American President Lines, Ltd. v. International Longshore and Warehouse Union, Alaska Longshore Division, Unit 60, No. 3:2010cv00183 - Document 102 (D. Alaska 2014)
Court Description: ORDER granting 88 Motion for Summary Judgment. Signed by Judge John W. Sedwick on 2/18/14. (PRR, COURT STAFF)
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American President Lines, Ltd. v. International Longshore and Warehouse...ongshore Division, Unit 60 Doc. 102 1 2 3 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 4 DISTRICT OF ALASKA 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 AMERICAN PRESIDENT LINES, LTD., ) ) Plaintiff, ) ) vs. ) ) INTERNATIONAL LONGSHORE AND ) WAREHOUSE UNION, ALASKA ) LONGSHORE DIVISION, UNIT 60, ) ) ) Defendant. ) ) 3:10-CV-00183 JWS ORDER AND OPINION [Re: Motion at docket 88] 14 15 16 I. MOTION PRESENTED At docket 88, defendant International Longshore and Warehouse Union, Alaska 17 Longshore Division, Unit 60 (“Defendant” or “ILWU”) moves pursuant to Federal Rule of 18 Civil Procedure 56 for summary judgment. Plaintiff American President Lines, Ltd. 19 (“Plaintiff” or “APL”) opposes the motion at docket 94. Defendant’s reply is at 20 docket 100. Neither party requested oral argument, and it would not be of assistance to 21 the court. 22 23 II. BACKGROUND APL operates marine terminals in Alaska and ocean-going vessels that transport 24 cargo. APL’s primary port is in Dutch Harbor. APL is part of a multi-employer 25 bargaining unit known as the Alaska Maritime Employers Association (“AMEA”). The 26 only other current member of the AMEA is Horizon Lines. Prior to 2003, North Star 27 Terminal and Stevedore Company (“North Star”) and Southeast Stevedoring Company 28 (“SES”) were also part of the AMEA. -1- Dockets.Justia.com 1 The ILWU is a labor union that represents all longshore workers in specified 2 Alaska ports, including the Port of Seward. Unit 60 is a constituent unit of the ILWU 3 that represents longshoremen in the port of Seward. 4 The AMEA and the ILWU are parties to a collective bargaining agreement known 5 as the All-Alaska Longshore Agreement (“AALA”). North Star and SES are also parties 6 to the AALA: prior to 2003 they were parties through their affiliation with AMEA and 7 after 2003 they were individual signatory employers. 8 9 The AALA covers “[a]ll movement of cargo on vessels, or loading to and discharging from vessels of any type and on docks or to and from railroad cars.”1 10 Seward is identified in the agreement as an “ILWU Port.” The agreement also contains 11 a work preservation provision, which states that the employer, which includes the AMEA 12 and the individual signatory employers, “hereby assures [the ILWU] that it will use its 13 best efforts to act in good faith in preserving as much as possible all of the work 14 covered by [the AALA] for the registered work force.”2 15 APL’s large vessels cannot access many of Alaska’s smaller ports, including the 16 port in Seward. As a result, APL enters into connecting carrier agreements (“CCA”) 17 with barge operators to move APL’s export product from these smaller ports to Dutch 18 Harbor. APL has a CCA with Samson Tug and Barge (“Samson”), pursuant to which 19 Samson uses its barges to transport APL’s shipping containers between Dutch Harbor 20 and Seward. At Dutch Harbor, APL uses ILWU labor to load its empty containers onto 21 Samson’s barges. Once in Seward, Samson employees unload the empty containers 22 on the docks for APL customers to fill with their export products, and then Samson 23 employees reload filled containers on the barges to be transported back to Dutch 24 Harbor. ILWU employees unload the containers from Samson’s barges once they are 25 back in Dutch Harbor. 26 27 1 Doc. 91 at p. 15 (Ex. A at p. 4); Doc. 96-1 at p. 5. 28 2 Doc. 91 at p. 45 (Ex. A at p. 34); Doc. 96-1 at p. 36. -2- 1 Samson is not a member of AMEA, nor is it an individual party to the AALA. It 2 does not employ ILWU labor in Seward but, rather, has its own workforce there. Its 3 employees are represented by the Marine Engineers’ Beneficial Association (“MEBA”) 4 union. For some period of time prior to 2003, before it had its own workforce in 5 Seward, Samson used North Star as a contractor to perform cargo handling in Seward. 