Popovich v. McDonald's Corp., 189 F. Supp. 2d 772 (N.D. Ill. 2002)

*773 Michael H. Moirano, Beth Ann Diebold, Nisen & Elliott, Chicago, IL, Edward T. Joyce, Arthur W. Aufmann, Edward T. Joyce & Assoc., Chicago, IL, Alan F. Block, Laurence M. Landsman, Block & Landsman, Chicago, IL, Patrick J. Sherlock, Chicago, IL, for plaintiff.

Jerome Nathan Krulewitch, David James Doyle, Winston & Strawn, Chicago, IL, for McDonald's Corp., defendant.

Howard B. Soloway, Michael I. Katz, Morrison & Foerster, Los Angeles, CA, for Simon Marketing, Inc., defendant.

KENNELLY, District Judge.

Plaintiff Nick Popovich, a frequent customer of McDonald's restaurants, has sued McDonald's Corporation and Simon Marketing, Inc., as well as Jerome Jacobson, Simon's director of security, for wrongs allegedly committed in connection with promotional games conducted by McDonald's since 1988. McDonald's and Simon have moved the Court to compel arbitration of the dispute and to stay judicial proceedings pending the outcome of arbitration. Popovich has moved for a finding that a suit filed by McDonald's against Simon, pending before another judge of this Court, is related to this case and should be transferred to this Court's docket. For the reasons stated below, the *774 Court denies defendants' motions to compel arbitration and grants Popovich's motion for a finding of relatedness.

Popovich alleges that since 1988, McDonald's has contracted with Simon to conduct its national advertising and run its promotional games, including the recent game "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire." Each game offers participants the chance to win low-value, mid-value, and high-value prizes. The high-value prizes include motor vehicles and/or cash awards of up to $1 million. The games are played by obtaining game pieces that are distributed at McDonald's restaurants, in newspapers, and by direct mail. Customers can win by collecting specific pieces or groups of pieces, or by obtaining an "instant winner" game piece.

According to the amended complaint, Simon acted as McDonald's agent to distribute game pieces. Simon in turn entrusted Jacobson with the responsibility of ensuring the games' integrity and with disseminating the high-value winning pieces. Jacobson, plaintiff alleges, devised a scheme to convert the high-value winning pieces and sell them to associates who falsely represented themselves to be legitimate winners or recruited others to do so. As a result, Popovich and other McDonald's customers had no real opportunity to win the high-level prizes.

Popovich alleges that McDonald's first learned of Jacobson's activities in August 2000, when the Federal Bureau of Investigation advised the company that it was investigating the conduct of the games. Plaintiff alleges that despite this knowledge, McDonald's continued to permit Simon and Jacobson to promote the games, encouraging customers to buy its products in order to win prizes, while knowing full well that it was impossible (or virtually so) for them to win the high-level prizes.

In August 2001, the government announced the indictment of Jacobson and other participants in the scheme, and McDonald's announced that it was suspending the then-current "Pick Your Prize Monopoly Game," which had begun in July 2001. The two $1 million prizes that had been offered to game participants had been diverted by Jacobson.

Popovich filed this lawsuit on August 24, 2001, naming only McDonald's as a defendant, and seeking certification of a class of plaintiffs. On August 31, he moved the Court for a preliminary injunction preventing McDonald's from suspending or terminating the Pick Your Prize game. McDonald's contested the motion, which the Court denied on September 17, 2001.

In early October 2001, in response to the filing of similar lawsuits against McDonald's in various districts (including some cases that were filed in state court and removed by McDonald's to federal court), McDonald's filed with the Judicial Panel for Multidistrict Litigation a motion pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1407 to transfer and consolidate for pretrial proceedings all pending federal actions. On October 19, McDonald's filed its motion to compel arbitration in the present case. On October 26, Popovich filed an amended complaint, naming Simon and Jacobson as additional defendants, and making claims for breach of contract, unjust enrichment, consumer fraud, and (against Jacobson only) violation of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act. Simon followed with its own motion to compel arbitration.

As noted earlier, Popovich's claims concern McDonald's games from 1988 through 2001. In his amended complaint, he seeks certification of a class of plaintiffs and requests an award of compensatory and punitive damages to the plaintiff class, as well as an injunction requiring McDonald's to "complete" the Pick Your Prize game by *775 awarding to legitimate participants all high-level and other prizes that have not been properly awarded.

