Parallel Networks, LLC v. Abercrombie & Fitch Co., No. 12-1227 (Fed. Cir. 2013)
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Parallel owns a patent, entitled “Method and Apparatus for Client-Server Communication Using a Limited Capability Client Over a Low-Speed Communications Link.” The application was filed in 1999 and addressed problems in using generic software applications on “handheld and credit-card-sized” computers, often operated over low-speed or wireless networks. Generic applications in that environment occupied considerable storage space on the host computer (they had to include capabilities for adapting to many different settings) and required multiple, data-intensive transfers of information between the server and the computer (they were not designed with the limitations of low-speed networks in mind). The patent’s solution was a “dynamically generated, transient applet,” a small program that typically performs one task. Applets and related technology, “plug-ins,” pre-dated the patent, and could be used to provide “dynamic” capabilities to web pages. The patent claimed a new type of applet, better suited to the needs of “limited capability clients.” Parallel sued 120 defendants with websites that provide applets in response to user requests in a manner that, according to Parallel, infringes the patent. The district court construed terms, including “executable applet,” “data interface capability,” and “dynamically generated” and ruled in favor of most of the defendants. The Federal Circuit affirmed.
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United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit __________________________ PARALLEL NETWORKS, LLC, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. ABERCROMBIE & FITCH CO., Defendant-Appellee, AND ASICS AMERICA CORPORATION, AMAZON.COM, INC., BARNES & NOBLE, INC., BARNESANDNOBLE.COM, LLC, BRAIN BUSTERS, LLC, BRAWN, LLC, CABELA S, INC., CITIZEN WATCH COMPANY OF AMERICA, INC., DELTA AIRLINES, INC., DILLARD S, INC., FLAIRVIEW TRAVEL PTY LTD., FLIGHTBOOKERS LTD., IAC SEARCH & MEDIA, INC., IP HOLDINGS, INC., ICONIX BRAND GROUP, INC., JAG FOOTWEAR, ACCESSORIES & RETAIL CORPORATION (ALSO KNOWN AS JONES RETAIL CORPORATION), MACY S WEST STORES, INC., MACYS.COM, INC., NETFLIX, INC., ONESTOP INTERNET, INC., ORIENTAL TRADING COMPANY, INC., SUBARU OF AMERICA, INC., SUNGLASS HUT TRADING, LLC, TARGET CORPORATION, THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY, TRIPADVISOR LLC, US AIRWAYS, INC., AND ZAPPOS RETAIL, INC., Defendants-Appellees, AND PARALLEL NETWORKS v. ABERCROMBIE 2 ADIDAS AMERICA, INC., Defendant-Appellee, AND AEROPOSTALE, INC. AND RALPH LAUREN MEDIA, LLC, Defendants-Appellees, AND H-D MICHIGAN, INC. AND HARLEY-DAVIDSON, INC., Defendants-Appellees, AND VOLKSWAGEN OF AMERICA INC. (NOW KNOWN AS VOLKSWAGEN GROUP OF AMERICA), BENTLEY MOTORS, INC., AND BENTLEY MOTORS LTD., Defendants-Appellees, AND BRIGGS & STRATTON CORP., BRIGGS & STRATTON POWER PRODUCTS GROUP, LLC, MOTOROLA MOBILITY, INC., AND MAPQUEST, INC., Defendants-Appellees, AND BROOKS SPORTS, INC. AND RUSSELL BRANDS, LLC, Defendants-Appellees, AND 3 PARALLEL NETWORKS v. ABERCROMBIE COLDWATER CREEK, INC., Defendant-Appellee, AND HSN INTERACTIVE LLC AND HSN LP, Defendants-Appellees, AND HAYNEEDLE, INC., Defendant-Appellee, AND J.C. PENNEY CORPORATION, INC., JUICY COUTURE, INC., KMART CORPORATION, LIZ CLAIBORNE, INC., NEW BALANCE ATHLETIC SHOE, INC., NORDSTROM, INC., OFFICE DEPOT, INC., PATAGONIA, INC., RECREATIONAL EQUIPMENT, INC., SEARS BRANDS, LLC, SEARS HOLDINGS CORPORATION, SEARS, ROEBUCK AND CO., THE GAP, INC., WILLIAMSSONOMA, INC., QVC, INC., AND VICTORIA S SECRET DIRECT BRAND MANAGEMENT, LLC, Defendants-Appellees, AND JP MORGAN CHASE & CO., Defendant-Appellee, AND LG ELECTRONICS USA, INC., Defendant-Appellee, AND PARALLEL NETWORKS v. ABERCROMBIE LOWE S HOME CENTERS, INC., Defendant-Appellee, AND MAGHOUND ENTERPRISES, INC., TIME, INC., AND TOYOTA MOTOR SALES USA, INC., Defendants-Appellees, AND NIKE, INC., Defendant-Appellee, AND NISSAN NORTH AMERICA, INC., Defendant-Appellee, AND SOUTHWEST AIRLINES CO., Defendant-Appellee, AND REDBOX AUTOMATED RETAIL, LLC, Defendant-Appellee, AND STAPLES, INC., Defendant-Appellee, AND VF OUTDOOR, INC., Defendant-Appellee. 