West Alabama Women's Center et al v. Williamson, No. 2:2015cv00497 - Document 22 (M.D. Ala. 2015)
Court Description: OPINION. Signed by Honorable Judge Myron H. Thompson on 8/13/2015. (kh, ) (Main Document 22 replaced on 8/13/2015) (kh, ).
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IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF THE UNITED STATES FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF ALABAMA, NORTHERN DIVISION WEST ALABAMA WOMEN’S ) CENTER and WILLIAM J. ) PARKER, M.D., on behalf of ) themselves and their ) patients, ) ) Plaintiffs, ) ) v. ) ) DONALD E. WILLIAMSON, ) M.D., in his official ) capacity as State Health ) Officer, ) ) Defendant. ) CIVIL ACTION NO. 2:15cv497-MHT (WO) OPINION This lawsuit is an ‘as-applied’ challenge by a licensed abortion clinic in the State of Alabama and its new, sole Administrative that, in order doctor Code against § to a regulation, 420-5-1-.03(6)(b), perform abortions at Alabama requiring the clinic, either the doctor must have ‘admitting privileges’ at a local hospital ‘covering or the physician’ clinic who has must such contract with privileges. a The plaintiffs, West Alabama Women’s Center and Dr. William J. Parker, on behalf of themselves and their patients, claim that this regulation is unconstitutional under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, as enforced through 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and as applied to them, because it violates their patients’ rights to liberty and privacy and their right to pursue their business and profession. The defendant is Dr. Donald E. Williamson, in his official capacity as the State Health Officer. Jurisdiction is proper under 28 U.S.C. § 1331 (federal question) and 28 U.S.C. § 1343 (civil rights). Previously, based on a limited record, the court granted the plaintiffs’ motion for a temporary restraining order against the regulation as applied to them. This opinion explains why. I. LEGAL STANDARD To demonstrate that a temporary restraining order is warranted, the plaintiffs must show: (1) that there 2 is a substantial likelihood of success on the merits of their suit; (2) that they will suffer irreparable harm absent injunctive relief; (3) that the harm to the plaintiffs absent an injunction would outweigh the harm to the defendant from an injunction; and (4) that an injunction is in the public interest. Ingram v. Ault, 50 F.3d 898, 900 (11th Cir. 1995). II. BACKGROUND This case focuses on a regulation promulgated by the Alabama State Board of Health: Administrative Code § 420-5-1-.03(6)(b). Alabama Before diving into the question at hand, some history is helpful to understand the legal context of this challenge. The regulation took effect in 2007.1 either that a doctor who performs It requires abortions have admitting privileges at a local hospital or that the 1. As the defendant notes, a regulation imposing similar requirements was first enacted in 2003. It was then amended in 2006, and these amendments took effect in 2007. 3 clinic where an abortion is performed to contract with a local covering privileges. physician with such admitting See Ala. Admin. Code § 420-5-1-.03(6)(b). In 2013, Alabama enacted a statute that would have superseded this regulation. Code § 26-23E-4(c), performing required abortions local hospital. The new statute, 1975 Ala. have that every admitting physician privileges at a In effect, it would have eliminated the alternative covering-physician arrangement. Five abortion clinics were operating in the State at the time, only two of which were staffed by physicians who had local admitting privileges. The other the three, to that point, had complied with regulation by contracting with a covering physician. Before clinics lawsuit the relying in this statute on requirement abortions have into covering court statute’s went physicians to enjoin that all admitting effect, the brought enforcement physicians privileges. three See of a the providing Planned Parenthood Se., Inc. v. Bentley (Strange I), 951 F. 4 Supp. 2d 1280 (M.D. Ala. 2013) (Thompson, J.) (granting plaintiffs’ motion for temporary restraining order); Planned Parenthood Se., Inc. v. Strange (Strange II), 9 F. Supp. 3d 1272, 1289 n.31 (M.D. Ala. 2014) (Thompson, J.) (granting in part and denying in part the parties’ motions for summary judgment); Parenthood Se., Inc. v. Strange (Strange III), 33 F. Supp. 3d 1330, 1337 (M.D. Ala. 2014) (Thompson, J.) (finding that 1975 Ala. Code § 26-23E-4(c) creates an undue burden at least as to the plaintiff clinics); Planned Parenthood Se., Inc. v. Strange (Strange IV), 33 F. Supp. 3d 1381 (M.D. Ala. 2014) (supplementing liability opinion with evidentiary findings). Importantly, the plaintiff clinics did not challenge the State’s regulation because they did not need to--they remained able to comply with the regulation by contracting with a covering physician. This court found the new statute unconstitutional, at least as applied to the three clinics that brought the suit. court’s Strange III, 33 F. Supp. 3d at 1378. decision as to the 5 scope of relief The remains pending. By agreement of the parties until relief is decided, a temporary restraining order prohibiting any enforcement of the statute in the State remains in effect. Because the statute requiring that all physicians have admitting privileges has been enjoined, the two alternative remain: routes admitting for compliance privileges for in the the regulation doctor covering-physician contract for the clinic. or a And though the regulation has been amended in light of the statute and in the wake of the Strange litigation, it still allows for compliance by either route.2 2. More specifically, the regulation now states that the statutory requirement that all physicians obtain staff privileges is “stayed until such time that the restraining order is lifted or there has been a final disposition allowing for enforcement of this requirement in Planned Parenthood Southeast, et al. v. Strange, et al., Civil Action No. 2:13-cv-504-MHT,” and that, “until that time,” clinics may comply with the regulation by contracting with a covering physician. Although the revised language of the regulation is a bit abstruse, it appears that both sides in this litigation agree that the current regulation retains the same two alternative routes for compliance: staff (continued...) 6 Until December 2014, the West Alabama Women’s Center in Tuscaloosa had no trouble complying with the regulation. privileges Its doctor, Louis Payne, had admitting at the local however, has changed. hospital. The situation, Dr. Payne retired in December 2014, and, although the Center has found a replacement doctor, he does not have staff privileges at the local hospital. covering Nor has the Center been able to find a physician, that is, one who has local admitting privileges and who willing to contract with it. Because the Center cannot meet either requirement of the regulation, it has been closed since January 2015. The Center now brings this suit asking the court to declare the regulation unconstitutional as applied to it so that the clinic may reopen. For over 20 years before its recent closure, the Women’s Center provided reproductive health services to women in Alabama, including abortions, birth control, privileges for the doctor contract for the clinic. 7 or a covering-physician treatment for sexually transmitted infections, pregnancy counseling, and referral for adoption. relevant to this case, Dr. abortions at the clinic. Payne performed As all the Early-term abortions (which is how the court will refer to all abortions prior to 16 weeks postfertilization) make up the vast majority of the procedures performed at the Center. In 2012 and 2013, about 80 % of the abortion procedures at the Center were performed postfertilization, procedures During were that procedures prior and almost before 16 same period, performed 96 to % weeks the at of 10 weeks the abortion postfertilization. remaining the 4 Center % of were mid-second-trimester abortions (which is how the court will refer to abortions between 16 weeks and 20 weeks postfertilization). Subject to a health-exception, Alabama’s legal limit for obtaining an abortion is 20 weeks postfertilization. 1975 Ala. Code § 26-23B-5(a). By 2013, around 40 % of the abortions in Alabama took place at the Women’s Center, far more than at any 8 other clinic. In 2012, the Center performed two times more procedures abortion 2013, the latest year than any for other which clinic; State the statistics, that gap increased to 2.5. in has The Center was the only clinic open five days a week, including on Saturdays, and was the only Alabama’s fifth largest city. of only two abortions clinics in throughout clinic in Tuscaloosa, Additionally, it was one the the State that first performed 20 weeks postfertilization, and it provided around 75 % of the State’s mid-second-trimester abortions. In these 20 years, the Center’s license has never been placed on probation, suspended, or revoked for failure to meet any safety regulation. During the past five years, less than one-tenth of one percent of the Center’s patients were transferred to a hospital for observation or a complication. The Center has never been closed for failing to treat its patients properly. On the other hand, attacks on the Center have forced it to suspend operations on several occasions. 