Biogen MA Inc. v. EMD Serono, Inc., No. 19-1133 (Fed. Cir. 2020)
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Biogen’s patent is directed to a method of treating a viral condition, a viral disease, cancers, or tumors, by the administration of a pharmaceutically effective amount of a recombinant polypeptide related to human interferon-β (IFN-β). Biogen sued Serono, alleging contributory and induced infringement of the patent by the sale and marketing in the U.S. of Rebif, a recombinant IFN-β product used for the treatment of Multiple Sclerosis. A jury found that the patent claims were anticipated by two references teaching the use of native IFN-β to treat viral diseases; that the asserted claims not invalid for lack of enablement or written description, or for obviousness; that patients and prescribers directly infringed the asserted claims; and that Serono contributorily infringed the claims but did not induce infringement thereof. The district court granted judgment as a matter of law of no anticipation in favor of Biogen and conditionally granted a new trial on anticipation; sustained the jury’s verdict of no invalidity based on written description or enablement; overturned the verdict of no induced infringement; sustained the verdict of contributory infringement; and held that the claims were not patent ineligible.
The Federal Circuit reversed with respect to anticipation and the conditional grant of a new trial. A reasonable jury could find the claims of the patent anticipated on the record presented. The court remanded with instructions to reinstate the verdict of anticipation.
The court issued a subsequent related opinion or order on October 9, 2020.
The court issued a subsequent related opinion or order on November 20, 2020.
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Case: 19-1133 Document: 90 Page: 1 Filed: 09/28/2020 United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ______________________ BIOGEN MA INC., Plaintiff -Appellee v. EMD SERONO, INC., PFIZER INC., Defendants-Appellants BAYER HEALTHCARE PHARMACEUTICALS INC., NOVARTIS PHARMACEUTICALS CORPORATION, Defendants ______________________ 2019-1133 ______________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey in No. 2:10-cv-02734-CCC-MF, United States District Judge Claire C. Cecchi. ______________________ Decided: September 28, 2020 ______________________ NICHOLAS P. GROOMBRIDGE, Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison LLP, New York, NY, argued for plaintiff-appellee. Also represented by PETER SANDEL, ERIC ALAN STONE, JENNY CHIA CHENG WU, JOSEPHINE YOUNG; DAVID J. BALL, JR., Washington, DC; JOHN D. TORTORELLA, KEVIN H. MARINO, Marino Tortorella & Boyle, PC, Chatham, NJ. Case: 19-1133 Document: 90 Page: 2 BIOGEN MA INC. 2 Filed: 09/28/2020 v. EMD SERONO, INC. MARK ANDREW PERRY, Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher LLP, Washington, DC, argued for defendants-appellants. Also represented by CHRISTINE RANNEY, Denver, CO; WAYNE M. BARSKY, TIMOTHY P. BEST, Los Angeles, CA; JAYSEN CHUNG, San Francisco, CA. BRUCE GENDERSON, Williams & Connolly LLP, Washington, DC, for amicus curiae Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Inc. Also represented by DAVID I. BERL, SETH BOWERS, DAVID M. KRINSKY. ______________________ Before NEWMAN, LINN, and HUGHES, Circuit Judges. LINN, Circuit Judge. This appeal arises from a suit filed by Biogen MA, Inc. (“Biogen”) against EMD Serono, Inc. and Pfizer, Inc. (collectively “Serono”) in the District of New Jersey. 1 The suit alleged contributory and induced infringement of Biogen’s U.S. Patent Number 7,588,755 (“’755 patent”) by the sale and marketing in the United States of Rebif, a recombinant interferon-β (“IFN-β”) product used for the treatment of Multiple Sclerosis (“MS”). After a five-week trial, a jury found that the ’755 patent claims were anticipated by two references teaching the use of native IFN-β to treat viral diseases: Kingham et al., Treatment of HBsAg-positive Chronic Active Hepatitis with Human Fibroblast Interferon, 19(2) Gut 91 (1978) (“Kingham”) and Sundmacher et Biogen also asserted infringement claims against Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Inc. (“Bayer”) and Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp. (“Novartis”). The actions against Bayer and Novartis were severed from those giving rise to this appeal. Order Granting Bayer’s Motion to Sever, Oct. 27, 2017, ECF No. 743. Bayer filed an amicus brief here. 1 Case: 19-1133 BIOGEN MA INC. Document: 90 Page: 3 v. EMD SERONO, INC. Filed: 09/28/2020 3 al., Human Leukocyte and Fibroblast Interferon in a Combination Therapy of Dendritic Keratitis, 208(4) Albrecht von Graefes Archiv für Klinische & Experimentelle Opthalmologie 229 (1978) (“Sundmacher”). The jury also held the asserted claims not