4 5 PARALLEL NETWORKS v. ABERCROMBIE __________________________ 2012-1227 __________________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas in case no. 12-CV-0018, Chief Judge Leonard Davis. __________________________ Decided: January 16, 2013 ___________________________ RANDALL T. GARTEISER, Garteiser Honea Law Corporation, of San Rafael, California, argued for plaintiffappellant. On the brief was DAVID R. BENNETT, of Chicago, Illinois. Of counsel was CHRISTOPHER A. HONEA, Garteiser Honea Law Corporation. MICHAEL J. MCKEON, Fish & Richardson PC, of Washington, DC, argued for all defendants-appellees. With him on the brief for ASICS America Corportion, et al. were RUFFIN B. CORDELL and INDRANIL MUKERJI; STEPHEN A. MARSHALL, of Boston, Massachusetts; and NEIL J. MCNABNAY and DAVID B. CONRAD, of Dallas, Texas. WILLIAM H. OLDACH, III, Vorys, Sater, Seymour & Pease, LLP, of Washington, DC, for defendant-appellee, Abercrombie & Fitch, Co. C. ERIK HAWES, Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP, of Houston, Texas, for defendants-appellees, Aeropostale, Inc. and Ralph Lauren Media LLC. PARALLEL NETWORKS v. ABERCROMBIE 6 JASON C. WHITE, Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP, of Chicago, Illinois, for defendants-appellees, H-D Michigan, Inc. and Harley-Davidson, Inc. JOHN F. SWEENEY, STEVEN F. MEYER, SERGEY KOLMYKOV, and ZACHARY D. SILBERSHER, Locke, Lord, Bissell & Liddell, LLP, of New York, New York for defendants-appellees Bentley Motor, Ltd., et al. VIVIAN S. KUO, CORRINE M. SAYLOR, JOSHUA S. WYDE and FLOYD R. NATION, Winston & Strawn, LLP, of Washington, DC, for defendants-appellees, Briggs & Stratton Corp., et al. NATHAN W. JOHNSON and JOEL M. KUEHNERT, Bradley Arant Boult Cummings LLP, of Birmingham, Alabama, for defendants-appellees, Brooks Sports, Inc., et al. PETER J. BRANN, DAVID A. SWETNAM-BURLAND and STACY O. STITHAM, Brann & Isaacson, of Lewiston, Maine, for defendant-appellee, Coldwater Creek, Inc. JOSEPH R. LANSER and MATTHEW A. WERBER, Seyfarth Shaw LLP, of Chicago, Illinois, for defendants-appellees, HSN Interactive LLC, et al. JOHN P. PASSARELLI and JAMES M. SULENTIC, Kutak Rock, LLP, of Omaha, Nebraska, for defendant-appellee, Hayneedle, Inc. KENNETH J. JUREK and JOHN G. BISBIKIS, McDermott Will & Emery, of Chicago, Illinois, for defendantsappellees, J.C.Penney Corporation, Inc., et al. JAMES ROBERT ARNETT, II, and EDGAR LEON CARTER, Carter Stafford Arnett Hamada & Mockler, PLLC, of 7 PARALLEL NETWORKS v. ABERCROMBIE Dallas, Texas, for defendant-appellee, JP Morgan Chase & Co. STEVEN M. LIEBERMAN, R. ELIZABETH BRENNERLEIFFER and BRIAN A. TOLLEFSON, Rothwell, Figg, Ernst & Manbeck, of Washington, DC, for defendant-appellee, LG Electronics UCS, Inc. MICHAEL A. OAKES, Hunton & Williams LLP, of Washington, DC, for defendant-appellee Lowe s Home Centers, Inc. JOHN M. CARACAPPA, Steptoe & Johnson, LLP, of Washington, DC, for defendants-appellees, Maghound Enterprises, Inc., et al. CHRISTOPHER J. RENK, MICHAEL J. HARRIS and JANICE V. MITRIUS, Banner & Witcoff, Ltd., of Chicago, Illinois, defendant-appellee, Nike, Inc. JEFFREY S. PATTERSON and JEFFREY J. COX, Hartline, Dacus, Barger & Dreyer, of Dallas, Texas, for defendantappellee, Nissan North America, Inc. MAX CICCARELLI, Thompson & Knight, LLP, of Dallas, Texas, for defendant-appellee, Southwest Airlines Co. RAMSEY M. AL-SALAM and BRANDY R. MCMILLION, Perkins Coie, LLP, of Chicago, Illinois, for defendantappellee, Redbox Automated Retail, LLC. GERALD C. CONLEY and TONYA M. GRAY, Andrews Kurth LLP, of Dallas, Texas, for defendant-appellee, Staples, Inc. PARALLEL NETWORKS v. ABERCROMBIE 8 DAVID G. MANGUM, MICHAEL R. MCCARTHY and C. KEVIN SPEIRS, Parsons Behle & Latimer, of Salt Lake City, Utah, for defendant-appellee, VF Outdoor, Inc. __________________________ Before PROST, BRYSON *, and WALLACH, Circuit Judges. BRYSON, Circuit Judge. I Plaintiff Parallel Networks, LLC, is the owner of U.S. Patent No. 6,446,111 ( the 111 patent ), entitled Method and Apparatus for Client-Server Communication Using a Limited Capability Client Over a Low-Speed Communications Link. The application for the patent was filed in 1999. As the title suggests, it was addressed to perceived problems in using generic software applications on what the patent referred to as handheld and credit-card-sized computers, which often operated over low-speed or wireless networks. According to the patent, there were two problems with using generic applications in that environment: (1) they occupied a considerable amount of storage space on the host computer (because they had to include capabilities for adapting to many different settings) and (2) they required multiple, data-intensive transfers of information between the server and the computer (because they were not designed with the limitations of low-speed networks in mind). See 111 patent, cols. 1-2. The patent s solution to those problems was what it referred to as a dynamically generated, transient applet. Judge Bryson assumed senior status on January 7, 2013. * 9 PARALLEL NETWORKS v. ABERCROMBIE 111 patent, col. 1, ll. 9-10. An applet is a small program that typically performs one specific