Each of the McDonald's games had official rules which were available in McDonald's restaurants and elsewhere. The rules for each of the eight games sponsored by McDonald's since 1999 have included a provision stating that

[e]xcept where prohibited by law, as a condition of participating in this Game, participant agrees that (1) any and all disputes and causes of action arising out of or connected with this Game, or any prizes awarded, shall be resolved individually, without resort to any form of class action, and exclusively by final and binding arbitration under the rules of the American Arbitration Associates and held at the AAA regional office nearest the participant; (2) the Federal Arbitration Act shall govern the interpretation, enforcement and all proceedings as such arbitration; and (3) judgment upon such arbitration award may be entered in any court having jurisdiction. Under no circumstances will participant be permitted to obtain awards for, and participant hereby waives all rights to claim punitive, incidental, or consequential damages, or any other damages, including attorney's fees, other than participant's actual out-of-pocket expenses (i.e., costs associated with entering this Game), and participant further waives all rights to have damages multiplied or increased.

In their motions to compel arbitration and stay judicial proceedings, defendants McDonald's and Simon rely on this contractual provision.

The Federal Arbitration Act establishes a federal policy favoring arbitration of disputes that requires courts to "rigorously enforce agreements to arbitrate." Shearson/American Express Inc. v. McMahon, 482 U.S. 220, 226, 107 S. Ct. 2332, 96 L. Ed. 2d 185 (1987). When parties have made an agreement to arbitrate a dispute, the party opposing arbitration bears the burden of proving that the claims at issue should not be subjected to arbitration. Green Tree Financial Corp. v. Randolph, 531 U.S. 79, 91-92, 121 S. Ct. 513, 148 L. Ed. 2d 373 (2000).

Popovich makes several arguments in opposition to arbitration. Two of these are clearly without merit. First, Popovich's claims against Simon are no less subject to arbitration than his claims against McDonald's. The arbitration provision in the game rules is not limited to claims against McDonald's but rather extends to "all disputes and causes of action arising out of or connected with this Game." There is no question that Popovich's claims against Simon are, at least in part, connected with the games that included the arbitration provision.

Second, though a party may waive the right to arbitrate by acting inconsistently with that right, see, e.g., St. Mary's Medical Center v. Disco Aluminum Products Co., 969 F.2d 585, 588 (7th Cir. 1992), McDonald's did not waive its right to arbitrate by opposing Popovich's motion for a preliminary injunction. Popovich made his motion before McDonald's had time to catch its breath after being served with the lawsuit: he filed the motion for preliminary injunction just one week after he filed suit, and the Court denied it just slightly more than two weeks later. Though McDonald's could have sought to compel arbitration at that point, a demand for arbitration would not have precluded the Court from considering the preliminary injunction motion. Even when a claim filed in court is subject to arbitration, a court retains the authority to enter a preliminary injunction to preserve the status quo ante and prevent irreparable harm pending a decision by the arbitration *776 panel. See, e.g., IDS Life Insurance Co. v. SunAmerica, Inc., 103 F.3d 524, 527 (7th Cir.1996); Gateway Eastern Ry. v. Terminal Railroad Association, 35 F.3d 1134, 1141 (7th Cir.1994). Thus McDonald's opposition to Popovich's motion was in no way inconsistent with the right to arbitrate and does not constitute a waiver. See Knorr Brake Corp. v. Harbil, Inc., 556 F. Supp. 489, 492 (N.D.Ill.1983); Motor Werks Partners, L.P. v. BMW of North America, Inc., No. 01 C 7178, 2001 WL 1607503, at *4 (N.D.Ill.Dec. 17, 2001).