9 In 1997, “a person opposed to abortion climbed onto the roof of [the Center] and dropped a lit flare into the air-conditioning unit. of the clinic damage. The identified.” About on a The flare lit the entire inside fire, causing perpetrator of over the $ 400,000 arson was of never Strange III, 33 F. Supp. 3d at 1333. decade later, “a man intentionally drove through the front of the [Center], eventually fleeing and engaging police in a chase.” has received bomb threats and Id. Also, the Center had gunshots fired through its windows. In addition to these violent acts towards Dr. clinic the Center, administrator, their home. Payne have and Gloria encountered Gray, the protestors at A few months ago, protestors handed out flyers near Gray’s home with her name, photograph, and home address, a tactic which has led against abortion providers in the past. 1333 (noting that an Alabama doctor to violence See id. at who provided abortions was murdered after he was identified in an anti-abortion poster at a 10 Montgomery rally that contained his name, photo, and contact information). This history mirrors the larger history of “severe violence against abortion providers in Alabama and the surrounding regions,” including threats, shootings, and bombings that left at least one doctor and one police officer dead. Id. Dr. Payne retired on December 31, 2014, leaving the Women’s Center without a doctor with local admitting privileges. closed. Since that time, the Center has been However, it found a replacement, Dr. William Parker, an Alabama native, to move to Tuscaloosa to practice at the board-certified Center. OB/GYN with Dr. Parker subspecialty is a training in family planning, contraception, and abortion, and with over 20 years of experience in women’s health. currently on the Medicine, and he hospital there. of States, faculty holds of Northwestern admitting He is School privileges at of the He has performed abortions in a number including Alabama 11 and Mississippi, and currently provides abortions at the Montgomery clinic when the primary physician is unavailable there.3 After Parker agreeing attempted to to join meet the the Women’s legal provide abortions in Alabama. Center, Dr. requirements to First, he looked into getting local admitting privileges at the only hospital in the Tuscaloosa area, which required that he perform a number of hysterectomies and laparotomies at hospital. that However, the reality is that, because Dr. Parker is a full-time abortion provider and because complications from abortions are so rare, he would never be able to do the required amount of procedures. Indeed, out of the estimated 10,000 abortions Dr. Parker has performed in the last three years on women up to 20 weeks postfertilization, only two of his patients were transferred to the hospital, and one of the two went for observation only. Dr. Parker has in 3. Even though he does not have staff privileges at any local hospital in Alabama, Dr. Parker is authorized to perform abortions at the Montgomery clinic because that clinic has a contract with a covering physician. 12 fact never had a patient who needed a hysterectomy from an abortion complication. Realizing this obstacle, Dr. Parker met with the hospital board in charge of reviewing his application for admitting Instead of privileges performing to propose these an procedures alternative. on his own patients (who would not need them because of the low complication rate from abortions), Dr. Parker proposed a proctoring arrangement where he could work with other OB/GYNs associated with the University of Alabama and perform the required number of procedures, under their guidance, on their patients. The board stated in a letter that this was an “outstanding idea.” Decl. of William J. Parker, Ex. B (doc. no. 4-12) at 2. The group of local OB/GYNs affiliated with the University signaled its agreement to be the proctors in this arrangement, writing to the board that Dr. Parker’s suggestion was “wonderfully innovative” and that it was “the rest gynecology of the staff’s) medical staff[’s] obligation 13 to (specifically support this Id., Ex. C (doc. no. 4-13) at 2.4 process.” Women’s Center even reopened for a brief The period, believing that it had an agreement. This seeming agreement quickly fell apart. The OB/GYNs who originally had signaled they would proctor backed out, replacement. and Dr. Parker could not find any In any case, the board, which Dr. Parker had heard was going to approve his proctoring proposal, did not. Instead, it stated that he must satisfy the proctoring requirement with his own patients, an impossible task for a full-time abortion provider and given the low number of complications from abortion. When Dr. Parker’s attempt to acquire admitting privileges began to break down, the Center sought out a covering physician instead. of the OB/GYNs from the As could be expected, none University group agreed contract with the Center as a covering physician. to The 4. While a low-quality photocopy makes this exhibit difficult to read, the plaintiffs cite this letter’s text in their briefing and the defendant does not dispute the accuracy of this language. 14 Center then turned to the other OB/GYNs in Tuscaloosa. Those efforts likewise failed. One practice refused point blank to provide covering physicians; the only other practice in the area is headed by a physician with well-known anti-abortion views. All solo serve practitioners clinic’s covering also refused physician. to One of the local as the the solo practitioners specifically refused to sign a covering physician agreement because of concerns about reputational harm. The Women’s Center then pursued its last resort and applied to the Department of Public Health for a waiver of the regulation admitting clinic requiring privileges to application contract for at a the its local covering waiver, the doctor hospital have or the In the explained Dr. physician. Center to Parker’s safety record and noted that it had policies and procedures in place if complications were to arise at the clinic or after the patient had been discharged. These policies include a 24-hour hotline and a protocol 15 for the Center to communicate physicians at emergency rooms. the waiver request, and the with any treating The Department denied Center remains closed today. Absent the temporary restraining order now in effect, financial constraints would have, as of August 4, 2015, forced the Center to fire its staff whom it had continued paying since being closed, and the Center would likely have shut down permanently. III. DISCUSSION The Alabama State Board of Health has the authority to promulgate licensing of rules abortion and regulations clinics Admin. Code § 420-5-1-.01. in concerning the State. the Ala. The Board’s administrative arm is the Department of Public Health, and the head of Department is the State Health Officer, the defendant. The regulation at issue here, Ala. Admin. Code. § 420-5-1-.03(6)(b), provides that under current state law, one of two requirements 16 related to abortion follow-up care must be met before any facility within the State may perform an abortion: (1) the physician who performs the abortion “shall have staff privileges at an acute metropolitan care hospital statistical within area as the same the standard abortion or reproductive health center is located, that permit him or her to perform dilation and curettage, laparotomy procedures, hysterectomy, reasonably necessary complications”; abortion physician contract.” or, clinic to in shall services and ... the any other treat procedures abortion-related alternative, obtain through “outside a valid (2) the covering written Ala. Admin. Code. § 420-5-1-.03(6)(b).5 To be qualified as a clinic’s covering physician, a doctor must have admitting privileges as described above, and the contract must require that the doctor be “available to treat and manage all complications reasonably arise as a result of an abortion.” 5. See supra, note 1. 17 that Id. may These within two the alternative regulation requirements as part are described the abortion of provider’s responsibility to “ensure that all patients receive adequate follow-up care,” that is, care relating to any complication that may arise following the procedure. Id. The failure to comply with these regulations can lead to suspension or revocation of a clinic’s license, 1975 Ala. Code § 22-21-25, and the operation of any unlicensed clinic can lead to criminal penalties. 1975 Ala. Code § 22-21-33(a). The plaintiffs make two separate claims for relief. First, they argue that the regulation violates their patients’ due-process rights to liberty and privacy guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment and imposes an undue burden on a woman’s right to choose to have an abortion. violates Second, their own they argue due-process that the rights regulation under the Fourteenth Amendment to pursue their chosen business and profession. Admin. Code They ask the court to declare Ala. § 420-5-1-.03(6)(b) 18 unconstitutional as applied to them only; in other words, they ask the court to enjoin the enforcement of the regulation against them, but they do not challenge the regulation facially or as it applies to other clinics in Alabama. The whether court the now turns plaintiffs to have the question shown that at a hand: temporary restraining order was warranted to suspend enforcement of the regulation against them and to allow the Center to reopen. A. Substantial Likelihood of Success on the Merits 1. Administrative Exhaustion The temporary granted State restraining because administrative that the Health the Officer order should plaintiffs remedies. plaintiffs first argues not failed Specifically, should have that have to he petitioned a been exhaust contends for an amendment or repeal of the challenged regulation under the Alabama Administrative Code in addition to applying for a waiver. The court disagrees. 19 Most simply, “there plaintiff exhaust his filing suit a under is no requirement administrative § 1983.” remedies Beaulieu v. that a before City of Alabaster, 454 F.3d 1219, 1226 (11th Cir. 2006) (citing Patsy v. Bd. of Regents of State of Fla., 457 U.S. 496, 508 (1982)). As such, any administrative exhaustion requirement is inapplicable here.6 Indeed, requiring 6. Beaulieu went on to note that a claim still must meet “constitutional ripeness requirements.” 454 F.3d at 1227. “To determine whether a claim is ripe [a court] must evaluate: (1) the fitness of the issues for judicial decision; and (2) the hardship to the parties of withholding court consideration. In applying the fitness and hardship prongs [the court] must consider the following factors: (1) whether delayed review would cause hardship to the plaintiffs; (2) whether judicial intervention would inappropriately interfere with further administrative action; and (3) whether the courts would benefit from further factual development of the issues presented.” Id. (internal citations and quotations marks omitted). This case is ripe. As discussed below, without judicial intervention, the Women’s Center will close and the right of many Alabama women to choose to have an abortion will be curtailed severely and, in some cases, denied. Moreover, further administrative action through the petition process would be both inapt, as any petition would cover far more than the plaintiffs are requesting, and futile, as the State Health Officer has already declared the covering-physician requirement (continued...) 