task. Examples include standalone programs, such as Microsoft Paint, or web-based programs that operate within an Internet browser and change the graphic content of a website in response to user input. For instance, a single applet could perform the limited function of responding to a web user s request to a website featuring clothing by displaying an image of a medium-size red shirt. Applets and a related technology, known as plug-ins, pre-dated the 111 patent, and both could be used to provide dynamic capabilities to web pages. Id., cols. 5-6. The 111 patent claimed a new type of applet that is better suited to the needs of limited capability clients. See, e.g., id., col. 7, ll. 63-65 (prior art applets, once transferred, typically must go back out over the wireless network two or more times ). Figures 2 and 3 illustrate the function described in the patent: PARALLEL NETWORKS v. ABERCROMBIE 10 As those figures show, the patent teaches an applet that couples particularized data with a data manipulation system that enables the applet 26 to handle the various characteristics associated with the data included in the applet. . . . 111 patent, col. 11, ll. 18-19; see also Fig. 2 (displaying the data manipulation system and the data as the two parts of the applet). The applet is generated in response to a request representing the user s desires (e.g., the display of a shirt in medium size and red color). By combining the functionality in the data manipulation system 30 with the data of the data storage system 32 the design methodology behind the applet 26 can be shifted from the traditional focus on writing a generic program one time and using that program with a variety of different data types, to writing a program specifically for 11 PARALLEL NETWORKS v. ABERCROMBIE particular data. Id., col. 11, ll. 56-61. That individualized feature, according to the patent, reduces the size of the applet and reduces the number of times the client computer needs to communicate with the server. E.g., id., col. 11, line 64, through col. 12, line 5. The patent also makes clear that the claimed applet must work prior to its initial transmission from the server to the client. See, e.g., 111 patent, col. 17, ll. 64-65 (applet must be operable to be transferred over the communications link to the client device ); id., col. 2, ll. 45-46 (same, described in the Summary of the Invention). For that reason, the patent describes an executable applet that is generated before it is transmitted to the client. E.g., id., col. 17, line 54; Fig. 3. Generating the applet, in turn, requires that both the particularized data and the data manipulation system reside in the transmitted applet. E.g., id., col. 3, ll. 13-15 (noting that the appropriate data and associated data handling capabilities are transmitted as a group ); col. 12, ll. 8-10 ( the needed functionality and the required data are bundled together in the applet ); col. 17, ll. 54-65 (describing two constituent systems in the executable or operable applet). Thus, while some embodiments of the claimed applet may call for a subset of data to be updatable through subsequent communications with the server, e.g., id., Fig. 3; col. 15, ll. 47-49, the applet must be operable before it is transmitted, e.g., col. 16, ll. 20-31 (describing an example in which the client executes the applet before indicat[ing] that the applet 26 requires new or updated data which may require updating the updateable elements ). In March 2010, Parallel filed the first of four cases against 120 different defendants in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas. The defendants span a variety of industries but have in com- PARALLEL NETWORKS v. ABERCROMBIE 12 mon that their websites provide applets in response to user requests in a manner that, according to Parallel, infringes the 111 patent. Responding to the number of defendants and to Parallel s stated strategy of trying to extract an early settlement from as many defendants as possible, the district court implemented a creative procedure designed to streamline the case. The court ordered an initial Markman hearing to construe three terms in two claims that defendants had contended affect all Defendants [and], if construed, would be case dispositive. The court ordered accompanying summary judgment briefing on the same claims. The three chosen terms, which the parties agree are substantively identical in independent claims 1 and 17, are underlined in the text of claim 1, below: 1. A data processing system comprising: a server coupled to a communications link and operable to receive a request from a client device and to collect a plurality of data items, wherein the data items comprise specific information collected as a function of the request; an executable applet [that is] dynamically generated by the server in response to the request, a constituent system associated with the applet comprising a subset of the data items, each data item in the subset used as at leas[t] one preloaded value in the applet; a further constituent system associated with the applet comprising a data interface capability configured to provide a plurality of operations on the pre-loaded values, the operations comprising op- 13 PARALLEL NETWORKS v. ABERCROMBIE erations associated with the subset of the data items; and the applet operable to be transferred over the communications link to the client device. 