Popovich's primary argument is that arbitration would be cost-prohibitive. Significant arbitration fees may make an arbitration agreement an ineffective forum for the vindication of statutory rights and therefore unenforceable. See, e.g., Dobbins v. Hawk's Enterprises, 198 F.3d 715, 717 (8th Cir.1999); Shankle v. B-G Maintenance Management of Colorado, Inc., 163 F.3d 1230, 1234-35 (10th Cir.1999). Cf. Gilmer v. Interstate/Johnson Lane Corp., 500 U.S. 20, 28, 111 S. Ct. 1647, 114 L. Ed. 2d 26 (1991) (requiring arbitration of a federal claim is appropriate if the plaintiff "`effectively may vindicate [his or her] statutory cause of action in the arbitral forum'") (quoting Mitsubishi Motors Corp. v. Soler Chrysler-Plymouth, Inc., 473 U.S. 614, 637, 105 S. Ct. 3346, 87 L. Ed. 2d 444 (1985)). In Green Tree, the Supreme Court recognized that "[i]t may well be that the existence of large arbitration costs could preclude a litigant ... from effectively vindicating her federal statutory rights in the arbitral forum." Id. at 90, 121 S. Ct. 513. It ruled that where "a party seeks to invalidate an arbitration agreement on the ground that arbitration would be prohibitively expensive, that party bears the burden of showing the likelihood of incurring such costs." Id. at 92, 121 S. Ct. 513. If the party opposing arbitration carries that burden, the onus is on the party seeking arbitration to provide contrary evidence. Id.

The issue in this case boils down to whether Popovich's claim would be considered under the American Arbitration Association's Rules for the Resolution of Consumer-Related Disputes ("Consumer Rules") or its Commercial Dispute Resolution Procedures ("Commercial Rules"). The Consumer Rules apply only "in cases where the claim is under $10,000, exclusive of interest, arbitration fees, and costs." The Rules "may not be used where there is no stated claim." McDonald's Reply, Ex. A, ¶ 1. They provide for a modest fee: the consumer and the business each must submit a fee of $125, and the business must also submit an administrative fee of $500. Id., ¶¶ 2(a), 3. If these were the fees that would be imposed for arbitration of Popovich's claim, the Court would have no hesitation in rejecting Popovich's objection: the fee he would have to pay is less than the fee for filing a complaint in federal court.

But Popovich has carried his burden of demonstrating that the Consumer Rules would not apply. First of all, Popovich is not making a claim for less than $10,000. In his amended complaint, he seeks $20 million in damages for the class. Even assuming, as McDonald's argues, that consideration of the class-wide claim is not appropriate (in light of the game rules' express prohibition on class relief), there is still no basis to squeeze Popovich's claim within the Consumer Rules. In both his individual claim and his class claim, Popovich is claiming what he refers to as an indivisible right to be considered for the high-level prizes. At a minimum, that is a claim of an unspecified value of the type that the AAA's Consumer Rules do not accommodate.

McDonald's points out that the contest rules limit a participant's remedies to recovery of his out-of-pocket costs associated with entering the gamewhich would consist *777 largely, if not entirely, of the cost of buying food items at McDonald's restaurants. If the Court could rely on this limitation, Popovich's claim would be well under the AAA's maximum for Consumer Rules claims. But Popovich has satisfied his burden of showing that we cannot rely on the contractual limitation in the present context. McDonald's itself has conceded that claims indistinguishable from Popovich's are worth far more than $10,000. In petitioning for removal of similar cases filed in Tennessee and Florida state courts,^[1] McDonald's stated:

"Plaintiff has alleged that he was denied access to a `prize pool' i.e., property in the form of $1 million cash awards and other high-value prizes ... improperly diverted from the prize poolin which Plaintiff and members of the putative class hold a common, undivided interest. As alleged, no individual class member has a right to the prize pool or any particular prize. Rather, the putative class as a whole alleges it has a collective and undivided right to this property. Because the value of the diverted prizes plainly exceeds $75,000, the amount in controversy requirement for diversity jurisdiction is met."

. . . . .

The value of the property right which Plaintiff has sued to securei.e., the right of uncorrupted access to McDonald's high-value promotional prizesis in and of itself sufficient to satisfy the $75,000 amount in controversy requirement under 28 U.S.C. § 1332. This right is jointly-held by all class members, none of whom has any individual right to a particular prize, yet all of whom have a common interest in the prize pool.

Notice of Removal in Allen v. McDonald's Corp., No. 01-2801 (W.D. Tenn.), at pp. 3-4, 6; Notice of Removal in Hoyos v. McDonald's Corp. (S.D.Fla.), at pp. 4-5, 6. McDonald's statements in these cases squarely contradict its current argument that Popovich's claim cannot be worth more than $10,000.