invalid for lack of enablement or written description, or for obviousness. Finally, the jury held that patients and prescribers directly infringed the asserted claims and that Serono contributorily infringed the claims but did not induce infringement thereof. On cross-motions, the district court granted judgment as a matter of law (“JMOL”) of no anticipation in favor of Biogen and conditionally granted a new trial on anticipation. In re Biogen ’755 Patent Litig., 335 F. Supp. 3d 688 (D.N.J. 2018) (“Biogen I”). The district court also ruled in favor of Biogen: sustaining the jury’s verdict of no invalidity based on written description or enablement; overturning the verdict of no induced infringement; sustaining the verdict of contributory infringement; and holding that the ’755 patent claims were not patent ineligible. Id. Serono appeals the district court’s JMOL rulings on anticipation, written description, enablement, contributory infringement, induced infringement and patent eligibility. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a). Because a reasonable jury could find the claims of the ’755 patent anticipated on the record presented in this case, we reverse the district court’s JMOL of no anticipation and its conditional grant of new trial on that ground. We remand with instructions to reinstate the jury verdict of anticipation. We need not and do not address the other grounds asserted on appeal. I The ’755 patent is directed to a method of treating a viral condition, a viral disease, cancers or tumors, by administration of a pharmaceutically effective amount of a recombinant polypeptide related to human interferon-β (“IFN-β”). The human immune system naturally produces Case: 19-1133 4 Document: 90 Page: 4 BIOGEN MA INC. Filed: 09/28/2020 v. EMD SERONO, INC. IFN-β in small amounts, and it is undisputed that IFN-β harvested from human cells (“native IFN-β”) was used in the prior art to treat viral conditions. See ’755 patent, col. 2, l. 53–col. 4, l. 22. Representative claim 1 of the ’755 patent reads: 1. A method for immunomodulation or treating a viral condition[ ], a viral disease, cancers or tumors comprising the step of administering to a patient in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising: a recombinant polypeptide produced by a non-human host transformed by a recombinant DNA molecule comprising a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of: (a) DNA sequences which are capable of hybridizing to any of the DNA inserts of G-pBR322(Pst)/HFIF1, G-pBR322(Pst)/HFIF3 (DSM 1791), G-pBR322(Pst)/HFIF6 (DSM 1792), and GpBR322(Pst)/HFIF7 (DSM 1793) under hybridizing conditions of 0.75 M NaCl at 68° C. and washing conditions of 0.3 M NaCl at 68° C., and which code for a polypeptide displaying antiviral activity, and (b) DNA sequences which are degenerate as a result of the genetic code to the DNA sequences defined in (a); said DNA sequence being operatively linked to an expression control sequence in the recombinant DNA molecule. Case: 19-1133 BIOGEN MA INC. Document: 90 Page: 5 v. EMD SERONO, INC. Filed: 09/28/2020 5 ’755 patent, col. 49, l. 59–col. 50, l. 12. Dependent claim 2 replaces the “capable of hybridizing” limitation with a selection from two particular DNA sequences, one of which is the DNA sequence of human interferon-beta. Id. at col. 50, ll. 13–52. Claims 1 and 2 thus define the claimed polypeptide by reference to the DNA sequence inserted into the host during the recombinant manufacture of the polypeptide. Claim 3, dependent from claim 1, limits the polypeptide to a particular linear polypeptide sequence. Because the claimed IFN-β DNA and polypeptide sequences are derived from human IFN-β, it is indisputable that native human IFN-β is capable of hybridizing with the DNA sequences in claim 1, is produced by one of the DNA sequences laid out in claim 2, and comprises the amino acid sequence set out in claim 3. See J.A. 47784 (Fiers Aff. to the Canadian Patent Office, indicating that the recombinant IFN-β was derived from human IFN-β cDNA); J.A. 77897 (Dr. Green Test., testifying that the sequences claimed in claim 1 are “DNA that will hybridize to one of the four human beta interferon clones”); J.A. 77904 (Dr. Green Test., testifying that accused-product Rebif is capable of hybridizing to one or more of the DNA inserts because the DNA sequence it used is identical to the published sequence of human IFN-β). For purposes of this opinion, we refer to “recombinant IFN-β” as shorthand for the recombinant protein that meets these claim limitations. During Markman, the district court held that claim 1 covers a “one-step method of ‘administering’ to a patient in need the specified recombinant HuIFN-β.” Markman Opinion at 17, Mar. 28, 2016, ECF No. 403. The district court considered the claimed “produced” and “transformed” steps “merely descriptive of the recombinant polypeptide to be administered,” i.e. merely source limitations. Id. at 15. The district court also held that it was “unclear that [the] method of treatment claim can be treated as a product-byprocess claim,” and that it was “aware of no binding Case: 19-1133 6 Document: 90 Page: 6 BIOGEN MA INC. Filed: 09/28/2020 v. EMD SERONO, INC. precedent requiring method of treatment claims to be treated as product-by-process claims in the claim construction context.” Id. at 14. The district court did not construe “polypeptide,” “therapeutically effective amount,” or “antiviral activity,” and neither party asked the court to consider whether the claims covered the linear sequence of amino acids or the three-dimensional structure of the protein. Biogen, Serono, and Bayer all moved for summary judgment. Before Bayer was severed, Bayer argued that it was entitled to summary judgment of anticipation because the claimed recombinant IFN-β and the prior art native IFN-β shared the same linear amino acid sequence. The district court denied Bayer’s motion, holding, inter alia, that the claims require the polypeptide to have “antiviral activity” and be administered in a “therapeutically effective amount.” Summary Judgment Opinion at 28, Jan. 9, 2018, ECF No. 892. The district court concluded that those requirements necessitate that the polypeptide “be folded into its appropriate three-dimensional structure,” and that Bayer was therefore not entitled to summary judgment of anticipation by merely showing that the amino acid sequence of recombinant IFN-β and the amino acid sequence of native IFN-β were identical. Id. After a five-week trial, Biogen and Serono both moved for JMOL under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 50(a). The district court deferred ruling until the jury verdict. Among other issues, the court submitted anticipation, obviousness, enablement, written description, and contributory and induced infringement to the jury. In its charge on anticipation, the district court told the jury that “[t]he term ‘polypeptide’ means ‘a linear array of amino acids connected one to the other by peptide bonds between the αamino and carboxy groups of adjacent amino acids,’” and that the jury “must accept my definition of these words in the claims as correct.” Final Jury Instructions at 17, Feb. 21, 2018, ECF No. 968. Biogen did not object to these Case: 19-1133 BIOGEN MA INC. Document: 90 Page: 7 v. EMD SERONO, INC. Filed: 09/28/2020 7 instructions and did not request any instruction defining the polypeptide in terms of its three-dimensional structure or requiring identity of the three-dimensional structures of native IFN-β and recombinant IFN-β proteins to establish anticipation. The jury held, inter alia, that all claims in the ’755 patent were invalid as anticipated by native IFN-β; not invalid for obviousness, lack of enablement or lack of written description; and that Serono was liable for contributory infringement but not induced infringement. Jury Verdict Form at 1–6, Feb. 23, 2018, ECF No. 977. Both parties renewed their JMOL motions. As relevant here, the district court granted Biogen’s motion of no anticipation as a matter of law. Biogen I, 335 F. Supp. 3d at 713. In a comprehensive opinion, the district court held that no reasonable jury could find anticipation under Serono’s reading of the claims. First, applying a structural reading of the recombinant limitations, the district court held that Serono had not identified any prior art that disclosed “treatment with a ‘therapeutically effective amount’ of a composition comprising a ‘recombinant’ interferon-β polypeptide produced in a ‘non-human host’ that had been ‘transformed by a recombinant DNA molecule.’” Id. at 704. [JA21]. The district court reasoned that because treatment in the prior art entailed administration of native IFN-β, which was undisputedly not recombinantly produced, no reasonable jury could find anticipation. Id. at 705. The district court cited but did not distinguish Amgen Inc. v. Hoffman-La Roche Ltd., 580 F.3d 1340 (Fed. Cir. 2009), which analyzed anticipation of a claimed recombinant erythropoietin (“EPO”) by prior art urinary (i.e. natural) EPO. Biogen I, 335 F. Supp. 3d at 1367. The district court declined to apply a product-by-process analysis to a product-by-process limitation contained within a method of treatment claim, concluding that no precedent required such an analysis and that the policy informing product-byprocess claims—to enable an inventor to claim an Case: 19-1133 8 Document: 90 Page: 8 BIOGEN MA INC. Filed: 09/28/2020 v. EMD SERONO, INC. otherwise difficult-to-define product—was inapplicable to the instant method of treatment claims. Id. at 712–13. In the alternative, the district court held that no