111 patent, col. 17, ll. 47-65. The district court retained a technical adviser and, following a hearing and briefing, construed each of the three terms. First, it held that executable applet means a program code that can be used by a client device. The court rejected the defendants argument that the term should be construed to mean a small, substantially selfsufficient application, containing the requisite functionality and the necessary data to operate, that depends on substantially no services (e.g., web browser or plug-in) on a client device. That construction, the court found, was based on an underlying and erroneous premise that claims 1 and 17 are limited to web browsing. The court also modified Parallel s proposed construction of the term executable applet i.e., program code that interacts locally with a client and can be discarded because the discarding term concerned a limitation from the preferred embodiment that is not required by the claims and because the user and the client are not necessarily synonymous. The court adopted the defendants construction of the second term, holding that an applet that is dynamically generated by the server in response to the request is one constructed at the server, by combining the requisite functionality with the necessary data, at the time of and in response to the client request. The court described that construction as consistent with the prosecution history, in which the patentee distinguished prior art PARALLEL NETWORKS v. ABERCROMBIE 14 based on the fact that the applet in the patented system was generated in response to the client s request. The court also found support in the specification s repeated assertions that the data and functionality are sent together to the client to reduce the number of transmissions. The court rejected Parallel s contention that the term means generated by the server to have particular services and data for the client based on the request. That construction, the court explained, read[s] out the limitation in response to the data request [because, for] the applet to be generated in response to the request, the request must come first and the applet cannot predate [it]. Finally, the court adopted Parallel s definition of data interface capability to mean program code that allows the client to access and use the data, finding that Parallel s construction was consistent with the specification as a whole. The court found that the defendants proposal was based on the same erroneous assumption that the claims are limited to a web-based environment. Moving to the merits of Parallel s infringement claim, the district court granted summary judgment of noninfringement for most defendants based on its construction of the dynamically generated term. In each of the accused instrumentalities, the district court found, at least one of the functional code or necessary data is contained . . . as only a link. Rejecting Parallel s argument that an applet can be constructed with the functionality and data sent as separate files to be assembled and executed on the client device, the court held that the applet, as transferred, requires [that] both the data and functional code exist as operative components of the applet. Because Parallel claimed only literal infringement, and because the accused sites all included a link 15 PARALLEL NETWORKS v. ABERCROMBIE that necessitated a subsequent transmission between the client and the server in order to assemble the data and functionality required for the applet to operate, the court ruled that most of the defendants were entitled to summary judgment. The following month, Parallel filed a motion pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 59(e) seeking leave to amend its infringement contentions in order to allege infringement against 45 defendants based on the district court s claim constructions. Parallel principally argued that the court had imposed a single transmission requirement on the invention and that the court s construction was an unexpected and intervening change in