6 North Star, at that time a member of the AMEA and at all times a party to the AALA, 7 used ILWU labor for that work. APL has never had any cargo-handling operations or 8 employees of its own in Seward, and it is undisputed that ILWU labor never directly 9 performed any cargo-handling operations for APL in Seward.3 10 In August of 2006, the ILWU filed a grievance against APL for APL’s use of non- 11 ILWU employees to offload APL containers in Seward and sought arbitration. The 12 ILWU claimed that APL, through its CCA with Samson, had displaced ILWU workers in 13 Seward with Samson’s MEBA-represented workers in violation of the AALA’s work 14 preservation provision. 15 Arbitration was held based on written submissions in September 2006. The 16 Alaska Arbitrator issued an award in the ILWU’s favor, concluding that the AALA’s work 17 preservation provision required that APL assign the disputed work in Seward to the 18 ILWU.4 Specifically, the Alaska Arbitrator found that the disputed loading work was 19 previously done by the ILWU, and he found that APL controls who handles its cargo. 20 He ordered APL to assign the work to the ILWU. APL made “in-lieu-of” payments with 21 respect to the disputed work covered by the award and appealed. On appeal, the 22 Coast Arbitrator remanded the case to the Alaska Arbitrator for a full evidentiary 23 hearing.5 24 25 26 3 It is disputed whether ILWU indirectly performed cargo-handling work for APL: the parties disagree as to whether Samson was transporting APL cargo when it contracted with North Star for cargo handling operations in Seward. 27 4 Doc. 91 at pp. 111-120 (Ex. B). 28 5 Doc. 91 at pp. 122-127 (Ex. C). -3- 1 In the fall of 2008, after a full hearing, the Alaska Arbitrator concluded that there 2 was no compelling evidence presented that would modify or change his original 3 arbitration decision that the AALA required APL to assign its cargo-handling work in 4 Seward to the ILWU.6 In a written decision, the Alaska Arbitrator found that ILWU 5 workers had performed cargo-handling work in Seward through North Star, a signatory 6 to the AALA.7 As a result of these findings, the arbitrator ordered APL to assign the 7 cargo-handling work to ILWU’s Unit 60. He also suggested ways in which APL could 8 satisfy its obligation, but ultimately concluded that it was APL’s decision as to how APL 9 would comply.8 10 Rather than transition the work to the ILWU as ordered, APL continued to make 11 “in-lieu-of” payments and appealed the renewed decision, arguing that implementation 12 of the Alaska Arbitrator’s award would require it to violate section 8(e) of the National 13 Labor Relations Act (“NLRA”).9 The Coast Arbitrator determined that “as a precondition 14 to appealing his decision in the case,” APL had to actually assign the work in question 15 to the ILWU, consistent with the Alaska Arbitrator’s award.10 16 APL filed an unfair labor practice charge with the National Labor Relations Board 17 (“NLRB”). It alleged that the arbitrator’s award violated section 8(e) of the NLRA and 18 that the ILWU violated sections 8(b)(4)(ii)(A) and (B) of the NLRA11 by pursuing an 19 unlawful interpretation of the AALA. The NLRB General Counsel’s Division of Advice 20 concluded that APL’s allegations lacked merit because the ILWU’s grievance and the 21 22 6 Doc. 91 at p. 149 (Ex. G). 7 Doc. 91 at pp. 155-56 (Ex. H at pp. 5-6). 8 Doc. 91 at pp. 155-56, 157 (Ex. H at pp. 5-6, 7). 26 9 29 U.S.C. § 158(e). 27 10 Doc. 91 at pp.162-163 (Ex. I at pp. 4-5). 28 11 29 U.S.C. § 158(b)(4)(ii)(A), (B). 23 24 25 -4- 1 resulting arbitration award were lawful.12 The NLRB Regional Office dismissed APL’s 2 charges,13 and APL’s appeal to the Central Office of Appeals was denied.14 3 APL then filed the current action under section 303 of the Labor Management 4 Relations Act (“LMRA”),15 which permits an employer to sue for damages in federal 5 court for any unfair labor practice defined in section 8(b)(4) of the NLRA. APL asserts 6 in its complaint that the ILWU violated subsections 8(b)(4)(ii)(A) and (B) when it 7 advanced an interpretation of the work preservation provision that would force APL to 8 enter into an illegal agreement with Samson or force it to cease doing business with 9 Samson. The court dismissed the complaint after concluding that APL lacked the 10 requisite standing. On appeal, the Ninth Circuit reversed and remanded the case back 11 for determination on the merits. On remand, the ILWU filed its motion for summary 12 judgment. 