Geum Poong Corp. v. United States, No. 00-06 (Ct. Int'l Trade 2002)
Annotate this CaseThis opinion or order relates to an opinion or order originally issued on August 14, 2001.
Download PDF
Slip Op. 02-26 UNITED STATES COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE __________________________________________ : GEUM POONG CORPORATION : and SAM YOUNG SYNTHETICS CO., LTD., : : Plaintiffs, : : v. : : : THE UNITED STATES, : : : Defendant, : : v. : : E.I. DUPONT DE NEMOURS, INC.; : ARTEVA SPECIALTIES S.a.r.l., : d/b/a KoSa; and WELLMAN, INC., : : Defendant-Intervenors. : __________________________________________: Consolidated Court No. 00-06-00298 [ITA s antidumping duty remand determination remanded.] Dated: March 8, 2002 Sandler, Travis & Rosenberg, P.A. (Philip S. Gallas and Mark R. Ludwikowski) for plaintiffs. Stuart E. Schiffer, Acting Assistant Attorney General, David M. Cohen, Director, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, United States Department of Justice (Erin E. Powell), Scott D. McBride, Office of the General Counsel, United States Department of Commerce, of counsel, for defendant. Collier Shannon Scott, PLLC (Paul C. Rosenthal, Kathleen W. Cannon, David C. Smith, Jr., and Grace W. Kim) for defendant-intervenors. COURT NO . 00-06-00298 PAGE 2 OPINION RESTANI, Judge: This matter comes before the court as a result of the court's decision in Geum Poong Corp. v. United States, 163 F. Supp. 2d 669 (Ct. Int l Trade 2001) [hereinafter, Geum Poong I ], in which Certain Polyester Staple Fiber from the Republic of Korea and Taiwan, 65 Fed. Reg. 16,880 (2000), amd d, 65 Fed. Reg. 33,807 (Dep t Comm. 2000) (final determ.) [hereinafter, Final Determination ], was remanded for Commerce to reconsider Geum Poong s CV profit calculation. The court now reviews Commerce's Final Results of Redetermination Pursuant to Court Remand (2001) [hereinafter, Remand Determination ]. JURISDICTION The court exercises jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1581(c) (1994), which provides for judicial review of a final determination by the Department of Commerce in accordance with the provisions of 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(a)(2)(B)(i) (1994). DISCUSSION In the Final Determination, Commerce calculated Geum Poong s CV profit under 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(e)(B)(iii) ( Alternative Three )1 by taking a simple average of (A) profit data on the Korean man-made fiber industry from the Bank of Korea (the BOK data ) with (B) the 1 Under Alternative Three, Commerce may calculate CV profit by any . . . reasonable method, except that the amount allowed for profit may not exceed the amount normally realized by exporters or producers (other than the exporter or producer described in clause (i)) in connection with the sale, for consumption in the foreign country, of merchandise that is in the same general category of products as the subject merchandise [.] 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(e)(2)(B)(iii) (emphasis added). The emphasized portion of Alternative Three is referred to as the profit cap. See Floral Trade Council v. United States, 41 F. Supp. 2d 319, 326-27 (Ct. Int l Trade 1999). COURT NO . 00-06-00298 PAGE 3 figure for the weighted-average profit rates of Samyang and Sam Young, the other respondents in the investigation. In Geum Poong I, the court held that Commerce did not err in choosing to calculate CV profit under Alternative Three on the grounds that: (1) the Alternatives in 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(e)(B) are not hierarchical; and (2) Commerce could not use Alternative Two without violating limitations on use of proprietary business information. The court nevertheless found that Commerce failed to meet its burden of explaining its reasoning with respect to: (1) resorting to facts available, or (2) its facts available selections.2 On remand, Commerce did not address the court s concerns, but rather adhered to its prior methodology and provided no rational explanation for its choices.3 I. The Availability of Data for Calculating a Facts Available Profit Cap In Geum Poong I, the court held that in calculating CV profit under a facts available methodology, i.e., one that employs Alternative Three without the profit cap, Commerce may rely on any data available to it, which may include some non-home market sales data, provided its method is reasonable and it provides an adequate explanation thereof. Geum Poong I at 676. The court found, however, that Commerce did not explain whether any data were available to calculate the profit cap, and noted that Commerce failed to address the adequacy of the financial statements for Samyang, Saehan Industries, Inc., and SK Chemicals that had been submitted by 2 The Statement of Administrative Action, accompanying H.R. Rep. No. 103-826(I), at 840 (1994), reprinted in 1994 U.S.C.C.A.N. 4040, 4176 (1994) [hereinafter SAA ], specifies that [i]f [Alternative Three] is selected, Commerce will provide to interested parties a description of the method chosen and an explanation of why it was selected. 3 In its previous decision, the court upheld two other aspects of Commerce s determination which are unrelated to the profit calculation. Defendant did not respond to Plaintiffs objections to the remand redetermination. COURT NO . 