HabaÅŸ Sinai ve Tibbi Gazlar Istihsal Endüstrisi, A.Åž. v. United States, No. 17-00204 (Ct. Int'l Trade 2019)

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This opinion or order relates to an opinion or order originally issued on January 23, 2019.

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DW &RPPHUFH WKHUHIRUH IRXQG WKDW ,FGDV¶V DQG LWV ³DIILOLDWHV¶ IDLOXUH WR PDLQWDLQ FRQWURO RI WKH GRFXPHQWDWLRQ FRQFHUQLQJ WKH RULJLQDO PDQXIDFWXUHU RI WKH IRUHLJQ OLNH SURGXFW VROG LQ WKH KRPH PDUNHW DPRXQWV WR &RQVRO &RXUW 1R 17-00204 3DJH LQDGHTXDWH UHFRUG NHHSLQJ´ WKDW VLJQLILFDQWO\ LPSHGHG WKH SURFHHGLQJ DQG PHULWHG WKH XVH RI SDUWLDO DGYHUVH IDFWV DYDLODEOH Id. at 19 see also id. at 44–45. C. Commerce’s Determination to Use Partial AFA is Sustained ,FGDV FRQWHQGV WKDW LW ³RIIHUHG D UHDVRQDEOH DOWHUQDWLYH´ WR WKH XVH RI SDUWLDO $)$ ³ZKLFK FRXOG KDYH EHHQ DSSOLHG DV QRQ-$)$´ JLYHQ WKDW WKH PLVVLQJ LQIRUPDWLRQ DIIHFWHG D VPDOO QXPEHU RI VDOHV and ³WKHUH ZDV QR ZLOOIXO ZLWKKROGLQJ RI LQIRUPDWLRQ WKDW ZRXOG µVLJQLILFDQWO\ LPSHGH¶ WKH SURFHHGLQJ ´ ,FGDV¶V &PWV at 14. ,FGDV¶V DUJXPHQWV PLVV WKH PDUN ³>6@HFWLRQ H E GRHV QRW E\ LWV WHUPV VHW D µZLOOIXOQHVV¶ RU µUHDVRQDEOH UHVSRQGHQW¶ VWDQGDUG QRU GRHV LW UHTXLUH ILQGLQJV RI PRWLYDWLRQ RU LQWHQW ´ 1LSSRQ 6WHHO ) G at ,QVWHDG &RPPHUFH PXVW PDNH “D IDFWXDO DVVHVVPHQW RI WKH H[WHQW WR ZKLFK D UHVSRQGHQW NHHSV DQG PDLQWDLQV UHDVRQDEOH UHFRUGV DQG WKH GHJUHH WR ZKLFK WKH UHVSRQGHQW FRRSHUDWHV LQ LQYHVWLJDWLQJ WKRVH UHFRUGV DQG LQ SURYLGLQJ &RPPHUFH ZLWK WKH UHTXHVWHG LQIRUPDWLRQ ´ Id. +HUH &RPPHUFH IRXQG that ,FGDV KDG DW VRPH WLPH JHQHUDWHG UHFRUGV LGHQWLI\LQJ WKH PDQXIDFWXUHU RI WKH VXEMHFW UHEDU EXW IDLOHG WR PDLQWDLQ FRQWURO RI WKDW LQIRUPDWLRQ 5HPDQG 5HVXOWV DW ,FGDV GRHV QRW GLVSXWH WKHVH ILQGLQJV. See ,FGDV¶V &PWV at –14 ,FGDV DOVR GRHV QRW GLVSXWH WKH LPSRUWDQFH RI WKLV LQIRUPDWLRQ WR &RPPHUFH¶V DELOLW\ WR FDOFXODWH DFFXUDWH GXPSLQJ PDUJLQV See id. 5HPDQG 5HVXOWV DW 45. $FFRUGLQJO\ &RPPHUFH¶V GHWHUPLQDWLRQ WR PDNH DQ DGYHUVH LQIHUHQFH DV D UHVXOW RI ,FGDV¶ LQDGHTXDWH UHFRUG NHHSLQJ ZLOO EH VXVWDLQHG &RQVRO &RXUW 1R 17-00204 3DJH CONCLUSION AND ORDER ,Q DFFRUGDQFH ZLWK WKH IRUHJRLQJ LW LV KHUHE\ ORDERED WKDW &RPPHUFH¶V 5HPDQG 5HVXOWV DUH UHPDQGHG LQ SDUW DQG VXVWDLQHG LQ SDUW DQG LW LV IXUWKHU ORDERED that RQ UHPDQG &RPPHUFH VKDOO FRQVLVWHQW ZLWK WKLV 2SLQLRQ UHFDOFXODWH QRUPDO YDOXH ZLWKRXW PDNLQJ D FLUFXPVWDQFH RI VDOH DGMXVWPHQW UHODWHG WR WKH GXW\ GUDZEDFN DGMXVWPHQW PDGH WR H[SRUW SULFH RU FRQVWUXFWHG H[SRUW SULFH DQG LW LV IXUWKHU ORDERED that &RPPHUFH¶V 5HPDQG 5HVXOWV DUH VXVWDLQHG ZLWK UHVSHFW WR WKH DJHQF\¶V XVH RI SDUWLDO DGYHUVH IDFWV DYDLODEOH WR ,FGDV and LW LV IXUWKHU ORDERED WKDW &RPPHUFH VKDOO ILOH LWV UHPDQG UHGHWHUPLQDWLRQ RQ RU EHIRUH -DQXDU\ and LW LV IXUWKHU ORDERED WKDW VXEVHTXHQW SURFHHGLQJV VKDOO EH JRYHUQHG E\ 86&,7 5XOH 56.2(h and LW LV IXUWKHU ORDERED WKDW DQ\ FRPPHQWV RU UHVSRQVLYH FRPPHQWV PXVW QRW H[FHHG 5 ZRUGV. V 0DUN $ %DUQHWW 0DUN $ %DUQHWW -XGJH 'DWHG 2FWREHU 1HZ <RUN 1HZ <RUN

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