13 14 III. STANDARD OF REVIEW Summary judgment is appropriate where “there is no genuine dispute as to any 15 material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”16 The 16 materiality requirement ensures that “only disputes over facts that might affect the 17 outcome of the suit under the governing law will properly preclude the entry of summary 18 judgment.”17 Ultimately, “summary judgment will not lie if the . . . evidence is such that 19 a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.”18 However, summary 20 21 12 Doc. 96-15. 13 Doc. 91 at p. 168 (Ex. K). 14 Doc. 91 at p. 173 (Ex. L). 15 29 U.S.C. § 187. 26 16 Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). 27 17 Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). 28 18 Id. 22 23 24 25 -5- 1 judgment is mandated under Rule 56(c) “against a party who fails to make a showing 2 sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party’s case, and on 3 which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial.”19 4 The moving party has the burden of showing that there is no genuine dispute as 5 to any material fact.20 The moving party need not present evidence; it need only point 6 out the lack of any genuine dispute as to material fact.21 Once the moving party has 7 met this burden, the non-moving party must set forth evidence of specific facts showing 8 the existence of a genuine issue for trial.22 All evidence presented by the non-movant 9 must be believed for purposes of summary judgment and all justifiable inferences must 10 be drawn in favor of the non-movant.23 However, the non-moving party may not rest 11 upon mere allegations or denials, but must show that there is sufficient evidence 12 supporting the claimed factual dispute to require a fact-finder to resolve the parties’ 13 differing versions of the truth at trial.24 14 IV. DISCUSSION 15 APL brings suit against the ILWU pursuant to section 303 of the LMRA25 to 16 recover damages stemming from the arbitration instigated by ILWU, which APL alleges 17 was an illegal unfair labor practice under sections 8(b)(4)(ii)(A) and (B) of the NLRA.26 18 19 20 19 Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986). 20 Id. at 323. 21 Id. at 323-25. 22 Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248-49. 23 Id. at 255. 26 24 Id. at 248-49. 27 25 29 U.S.C. § 187. 28 26 29 U.S.C. § 158(b)(4)(ii)(A), (B). 21 22 23 24 25 -6- 1 Both subsections (A) and (B) prohibit union coercion. Subsection (A) prohibits 2 coercing an employer to enter into an agreement which is prohibited by section 8(e) of 3 the NLRA.27 Section 8(e) prohibits “hot cargo” agreements, which are agreements 4 where a union and an employer agree that the employer will not handle the goods of 5 another or will cease doing business with another person and include “union signatory” 6 agreements that prohibit an employer from subcontracting with any business who does 7 not use union labor.28 Subsection (B) prohibits coercing any employer to cease doing 8 business with another party, regardless of any agreement.29 A union’s actions will not be deemed coercive under section 8(b)(4) if the 9 10 purpose of those actions are aimed at preserving work for its employees in the 11 bargaining unit (primary union activity), rather than accomplishing union goals 12 elsewhere (secondary union activity).30 Secondary union activity includes disrupting 13 business relations of a non-union employer or expanding the reach of the union to claim 14 work not traditionally performed by bargaining unit members.31 The relevant inquiry is 15 whether the union’s efforts are directed at matters involving the labor relations of the 16 contracting employer vis-a-vis his own employees.32 17 A union’s pursuance of a grievance through arbitration can be considered 18 coercive under section 8(b)(4) if that grievance is based on an interpretation of a 19 20 21 27 29 U.S.C. § 158(b)(4)(ii)(A). 22 28 23 29 U.S.C. § 158(e); see also Am. President Lines, Ltd. v. Int’l Longshore and Warehouse Union, Alaska Longshore Div., Unit 60, 721 F.3d 1147, 1152 n.3 (9th Cir. 2013). 24 29 29 § 158(b)(4)(ii)(B). 25 30 NLRB v. Int’l Longshoremen’s Ass’n, AFL-CIO (“ILA II”), 473 U.S. 61, 74-76,78-79 27 31 Id. at 81. 28 32 NLRB v. Int’l Longshoremen’s Ass’n, AFL-CIO (“ILA I”), 447 U.S. 490, 504 (1980). 