20 all plaintiffs state to go government through when a they petition allege process in constitutional violations under § 1983 against the State undermines the congressional intent review under § 1983. In waiver any case, certainly to establish federal-court See Patsy, 457 U.S. at 503-504.7 the plaintiffs’ fulfilled the application general for purposes a of exhaustion by bringing the issue to the state agency’s attention before pursuing litigation in federal court. “essential” in his denial of the plaintiffs’ waiver application. State Department of Public Health Response to Plaintiffs’ Request for Waiver (doc. no. 4-6) at 3. Last, the factual record has been developed through adequate briefing, which includes the application for and denial of a waiver. 7. The State Health Officer cites Woodford v. Ngo, 548 U.S. 81 (2006), in support of his exhaustion argument. Woodford concerns the Prison Litigation Reform Act (PLRA), 42 U.S.C. § 1997e et seq., which carves out an exception to the general rule that § 1983 cases do not require administrative exhaustion. However, the court can find no authority indicating that the PLRA exception has swallowed the rule, nor has the State Health Officer cited any cases that take this statutory rule from the PLRA and apply it to all § 1983 cases. Indeed, Beaulieu affirmed that there is no general exhaustion requirement for § 1983 cases ten years after the PLRA passed. 21 See Chandler v. Crosby, 379 F.3d 1278, 1287 (11th Cir. 2004) (finding that “the purpose of administrative exhaustion ... is to put the administrative authority on notice of all issues in contention and to allow the authority an opportunity to investigate those issues.”) (internal quotation marks omitted). Furthermore, the State Health Officer’s contention that the plaintiffs also should have petitioned change the rule misunderstands their claims. to A person who pursues the petitioning process seeks to change a regulation as a whole. See Ala. Admin. Code § 420-1-2-.04 (“Any person may petition the Board to adopt, amend or repeal a rule.”). The State Health Officer acknowledges as much, noting that consideration of a petition [would] apply would with allow equal for force one to regulation all abortion or reproductive health centers.” ... “that licensed Def. Opp. to Pl. Mot. for Temporary Restraining Or. (doc. no. 17) at 13. But this is simply not what the plaintiffs seek to do. The plaintiffs here bring an as-applied challenge; 22 that is, they argue only that the regulation should not be applied to the Center and Dr. Parker. They make no claim as to the regulation as it operates in the State generally, and it would be illogical indeed if they were required to seek a change they may not even endorse in order to exhaust their claims. Finally, even if the exhaustion requirement did apply here, it would not have defeated the plaintiffs’ motion for a temporary implausible to require restraining order. It is that any plaintiff seeking a temporary restraining order against an immediate and irreparable harm must go through a lengthy, potentially fruitless rulemaking process. As background, if a person petitions for a rule change, the Health Officer has a maximum of 90 days (60 days plus a potential 30day extension) to either deny the rule or initiate the rulemaking process. Id. § 420-1-2-.06. If the Board does not immediately deny the petition, it is unclear from state regulations how long it would have to change the regulation or even if it would have to change the 23 regulation at all. down to this: Thus, the State’s argument comes any party suffering immediate and irreparable harm to their federal constitutional rights because of a state regulation must engage in a lengthy rulemaking process before seeking redress in federal courts. That would defeat the very purpose of a temporary restraining order. See Fletcher v. Menard Corr. 1173 Ctr., 623 F.3d 1171, (7th Cir. 2010) (“[T]here is no duty to exhaust, in a situation of imminent danger, if there are no administrative remedies for warding off such a danger”). In short, there is no exhaustion requirement here. Even if there were, the plaintiffs have fully exhausted their claims. In any event, exhaustion would not have defeated plaintiffs’ the motion for a temporary restraining order. 2. The plaintiffs Undue-Burden Test have put forth two theories for relief: that the regulation imposes an undue burden and 24 that it violates the plaintiffs’ right to pursue their chosen business and profession. consider only one at this time. The court need The court is persuaded that the plaintiffs have a substantial likelihood of success on their argument that the Alabama regulation requiring either local staff privileges or a covering physician, as applied to the West Alabama Women’s Center, would impose an undue burden on a woman’s right to choose to have an abortion in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment’s Due Process Clause. “An undue burden is an unconstitutional burden,” and a “finding of an undue burden is a shorthand for the conclusion that a state regulation has the purpose or effect of placing a substantial obstacle in the path of a woman seeking an abortion of a nonviable fetus.” Planned Parenthood of Se. Pennsylvania v. Casey, 505 U.S. 833, 877 (1992) (plurality opinion). This court has actual held intended determine that, “to obstacle whether, determine is whether substantial[,] examining 25 the an the court regulation in or must its real-world context, the obstacle is more significant than is warranted by the State’s justifications for the regulation.” (M.D. Ala. omitted); Strange III, 33 F. Supp. 3d 1330, 1337 2014) see (Thompson, also Planned J.) (internal Parenthood of citations Wisconsin, Inc. v. Van Hollen, 738 F.3d 786, 798 (7th Cir. 2013) (“The feebler the medical grounds, the likelier the burden, even if slight, to be ‘undue’ in the sense of disproportionate or gratuitous.”); Planned Parenthood Arizona, Inc. v. Humble, 753 F.3d 905, 914 (9th Cir. 2014) (holding context-specific, that and “the that undue both burden the test severity is of a burden and the strength of the state’s justification can vary depending on the circumstances”); but see Whole Woman’s Health v. Cole, 790 F.3d 563, at n.33 (5th Cir.) (rejecting this context-specific test), modified, 790 F.3d 598 (5th Cir.), stayed by 135 S. Ct. 2923 (2015). Turning to the undue-burden test, the court will address the obstacles and 26 justifications for the regulation, Alabama Administrative Code § 420-5-1-.03(6)(b), as applied to plaintiffs, and then evaluate whether the obstacles are more severe than warranted by the State’s justifications. a. Obstacles The plaintiffs argue that the regulation has forced the Women’s Center to close and will cause it to remain closed, resulting in the continuing denial of the right to obtain an abortion for many women and presenting serious difficulties in obtaining an abortion for others. The court must take a two-step inquiry to address this argument: first, whether the regulation will force the Center to remain closed; and second, if the Center remains closed, and no other clinic takes its place, determining abortions. the effect on Alabama women who seek See Strange III, 33 F. Supp. 3d at 1342. 27 i. The Effect on the Center The question in this section is whether the Center will ever be able to reopen. This question boils down to whether a doctor with local staff privileges will ever be willing to associate with the Center, either by providing abortions there or serving as a covering physician. As a threshold, based on the record before the court, Dr. Parker will not be able to obtain staff privileges by number of procedures on his patients at the local hospital. To obtain to staff performing privileges the that required would enable him provide abortions at the Center, Dr. Parker first would have to perform 10 hysterectomies and 10 laparotomies at Tuscaloosa’s only hospital. This requirement is impossible entire for a doctor whose practice is providing abortions, because of the extreme rarity of these complication-related patients. Parker has procedures for abortion To put this requirement in perspective, Dr. never had a 28 patient who suffered a complication from abortion requiring a hysterectomy. Only two of his last 10,000 patients who were up to 20 weeks pregnant have been hospitalized and one of them simply went in for observation. Although Dr. Parker attempted to set up a proctoring agreement in which he would help other doctors to perform these procedures on their patients, the hospital eventually rejected that arrangement. believe that Moreover, the the court hospital--again, has no the only cause to one in Tuscaloosa, and thus the only one that would be able to grant staff locality privileges that requirement--would meet consider the the regulation’s entreaty of any other doctor differently. The only way, then, for the Center to remain open would be to associate a doctor, with local admitting privileges, to perform abortions or to contract as a covering physician. As discussed above, Dr. Parker’s past attempts to work with local OB/GYNs shows that this is highly unlikely. When he tried to set up a proctoring arrangement, which another OB/GYN group and 29 the hospital originally received enthusiastically, this plan fell apart after the suddenly reversed course. group and the hospital Reaching out for a covering physician in Tuscaloosa was equally unavailing. Dr. Parker and the Center contacted every OB/GYN practice and solo practitioner in Tuscaloosa, except one with known strong anti-abortion views, and all refused. One solo practitioner specifically stated she would not be a covering physician for fear of reputational harm. This fits within the observed in Strange. have faced associated severe with ramifications have general pattern the court Abortion providers in Alabama harassment abortion been and in felt stigma any even for way; by being similar covering physicians, who handle only complication-related care and do not perform abortions themselves. 33 F. Supp. 3d at 1349. Strange III, In Huntsville, when a doctor with an OB/GYN practice agreed to perform abortions as part of her practice, anti-abortion protestors started confronting her patients, leading her to close down her 30 obstetrics practice entirely.8 Id. Another doctor lost patients from her private practice en masse after her role as Huntsville clinic’s covering physician was revealed publicly; the negative publicity also forced her to remove her children from their school. 