the law to which Parallel deserved a chance to respond. The court denied the motion, ruling that it never imposed a single transmission requirement in its claim construction and that, in any event, Parallel had had ample opportunity to respond, and had in fact responded, to the court s construction of the dynamically generated term. For that reason, the court held that there was no basis for granting Parallel another bite at the apple. The district court then severed the defendants for which the summary judgment had disposed of all of Parallel s claims. The court dismissed those defendants counterclaims without prejudice and entered final judgment in favor of those defendants. Parallel now appeals the district court s claim constructions, its noninfringement rulings, and its denial of the Rule 59(e) motion, with respect to the severed defendants. PARALLEL NETWORKS v. ABERCROMBIE 16 II A Despite the many issues raised on appeal, this case reduces, as the district court ruled, to a fairly simple analysis. First, as to claim construction, we agree with the district court that the data manipulation service (or functionality) and the particularized data are both necessary components of the applet as it is initially generated and before it is transferred to the client. Asserted claim 1 describes an executable applet that is both dynamically generated by the server in response to the request and operable to be transferred over the communications link to the client device. See 111 patent, col. 17, ll. 54-65. The claim further describes the applet s two constituent systems as the data and the functionality. Id. In other words, the claim teaches that the applet is generated in response to a user request, is executable and operable, is associated with the two constituent systems of particularized data and functionality, and is thereafter to be transferred. Such a reading comports with the ordinary meaning of the patent s key terms. In order of appearance, the word executable means capable of being executed, i.e., being put into effect [and] carr[ied] out fully and completely. Webster s Third New International Dictionary 794 (1968). 1 The word generate similarly denotes completion, i.e., to cause to be: bring into existence. Id. at 945. And the word constituent means serving to Parallel s contention on appeal that an executable applet can be used by a client device likewise implies that such an applet is capable of being used without further modification. 1 17 PARALLEL NETWORKS v. ABERCROMBIE form, compose, or make up . . . : component. Id. at 486. Taken together, these terms describe a natural progression in the asserted claims: Upon receipt of a user request, the server generates (i.e., brings into existence) an applet with two constituent (i.e., component) parts (particularized data and functionality); that applet is executable (i.e., capable of being executed and carried out fully and completely). The applet is then transferred to the client device, where it will be executed. Figure 3 depicts this chronology. What Figure 3 does not describe, however, is a scenario in which, in response to a request, only part of the applet is generated (with a placeholder for the rest) and is transmitted to the client, which then tries to execute it and, finding it non-executable and inoperable, follows a link back over the network to retrieve the additional data and/or functionality that is needed for the applet to run. The specification substantiates this construction. The Summary of the Invention reiterates the claim language describing constituent systems of the executable, operable applet. 111 patent, col. 2, ll. 33-49. Then, even more explicitly, it explains that, in the present invention, the appropriate data and associated data handling capabilities are transmitted as a group. Id., col. 2, line 55, through col. 3, line 15; see also id., col. 12, ll. 8-10 ( the needed functionality and the required data are bundled together in the applet ). The specification also makes clear that the patent s executable applet, as generated, contains data and functionality: According to the teachings of the present invention, when the applet 26 is generated, the applet 26 does not merely contain an executable program as with typical applets. In contrast, the applet 26 also comprises particular services and data for the client 12 based on the request. Id., col. 9, ll. 3943. Indeed, combining the data and functionality at the PARALLEL NETWORKS v. ABERCROMBIE 18 outset and transmitting them as a group facilitates the invention s key goal of greatly reduc[ing] the number of communications over low-speed networks. Id., col. 3, ll. 13-17. A finding of non-infringement follows directly from this