00-06-00298 PAGE 4 Geum Poong in response to Commerce s January 11, 2000 request for additional information. Id. at 678 & nn. 12, 14. The court also found that Commerce failed to explain why the BOK data do not serve as a basis for calculating a facts available profit cap. Id. at 678-79. Accordingly, in Geum Poong I, the court instructed Commerce to calculate a facts available profit cap, or to explain why such a calculation could not be made in this case. In the Remand Determination, Commerce explained that it could not calculate an appropriate profit cap because the four possible sources of data included or were likely to include non-home market sales.4 Commerce stated: With the exception of the Samyang CV profit data developed . . . in the underlying investigation . . . all of the profit data on the record of this proceeding is flawed for purposes of calculating a profit cap because it includes, or is likely to include, profits earned on sales outside of Korea. Consequently, as a matter of law and regulation, these sources could not be used as a profit cap and, lacking a profit cap, the Department was forced to use the methodology contemplated in the SAA, i.e., to apply alternative (iii) on the basis of the facts available (SAA at 841). Remand Determination at 4. Commerce ignores the court s specific instruction to apply a facts available profit cap if a reasonable means of calculating one could be devised. Rather than assess the reasonableness of using any of the four available sources in light of perceived deficiencies, Commerce merely 4 Commerce explains why the following sources were inappropriate for a profit cap under 1677b(e)(2)(B)(iii): (1) Geum Poong s reported profit reflected profits from several of Geum Poong s third country markets; (2) Sam Young s profit was not based on home market sales, and although Samyang s profit reflected profits exclusively on sales in the Korean market, the use of Samyang s profit would have impermissibly revealed its proprietary profit ratio; (3) information regarding the public audited financial statements of certain PSF producers (Samyang, Saehan and SK Chemicals) indicated that these producers also had sales outside the Korean market; and (4) BOK data likely included companies that sell outside of the Korean market. Remand Determination at 2-3. COURT NO . 00-06-00298 PAGE 5 reiterates its previous argument that it cannot apply a profit cap because the statute limits it to considering profit rates earned on sales in Korea. Commerce essentially considers itself compelled to reject any data that may include any non-home market sales, even when calculating a facts available profit cap. By its nature, however, a facts available profit cap contemplates that there may be some deficiencies in the data, e.g., the data include some non-home market sales.5 As the court stated in Geum Poong I, the SAA, while approving Commerce s no profit cap methodology for cases where no cap data is available at all, provides no guidance in the case of a technically deficient cap. . . . Because the statute mandates the application of a profit cap, Commerce cannot sidestep the requirement without giving adequate explanation even in a facts available scenario. Geum Poong I at 679. The court also noted that in applying facts available, Commerce complies with statutory provisions to the extent possible. Geum Poong I at 675 n.8. In calculating a facts available profit cap, therefore, Commerce must determine whether the 5 According to the SAA, Commerce may calculate CV profit under Alternative Three without applying the profit cap, that is, under facts available under certain circumstances. The SAA explains that: The Administration . . . recognizes that where, due to the absence of data, Commerce cannot determine amounts for profit under alternatives (1) and (2) or a profit cap under alternative (3), it might have to apply alternative (3) on the basis of the facts available. This ensures that Commerce can use alternative (3) when it cannot calculate the profit normally realized by other companies on sales of the same general category of products. SAA at 841, reprinted in 1994 U.S.C.C.A.N. at 4177. Although the statute indicates that the profit cap is to be based on home-market sales, the SAA contemplates only that Commerce will dispense with the profit cap when profit data are unavailable with respect to other companies on sales of the same general category of products. The SAA says nothing about dispensing with the profit cap when segregated data on solely home market sales are unavailable. COURT NO . 