reasonable jury could have found anticipation even applying a product-by-process analysis. Id. at 705–11. The district court explained that because the claims required administration of a “therapeutically effective amount” of a recombinant polypeptide that “displays antiviral activity,” the product resulting from the claimed recombinant process is defined by the folded three-dimensional structure of the protein. Id. at 705 (discussing Summary Judgment Opinion at 28, Jan. 9, 2018, ECF No. 892). The district court held that the jury lacked substantial evidence that the native IFN-β protein as disclosed in Kingham and Sundmacher was structurally or functionally identical to the claimed three-dimensional recombinant IFN-β protein. Id. With respect to structural identity, the district court emphasized that whereas the attached carbohydrate groups in native IFN-β protein were glycosolated, the attached carbohydrate groups in recombinant IFN-β were not glycosolated, and that this change affected the three-dimensional structure of the protein. Id. The district court— relying on expert testimony by Serono’s expert, Dr. Lodish, and statements found in a post-priority date reference created by InterPharm Laboratories Ltd. entitled “Comparative Biochemical Analysis of Native Human Fibroblast lnterferon and Recombinant Beta Interferon Expressed by Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells” (“InterPharm”)—concluded that native and recombinant IFN-β were not identical but merely very similar. Id. at 706–07. The district court opined that the structural differences alone preclude anticipation. Id. at 710–11 (relying primarily on this court’s decision in Amgen, 580 F.3d at 1367–69, in which we affirmed a holding of no anticipation based on structural differences). Finally, the district court discounted the conclusion in the InterPharm study that recombinant IFN-β and Case: 19-1133 BIOGEN MA INC. Document: 90 Page: 9 v. EMD SERONO, INC. Filed: 09/28/2020 9 native IFN-β were identical. It held that there was no substantial evidence that the generic “native IFN-β” analyzed in the InterPharm study and found to be identical to recombinant IFN-β was the same native IFN-β taught in the prior art. Id. at 708. As for functional identity, the district court held that the relative ease of manufacture of recombinant IFN-β in large quantities functionally distinguished it from native IFN-β. Id. at 709–10. For these reasons, the district court granted JMOL of no anticipation. Id. at 713. The district court also conditionally granted Biogen’s motion for a new trial on anticipation “[f]or the same reasons the Court grants Biogen’s JMOL motion.” Id. The district court added that the trial was complex and was “noticeably focused on issues other than anticipation,” such that that the jury verdict deserved close scrutiny. Id. Serono appeals. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1295. II We review the grant of JMOL and the grant of new trial under the law of the regional circuit. Uniloc USA, Inc. v. Microsoft Corp., 632 F.3d 1292, 1301, 1309 (Fed. Cir. 2011). The Third Circuit reviews the grant of JMOL for a fact question de novo, affirming “only if, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmovant and giving it the advantage of every fair and reasonable inference, there is insufficient evidence from which a jury reasonably could find liability.” Lightning Lube, Inc. v. Witco Corp., 4 F.3d 1153, 1166–67 (3d Cir. 1993); Garzier ex rel. White v. City of Phila., 328 F.3d 120, 123 (3d Cir. 2003) (“A district court should grant such a motion only if, viewing all the evidence in favor of the nonmoving party, no reasonable jury could find liability on a particular point.”). The Third Circuit reviews the conditional grant of a new trial against the Case: 19-1133 10 Document: 90 Page: 10 BIOGEN MA INC. Filed: 09/28/2020 v. EMD SERONO, INC. weight of the evidence for an abuse of discretion, “unless the court’s denial is based on the application of a legal precept, in which case the standard of review is plenary.” Lightning Lube, 4 F.3d at 1167. III A claim is anticipated only if “each and every [limitation] is found within a single prior art reference.” Summit 6, LLC v. Samsung Elecs. Co., 802 F.3d 1283, 1294 (Fed. Cir. 2015). Anticipation is a factual question and thus within the ordinary provenance of the jury. Lighting Ballast Control LLC v. Phillips Elecs. N. Am. Corp., 790 F.3d 1329, 1340 (Fed. Cir. 2015). In evaluating the evidentiary record presented to the jury on the question of anticipation, the district court: (1) declined to apply a product-by-process analysis to the claimed recombinant IFN-β source limitation; and (2) in its alternative ground analysis, required identity of three-dimensional structures not specifically recited in the claims rather than