analysis. Parallel concedes that, for each of the accused websites, [i]t is undisputed that the client device must receive both the associated functional code and data to execute the applet. And Parallel also concedes that each of the accused instrumentalities is missing at least one portion of the functional code or data when the applet is transferred to the client because the applet includes only a link. Those admissions doom Parallel s claims because we construe the asserted claims of the 111 patent to require that the applet be executable or operable when it is generated and before it is first transmitted to the client, which means it must include both the particularized data and the functionality. Because the accused websites do not contain every claim limitation, they do not literally infringe. B Parallel s challenges to the district court s claim construction ruling and, in particular, to its finding that the term dynamically generated means constructed at the server, by combining the requisite functionality with the necessary data, at the time of and in response to the client request, are unpersuasive. Parallel s central complaint is that the district court erred in construing generated by the server to mean constructed at the server, by combining because (1) generate is broader than combine and (2) the asserted claims require only that the data and the functionality be associated with 19 PARALLEL NETWORKS v. ABERCROMBIE the applet, not combin[ed] into a single file with the applet. We disagree. If Parallel s position were adopted, it would permit the broad term associated with to effectively rewrite the patent. Notwithstanding the potential breadth of the phrase associated with, it is clear that the patent teaches an applet containing both the data and the functionality when the applet is generated. In addition to reciting that data and functionality are associated with the applet, the claims characterize the applets as consisting of two constituent systems, comprising data and functionality. As explained above, the term constituent means serving to form, compose, or make up. The specification similarly refers to the applet as compris[ing] particular services and data. 111 patent, col. 9, ll. 39-43. Moreover, the specification confirms that the meaning Parallel urges for the term associated with is overly expansive. Parallel s position would, for instance, improperly bring distinguished prior art within the scope of the claims, because Java applets or plug-ins can easily be described as associated with data and functionality. See, e.g., 111 patent, col. 7, line 63, through col. 8, line 8. And, as the defendants point out, an applet that need not include the two constituent systems could be empty and not even include the embodiments described in the specification. Nor are we persuaded by Parallel s effort to contrast the use of associated with in asserted claims 1 and 17 with other parts of the patent that refer to the data and functionality as portion[s] of the applet. Parallel focuses, for example, on the following passage describing Figure 2: [B]ecause of the unique construction of the applet, the applet 26 comprises both a data manipulation system 30 and a data storage system 32 which are each PARALLEL NETWORKS v. ABERCROMBIE 20 constituent systems associated with the applet 26. The data manipulation system 30 may also comprise a portion of the applet 26, similarly, the data storage system 32 may also comprise a portion of the applet 26. 111 patent, col. 11, ll. 8-15. We agree with the district court that, if anything, this characterization of the applet as compris[ing] both data and functionality supports the defendants, particularly in the context of Figure 2 s depiction of an applet containing both systems. In short, the district court s construction properly accounts for the meaning of associated with in the context of the 111 patent. 2 Parallel s remaining arguments all take issue with narrow aspects of the district court s construction that do not bear on the dispositive claim construction provided above. First, Parallel claims that construing the term generated by the server to mean generated at the server was wrong because the specification states that the applet may be generated either directly by the web server application 20 or by an external program utilized by the web server application. Parallel s basic point is a fair one by does not necessarily mean at. But Parallel does not say where the applet is generated if it is not at the server and thus points to nothing to indicate why the difference between the two prepositions matters in this context. In any event, the critical point for purposes We also reject Parallel s related argument