1368, 1373 (9th Cir. 1987)). A state law claim raises substantial federal questions 21 when (1) a disputed question of federal law is a necessary element of the state claim, (2) the 22 claim is an inherently federal claim articulated in state-law terms, or (3) the plaintiff’s right 23 to relief depends upon the court’s resolution of a substantial federal question. Id. at 1042. 24 Here, federal law is not a necessary element of First Horizon’s statutory claim. Doost 25 alleges that First Horizon’s action for forcible entry and detainer is based upon a promissory 26 note that has many “substantive issues” under various federal acts, including the Truth in 27 Lending Act (TILA). Dkt. #15 at 3-4 n.2-4. Doost alleges that First Horizon avoided federal 28 jurisdiction by glossing over the promissory note and that First Horizon has presented no -3- 1 proof of being the “Holder in Due Course of the note.” Dkt. #15 at 3 n.2. Doost’s 2 allegations appear to pertain to the non-judicial foreclosure undertaken by First Horizon’s 3 predecessor in interest, not to the subsequent trustee’s sale. First Horizon asserts the right 4 to possession of the property pursuant to a trustee’s deed, not a promissory note. Dkt. #12, 5 ¶ 3. To the degree that the promissory note is at all relevant, Doost’s allegations might serve 6 as a defense to First Horizon’s cause of action, but Doost fails to assert his federal argument 7 with any specificity, and, as previously stated, a defense based on federal law is an 8 insufficient basis for federal question jurisdiction. See ARCO Envtl. Remediation v. Dep’t 9 of Health & Envtl. Quality, 213 F.3d 1108, 1113 (9th Cir. 2000). 10 First Horizon’s claims are not inherently federal. Nor does First Horizon’s right to 11 relief “depend on the resolution of a substantial, disputed federal question.” Lippitt, 340 12 F.3d at1042. First Horizon’s sole cause of action is for forcible entry and detainer brought 13 under Arizona law. This cause of action expressly limits inquiry to the narrow question of 14 rightful possession and does not extend to the merits of title. Dkt. 12 at 5 (citing A.R.S. § 12- 15 1177(A)). Because First Horizon’s claim for forcible entry and detainer is a state-law cause 16 of action and does not depend on resolving any substantial, disputed issues of federal law, 17 the Court does not have subject matter jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1331. 18 B. Diversity Jurisdiction. 19 In an action which does not involve a federal question, removal is proper only if no 20 defendant is a citizen of the State where the action is brought. See 28 U.S.C. § 1441(b). This 21 qualification is not met because First Horizon brought the action in Arizona and Doost is 22 identified as a citizen of Arizona both in the Complaint and in Doost’s own Notice of 23 Removal. Dkt. #12-1 at 1-5; Dkt. #1, ¶ 6. First Horizon correctly notes, and Doost does not 24 deny, that the citizenship of First Horizon corporation is not relevant for this inquiry. 25 Dkt. #12 at 5. 26 Furthermore, for the Court to have jurisdiction on the basis of diversity of citizenship, 27 the amount in controversy must exceed $75, 000. 28 U.S.C. § 1332 (a). Doost “bears the 28 burden of establishing, by a preponderance of the evidence,” that this criteria is met. Sanchez -4- 1 v. Monumental Life Ins. Co., 102 F.3d 398, 404 (9th Cir. 1996). Doost has failed to meet this 2 burden, asserting only that he “believe[s]” from allegations in the complaint that the amount 3 in controversy exceeds $75,000. Dkt. #1, ¶ 7. First Horizon responds, and Doost appears 4 to concede, that this action is solely to determine possession, and there is no amount in 5 controversy. Dkt. #12, 5. 6 II. Rule 11 sanctions. 7 “The central purpose of Rule 11 is to deter baseless filings.” Newton v. Thomason, 8 22 F.3d 1455, 1463 (9th Cir. 1994). Rule 11 justifies sanctions “when a filing is frivolous, 9 legally unreasonable, or without factual foundation, or is brought for an improper purpose.” 10 Estate of Blue v. County of L.A., 120 F.3d 982, 985 (9th Cir. 1997). A frivolous filing is 11 “both baseless and made without a reasonable and competent inquiry.” Townsend v. Holman 12 Consulting Corp., 929 F.2d 1358, 1362 (9th Cir. 1990). Prior to a filing, an attorney has a 13 duty to conduct a reasonable factual investigation and to perform adequate legal research to 14 confirm that assertions in the filing are “warranted by existing law or a good faith argument 15 for an extension, modification or reversal of existing law.” Christian v. Mattel, Inc., 286 16 F.3d 1118, 1127 (9th Cir. 2002) (internal citations omitted); see Fed. R. Civ. P. 11(b)(2). 