00-06-00298 PAGE 6 sales outside of Korea, or any other identified deficiency in the data, are of such extent that using the data would render the profit cap calculated therefrom unreasonable or inaccurate. In this case, Commerce did not determine that any of the data sources were predominantly or exclusively non-home market sales. Nor did Commerce assess the relative validity among the sources in light of their deficiencies. Therefore, Commerce did not fulfil its obligation to determine whether a reasonable facts available profit cap could be applied, and has not presented sufficient grounds for dispensing with the profit cap altogether. II. Reasonableness of Commerce s Selected Methodology In Geum Poong I, the court found that even if Commerce s decision to calculate CV profit under Alternative Three without the profit cap were justified, Commerce failed to explain adequately the reasonableness of the methodology it actually employed. Specifically, the court found that Commerce failed to account for: (1) its rejection of the financial statements of three Korean PSF producers, and (2) potential sources of distortion including (a) the likelihood of double-counting Samyang and/or Sam Young data; (b) the use of a simple average of companyspecific data with industry wide data, each comprising a different scope of merchandise; and (c) the apparent inconsistency in its statements as to which companies were included in the BOK data. 1. Rejection of Audited Financial Statements On remand, Commerce explains that it did not use the audited financial statements of three PSF producers (Samyang, Saehan, and SK Chemicals) because it is cautious about using company specific data submitted by parties . . . because parties can be expected to submit only data that is favorable to them. Remand Redetermination at 5. Commerce also expresses COURT NO . 00-06-00298 PAGE 7 concern with the low profits for these three companies, claiming that [o]ther Korean producers and exporters, whose financial results were not submitted, might have had higher rates. Id. Commerce also questions the usefulness of the financial statements on the ground that they reflected the financial results for the entire operations of these companies and likely included non-subject merchandise and sales to the United States. The court rejects Commerce s explanations for three reasons. First, the financial statements were submitted by Geum Poong in response to Commerce s January 11, 2000 request for additional information. See Letter from Susan H. Kuhbach (Jan 11, 2000), P. R. Doc. 247. In this request, Commerce indicated that any information submitted must be credible and self-verifying, e.g., audited financial statements of Korean firms that produce merchandise in the same general category as subject merchandise. Id. Commerce does not state that the statements submitted did not meet its description, and it could have requested still more information if it considered the submission somehow incomplete. Second, Commerce deems the profits low without indicating any basis for comparison. If Commerce suspected that other PSF producers may have higher profit levels, it could have sought additional information from Geum Poong or a third source. Commerce has not presented any reason other than speculation why the profits for these three companies are unrepresentative of the profit experience of PSF producers in Korea. Third, Commerce s refusal to use this data is inconsistent with its past practice of accepting profit data from financial statements of exporters to calculate CV profits as facts available under Alternative Three. For example, in Shop Towels from Bangladesh, 61 Fed. Reg. 55,957, 55,961 (Dep t Comm. 1996) (final admin. rev.), Commerce calculated CV profit by relying on actual profit data from the financial statements of three Bangladesh-based producers of COURT NO . 00-06-00298 PAGE 8 products in the same general category as those under investigation. Commerce accepted the financial statements in that case notwithstanding petitioner s claims that two of the companies annual reports do not indicate whether they export merchandise, and that there was reason to believe the third in fact included export sales. Commerce indicated that it was sufficient that there was evidence of sales in Bangladesh. In contrast, Commerce rejected the use of financial statements for a Bangladesh textile company that made only export sales. Id. at 55,960 cmt. 3. In this case, Commerce states that information indicates that [the three producers] also had sales outside the Korean market, but does not maintain that any of the three Korean PSF producers sold exclusively or even primarily for export, either to the U.S. or to third country markets.6 6 The court notes that, since the Final Determination, Commerce recognized that circumstances may warrant the use of other companies financial statements to calculate CV profit under Alternative Three notwithstanding the possible inclusion of some U.S. sales. In Pure Magnesium from Israel, 66 Fed. Reg. 49,349, (Dep t Comm. Sept. 27, 2001) (final determ.), Commerce calculated CV profit under Alternative Three using as a profit source the financial statements of a producer of goods in the same general category despite the fact that these statements included export sales, which may or may not have included U.S. sales. In that case, Commerce indicated that it weighed several factors, including: (1) the similarity of three potential surrogate companies business operations and products to the respondent s; (2) the extent to which the financial data of the surrogate company reflects sales in the United States as well as the home market; and (3) the contemporaneity of the surrogate data to the POI. Id. at cmt. 8. Commerce explained the factors as follows: [1] The greater the similarity in business operations and products, the more likely that there is a greater correlation in the profit experience of the two companies. [2] Concerning the extent that U.S. sales are reflected in the surrogate s financial statements, because the Department is typically comparing U.S. sales to a normal value from the home market or third country, it does not want to construct a normal value based on financial data that contains exclusively or predominantly U.S. sales. Further, in accordance with § 1677b(e)(2)(b) generally, we seek to the extent possible home market profit experience. [3] Finally contemporaneity is a concern because markets change over time and the more current the data the more reflective it would be of the market in which the respondent is operating. Id. Commerce then analyzed each factor with respect to each potential surrogate. Thus, although COURT NO . 