the claimed and lexicographically defined “polypeptide.” Both of these determinations led to an erroneous conclusion on anticipation. A. The Recombinant Source of the Polypeptide The district court, focusing on the process of making recombinant IFN-β, concluded that it need not analyze whether native IFN-β and recombinantly produced IFN-β were identical because neither Kingham nor Sundmacher prior art reference taught a method of treatment using recombinant IFN-β. Biogen I, 335 F. Supp. 3d at 704. It categorized the “produced” and “transformed” limitations as meaningful “source limitations.” Id. at 711–12. The district court was convinced that because the recombinant source limitations here overcame the shortcoming of the prior art—namely, the unavailability of native IFN-β in sufficient quantity to facilitate practical treatment—the recombinant nature of the claimed IFN-β “lies at the heart Case: 19-1133 BIOGEN MA INC. Document: 90 Page: 11 v. EMD SERONO, INC. Filed: 09/28/2020 11 of the benefit of this invention” [and] should be given “force and effect in the anticipation analysis.’” Id. (quoting Biogen’s statements at JMOL hearing, Trial Tr. 6/6/18 at 12:7– 10). The district court reasoned that no binding precedent required it to apply a product-by-process analysis to a limitation contained in a method of treatment claim, and held that the rationale underlying the use of product-by-process claims—to allow claiming of an otherwise difficult-to-define invention, see SmithKline, 439 F.3d at 1315—did not apply to the claims here because the “product” itself was sufficiently described. Biogen I, 335 F. Supp. 3d. at 713. The district court thus concluded there could be no anticipation, regardless of whether Serono had shown the identity of native IFN-β and recombinant INF-β. Serono contends that Biogen has waived any argument that the recombinant source of the IFN-β can alone confer novelty because Biogen’s pre-verdict JMOL motion only argued that native IFN-β and recombinant IFN-β were not identical. We find no waiver. The source limitation was one of the bases for Biogen’s argument of non-identity and was considered by the district court at Summary Judgment and in its opinion on JMOL. On the merits, Serono asserts that a source limitation alone cannot confer novelty unless the product itself is novel. Serono argues that the district court erred by holding that the lack of a recombinantly produced IFN-β product in the prior art compelled a finding of no anticipation. Biogen argues that the source of the IFN-β matters is an independent limitation. We agree with Serono. The district court’s refusal to consider the identity of recombinant and native IFN-β runs afoul of the longstanding rule that “an old product is not patentable even if it is made by a new process.” Amgen, 580 F.3d at 1366. See also Gen. Elec. Co. v. Wabash Appliance Corp., 304 U.S. 364, 373 (1938) (“[A] patentee who does not distinguish his product from what is old except by Case: 19-1133 Document: 90 Page: 12 BIOGEN MA INC. 12 Filed: 09/28/2020 v. EMD SERONO, INC. reference, express or constructive, to the process by which he produced it, cannot secure a monopoly on the product by whatever means produced.”); Cochrane v. Badische Anilin & Soda Fabrik, 111 U.S. 293, 311 (1884) (“While a new process for producing [an old product] was patentable, the product itself could not be patented, even though it was a product made artificially for the first time.”); SmithKline Beecham Corp. v. Apotex Corp., 439 F.3d 1312, 1317 (Fed. Cir. 2006) (“It has long been established that one cannot avoid anticipation by an earlier product disclosure by claiming the same product . . . as produced by a particular process.”). In Amgen, we explained that a claim to a recombinant EPO composition must be analyzed for novelty by comparing the recombinant EPO to the prior art urinary EPO. We further explained that simply because prior art urinary EPO was not made recombinantly was not enough to avoid anticipation as a matter of law. 2 580 F.3d at 1370 (“To prove invalidity, Roche had to show that recombinant EPO was the same as urinary EPO, even though urinary EPO was not made recombinantly.”) (emphasis added). The key The key claim in Amgen read: “A pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of human erythropoietin and a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, adjuvant or carrier, wherein said erythropoietin is purified from mammalian cells grown in culture.” 580 F.3d at 1364. An additional independent claim in a related patent read: “A non-naturally occurring glycoprotein product of the expression in a mammalian host cell of an exogenous DNA sequence comprising a DNA sequence encoding human erythropoietin said product possessing the in vivo biological property of causing bone marrow cells to increase production of reticulocytes and red blood cells.” Id. In relevant part, we applied the same analysis to both claims. 