17 The Court finds that Doost’s removal was frivolous. In the notice of removal, Doost, 18 without support, asserts federal question jurisdiction “based on the counterclaims being 19 brought by the Defendant.” Dkt. #1, ¶ 9. Doost fails to specify a factual basis for his alleged 20 federal counterclaims, claiming only that they arise under the Truth in Lending Act, the Fair 21 Debt Collection Act, and “certain RESPA violations.” Dkt. #1, ¶ 9; Dkt. #15 at 3. More 22 importantly, adequate legal research would have revealed that counterclaims cannot serve 23 as the basis for federal question jurisdiction. 24 In his response to the motion to remand, Doost asserts for the first time that “there is 25 a federal question presented in First Horizon’s Complaint.” Dkt. #15 at 2. For this reframing 26 of the Court’s basis for jurisdiction, Doost relies on the same conclusory statements already 27 examined without offering a specific factual basis for the allegation that First Horizon 28 “cloak[s] their claims” and “omit[s] the essential federal issues.” Dkt. #15 at 4. Doost’s only -5- 1 specific factual allegation – that First Horizon fails to document that it is the holder of the 2 promissory note – rests on Uniform Commercial Code sections 3-308(a)-(b) and 302(i), 3 which Doost erroneously identifies as United States Code provisions. Dkt. #15 at 4. As 4 noted above, First Horizon’s holder status is not relevant to this Court’s jurisdiction; 5 furthermore, as First Horizon states in its reply, the UCC provisions are codified in Arizona 6 law (Dkt. #17 at 3) and are not, as Doost contends, under “the jurisdiction and prowess of the 7 Federal Courts.” Dkt. #15 at 4. Doost’s removal to this Court was without a proper factual 8 foundation or a reasonable legal basis. 9 Doost’s removal on the basis of diversity jurisdiction also lacks proper factual 10 foundation or adequate legal research. Doost’s own claim of Arizona residency (Dkt. #1, 11 ¶ 6) conflicts with his assertion that the case is subject to removal. Dkt. #1, ¶ 8. As stated 12 above, 28 U.S.C. § 1441(b) clearly states that removal on the basis of diversity jurisdiction 13 is proper only if no defendant is a citizen of the state where the action is brought. 14 Furthermore, Doost makes no attempt to point to specific allegations in the complaint or to 15 any other factual basis beyond “information and belief” to support that the amount in 16 controversy exceeds $75,000. Dkt. #1, ¶ 7. In his response to the motion for remand, Doost 17 makes no further mention of diversity jurisdiction and makes no response to First Horizon’s 18 counter-arguments, further confirming the baselessness of Doost’s contentions in the notice 19 of removal. 20 First Horizon argues that Doost removed this case in order to delay his ouster from 21 the property. Dkt. #12 at 7. While precise motive is difficult to prove, this argument appears 22 to have merit in light of the fact that Doost has no factual or legal basis for removal. The 23 unnecessary delay caused by Doost’s improper removal also contravenes the purpose of 24 Arizona’s forcible entry and detainer statute: “[f]orcible entry and detainer is a statutory 25 proceeding whose object is to provide a summary, speedy and adequate means for obtaining 26 possession of premises by one entitled to actual possession.” Colonial Tri-City Ltd. P’ship 27 v. Ben Franklin Stores, Inc., 179 Ariz. 428, 433, 880 P.2d 648, 653 (App. Div. 1 (1993)) 28 (citing DVM Co. v. Stag Tobacconist, Ltd., 137 Ariz. 466, 467, 671 P.2d 907, 908 (1983); -6- 1 Heywood v. Ziol, 91 Ariz. 309, 372 P.2d 200 (1962)). Because the Court finds Doost’s 2 removal baseless and an obstruction of the purpose of the state law forming the basis of the 3 Complaint, Rule 11 sanctions are appropriate. The Court concludes that those sanctions 4 should take the form of reasonable expenses, other than attorneys’ fees and court costs, 5 incurred by First Horizon because of the improper removal. 6 “An order remanding [a] case may require payment of just costs and any actual 7 expenses, including attorney’s fees, incurred as a result of the removal.” 28 U.S.C. 8 § 1447(c). Because the Court finds that Doost’s removal was without merit, the Court finds 9 that an award of reasonable costs and attorney’s fees for First Horizon is appropriate. 10 IT IS ORDERED: 11 1. 12 First Horizon’s motion to remand (Dkt. #12) is granted. This case will be remanded to Maricopa County Superior Court. 13 2. First Horizon’s request for Rule 11 sanctions is granted. 14 3. First Horizon’s request for reasonable costs and attorney’s fees is granted. 15 4. By November 20, 2009, First Horizon shall file a memorandum and 16 supporting material identifying the expenses, other than attorneys’ fees and 17 costs, incurred as a result of Doost’s improper removal, and also identifying 18 the attorneys’ fees and recoverable litigation costs incurred in obtaining this 19 remand. By December 4, 2009, Doost shall file a response. No reply will be 20 permitted. The Court will award sanctions, attorneys’ fees, and costs after 21 reviewing the parties’ submissions. 22 DATED this 6th day of November, 2009. 23 24 25 26 27 28 -7-
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