00-06-00298 PAGE 9 Remand Determination at 3. In sum, Commerce has not provided a valid reason why the profit experience of the three companies would be unrepresentative of home market sales experience, nor is its determination in accordance with past practice. This is not to say, however, that Commerce was bound to use the financial statements. If Commerce had alternative sources of data that would be equally or more reliable and/or representative of home market profit experience, it is within Commerce s discretion to use either set of data. The court finds, however, that to date Commerce s selection of an alternate methodology is unsupported. 2. Simple Average of Sam Young s and Samyang s Profit Rates with the BOK Data a. Double Counting In Geum Poong I, the court instructed Commerce to reevaluate its method of combining company-specific data with industry-wide data to determine CV profit in light of the possibility that Samyang s and Sam Young s data already may have been included in the BOK data. On remand, Commerce acknowledges that Samyang and Sam Young s data were likely included in the BOK average. Commerce asserts that its combination was the best alternative under the following reasoning: (1) Samyang s calculated profit rate should be given weight because it was based on sales in Korea; (2) because that rate is proprietary, Samyang s profit could not be used by itself; (3) Sam Young s profit rate could not be used alone because it reflects profits earned on Commerce seeks to the extent possible to determine home market profit experience, it need not reject financial statements of a potential surrogate simply because that company made some non-home market sales. In this case, Commerce has not identified or weighed any factors, but instead categorically disqualified a potential source of data based on the mere possibility of some non-home market sales. Commerce has not stated that the sales of these companies are predominately or exclusively to the United States or to third country markets. COURT NO . 00-06-00298 PAGE 10 third country sales, not home market sales; and (4) the BOK data could not be used alone on the ground that, as the data likely reflect a wide range of products and the experience of much of the Korean industry, they reflects profits earned in all markets. Commerce indicates that under these circumstances, it chose to combine the BOK data with the Samyang and Sam Young profit data in order to give greater weight to the latter. Commerce stated its reasoning as follows: Given the options available for using these sources singly or in combination, the Department decided to combine the Samyang, Sam Young, and BOK data. In doing so, the Department was able to incorporate Samyang s home market profit experience with other useable data from Sam Young and the BOK. The two investigated companies, Samyang and Sam Young were effectively given greater weight because their data conformed to the subject merchandise and did not include profits earned in the United States. However, weight was also given to the BOK data because it reflected the experience of the broader Korean industry and it included home market profits. Remand Determination at 5-6. Commerce admits that this method likely caused Samyang and Sam Young to be double-counted, but explained that the likelihood of skewed results is very small for two reasons: (1) Commerce states that it was aware of at least 25 producers of PSF in Korea, and therefore the profit rates for Sam Young and Samyang as reflected in the BOK data were diluted; and (2) the Samyang and Sam Young profit rates reflected in the BOK data likely differed from the profit rates calculated by the Department for these companies.7 Commerce s justification for its decision to combine the data is not rational, and skirts the court s concerns regarding skewed results. First, Commerce s explanation that Sam Young s data should be given greater weight because it did not have U.S. sales is disingenuous. Commerce admitted that Sam Young s profit is not based on any home market sales whatsoever. 7 Commerce indicates that its Samyang and Sam Young calculations were obtained from comparison market sales made in the ordinary course of trade COURT NO . 00-06-00298 PAGE 11 If anything, double-counting Sam Young s data would result in a less accurate measure of the CV profit rate than if it were excluded entirely because the goal in calculating CV profit is to approximate the home market profit experience. 