26 (1985). -7- 1 collective bargaining agreement that furthers an unlawful object.33 That is, it is coercive 2 if a union pursues an interpretation of a collective bargaining agreement in arbitration 3 that promotes secondary union activity and not primary work preservation activity. The 4 court applies a two-part test when determining whether an agreement is a lawful work 5 preservation agreement: (1) the union’s objective must be the preservation of work 6 traditionally performed by employees represented by the union; and (2) the contracting 7 employer must have the power to give the employees the work in question.34 8 9 Here, APL argues that ILWU’s interpretation of the AALA—that requires APL to use ILWU labor in Seward for cargo handling—is an unlawful one because it 10 necessarily results in a de facto union signatory requirement for Samson or forces APL 11 to cease doing business with Samson. The ILWU asserts that its interpretation of the 12 AALA work preservation provision is a lawful prohibition on employers from 13 subcontracting outside the bargaining unit, which is a broadly defined unit consisting of 14 all ILWU represented longshore workers in a multi-port area used by the multiple 15 employers who are parties to the AALA. 16 The ILWU’s interpretation of its contract rights is colorable given case law 17 applicable to collective bargaining agreements involving multi-employer, multi-port 18 longshore work. Specifically, Bermuda Container Lines Ltd. v. International 19 Longshoremen’s Association,35 provides support for ILWU’s contention that multi- 20 employer, master collective bargaining agreements in the longshore industry that 21 prohibit carriers from subcontracting outside the bargaining unit can be lawful if the 22 primary objective of the prohibition is work preservation for the bargaining unit 23 employees, even if the incidental effect is that an employer must cease doing business 24 25 26 33 See Nelson v. Int’l Bhd. of Elec. Workers, Local Union No. 46, 899 F.2d 1557, 1562 (9th Cir. 1990), overruled on other grounds by Miller v. Cal. Pac. Med. Ctr., 19 F.3d 449 (9th Cir. 1994); Truck Drivers, Union Local 705 v. NLRB, 820 F.2d 448, 452 (D.C. Cir. 1987). 27 34 ILA I, 447 U.S. at 504. 28 35 192 F.3d 250 (2d Cir. 1999). -8- 1 with other entities. In Bermuda, Bermuda Container Lines (“BCL”), a marine carrier like 2 APL, was a party to an East and Gulf Coast-wide master collective bargaining 3 agreement with a longshore union, the ILA. BCL shipped cargo between Bermuda and 4 the Port of New York on a daily basis. The master agreement contained a provision 5 that sought to preserve certain longshore work for union members. BCL had 6 subcontracted with Maher Terminals, a stevedore company also bound to the master 7 agreement with the ILA, for dock work at the Port of New York, but then sought to 8 relocate from the Port of New York to the port in Salem, New Jersey, where non-ILA 9 workers were employed. The ILA union filed a grievance alleging that BCL’s move to 10 Salem violated the master agreement by diverting work away from ILA union members. 11 The grievance was sustained, and BCL was required to pay damages for each shipping 12 container that non-ILA workers handled in Salem. BCL filed suit to challenge the 13 arbitration award, arguing that the agreement as interpreted by the arbitrator required it 14 to refrain from doing business with companies in Salem or required those companies to 15 hire union workers. 16 The Second Circuit found that the agreement was not an unlawful union 17 signatory requirement, concluding that it lawfully prohibited subcontracting outside the 18 bargaining unit in order to preserve work for the bargaining unit employees.36 In so 19 holding, it rejected BCL’s argument that the appropriate bargaining unit would only 20 encompass those ILA union employees who did work for BCL through Maher Terminals 21 at the Port of New York and that the union’s grievance challenging its move to Salem 22 was aimed at expanding the union’s reach to Salem and not preserving ILA union work 23 in the Port of New York.37 Instead, the court stressed that BCL was party to an 24 industry-wide collective agreement, where the relevant bargaining unit was defined on a 25 multi-employer, multiple-port basis, and thus the bargaining unit employees were all the 26 27 36 Id. at 256-57. 