1350. Id. at Finally, a doctor who originally agreed to be a covering physician in Montgomery backed out after she realized her anonymity might be compromised. Id. This threat of economic ruin, combined with the palpable threat of violence discussed above, keeps even those doctors in Alabama who do not have a moral or ethical opposition to abortion from providing abortions. Indeed, it even prevents these doctors from serving as covering physicians. Nor is it likely that another doctor will fill the current void scarcity of in Tuscaloosa. abortion doctors There ... is a “severe nationwide and 8. To protect the anonymity of any doctor not specifically named in the parties’ filings, the court generally refers to them by feminine pronouns, regardless of their gender. 31 particularly in the South,” with no residency program offering training in performing abortion in Louisiana, Alabama, or Mississippi. Id. at 1348. As discussed in Strange, it is most unlikely that doctors with local admitting privileges in Alabama will decide to start performing abortions or that doctors who move from out-of-state could obtain local admitting privileges. Id. Indeed, if a doctor like Dr. Parker (who has impressive credentials, a personal connection to the State, and a willingness to risk the danger of being an abortion provider) cannot either obtain admitting privileges or find a covering physician, it is unlikely that any doctor can. Finally, Health has “essential,” as discussed called the indicating above, the Department covering-physician it will not of requirement reverse its decision to refuse a waiver. For these reasons, the court finds that if the regulation remains in effect as applied to the Women’s Center and Dr. Parker, the Center will remain closed, 32 likely permanently eliminating access to abortion services in Tuscaloosa. ii. The Effect on Women By closing down operations at the Center, the regulation seems to impose severe and, in some cases insurmountable, obstacles on women who seek abortions in this State in several ways. First, Tuscaloosa is the fifth-largest city in the State; until recently, women who lived in the city were able to obtain abortions outside the city. without having to travel Now, any woman in Tuscaloosa seeking an early-term abortion must travel nearly 60 miles to the closest provider, in Birmingham, or over 100 miles to the next closest provider in Montgomery. has previously discussed the serious The court impact of the “first 50 miles” of travel on women seeking abortions, and that “when a clinic closes, the largest effects are actually felt by women who, prior to the closure, needed to travel only short distances, less than 50 33 miles.” Strange III, 33 F. Supp. 3d at 1358-60. This circumstance imposes the same burden. Moreover, obtaining an abortion after 16 weeks now has become especially onerous for a woman who lives in Tuscaloosa, or who lives closer to Tuscaloosa than to Huntsville. Huntsville is near the northern border of the State--100 miles from Birmingham, 150 miles from Tuscaloosa, and 200 miles from Montgomery. by any travel measure, some even for women distance. And already these This is far prepared distances to are compounded by the fact that the Center is the only provider in the State that performs abortions through the mid-second trimester on Saturdays. As the plaintiffs point out, Saturdays have been the Center’s busiest days because it is often the only day that patients can get off work or find someone to accompany them to the clinic. For many women, the plaintiffs obstacles are insurmountable. argue, these The plaintiffs present evidence that over the past several months, the Center 34 has received numerous calls from women seeking help because they are unable to travel the distance; the administrator of the Huntsville clinic stated the same. Indeed, the statistical evidence bears out the severity of this impact. have treated While the clinics that remain open hundreds more patients this year as compared to years past, the data suggest that these clinics have not come close to filling fully the gap left by the Center closure--and thus, hundreds fewer women have been able to obtain an abortion this year. Yet even for women who are able to obtain an abortion elsewhere, the “array of harms” imposed by the Center’s closure remain significant. F. Supp. 3d at 1356-57. Strange III, 33 This is particularly true for women in poverty, as most of the Center’s patients are. In 2014, 82 % of the Center’s patients were living at or below 110 % of the federal poverty level. As this court previously explained, for women in poverty, “going to another city to procure an abortion is particularly expensive and difficult. Poor women are less likely to own their own cars and are instead 35 dependent on public transportation, asking friends and relatives for rides, or borrowing cars; they are less likely to have internet access; many already have children, but are unlikely to have regular sources of child care; and they are more likely to work on an hourly basis with an inflexible schedule and without any paid time off or to receive public benefits which require regular attendance at meetings or classes. A woman who does not own her own car may need to buy two inter-city bus tickets (one for the woman procuring the abortion, and one for a companion) in order to travel to another city. Without regular internet access, it is more difficult to locate an abortion clinic in another city or find an affordable hotel room. The additional time to travel for the city requires her to find and pay for child care or to miss one or several days of work. Furthermore, at each juncture, a woman may have to tell relatives, romantic partners, or work supervisors why she is leaving town: to procure an abortion. And, in light of the pervasive anti-abortion sentiment among many in Alabama, such disclosures may present risks to women’s employment and safety. Finally, ... many low-income women have never left the cities in which they live. The idea of going to a city where they know no one and have never visited, in order to undergo a procedure that can be frightening in itself, can present a significant 36 psychological hurdle. This psychological hurdle is as serious as a burden as the additional costs represented by travel.” Strange III, 33 F. Supp. 3d at 1357 (internal citations omitted). As a result, regulations such as the one at issue here, which purportedly enhance women’s health, cause delays which increase the risk of complications if the woman is able to eventually obtain the procedure. Further, based on the limited record, women seeking mid-second-trimester abortions are among those for whom the burdens of travel and other related hurdles are most severe. low-income abortions The women because plaintiffs are more present likely difficulties in evidence to have securing that later financial and logistical arrangements cause unwanted delay. A declaration from the administrator of the Huntsville clinic--the abortions State’s through the only remaining mid-second provider of trimester--confirms that his patients have reported delays in obtaining the procedure due to travel that has become necessary as a 37 result of the Center’s closure. Similarly, clinic administrator Gray recounts an example in which one young woman arrived with her father at the Women’s Center, but was turned away because it was closed. pregnancy was already extremely close to the Her legal limit, and, by the time she would have been able to obtain an abortion in Huntsville, it would have been too late. This shows that for patients in their mid-second trimester, delays may lead to an outright denial of the restrictions on right the to choose, provision of given abortion Alabama’s later in pregnancy. Second, the closure of the Center predictably has stretched the capacity of the clinics that remain open. As explained above, until it closed, the Women’s Center provided the most abortions in Alabama by a substantial margin, performing more than 40 % of the abortions in the State. performed It is abortions one of only throughout 38 two the providers second that trimester, and it performed about 75 % of the mid-second-trimester abortions in the State. At least some of the clinics that remain open are now operating at or very near maximum capacity. And as discussed above, it is statistically implausible that the increase in the number of procedures provided by the remaining clinics has covered fully the needs of women who might have sought care at the Center. This fact makes it extremely likely that women in Alabama will be or already have been unable to obtain the abortions they seek due to capacity constraints. For example, since the Center has closed, the Huntsville clinic has seen more than a 57 % increase in the number of women obtaining abortions there as compared with last year, and triple the number of women obtaining abortions mid-second-trimester time-consuming, this after 16 abortion additional weeks. Because procedures influx are of more patients seeking mid-second-trimester abortions has reduced the clinic’s capacity to provide early-term abortions. 39 The Huntsville clinic administrator has stated that due to the increased number of patients seeking both first-trimester and second-trimester abortions at his clinic, he fears that his clinic soon will be forced to institute a waiting list to prioritize those women with the most urgent needs, further delaying all women’s access to care. This capacity constraint is the result of a longer history in the State of clinic closures, and the inability of new clinics to open to meet the demand. Whereas in 2001 there were 12 clinics providing abortions in Alabama, that number had dwindled to five by the end of 2014; with the Center’s closure, there are now only four in operation. This steady decline can be understood in the context of the climate of hostility in the State towards the procedure and its providers, as discussed above. 