2 Case: 19-1133 BIOGEN MA INC. Document: 90 Page: 13 v. EMD SERONO, INC. Filed: 09/28/2020 13 question was “whether the production of EPO by recombinant technology resulted in a new product,” id. at 1367, or, “[i]n other words, does the source limitation ‘purified from mammalian cells grown in culture’ distinguish recombinant EPO from [prior art] urinary EPO?” Id. The nature of the origin or source of the composition recited in the claims at issue in this case is, in all relevant respects, identical to that considered in Amgen. As in Amgen, the recombinant origin of the recited composition cannot alone confer novelty on that composition if the product itself is identical to the prior art non-recombinant product. The requirements that the claimed polypeptide is “recombinant” and “produced by a non-human host transformed by a recombinant DNA molecule” (in the case of Claim 1 of the ’755 patent) describe the process by which the product, i.e. the “polypeptide,” is formed. These are not additional structural limitations. See Purdue Pharma L.P. v. Epic Pharma, LLC, 811 F.3d 1345, 1353 (Fed. Cir. 2016) (holding that because a source limitation of a composition “has no effect on its structure . . . [that] limitation . . . cannot be a structural limitation”). The key question for anticipation here, as in Amgen, is thus whether the recombinant product is identical to the prior art product— not whether the prior art product was made recombinantly. Biogen argues that Amgen is limited to composition claims and is not applicable to the method of treatment claims at issue here. To support this proposition, Biogen relies on general statements in product-by-process cases such as In re Thorpe, 777 F.2d 695, 697 (Fed. Cir. 1985) (applying product-by-process analysis for “an otherwise patentable product”) (emphasis added), and the well-recognized distinction patent law draws between the scope of composition and method of treatment claims. See, e.g., Ass’n for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc., 569 U.S. 576, 595 (2013) (recognizing the distinct scope for composition and method of treatment claims in the context of 35 U.S.C. § 101). Case: 19-1133 14 Document: 90 Page: 14 BIOGEN MA INC. Filed: 09/28/2020 v. EMD SERONO, INC. Biogen’s only basis for novelty of the method of treatment claims at issue here is the novelty of the recombinant IFN-β composition that is administered. That composition is claimed in terms of the process by which it is manufactured. If the novelty of the recombinant IFN-β composition requires comparing its structure to the structure of native IFN-β, as Amgen requires, it would defy all reason to excuse that analysis for a method of administration claim using that composition. Such a rule could have the absurd result that a recombinant composition could be non-novel, the method of administration could be non-novel, but the method of administration of the composition defined by the process of its manufacture would be novel as a matter of law. There is no logical reason why the nesting of a productby-process limitation within a method of treatment claim should change how novelty of that limitation is evaluated. Indeed, we have previously applied product-by-process analysis to a nested limitation. In Purdue Pharma, we interpreted a claim to “an oral dosage form comprising . . . oxycodone hydrochloride active pharmaceutical ingredient having less than 25 ppm 14-hydroxy[ ], wherein at least a portion of the 14-hydroxy [ ] is derived from 8α[ ] during conversion of oxycodone free base to oxycodone hydrochloride” as including a product-by-process limitation; namely, the 14-hydroxy as derived. Purdue Pharma, 811 F.3d at 1353 (emphasis omitted). Similar to our analysis here, the court in Purdue Pharma held that it was appropriate to focus on the identity of the products of the claimed and prior art processes, and not on the source limitation, in analyzing obviousness. See id. at 1353–54. The nesting of the product-by-process limitation within a method of treatment claim does not change the proper construction of the product-by-process limitation itself. We are also unpersuaded by the district court’s and Biogen’s reasoning that a product-by-process-type analysis is inappropriate here because the composition was otherwise Case: 19-1133 BIOGEN MA INC. Document: 90 Page: 15 v. EMD SERONO, INC. Filed: 09/28/2020 15 capable of definition other than by the process. That argument is precluded by Amgen, where the product was also well-defined in the claims: “human erythropoietin . . . wherein said erythropoietin is purified from mammalian cells grown in culture.” 