28 37 Id. at 257. -9- 1 longshore workers represented by ILA on a coast-wide basis.38 BCL was therefore 2 required to preserve work for all ILA union members on a coast-wide basis and the use 3 of non-ILA workers in Salem would directly hurt existing members of the bargaining unit 4 by reducing the number of jobs available in the relevant geographic area.39 5 Based on Bermuda, an agreement that prohibits subcontracting outside the 6 bargaining unit by requiring contracting employers to hire bargaining unit employees 7 either directly or indirectly through other signatory employers can be a lawful work 8 preservation agreement in situations like here, where the bargaining unit consists of a 9 multi-port, multi-employer pool of longshore workers. Indeed, APL concedes that a 10 union contract can lawfully preclude subcontracting. It argues, however, that here 11 ILWU’s interpretation is not an outright prohibition on subcontracting but instead is a 12 prohibition on subcontracting based on union membership. It argues that limitations on 13 who can be subcontractors are only lawful if those limitations are directed at economic 14 standards and not union affiliation. APL incorrectly focuses on itself as the relevant 15 employer rather than the collective group of employers under the AALA when arguing 16 that the ILWU limits its ability to subcontract based on union affiliation. The primary 17 employer here is not just APL; it is collectively all employers subject to the AALA. The 18 ILWU’s interpretation of the AALA amounts to a prohibition, directed at the primary 19 employers collectively, on subcontracting out work covered under the AALA. The fact 20 that this means APL might be forced to use other signatories to the AALA as 21 subcontractors if they do not directly hire ILWU workers in Seward is a consequence of 22 APL’s status as a signatory to a multi-employer collective bargaining agreement. 23 Thus, the court concludes that the interpretation of the AALA sought by the 24 ILWU was not clearly unlawful: it did not necessarily amount to a hot cargo or union 25 signatory agreement. The remaining issue is whether the ILWU’s interpretation of the 26 27 38 Id. 28 39 Id. -10- 1 AALA can be considered a lawful work preservation agreement as applied to the work 2 in question. As noted above, the court must consider whether the cargo-handling work 3 in Seward was fairly claimable by the ILWU and whether APL has control over the work 4 in question.40 5 The Alaska Arbitrator made findings of fact that resolve these two issues when 6 he considered whether APL was in violation of the AALA. He found that ILWU workers 7 had previously performed the disputed cargo-handling work in Seward and that APL 8 had the right to control the assignment of its cargo-handling work.41 As instructed by 9 the Ninth Circuit, the court must decide whether and how much to defer to the 10 11 Arbitrator’s findings of fact.42 APL argues that the court cannot defer to the Alaska Arbitrator’s findings of fact 12 because it is not challenging the Alaska Arbitrator’s decision regarding the contract 13 under section 301 of the LMRA but, rather, is challenging the union’s conduct under 14 section 303. It argues that the limited judicial review and deference required under 15 section 301 has not been extended to section 303. It cites to Old Dutch Farms, Inc. v. 16 Milk Drivers and Dairy Employees Local 584,43 where the Second Circuit stated that the 17 strong policy favoring arbitration and deference to an arbitrator’s findings related to 18 collective bargaining agreements does not have equal force in suits arising under 19 section 303 where the dispute is concerned with an employer’s right to recover 20 damages caused by an unfair labor practice, “which is entirely separate from any right 21 conferred on him by section 301.”44 22 23 40 ILA I, 447 U.S. at 504. 41 Doc. 91 at pp. 111-120; Doc. 91 at p.149; Doc. 91 at pp. 155-56. 26 42 721 F.3d at 1557 n.7. 27 43 359 F.2d 598 (2d Cir. 1966). 28 44 Id. at 602-03. 24 25 -11- 1 While this dispute was brought pursuant to section 303, APL’s claim for 2 damages is not entirely separate from the underlying contract claim that was the subject 3 of the arbitration. APL’s claim for damages arose from the ILWU’s prosecution of 4 contract grievances, and APL argues that ILWU advanced an unlawful interpretation of 5 the applicable contract when pursuing arbitration against it. Thus, APL’s section 303 6 claim directly and inextricably involves the contract issues decided by the Alaska 7 Arbitrator. The court agrees with the ILWU that the Alaska Arbitrator’s findings related 8 to whether the work sought had been performed by ILWU workers and to whether APL 9 controls the work, the critical facts in this case, should be given significant weight given 10 11 the fact that he is intimately familiar with the longshore industry. Even