that the district court s use of combine rather than generate was error because the specification notes that the applet can be generated in a variety of ways, including by combining various predefined units. Parallel s argument is a non-sequitur, as it does not address the fact that generating the applet requires combining data and functionality, even if the generation may use predefined units of data or templates customized based on the data. 2 21 PARALLEL NETWORKS v. ABERCROMBIE of this case is that the applet cannot be finalized at the client, whether by an external program, a web server application, or some other mechanism. Parallel next attacks the district court s ruling that dynamically . . . in response to the request means at the time of and in response to the request. Parallel notes that the specification defines dynamic information to be information that may be different for different clients and different users of clients, with no temporal element. See 111 patent, col. 5, ll. 1-3. While that may be true, it does not change the analysis in any way. Although an applet could, for example, be generated in response to a request even if it were generated at some later point rather than at the exact time of the request, that does not affect the critical requirement that the applet be generated and executable before it is transferred to the client. Parallel s argument on this issue is irrelevant to that determination. 3 Finally, Parallel argues that the district court was wrong to construe the term dynamically generated to require that the data and functionality be transferred to the client in a single transmission. Parallel relies on the district court s subsequent statement that its claim construction contained no single transmission requirement and points to numerous examples in which the specificaParallel is clearly wrong to maintain that an applet can predate the client request. As the district court held, an applet cannot predate the request if it is to be generated in response to that request. Parallel s attempt to sidestep that problem by arguing that the applet may be generated using templates or prewritten procedures does not change the fact that the applet itself must be generated at the time of or after the client request, even if some of its elements existed before the request was made. Figure 3 forecloses any argument to the contrary. 3 PARALLEL NETWORKS v. ABERCROMBIE 22 tion references more than one transmission over the communications link. As the defendants explain, however, Parallel conflate[s] two very different concepts: (1) the generation of the applet at the server and its transmission to the client; and (2) the operation of the applet after it has been fully transferred to the client. Claims 1 and 17 deal with the former; the specification passages that Parallel cites to show that the invention anticipates multiple transfers between client and server deal only with the latter. That is why, for example, the district court found that the data and functionality are sent together to the client to reduce the number of transmissions but that [t]his does not . . . exclude additional communications between the server and client once the applet is in place. C Based on its critique of the district court s claim construction, Parallel argues that the district court s infringement analysis was necessarily erroneous. Again, however, Parallel s argument hinges on an impermissibly broad interpretation of the phrase associated with in claims 1 and 17. In order to overcome the fact that one or both of the functionality and data in the accused devices are represented by a link when the applet is first transferred from the server to the client device, Parallel asserts that it is irrelevant whether the data and functional code are actually listed within the HTML or whether they are listed by a link to a file. In other words, Parallel argues that it does not matter whether the client device needs to make a separate request to receive the associated data or functionality because, in both instances, the constituent system is sufficiently associated with the applet. 