McDonald's tries to finesse this inconsistency by suggesting that it is meaningless: it says that "[a]lthough the putative class' claim to a common and undivided interest in the prize pool may be significant for jurisdictional purposes, it is wholly irrelevant to the issue of arbitration." McDonald's Reply, p. 8. But no such dichotomy exists. The issue in both contexts is what the plaintiff's claim is worth. In Pratt Central Park Limited Partnership v. Dames & Moore, Inc., 60 F.3d 350, 353 (7th Cir.1995), the Seventh Circuit concluded (over a dissent by Judge Flaum) that a contractual clause that clearly limits the plaintiff's recovery to an amount less than the federal jurisdictional requirement is sufficient to defeat federal jurisdiction. As the court put it more recently in Szabo v. Bridgeport Machines, Inc., 249 F.3d 672, 676 (7th Cir.2001), a court will not "accept the plaintiff's say-so when deciding how much could be recovered (and thus whether the amount in controversy for diversity jurisdiction is present), even though the maximum recovery depends strongly on the merits." McDonald's cannot say, when it suits its interests, that the plaintiff's claim is worth well over $75,000 but then say, when its interests change, that the claim is worth well under $10,000.

*778 We are reluctant to rely in this context on the doctrine of "judicial estoppel," which in this Circuit may require a party to have obtained a judgment based on an earlier inconsistent provision (which has not occurred here). See United States v. Newell, 239 F.3d 917, 921-22 (7th Cir. 2001). But McDonald's insistence that the amount in controversy in the other similar cases exceeds $75,000 is fairly construed as indicating a recognition (though not an admission) that the contractual limitation may not ultimately cap the recoverable damages. The Seventh Circuit has noted this possibility in the jurisdictional context; in Normand v. Orkin Exterminating Co., 193 F.3d 908 (7th Cir.1999), it said that under Illinois law "it is doubtful that a contractual limitation of liability would be held to be a bar to fraud," and a claim for fraud "might conceivably support a judgment for consequential or even punitive damages, notwithstanding the limitation of liability." Id. at 910 (citations omitted). The plaintiffs in the Tennessee and Florida cases removed by McDonald's had made fraud and/or consumer fraud claims, and so has Popovich.

Thus for present purposes Popovich has made the necessary showing that his claim, if brought before the AAA, would not be governed by the Consumer Rules but rather by the AAA's Commercial Rules. Under those Rules, the costs of arbitration in a case like this one are likely to be staggering; Popovich has submitted an unrebutted affidavit from an AAA-certified arbitrator that the cost is likely to be as much as $48,000 and perhaps as high as $126,000. Popovich himself has averred, unsurprisingly, that costs in that range would be prohibitive, and McDonald's has not disputed that claim. This is sufficient to carry his burden under Green Tree. See Phillips v. Associates Home Equity Services, Inc., 179 F. Supp. 2d 840, 845-47 (N.D.Ill.2001). Under the present circumstances, the arbitration provision in the game rules is unenforceable.^[2]

As noted earlier, Popovich has moved the Court for a finding that Case No. 01 C 8121, pending before Judge Manning, is related to the present case within the meaning of Local Rule 40.4. In that case, McDonald's has sued Simon, Simon's parent corporation, Jacobson, and other alleged co-conspirators for violations of the RICO statute and various common law causes of action. The cases arise, in significant part, from the same transactions and occurrences as the present case. Both cases are susceptible of resolution in a single proceeding (Case No. 01 C 8121 is, for all practical purposes, the equivalent of a cross-claim in the present case), and because of the overlap in issues, the handling of both cases by one judge is likely to result in a substantial savings of time and effort. Neither case has progressed to the point that reassignment would delay the proceedings. In sum, the criteria for reassignment under Local Rule 40.4 are met, and Popovich's motion is therefore granted. Reassignment of the case, however, does not necessarily mean that the cases will be consolidated for all purposes; the Court defers for later resolution whether the cases should be tried jointly.

For the reasons stated above, both McDonald's and Simon's motions to compel arbitration and stay judicial proceedings *779 [docket items 15-1, 15-2, 22-1, 22-2] are denied. Plaintiff's motion for a finding of relatedness [item 26-1] is granted; the Court finds that Case No. 01 C 8121, pending before Judge Manning, is related to the present case and will request the Executive Committee to reassign the case to this Court's docket. Defendants are directed to respond to Popovich's amended complaint on or before January 28, 2002. The case is set for a status hearing on February 1, 2002 at 9:30 a.m.