disregarding the Alaska Arbitrator’s findings, the court concludes that the 12 agreement as construed by the ILWU has a lawful work preservation purpose given the 13 undisputed evidence on the record. When looking at the nature of the work involved, 14 the focus is on the work of the bargaining unit employees.45 Here, the bargaining unit 15 employees include all longshore workers represented by the ILWU doing work at 16 certain Alaska ports for multi-employers under the AALA. It is undisputed that 17 bargaining unit employees have performed cargo-handling work in covered Alaska 18 ports, including Seward, pursuant to the AALA. North Star hired ILWU to perform such 19 work in Seward prior to 2003. North Star was and is an employer bound by the AALA. 20 Thus, the ILWU has handled cargo in Seward under the AALA in the past. The work is 21 fairly claimable. 22 APL argues that the work is not fairly claimable because the work done by the 23 ILWU in Seward was not on behalf of APL. This court agrees with the NLRB General 24 Counsel in that it is irrelevant whether or not the work was performed for APL 25 specifically.46 Again, the court must look to the work done by the bargaining unit 26 27 45 ILA I, 447 U.S. at 507. 28 46 Doc. 91 (Ex. L). -12- 1 employees as a whole and not with reference to the particular employment practices of 2 an individual employer. As noted above, the bargaining unit here is defined not just in 3 terms of the employees of one employer, but in terms of employees doing work for 4 multiple employers bound by the terms of AALA and functioning collectively as the 5 primary employer. It is clear to this court, as it was to the Alaska Arbitrator and the 6 NLRB, that the ILWU has historically performed such cargo-handling work under the 7 AALA, even in Seward. 8 9 APL appears to find it significant that North Star is only an individual signatory to the AALA and is no longer a part of the AMEA, the organization that negotiates the 10 collective bargaining agreement on behalf of APL. Even if the bargaining unit 11 employees should be narrowed to those ILWU members doing work for the AMEA 12 employers, at the time North Star used ILWU labor to do loading and unloading work in 13 Seward it was, in fact, a member of AMEA along with APL. 14 Not only is the disputed loading work in Seward fairly claimable by the ILWU, 15 APL has the right to assign such work to the ILWU. As noted by the ILWU in its 16 briefing, the evidence shows that APL “controls where APL’s containers go, when they 17 go, where they go, when they get there, and who takes them.”47 The evidence also 18 shows that the reason APL did not have ILWU workers handle its cargo in Seward and 19 agreed to let Samson’s non-ILWU workforce do the work instead is because they 20 wanted to avoid a jurisdictional issue with Samson’s MEBA-represented workforce.48 It 21 is undisputed that the MEBA ended up disclaiming the Seward work.49 APL’s current 22 practices demonstrate that it could have the ILWU handle its cargo when at port, even 23 though the cargo is transported by Samson barges. Samson barges deliver APL 24 customers’ cargo from the smaller ports, including Seward, to Dutch Harbor. Dutch 25 26 47 Doc. 91 at p. 134 (Ex. D at p. 6). 27 48 Doc. 91 at p. 139 (Ex. D at p. 11). 28 49 Doc. 91 (Ex. F). -13- 1 Harbor is another port covered by the AALA, and APL chooses to employ ILWU 2 longshore workers from the joint dispatch halls to do its cargo-handling work on the 3 incoming and outgoing Samson barges in Dutch Harbor. This practice demonstrates 4 that APL can have Samson, its contractor, agree to this type of arrangement in Seward 5 or otherwise arrange for ILWU labor to perform such work. 6 Given that the cargo-handling work in Seward is fairly claimable by the ILWU and 7 that APL has the power to assign such work to ILWU workers, the interpretation of the 8 AALA advanced by the ILWU and adopted by the Alaska Arbitrator is a lawful work 9 preservation interpretation, and thus, there is no violation of section 8(b)(4)(ii). APL’s 10 section 303 claim fails as a matter of law. 11 12 V. CONCLUSION Based on the preceding discussion, Defendant’s motion for summary judgment 13 at docket 88 is GRANTED. The Clerk of Court will please enter judgment for the 14 defendant. 15 DATED this 18th day of February 2014, 16 /s/ JOHN W. SEDWICK UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 -14-
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