33 F. Supp. 3d at 1334. See also Strange III, It is also clearly correlated to state regulations, such as this one, which make it impossible for new doctors to begin practicing here due 40 to that climate. clear, doctors As who this are lawsuit not makes already abundantly practicing in Alabama are unable to comply with the regulation at issue--and thus will be unable to practice here at all, without court intervention--not because they are unqualified, but because they cannot find sufficient support among peers in the local medical community who are not influenced by this climate of hostility. The effect, of course, is that the capacity of abortion providers in this state--already constricted--is not likely to expand again. Finally, because travel-related obstacles and a statewide capacity constraint caused by the Center’s closure appear to have made it more difficult to obtain an abortion in Alabama, there is now likely to be a greater risk exercise child” medical that their will women ability attempt supervision, life and health.” to who to “desperately decide obtain “with whether an to abortion corresponding seek have to a without dangers to Strange III, 33 F.Supp.3d at 1363; 41 Strange II, 9 F. Supp. 3d 1272, 1289 n.31 (M.D. Ala. 2014); see also Planned Parenthood of Wisconsin, Inc. v. Van Hollen, --- F. Supp. 3d. ----, 2015 WL 1285829, at *42 n.31 (W.D. Wis. 2015) (Conley, J.) (crediting evidence that “epidimologic data indicate an inverse relationship between the availability of legal abortion and resorting to illegal abortion associated with remarkable increased risks of death or morbidity, which includes septic abscess, loss abortion, of uterine uterus infection, and/or ovaries pelvic and infertility.”) (internal citations omitted). The plaintiffs submit evidence that the remaining providers already are witnessing the manifestation of that risk. One woman showed up to the Center after it had closed and threatened to take measures into her own hands because she was unable to travel the distance to another clinic. Similarly, the Huntsville clinic has received at least two calls per month from women who, after explaining that they plan to attempt to terminate the pregnancy on their own because they cannot travel 42 to Huntsville, have sought advice as to what pills they can take to self-induce abortion. In sum, based on the evidence now before the court, the regulation’s effect on women seeking abortions at the Center is profound. Patients who live in Tuscaloosa now need to travel outside of the city to procure an abortion, causing delays that increase the risk of the procedure if they are able to obtain it elsewhere, and causing women to suffer other harms, including financial difficulties, psychological stress, and being prevented from obtaining an abortion at all. For all Alabama women, the closure of the largest abortion provider in the State, one of two providers in the State that administers abortions after 16 weeks, has reduced the provided here. number of abortions that can be Finally, and as chillingly recounted above, closing the Center has increased the risk that women will take their abortion into their own hands. 43 b. Justifications Having established the weight of the obstacles, the court will now turn scales--determining justifications to the for the the other strength side of regulation. the “In of the State’s order to evaluate the weight of the state interest involved in a particular case case-specific ... the factors. court These must to include factors look the extent of the anticipated benefit, the likelihood of the anticipated benefit, the means a regulation employs, and the political history and context of the regulation.” Strange III, 33 F. Supp. 3d at 1365. As discussed above, a clinic can comply with the regulation admitting physician. who by either privileges employing or a doctor contracting with with a local covering Both prongs are meant to ensure that women obtain abortions receive adequate complication-related care; they do so by authorizing two alternative models for continuity of care. 44 “Continuity of care is the goal of ensuring that a patient receives high-quality care not only during a certain procedure but also after it, including treatment of complications and any necessary follow-up care.” Strange III, 33 F. Supp. 3d at 1363. In Strange, the court heard evidence on three approaches to providing context.9 continuity of See id. at 1363-66. care in the abortion Because the differences among these three models reflect the positions of the parties here as well, the court reviews them below. The first model, which the court will call the ‘consulting-physician’ model, ensures that the clinic physician remains readily available to consult with other physicians who provide complication-related care, and that lines of communication remain open and 9. The parties in Strange presented evidence on these approaches to continuity of care as they relate to complications from early-term abortions. Because neither party here has argued that models for adequate continuity of care would be any different for complications that could arise from a mid-second-trimester abortion, the court will adopt this framework for the purposes of considering this motion as well. 45 accessible between the abortion clinic and its patients following any procedure. have 24-hour staff member needs at any telephone who can time and Under this model, patients access to remotely make an on-call assess the patient’s as referrals Strange III, 33 F. Supp. 3d at 1364. clinic necessary. Some calls to the clinic’s number may require the clinic staff member to reassure the patient that her symptoms are normal; to give instructions for in-home treatment, such as to take extra-strength Tylenol; or to schedule the woman for a follow-up visit at the clinic. Other calls may require the clinic staff member to notify the clinic’s doctor, who will then assess next steps. determines that the woman should If the doctor be immediately assessed or treated for a complication, she will be directed to the nearest emergency room; and emergency-room doctors are trained to provide care for all abortion complications. that a procedure complication itself, the In the rare circumstance arises patient 46 during will the be abortion transferred directly to the nearest hospital. clinic physician will hospital physicians. In either case, the communicate directly Id. at 1364-65. with the This is the model that best reflects the Center’s emergency-care protocol. The second approach to continuity of care is the covering-physician model. A clinic that follows this approach maintains an agreement with a physician who has admitting privileges at a local hospital. 1365. Id. at In the event of a complication that requires treatment at a hospital, the covering physician will meet the patient at the hospital to admit the patient, or will assume care after the patient has been assessed and treated by an emergency-room doctor. The third approach to complication care is what the court has termed the ‘country-doctor’ model. to this model requires the doctor who Adhering performs the abortion to provide care for almost any complications that arise, though a specialist may get involved with certain treatments. Id. As such, the clinic physician 47 herself must have staff privileges at a local hospital near the abortion clinic.10 The covering-physician model and the country-doctor model reflect the two approaches to continuity of care 10. In Strange, the court found that “the country-doctor approach, while carrying an intuitive appeal, does not reflect the practice of 21st century medicine, as it relates to simple, low-risk surgeries and medical treatment.” Strange III, 33 F. Supp. 3d at 1371. The court concluded that, while “there is a range of disagreement within the medical community regarding the appropriate model of complication care for minor surgeries and medication-based procedures like early-term abortion,” the country-doctor model “falls outside that range of disagreement.” Id. at 1364. Because the Strange plaintiffs did not provide mid-second-trimester abortions at their clinics, the court did not hear evidence in that case regarding those procedures, the types of complications that can arise from them, and what impact that may have on assessing standards for complication-related care. As such, the court refrains, at this point, from drawing any conclusions as to the range of reasonable medical opinion regarding procedures that would ensure adequate continuity of care for clinics that provide mid-second-trimester abortions. However, the court also notes that this general question is not presented by this case. The question here is context-specific: whether the Center’s emergency-care protocol is sufficient to provide high-quality continuity of care when Dr. Parker is administering abortions in its clinic. 48 authorized by the two alternative regulation’s requirements. prongs of the However, because under the current state of the law a clinic can comply with the regulation by contracting with a covering physician, the court satisfied assumes by the continuity of care. that the State’s interest approach covering-physician is to Therefore, it will compare the Center’s protocol to that baseline model. The plaintiffs argue that at least as to abortions provided by Dr. Parker, the Center’s emergency-care protocol is sufficient to ensure adequate continuity of care and that requiring the Center to contract with a covering physician would not benefit patient health in any meaningful way. The plaintiffs support their claim in two ways: first, they contend that, while abortions are safe generally, Dr. Parker has an extraordinary safety record; second, they contend that the Center’s emergency-care high-quality protocol is continuity as of covering-physician model. 