Defendant McDonald's Corporation, joined by defendant Simon Marketing, Inc., has moved to reconsider the Court's January 14, 2002 ruling denying defendants' motions to stay the proceedings and compel arbitration. That ruling was premised on our finding that the arbitration procedure provided for in the parties' contract was prohibitively expensive, thus rendering the arbitration provision unenforceable. The contract (actually the rules of certain of the promotional games involved in this lawsuit) incorporated the rules of the American Arbitration Association, and those rules, we found, would have required Popovich to pay an exorbitant fee to arbitrate this case.

McDonald's has now offered to pay the arbitration fees to the extent they exceed those provided for by the AAA's Consumer Rules, which were reasonable but which, we found, did not apply to Popovich's claim. This is not a basis for reconsideration of the Court's ruling. We agree with Popovich that McDonald's offer, which is inconsistent with the parties' contract, amounts to an offer for a new contract. Popovich is under no obligation to accept McDonald's offer, and the Court is in no position to impose it. As a matter of elementary contract law, McDonald's cannot unilaterally modify the existing agreement. See, e.g., Channell v. Citicorp., 89 F.3d 379, 384 (7th Cir.1996); Ellman v. Ianni, 21 Ill.App.2d 353, 362, 157 N.E.2d 807, 813 (1959). The offer is logically indistinguishable from an offer by a defendant in a case for breach of a contract without an arbitration requirement to submit the case to arbitration. In those circumstances, as in the present case, a Court would have no basis to require the plaintiff to forego judicial remedies and arbitrate the case. The same is true here. Like the Eleventh Circuit in Perez v. Globe Airport Security Services, Inc., 253 F.3d 1280, 1287 (11th Cir.2001), we will not remake the parties' agreement to include a provision requiring arbitration if McDonald's agrees to pay the expenses. Contrary to defendant's argument, this case is not controlled by this Court's ruling in Phillips v. Associates Home Equity Services, Inc., 179 F. Supp. 2d 840 (N.D.Ill. 2001), in which, after first declining to enforce an arbitration provision due to prohibitive expense, we then compelled arbitration after the defendant offered to pay the fee. In Phillips, the arbitration provision specifically contemplated that the defendant would pay the fees if requested to do so. See id. at 843. No similar provision appears in the contract here; the contract incorporates the AAA rules, which impose upon Popovich the fees in question. Finally, our decision in Kennedy v. Conseco Finance Corp., No. 00 C 4399, 2000 WL 1760943 (N.D.Ill. Nov.30, 2000), a pre-Green Tree ruling, is not binding in the present case.

In the Court's prior ruling, we concluded that the AAA's Consumer Rules did not apply because of the value of Popovich's claim. McDonald's had contended that the claim was worth less than $10,000 (thus rendering the Consumer Rules applicable), but we rejected this argument. In its motion to reconsider, McDonald's argues that we erroneously relied on what we found to be an inconsistent position that it *780 had taken regarding the potential value of the plaintiffs' claims in cases essentially indistinguishable from that of Popovich. First, that finding was not essential to the decision; Popovich met his burden of showing that his claim did not fall within the scope of the Consumer Rules. But secondly, we do not agree with McDonald's argument that its positions were not inconsistent. In this regard, McDonald's current motion essentially says nothing new, so we need not address the particulars of its argument.

For these reasons, the Court denies defendants' motions to reconsider [docket items 34-1 & 35-1].

[1] These removed cases are among the cases that McDonald's has sought to consolidate for pretrial purposes pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1407. Both were cases without any federal claims, thus making federal jurisdiction appropriate, if at all, only by virtue of diversity of citizenship and satisfaction of the $75,000 amount-in-controversy requirement. We think it safe to assume that none of the plaintiffs in those cases had bought more than $75,000 in McDonald's food items.

[2] For this reason, we need not address Popovich's argument that a non-mutual arbitration clause (that is, one which requires only one of the parties to arbitrate claims) is unenforceable under Illinois law, an issue that has provoked considerable dispute among the judges of this District. See Thompson v. Illinois Title Loans, Inc., No. 99 C 3952, 2000 WL 45493, at *3 (N.D.Ill. Jan. 11, 2000) (citing decisions going both ways).