580 F.3d at 1364. Furthermore, as noted supra, the rule in Amgen is a necessary outgrowth of the black-letter legal principle that an old product made by a new process is not novel and cannot be patented. Logic compels extending that rule to the present case; an old method of administration of an old product made by a new process is not novel and cannot be patented. Biogen is certainly correct that the scope of composition and method of treatment claims is generally subject to distinctly different analyses. But where, as here, the novelty of the method of administration rests wholly on the novelty of the composition administered, which in turn rests on the novelty of the source limitation, the Amgen analysis will necessarily result in the same conclusion on anticipation for both forms of claims. Finally, the district court erred in considering the advantages of the recombinant process—the new capability of manufacturing sufficient quantities of IFN-β through recombinant technology—as a reason not to apply a productby-process analysis. See Biogen I, 335 F. Supp. 3d at 713. That consideration may well be relevant in considering the novelty of the recombinant process, but, a new process, regardless of its novelty, does not make an old product created by that process novel. This does not fail to give “force and effect” to the heart of the claimed invention; it protects the public from attempts to excise old products from the public domain. Because a proper anticipation analysis of the claims in the ’755 patent turns not on the source of the claimed polypeptide but on a comparison of the claimed recombinant polypeptide and the prior art native polypeptide, the Case: 19-1133 16 Document: 90 Page: 16 BIOGEN MA INC. Filed: 09/28/2020 v. EMD SERONO, INC. district court erred in concluding that the mere absence of recombinantly produced IFN-β in the prior art was sufficient to grant JMOL of no anticipation. B. The Three-Dimensional Structure of the Polypeptide The district court also held that even applying a product-by-process type analysis, no reasonable jury could have found anticipation because the jury lacked sufficient evidence of identity between the claimed recombinant “polypeptide” and the native IFN-β. In particular, the district court concluded that just because recombinant and native IFN-β “share the same linear amino acid sequence is not enough for purposes of anticipation.” Id. at 705. The district court took the position that native polypeptide anticipates the “recombinant polypeptide” only if their respective folded three-dimensional proteins share identical structure and function. Id. The district court reasoned that without a disclosure in the prior art of such three-dimensional protein, a showing of the native polypeptide alone would not necessarily produce “antiviral activity” when administered in a “therapeutically effective amount” as recited in the claims. Id. (citing Summary Judgment Opinion at 28, ECF No. 892). This was error. The “product” administered in the claimed method is the “polypeptide.” See ’755 patent, col. 49, ll. 59–64 (“A method . . . comprising the step of administering . . . a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising: a recombinant polypeptide produced by a non-human host . . . .”). As noted supra, the key question for anticipation is whether the native “polypeptide” is identical to the “polypeptide” “produced by” the recited recombinant process. Biogen explicitly defined “polypeptide” in the ’755 patent: Polypeptide—A linear array of amino acids connected one to the other by peptide bonds between Case: 19-1133 BIOGEN MA INC. Document: 90 Page: 17 Filed: 09/28/2020 v. EMD SERONO, INC. 17 the α-amino and carboxy groups of adjacent amino acids. ’755 patent, col. 8, ll. 62–64. The “polypeptide” structure is thus defined by reference to its “linear” array, without regard to its folded protein structure. The district court charged the jury with this definition, adding that the jury “must accept my definition of these words in the claims as correct.” Final Jury Instructions at 17, ECF No. 968. Biogen did not object to this charge and did not ask the court for a jury instruction requiring identity of the folded protein structures. As the district court recognized on summary judgment, “Biogen does not dispute that ‘[t]he sequential order of the amino acid residues for native IFN-β is the same as the sequential order of the amino acid residues for recombinant IFN-β.’” Summary Judgment Opinion at 27, ECF No. 892. See also Biogen Brief at 19. Thus, the native IFN-β polypeptide and the claimed recombinant IFN-β polypeptide are identical for purposes of the instant claim. Biogen argues that the district court was correct in requiring identity not just of the polypeptide, but also of the folded proteins, because the claims require the administration of “a therapeutically