49 effective care at ensuring as the To assess requirement could whether the meaningfully covering-physician further the State’s interest in continuity of care, the court will first put its use in context. As the court has explained previously, from complications early-term abortions, which are the vast majority of the procedures performed at the Center, are “vanishingly rare.” F. Supp. 3d at 1364. a recent study Strange III, 33 The plaintiffs present data from showing that only 0.89 % of first-trimester abortions cause any complication of any kind and that only 0.05 % of first-trimester abortions cause a complication that requires hospital-based care. These statistics Strange, that suggest, “clinics do as the court found not make frequent use in of their covering physicians because the procedures they perform are extremely safe and because, where possible, the clinics themselves provide complication care.” Strange III, 33 F. Supp. 3d at 1370 n.23. Of course, the Women’s Center and Dr. Parker also provide some second-trimester 50 abortions, and complication captured by rates the for these statistics procedures cited are But above. not Dr. Parker’s complication rate over the past three years-which includes procedures performed up to 20 weeks postfertilization, Alabama’s legal limit--is even lower than that general first-trimester complication rate. Dr. Parker estimates that the number of his patients who have been transferred to the hospital over the past three years is two out of 10,000, or 0.02 %. This evidence suggests that the chances are similarly low here that the Center would make use of its covering physician at all. Moreover, admission, that a when the clinic a complication regulation patient itself would requires does ever be not hospital guarantee seen by the covering physician, even if the Center were to contract with one. First, the regulation itself does not actually require a clinic to make use of the covering physician in the case of any complication: to comply with the regulation, a clinic 51 need only maintain a contract promising availability. the covering physician’s Second, if a patient who experiences complications lives outside the Tuscaloosa area--as do at least some of the Center’s patients--the fact that the Center physician might who have contract admit could a her with to a the covering Tuscaloosa hospital is unlikely to affect her complication-related care in any way, as she will (and should) seek emergency care closer to home. This background context suggests that there is likely only a tiny number of women who would ever come into contact with the Center’s covering physician, if it had one. this tiny Yet the plaintiffs argue that, even for fraction of women, the covering-physician requirement does not confer any health benefit that enhances the quality or continuity of care, due to the robustness of the Center’s emergency-care protocol. The court will examine the plaintiffs’ contention for two sets of patients who might seek complication-related care during or after obtaining an 52 abortion: patients who are transferred directly from the clinic to a hospital where the covering physician has privileges, and patients who seek complication-related care after being discharged. First, in the extremely rare event that any patient needs to be abortion transferred procedure, to the the hospital Center’s during an emergency-care protocol requires Dr. Parker and clinic staff to alert 911 and provide the hospital to the the hospital’s pending emergency transfer; department to with necessary information about the patient’s case; and to send a copy of the patient’s medical records to the hospital arrives along at the with the patient. hospital, she will When be the patient assessed and triaged by emergency-room staff and she may then be seen by the hospital’s OB/GYN or another specialist. The Center would communicate directly with the hospital and Dr. Parker would be available for consultation with the hospital’s physicians at patient’s course of treatment. 53 any time during the If the Center had a covering physician, that doctor would be contacted at the soonest possible point in time in this process; would be relayed necessary information about the patient; and, if she could, would meet the Because patient this relationship working at the doctor with facilitate their to assume would have a clinic, the relationship hospital she might with Dr. Parker communication--though care. contractual have that as some could explained above, the rarity of complications means that the two doctors would not However, there is be no in regular guarantee communication. that the covering physician will reach the hospital to admit the patient before the patient is assessed or treated by the emergency-room physicians; that the covering physician will be any more knowledgeable about the patient or her condition than would be the hospital physicians; or that the covering physician will be any more qualified to treat physicians. the patient than would be the hospital Moreover, because Dr. Parker and staff 54 from the Center communicate directly with the hospital and provide consultation as necessary, the patient continues to have an advocate for her care even after she has been transferred. Second, the Center’s policies also ensure that patients will receive adequate continuity of care after they have been discharged. As a preliminary matter, the Center will not perform abortions at all unless Dr. Parker will be available following the procedure. at the Center and for at least 72 hours After obtaining an abortion being discharged for recovery, patients are provided 24-hour telephone access to the Center’s medical staff. If a woman suspects a complication, she can call the hotline number to speak to a registered nurse employed by the Center or, as necessary, to Dr. Parker. that the woman should If Dr. Parker determines be assessed immediately hospital, he will direct her to the nearest one. at a If he knows where she intends to go, he will call ahead to the hospital to provide any pertinent information about 55 the patient; if he does not, he will provide his contact information to the patient and emphasize that she should ask the hospital to contact him. If the Center had a covering physician, and if the covering physician had staff privileges at the hospital nearest to the patient, then the Center might notify the covering patient to regulation Moreover, physician the does as in so that hospital she could herself. not require the previous the admit However, Center scenario, to the do there the is so. no guarantee that the covering physician will arrive at the hospital before the patient or before she is treated by the emergency-room doctor; will be any more knowledgeable about the patient than the hospital staff; or will be any more qualified to treat her. While the State Health Officer points to a concern--first articulated by clinic administrator Gray during a deposition taken in Strange--that a covering physician, at the very least, would be respectful of the patient’s choice to have an abortion (perhaps in 56 contrast to other hospital physicians), the court will not allow hypothetical personal biases to influence whether some women can be denied the constitutional right to choose. Cf. Palmore v. Sidoti, 466 U.S. 429, 433 (1984) (“Private biases may be outside the reach of the law, but the law cannot, directly or indirectly, give them effect.”). And without any evidence before it to the contrary, the court assumes that any doctor charged with the care of a patient will treat that patient to the best of her ability, notwithstanding any personal biases she may hold about the patient’s choice to obtain an abortion. Finally, the State Health Officer contends that the regulation is sufficiently justified, by two past incidents that occurred at other clinics in the State, to be support enforced for the against the plaintiffs, covering-physician given requirement that is within the range of reasonable medical opinion and that States have discretion to regulate medical procedures when there is medical and scientific uncertainty as to 57 the safety benefits and risks of those procedures. But the fact that a regulation “conceivably might, in some cases, lead to better justify the regulation. health” does not, in itself, Strange III, 33 F. Supp. 3d at 1340-41 (citing Doe v. Bolton, 410 U.S. 179 (1973)); see also Strange II, 9 F. Supp. 3d at 1287 (“Not every legitimate state interest obstacles....”). will justify the justifications Rather, any and all for a regulation must be weighed against the obstacles it imposes on women who seek abortion, and a regulation that could eliminate access to abortion for some women entirely must be supported by a weighty justification indeed. Moreover, the case that the State Health Officer relies on for support of this argument, Gonzalez v. Carhart, 550 U.S. 124 (2007), is inapposite here. Gonzalez was a facial challenge to a ban on a certain type of abortion procedure; in that case, the Supreme Court held that the ban was “not invalid on its face where there is uncertainty 58 over whether the barred procedure health, is ever given procedures the that alternatives.” necessary to availability are preserve of considered a woman’s other to abortion be Id., 550 U.S. at 166-167. safe In other words, the Court found that the justification for the law (the State’s interest in the life of the fetus) outweighed the weak obstacle created by the law (a prohibition on an abortion procedure that provided what the Court characterized as an uncertain benefit to women’s health and for which there was an alternative). The scales in this case are reversed. Here, the evidence suggests that the regulation’s justification of protecting women’s health as applied to this clinic is weak, given the Center and Dr. Parker’s strong safety records, while the obstacles for the Center and Alabama women exercising their constitutional right to choose to have an abortion loom large. See Van Hollen, 2015 WL 1285829 at *10 (“As this court explained in its preliminary injunction opinion, unlike cases where courts have considered a regulation adopted to respect 59 the potential life of the unborn or to further the integrity and ethics of the medical community, see, e.g., Gonzales, 550 U.S. at 157, there is no other legitimate state interest or interests at play [in this case,] which would counter-balance any arguable uncertainty in the medical community as to the medical rationale underlying this regulation. .... Accordingly, the court must balance health interests against health interests....”). Furthermore, the fact that the plaintiffs challenge the application of the regulation to only the Center makes any evidence as to certain events that have occurred at other reproductive health centers in the State in the past less compelling, for this clinic has an impeccable safety record. In sum, walking through each of these scenarios makes clear that the State Health Officer’s justifications for the regulation are slight insofar as the regulation Center. The applies to the West covering-physician 60 Alabama Women’s requirement, the State’s baseline for continuity of care, seems provide little to no realistic benefit here. of the Center’s patients, if any, would to Very few come into contact with a covering physician, if the Center had one; for those patients that might, the Clinic’s emergency-care protocol makes any relative benefit to continuity of care gained from a covering physician marginal at best. c. Substantial Obstacle? Now the court substantial-obstacle that the obstacles turns test: to Have imposed by