8 Furthermore, double-counting is ordinarily a problem that the agency seeks to correct if possible, rather than a methodology adopted to assign more weight to a particular set of data.9 There is no support for the proposition that Commerce s 8 Commerce further explained that: Under this logic, it would not have been correct for the Department to include the profit rates for the companies, other than Samyang, whose public audited financial statements were submitted by Geum Poong. In particular, because these financial statements reflected the financial results for the entire operations of these companies, they likely included non-subject merchandise and sales to the United States. Thus, they did not likely present information that was as useful as the profit rates calculated by the Department for Sam Young and Samyang, nor did they have the advantage of presenting a broad picture of the Korean industry. Commerce s explanation misses the mark, since the financial statements apparently reflect sales in the same general category, and include home market sales. See discussion under II.1, supra. 9 The facts of this case stand in contrast to those in Asociacion de Productores de Salmon y Trucha de Chile, 180 F. Supp. 2d 1360, 1365- 68 (Ct. Int l Trade 2002). There, the Commission had access to two sets of data for the period 1994-1998. The first set was consolidated subject producer data submitted by a salmon producers association that incorporated estimated production and capacity information for a number of smaller Chilean salmon producers. Larger producers individually submitted data, which included production and capacity data from a producer already included in the association s submission, Fiordo Blanco. Because the two sets of data were added together to arrive at a total figure for production and capacity, the data for this producer would be included twice. The Commission was able to correct for the double-counting of data for the period 1994-1997 by deducting from the consolidated producer data the amounts for the individual producer indicated in the larger producers submitted data. The Commission did not do so for the 1998 data, however, because the actual production and capacity levels for Fiordo Blanco in 1998 were much higher than the association s estimate for that year. As a result, exclusion of the actual individual producer s data from the estimated amounts would further underestimate the subject producers production and capacity levels for that year. In addition, the association admitted to unidentified clerical errors and was unable to provide the Commission with deconsolidated production data that COURT NO . 00-06-00298 PAGE 12 discretion to give particular data more weight includes the discretion to distort reality intentionally by factoring into its calculations a preferred set of data more than once, if such double-counting can be avoided. Cf. Pohang Iron & Steel Co. v. United States, 118 F. Supp. 2d 1328, 1328-29 (2001) (upholding calculations unavoidably incorporating known double-counting where a respondent failed to submit all information necessary to enable Commerce to resolve the double-counting issue definitively). Second, Commerce has not given a rational or factually-supported basis for its assertion that the potential for skewed results is minimal. The absolute number of producers overall in some cases may be relevant to whether double-counting substantially distorts an agency s calculations. In this case, however, Commerce had indicated in the Final Determination that Samyang and Sam Young comprise a substantial portion of the industry. Final Determination at cmt. 15. Logically, if either of these companies represent a dominant share of the Korean market, its profit rate may be substantially higher than the other companies figuring in the BOK data, or for some other reason be unrepresentative of profits normally realized by other companies producing goods in the same general category as the subject merchandise. This potential source of distortion would be the case irrespective of the number of Korean man-made would indicate how its estimates for Fiordo Blanco were calculated. Thus, the Commission determined that excluding the individual producer s actual data would give less accurate results, and declined to make the adjustment. The court held that the Commission s decision was reasonable because, faced with a choice between imperfect alternatives, the Commission opted for the one that it considered less inaccurate. In this case, Commerce states that the figures for Samyang and Sam Young likely differ from those already included in the BOK data, but does not indicate that its figures are more accurate, or that the BOK data itself is inaccurate, as in Asociacion Productores de Salmon y Trucha de Chile. Commerce was not forced to choose between imperfect alternatives, but made a methodological choice to assign greater weight to a particular set of data by double-counting it. COURT NO . 