effective amount of a composition” and that the DNA sequences in the claims must “code for a polypeptide displaying antiviral activity.” Biogen asserts that only three-dimensional proteins can be therapeutically effective and have antiviral activity, and therefore that the “product” to be analyzed for novelty is the folded three-dimensional protein, not just the amino acid sequence. Biogen is incorrect. First, Biogen’s argument fails to give effect to Biogen’s explicit definition of “polypeptide” in the specification. We must respect this lexicographic choice. See Edward Lifesciences LLC v. Cook Inc., 582 F.3d 1322, 1329 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (“[W]e will adopt a definition that is different from the ordinary meaning when ‘the Case: 19-1133 18 Document: 90 Page: 18 BIOGEN MA INC. Filed: 09/28/2020 v. EMD SERONO, INC. patentee acted as his own lexicographer and clearly set forth a definition of the disputed claim term in . . . the specification’” (quoting CCS Fitness, Inc. v. Brunswick Corp., 288 F.3d 1359, 1366–67 (Fed. Cir. 2002))). Biogen does not attempt to square its theory with the definition in the specification. Second, Biogen draws the wrong conclusion from the claimed antiviral activity limitation. The claims, in calling for antiviral activity, do not recite any specific folded threedimensional structure that gives rise to that activity. While it is indisputable that an amino acid sequence alone cannot give rise to antiviral activity, it is also indisputable that every linear sequence of proteins will fold into some three-dimensional configuration. The claimed antiviral activity can arise from the administration of any three-dimensional protein with a linear amino acid sequence identical to the claimed recombinant “polypeptide.” Finally, and importantly, Biogen did not ask for a jury instruction on anticipation that required comparing the three-dimensional protein structures of prior art IFN-β and the claimed recombinant IFN-β. Neither Biogen nor the district court can reframe the anticipation inquiry on JMOL to focus on the unclaimed three-dimensional protein structure, where the jury was instructed, without objection, to decide anticipation based on the linear amino acid sequence. See Finjan, Inc. v. Blue Coat Sys., Inc., 879 F.3d 1299, 1306 (Fed. Cir. 2018) (“[I]t is too late at the JMOL stage to . . . adopt a new and more detailed interpretation of the claim language and test the jury verdict by that new and more detailed interpretation.” (quoting Hewlett-Packard Co. v. Mustek Sys., Inc., 340 F.3d 1314, 1321 (Fed. Cir. 2003))). The jury was correctly instructed that “to be entitled to a patent, the invention must actually be ‘new.’” J.A. 81262. It is undisputed that the prior art here teaches the administration of native IFN-β that has a linear amino acid Case: 19-1133 BIOGEN MA INC. Document: 90 Page: 19 Filed: 09/28/2020 v. EMD SERONO, INC. 19 sequence identical to the linear amino acid sequence of the recited recombinant IFN-β and that shows antiviral activity. See ’755 patent, col. 3, ll. 4–14. The jury thus had sufficient evidence to find that native IFN-β polypeptide is identical to recombinant IFN-β polypeptide, was administered in therapeutically effective amounts, and showed antiviral activity in the prior art. The district court thus erred in granting JMOL of no anticipation. 3 IV. Conditional Grant of New Trial The district court also conditionally granted a new trial on anticipation. The district court’s grant of a new trial was based on the same legal errors supporting its grant of JMOL. Biogen I, 335 F. Supp. 3d at 713 (“For the same reasons the Court grants Biogen’s JMOL motion, the Court conditionally orders a new trial on anticipation.”). None of the additional considerations noted by the district court in support of its conditional grant of a new trial are independently sufficient to support its decision. We therefore reverse the district court’s grant of a conditional new trial on anticipation. CONCLUSION For the reasons discussed above, we reverse the district court’s grant of judgment as a matter of law of no anticipation and the conditional grant of a new trial on anticipation. We remand with instructions to reinstate the jury verdict on anticipation. We need not and do not address the several other issues raised by the parties on appeal. Because the proper construction of the claims does not require comparison of the three-dimensional structure of prior art native IFN-β and recombinant IFN-β, we need not consider the parties’ contested readings of the InterPharm study or the evidence or lack thereof of structural identity. 3 Case: 19-1133 20 Document: 90 Page: 20 BIOGEN MA INC. Filed: 09/28/2020 v. EMD SERONO, INC. REVERSED AND REMANDED
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