the the heart of plaintiffs the the shown regulation are substantially likely to be more severe than warranted by the defendant’s justifications for the regulation? Strange III, 33 F. Supp. 3d at 1377. If so, the burden is undue, and is therefore unconstitutional. And on the record now before the court, the answer is “Yes.” The plaintiffs have presented evidence that the obstacles imposed on the Center and its patients by the 61 regulation loom large. The Center itself is unable to operate, even though it has a highly qualified doctor on staff. Women who would otherwise obtain an abortion at the Center now need to travel much further, imposing financial and psychological hardships and delaying and probably preventing their access to care. Capacity has been reduced at clinics statewide, especially for women seeking mid-second-trimester abortions (an especially vulnerable group), causing further delays and harms for women in the State. Finally, these obstacles create a significant risk that some women who cannot otherwise obtain an abortion at the clinic will attempt to self-induce, with corresponding risks to their health and safety. On the other side, on the record currently before the court, the justifications for the regulation as it would be applied to the Center seem to be weak. The Center’s that its care; that shared with patients pertinent emergency-care have 24-hour patient protocol access information 62 to ensures medical will be doctors who provide complication-related treatment; and that Dr. Parker will be available for consultation with those doctors and, when communicate with them. possible, will directly The continuity of care provided by the Center according to this procedure would not be meaningfully different from that covering-physician requirement. ensured by the Cf. Van Hollen, 2015 WL 1285829 at *1 (“While ... sometimes it is necessary to reduce access to insure safety, this is decidedly not one of those instances.”). Any impact on patient health would be speculative, and any benefit would be, at best, marginal. Yet even that marginal benefit would be reversed by the increased dangers to health resulting from self-induced abortion. As the court has previously explained, “the more severe an obstacle a regulation creates, the more robust the government’s justification must be, both in terms of how much benefit the regulation provides towards achieving the State’s interest and in terms of how realistic it is the justification will actually 63 achieve that benefit.” 1287. Strange II, 9 F. Supp.3d at Here, because the obstacles to women caused by the regulation are so severe, the defendant must come forward with justifications that are robust to justify such obstacles. Health Officer has not. sufficiently So far, the State The court therefore agrees, for now, that the plaintiffs have demonstrated that the regulation imposes a substantial obstacle to a woman’s right to choose abortion. As such, the plaintiffs have shown a substantial likelihood of success on the merits of this claim. B. Irreparable Harm There are ongoing and imminent irreparable harms to the plaintiffs and their patients. As detailed above, it appears from the record that the enforcement of the regulation as-applied to the Center is an ongoing infringement on the constitutionally protected privacy interests of Alabama women. Supp. 2d at 1289. See Strange I, 951 F. “[C]ourts presume that violations to 64 the fundamental right to privacy are irreparable.” Id. (citing Deerfield Med. Ctr. v. City of Deerfield Beach, 661 F.2d 328, Moreover, if 338 a (5th temporary Cir. Unit B restraining 1981)11). Nov. order is not issued, the Center will be forced to close, very likely permanently. paid staff Although the Center has been able to keep since January while trying to come into compliance with the regulation, it will no longer have the funds to operate if immediate relief is not given. This would make the ongoing violation of many Alabama women’s fundamental rights permanent and would force the clinic administrator to lose her entire business. Both of these are irreparable harms.12 Id. 11. The Eleventh Circuit has adopted as precedent all decisions of the former Fifth Circuit rendered prior to October 1, 1981, and all Former Fifth Circuit Unit B and non-unit decisions rendered after October 1, 1981. See Stein v. Reynolds Secur., Inc., 667 F.2d 33, 34 (11th Cir. 1982); Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206, 1207 (11th Cir. 1981) (en banc). 12. The former Fifth Circuit used a “sliding scale” standard when evaluating whether to issue a temporary restraining order or preliminary injunction. See Siff v. State Democratic Executive Comm., 500 F.2d 1307, (continued...) 65 The State Health Officer responds that the plaintiffs have not shown why a temporary restraining order is needed to address the plaintiffs’ alleged harms because the harm is not proven; because the lack of other abortion providers is not due to the 1309 (5th Cir. 1974) (explaining that “a sliding scale must be applied in considering the probability of plaintiffs’ winning on the merits and plaintiffs’ irreparable injury in the absence of interlocutory relief.”); State of Tex. v. Seatrain Int’l, S. A., 518 F.2d 175, 180 (5th Cir. 1975) (“[N]one of the four prerequisites has a fixed quantitative value. Rather, a sliding scale is utilized, which takes into account the intensity of each in a given calculus.”); Florida Med. Ass’n, Inc. v. U. S. Dep’t of Health, Ed. & Welfare, 601 F.2d 199, 203 n.2 (5th Cir. 1979) (“[A] sliding scale can be employed, balancing the hardships associated with the issuance or denial of a preliminary injunction with the degree of likelihood of success on the merits.”). Because this precedent is binding in the Eleventh Circuit, see supra, n.11, it must be followed “absent an intervening Supreme Court decision or en banc circuit decision.” See Monroe Cnty., Florida v. U.S. Dep’t of Labor, 690 F.2d 1359, 1363 (11th Cir. 1982). The Eleventh Circuit has not directly referred to the sliding-scale standard when evaluating whether a temporary restraining order or preliminary injunction is warranted. In any case, whether or not the former Fifth Circuit rule controls, the result is not different here because the plaintiffs have met their burden as to each prong. 66 regulation; and because there is no recent development that justifies immediate relief. All of these arguments lack merit. First, as discussed in detail above, the clinic’s permanent closure will both decrease the access to abortion for many Alabama women and deny it altogether for others. These are not speculative harms. Second, the argument that the court cannot consider the lack of early-term or capacity at other clinics mid-second-trimester to provide abortions when assessing irreparable harm likewise lacks merit. The court cannot divorce the regulation at issue from its “real-world 1330. context.” Strange III, 33 F. Supp. 3d Although the State Health Officer maintains it is the other clinics’ “choice” not to open for longer hours or provide mid-second-trimester abortions, that assumes there are doctors willing and able to perform abortions that live in Alabama and simply are not being asked. That assumption is misplaced. The history of violence and the continued extreme hostility towards 67 abortion providers has created a shortfall of clinics and doctors in Alabama. Id. at 1333-36. In lieu of local doctors, three of the four other clinics around the State have doctors provide abortions. from out-of-state Id. at 1343-47. come to These doctors will not move to Alabama--in part because of the extreme stigma--and therefore likely cannot increase the capacity at the other clinics to match the 40 % drop from the Center’s mid-second-trimester clinics are closing. abortions, already And all near of as to the other capacity, and mid-second-trimester abortion procedures take longer to complete than early-term abortions. In sum, when examining the real-world context, the Health Officer’s “choice” is a false one. Finally, the Health Officer contends there is not a “threatened--or even recent--development entry of a temporary restraining order.” justifying Def. Opp. to Pl. Mot. for Temporary Restraining Order (doc. no. 17) at 25. This dovetails with his argument, which will be 68 addressed below, that the plaintiffs are not entitled to a temporary restraining order, because the legal status quo has not changed. Put differently, the State Health Officer argues that, because the clinic has been closed since January and because the plaintiffs did not bring this pressing motion until irreparable July, harm for there must which not a be a temporary restraining order is needed. The permanent closure of the Center is an imminent irreparable order. harm requiring a temporary restraining After six months of retaining paid staff, the Center will have to shut down entirely if not granted immediate injunctive relief. opening a Given the difficulty of reproductive-health clinic that provides abortions, finding a doctor and qualified staff, and complying with the regulations in Alabama, there is a definite possibility the Center would never reopen and no other clinic will replace it. If the Center permanently closed during the pendency of this case, then any as-applied relief the court may give would be 69 meaningless. This would cut against the purpose of pre-trial injunctive relief “to preserve the court’s power to render a meaningful decision after a trial on the merits.” 424 F.3d Alabama v. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1117, 1128 (11th Cir. 2005) (internal quotation marks omitted). Furthermore, while the Health Officer’s contends that the fact that the Center’s has been closed since January means there is no pressing recent development to necessitate immediate relief, this argument rings hollow. could It is unclear when he believed the plaintiffs have filed a temporary restraining order. Certainly, it was not when the regulation was passed (the Center would not have had standing because its doctor had admitting privileges); nor was it before the Center had to close temporarily in January (the claim could have faced a ripeness question if the plaintiffs did not first pursue getting admitting privileges or seeking a covering physician in the community); nor before plaintiffs sought a waiver under state law (the 70 claim would again have faced ripeness issues and the Health Officer exhaustion would issue have discussed also raised above). the same Perhaps, the plaintiffs could have filed between May and July, but the window they used to file--seven weeks--can be justified by “good faith efforts to investigate the facts and the law.” Marks Org., Inc. v. Joles, 784 F. Supp. 2d 322, 333 (S.D.N.Y. 2011) (Wood, J.). plaintiffs’ actions demonstrate the The “equitable, diligent, good-faith, vigilant conduct required of a litigant seeking equitable relief,” Arthur v. Allen, 574 F. Supp. 2d 1252, 1256 (S.D. Ala. 2008) (Steele, J.); see also id. (denying a § 1983 suit on the eve of execution after the defendant had multiple years to file a particular claim), and they should not be barred from relief from irreparable harm because of good-faith steps to reopen the Center short of litigation. See Canal Auth. of State of Fla. v. Callaway, 489 F.2d 567, 576 (5th Cir. 1974) (“The purpose of a preliminary injunction is always to prevent irreparable injury so 71 as to preserve the court’s ability meaningful decision on the merits. to render a It often happens that this purpose is furthered by preservation of the status quo, but not always. status quo irreparable itself is injury, If the currently existing causing it is one of necessary the to parties alter the situation so as to prevent the injury.”). C. Balance of the Hardships The State Health Officer claims that a temporary restraining order would harm him because the plaintiffs’ delay in filing the temporary restraining order did not give him a fair chance to respond and because patient health at the Tuscaloosa clinic would suffer. As to the first harm, the plaintiffs did not unnecessarily delay nor was the Health Officer harmed by any such delay. The plaintiffs “delay” in filing the lawsuit after the January closure can be attributed to their efforts to comply with the regulation until 72 they filed in fact-gathering mid-May and necessary for filed in early July. then, the likely, lawsuit to until the they In the context of the temporary restraining order, the Health Officer also received a similar amount of time to respond as the State did in Strange. As to the second harm, the record suggests that the State Health Officer’s concern about safety is overstated given the comparable procedures the Center uses to communicate with emergency rooms during any complication. dispute” At whether minimum, this “the regulation parties improves health at the Tuscaloosa clinic at all. F. Supp. 2d at 1290. “The heartily second women’s Strange I, 951 harm is minor, particularly given the temporary nature of the order,” id., as well as the limited as-applied scope of the requested relief. On the other hand, the record indicates that the Center will shut down permanently if as-applied relief is not granted, eliminating 73 the ability to get an abortion in Tuscaloosa capacity throughout and the drastically State. Thus, reducing while the plaintiffs show concrete, serious harms, the defendant faces only speculative harm from the temporary break in its enforcement of the regulation as-applied to the Tuscaloosa clinic. The balance of the hardships weighs heavily in the plaintiffs’ favor. D. Public Interest A temporary restraining order may be imposed because it is in the public interest to preserve the court’s ability merits. to make a meaningful ruling on the As discussed above, doing so often requires preserving the status quo. See, e.g., Strange I, 951 F. Supp. 2d at 1290 (“The court finds that it is in the public interest to preserve the status quo and give the court an opportunity to evaluate fully the lawfulness of HB 57 patients, without or the subjecting public at potential harms.”). 74 the large plaintiffs, to any of their its Here, the State Health Officer contends that the regulation is the status quo, because the regulation (and the requirements it imposes on the Center) have been in effect there for a number of years. The tacit argument is that, because the legal status quo has not changed, the plaintiffs’ request for a temporary restraining order should be assessed differently and more carefully than a challenge to a law that has just passed through a legislature effect. Compare id. temporary restraining but (where order has not plaintiffs to stop a yet taken moved new law for from taking effect). But this conception of the status quo views the regulation in a vacuum. The true ‘status quo’ is a regulation with which the Center can comply based on circumstances within the Center’s control--and based on the fear of stigma or violence. by maintaining a good safety record not For example, and a strong reputation in the medical community, the Center should, theoretically, be able to 75 employ a doctor with admitting privileges or to contract with a covering physician. But this is exactly what has changed. The Center can no longer comply with the regulation even though, given the evidence now before the court, the Center itself maintains a spotless safety record, and the Center’s policies to protect the health of its patients are robust. Indeed, the sudden reversal of other local OB/GYNs were who at first enthusiastic to help Dr. Parker obtain admitting privileges cannot be explained on any grounds except by looking to the fact that the Center provides access to a procedure controversial within this State: abortion. that is But this is also a procedure that women have a fundamental right to access, should they so choose. Put differently, a narrow conception of the ‘status quo’ as it plays out in many cases does not fit here. Matters as sensitive to our State’s political landscape as abortion broader regulations landscape--that must is, 76 be by viewed within examining how that they operate in the real world. Therefore, in maintaining the status quo, the court must look to a state of affairs in which the Center’s ability to comply with the regulation is based on its own merits. Given the climate in this State today, there is no way the Center can do so with the regulation now in effect. As a result, the court must grant plaintiffs a reprieve from the regulation. With this in mind, the relief the court granted on the temporary-restraining order will be doubly limited. First, as with all temporary-restraining orders, it is limited in time. Second, it is limited in scope. The plaintiffs will be able to maintain this reprieve only if, in the meantime and while this temporary injunction remains in effect, they continue with their good-faith attempts to comply with the regulation (by continuing to seek out physicians whose association with clinic would bring the Center into compliance). the To be sure, the evidence reflects that their goal will be difficult, if not impossible, 77 to achieve. Nevertheless, at this juncture, the court will give the Health Officer the benefit of the doubt that, despite the severely hostile environment the plaintiffs confront, they will still be able to comply with the regulation. * * * In a typical case regarding a regulation by the State that imposes no harm and may even help people, the court has no role to play. judgments of state officials. It respects the Even in the case of regulating a fundamental right like abortion, the court would not interfere with the State Board of Health’s judgment about a regulation that imposes only a minimal obstacle on women and could, theoretically, safeguard women’s health. Here, the court does not have that typical case: because of the circumstances in which it must operate, this regulation imposes a harm on women. It imposes such a harm because circumstances here have transformed 78 a facially neutral regulation into one that actually prevents women from exercising their fundamental right to obtain an abortion. These circumstances have resulted in a climate in which any physician associated with abortion in this State is stigmatized, harassed, and even threatened with violence. The same has occurred even to covering physicians, who would simply be caring for women who have already received abortion and now may need urgent medical help. an The court’s obligation to protect the right cannot sway in light of these tactics. At oral argument for a recent death-penalty case, Justice Alito posed the question: “[I]s it appropriate for the judiciary to countenance what amounts to a guerilla war against the death penalty which consists of efforts to make it impossible for the States to obtain drugs that could be used to carry out capital punishment with little, if any, pain?” Transcript of Oral Argument at 14:20-25, Glossip v. Gross, 135 S. Ct. 2726 (2015) (No. 14-7955). 79 Because the Supreme Court took as a basic premise that the death penalty was constitutional, the implication was “No”: the Court would not allow the State’s interest to be subverted in that way.13 the As such, when circumstances have shifted balance between individual’s the State’s rights, fundamental interest the and scales the were adjusted to address the imbalance. Here, the same question could be asked: Is it appropriate for the judiciary to countenance efforts by those opposed through a to abortion confluence of to create violence and circumstances, hostility to abortions in the community, in which abortion clinics find it impossible to comply with otherwise neutral regulations because they cannot find local doctors willing to perform abortions or to associate with those who do? court The implication here, too, could be “No”: this should not stand by to allow a woman’s 13. In drawing this parallel, the court does not in any way suggest that opponents to the death penalty are in fact waging a “guerrilla war.” 80 fundamental right to obtain an abortion to be subverted in that way. Thus, it could be argued circumstances--for which abortions responsible--have are not those who that, wish because to greatly provide thwarted the ability of women to obtain an abortion, the State, in fashioning a regulation governing abortion, should address the imbalance. And one way to correct the imbalance would be to place on the State an obligation to create a regulation that realistically serves the State’s interests while, at the same time, realistically serving women’s interests in the exercise of their abortion. constitutionally given right to obtain an Whether the state should, in fact, bear this obligation here, the court does not reach at this time. DONE, this the 13th day of August, 2015. /s/ Myron H. Thompson____ UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
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