00-06-00298 PAGE 13 fiber producers overall. Counting potentially anomalous profit rates twice, therefore, would give a misleading picture of the profit experience of other Korean producers of goods in the same general category as the subject merchandise. On remand, Commerce has not addressed the concerns regarding the potential for doublecounting expressed in Geum Poong I, or made any other findings to aid the court in assessing the reasonableness of its new combination methodology. b. Mixed Data Sets The court charged Commerce with reassessing on remand the reasonableness of its method of taking a simple average of company-specific data (i.e., the Samyang and Sam Young data) with industry wide data (i.e., the BOK data), when the former is limited to one product-type and the latter includes all man-made fibers. On remand, Commerce admits that the combination of company-specific data with industry-wide data for calculating CV profit is unprecedented.10 Commerce asserts, however, that this combination allows it to include as much information as possible to determine Geum Poong s CV profit as accurately as possible. Remand Redetermination at 6. It is not clear to the court how more information necessarily equates to more accurate information. Performing calculations with data simply because they are available 10 In other cases, Commerce has calculated CV profit based on either company/productspecific information or on industry-wide profit information. See, e.g., Honey from Argentina, 66 Fed. Reg. 50,611, at cmt. 2 (Dep t Comm. 2001) (final determination) (Commerce calculated CV profit based on cost of production figures from studies published in a publicly available trade publication for the Argentine honey industry provided by the petitioners); Fresh Kiwifruit from New Zealand, 62 Fed. Reg. 47,440, 47,441 (Dep t Comm. 1997) (final determination) (in the absence of data on exporters home market sales profits, Commerce used the average profit of twenty sampled growers to calculate CV profit); Fresh Atlantic Salmon from Chile, 63 Fed. Reg. 31,411, 31,435 (Dep t Comm. 1998) (final determination) (Commerce based CV profit on a weighted average of company-specific profit rates of four other Chilean producers). COURT NO . 00-06-00298 PAGE 14 may give the illusion of accuracy, but this hardly constitutes a reasonable methodology. In the absence of any precedent or valid explanation of why mixing two data sets with the product group of one fully encompassed in that of the other, the court finds that Commerce has not established that its methodology is reasonable or supported by the evidence of record. c. Inconsistency In Geum Poong I, the court directed Commerce s attention to an apparent inconsistency in its justification for combining the Samyang and Sam Young profit rates with the BOK data (i.e., that the latter includes data for Saehan Industries and SK Chemicals), with its claim that it used a simple average as facts available in part because Commerce was unaware of which companies were included in the BOK data. On remand, Commerce fails to appreciate the court s concern, stating only that it made a single assumption about which companies are likely reflected in the BOK data, and that it is best to treat the BOK data as including most, if not all of Korean producers of manmade fibers. Remand Determination at 7. In its explanation of why it did not use the audited financial statements for three Korean PSF producers submitted by Geum Poong, Commerce states that the financial results of two of these companies, Saehan Industries, and SK Chemicals, were included in the BOK data. The third company s data, i.e., Samyang s data, were used, albeit in a different form. Remand Determination at 6. Commerce also indicated in its explanation of the effect of double-counting that a total of 25 PSF producers are included in the data, yet it does not indicate the source of this information. Either Commerce knew which companies were included in the BOK data or it did not. It is not clear to the court how Commerce could know that the financial statements of the companies were included in the COURT NO . 00-06-00298 PAGE 15 BOK data much less that those of one company appeared in a different form if it considered itself forced to reject the BOK data, for the purpose of calculating a profit cap based on an assumption as to which companies were included in the BOK data and the likelihood that these companies sell outside Korea. Thus, in the Remand Determination, Commerce leaves unaddressed the inconsistency about which the court had expressed concerns. CONCLUSION Accordingly, the court rejects as unreasonable and unsupported Commerce s determination to dispense with the profit cap and its methodology in calculating CV profit. Commerce must determine Geum Poong s CV profit rate by (1) applying a facts available profit cap, which may or may not include non-home market sales;11 and (2) calculating a profit rate derived from the financial statements for Samyang, Saehan, and SK Chemicals, or from the industry-wide BOK profit data, or some other method that will avoid the deficiencies described herein. _______________________ Jane A. Restani Judge DATED: New York, New York This 8th of March, 2002. 11 Commerce may dispense with the profit cap only if available data are significantly undermined by non-home market data. ERRATUM Geum Poong Corp. v. United States, Consolidated Court No. 00-06-00298, Slip Op. 02-26, dated March 8, 2002. Page 1: Counsel for plaintiffs should read as follows: Sandler, Travis & Rosenberg, P.A. (Philip S. Gallas, Gregory S. Menegaz and Mark R. Ludwikowski) for plaintiffs. March 13, 2002.
Some case metadata and case summaries were written with the help of AI, which can produce inaccuracies. You should read the full case before relying on it for legal research purposes.
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