23 PARALLEL NETWORKS v. ABERCROMBIE Parallel admits that the executable applet must consist of both data and functionality, and the patent emphasizes that feature repeatedly. What purportedly made the 111 patent unique and inventive was combining and transmitting the particularized data and functionality as a group in order to transfer an executable applet and reduce the number of transmissions over the communications link. Parallel cannot now claim that a limitation that featured so critically in the patent was not, in fact, a part of the invention. Indeed, the analysis of Parallel s expert, Dr. Richard Cooper, highlights the fundamental problem with Parallel s position. Dr. Cooper explained that, in each of the accused systems, the client device is instructed that the combined data and the functional code are needed for the applet to execute and how to obtain that needed information. The fact that the client needs to obtain information in order to execute, however, confirms that no executable or operable applet is generated and then transferred from the server to the client, as the patent requires. Dr. Cooper s ipse dixit statements that, in his opinion, it is irrelevant on this combining issue whether the data and functional code are actually listed within the HTML or whether the data and functional code are listed by a link in the HTML, are not sufficient to avoid summary judgment. See, e.g., Arthur A. Collins, Inc. v. N. Telecom Ltd., 216 F.3d 1042, 1046-48 (Fed. Cir. 2000). III Parallel argues that the district court erred in denying its Rule 59(e) motion because the court failed to address all the pertinent factors that bear on whether a motion to alter a judgment should be granted. In an effort to portray its argument as a purely legal one, PARALLEL NETWORKS v. ABERCROMBIE 24 Parallel contends that the district court never addressed one of three factors that the Fifth Circuit considers under Rule 59(e) the need to prevent a manifest injustice and failed to consider four good cause factors for allowing amendments to infringement contentions under Local Patent Rule 3-6(b). Parallel s argument is unpersuasive. We agree with the district court that Parallel is seeking to amend its infringement contentions in order to make arguments that could have been made before the entry of summary judgment, a tactic that the district court correctly held to be improper. See, e.g., Templet v. HydroChem Inc., 367 F.3d 473, 478-79 (5th Cir. 2004). As Parallel concedes, it reanalyzed the defendants accused instrumentalities and identified allegedly infringing activities by a subset of defendants based on the fact that a single file is transmitted in a single transmission. Because the patent makes clear that the applet must be transferred with data and functionality initially, and because the parties briefed that very issue before the district court, Parallel s newly claimed infringement allegations do not rely on anything new that gives rise to a valid Rule 59(e) motion. In particular, the district court s claim construction was not an intervening change in the law. Parallel chose to pursue a theory that allowed it to accuse a larger number of defendants. Having lost, Parallel may not now initiate what would amount to a completely new infringement proceeding. Nor is there any merit to Parallel s effort to characterize the district court s ruling as a legal error based on the court s failure to consider all the relevant factors. The need to prevent manifest injustice is a catch-all factor, the court s resolution of which is implicit in its consideration, and rejection, of Parallel s Rule 59 motion as a 25 PARALLEL NETWORKS v. ABERCROMBIE whole. The district court made that point clear when it characterized Parallel s motion as seeking to prevent a manifest injustice by amend[ing] its infringement contentions . . . . Requiring the formality of an additional sentence to that effect is unnecessary, and Parallel cites no Rule 59 cases in support of its argument. That is unsurprising, as courts frequently deny Rule 59(e) motions without discussion, and such dispositions are not treated as legally erroneous because they are summary in nature. See, e.g., Boone v. Citigroup, Inc., 416 F.3d 382, 387 n.6 (5th Cir. 2005) ( The district court also summarily denied a rule 59(e) motion to reconsider the denial of remand. ); Hinojosa v. Brown, 129 F. App x 915, 916 (5th Cir. 2005) (same). For the same reasons, we reject Parallel s contention that the court erred by failing to consider the proper factors bearing on whether there was good cause to amend the infringement contentions under Local Patent Rule 3-6(b). Parallel sought to amend its contentions pursuant to Local Patent Rule 3-6(a), which the district court held was inapplicable, again because the claim construction was hardly unanticipated. Nor does Local Patent Rule 3-6(b) provide Parallel any basis for relief. The factors set forth in that subsection of the rule go to the party s explanation for its failure to make the allegations sooner and the potential prejudice resulting from what is to be excluded. Parallel has no good explanation for its failure to bring its new infringement contentions earlier and thus has brought any perceived prejudice on itself. AFFIRMED
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