JUAN HERNANDEZ V. CITY OF PHOENIX, No. 21-16007 (9th Cir. 2022)
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The City of Phoenix’s Police Department concluded that a Sergeant with the Department violated a Department policy by posting content to his personal Facebook profile that denigrated Muslims and Islam. When the Department took steps to discipline the Sergeant, he sued, alleging that the Department was retaliating against him for exercising his First Amendment right to freedom of speech.
The Ninth Circuit affirmed in part and reversed in part the district court’s dismissal of Plaintiff’s action. In analyzing the content, form and context of the Sergeant’s posts, the court concluded that the posts qualified as speech on matters of public concern. While it was true that each of the Sergeant’s posts expressed hostility toward, and sought to denigrate or mock, major religious faith and its adherents, the Supreme Court has made clear that the inappropriate or controversial character of a statement is irrelevant to the question of whether it deals with a matter of public concern.
The court, therefore, reversed the district court’s dismissal of Plaintiffs’ First Amendment retaliation claim and his related claim under the Arizona Constitution. The court held that the district court properly rejected Plaintiffs’ facial overbreadth challenge to certain provisions of the Department’s social media policy, except as to the clauses prohibiting social media activity that (1) would cause embarrassment to or discredit the Department, or (2) divulge any information gained while in the performance of official duties, as set forth in section 3.27.9B.(7) of the policy. The court affirmed the district court’s rejection of Plaintiffs’ facial vagueness challenge to the same provisions discussed above and their municipal liability claim.
Court Description: Civil Rights The panel affirmed in part and reversed in part the district court’s dismissal of an action brought pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and Arizona law alleging that: (1) the City of Phoenix Police Department retaliated against Sergeant Juan Hernandez in violation of his First Amendment rights when it took steps to discipline him for posting content to his personal Facebook profile that denigrated Muslims and Islam; and (2) provisions of the Department’s social media policy were overbroad and vague. The district court rejected plaintiffs’ First Amendment retaliation claim on the ground that Hernandez’s speech did not address matters of public concern and was therefore not entitled to constitutional protection under the balancing test established in Pickering v. Board of Education of Township High School District 205, Will County, 391 U.S. 563 (1968). The court also rejected plaintiffs’ claim that certain provisions of the Department’s social media policy were facially invalid. HERNANDEZ V. CITY OF PHOENIX 3 Analyzing the content, form (time, place, and manner) and context of Hernandez’s posts, the panel concluded that the posts qualified as speech on matters of public concern. While it was true that each of Hernandez’s posts expressed hostility toward, and sought to denigrate or mock, a major religious faith and its adherents, the Supreme Court has made clear that the inappropriate or controversial character of a statement is irrelevant to the question of whether it deals with a matter of public concern. Although it seemed likely that Hernandez’s posts could impede the performance of his job duties and interfere with the Department’s ability to effectively carry out its mission, no evidence of actual or potential disruptive impact caused by Hernandez’s posts was properly before the panel at this stage of the proceedings. The panel therefore reversed the district court’s dismissal of plaintiffs’ First Amendment retaliation claim and his related claim under the Arizona Constitution and remanded for further development of the factual record. The panel held that the district court properly rejected plaintiffs’ facial overbreadth challenge to certain provisions of the Department’s social media policy, except as to the clauses prohibiting social media activity that (1) would cause embarrassment to or discredit the Department, or (2) divulge any information gained while in the performance of official duties, as set forth in section 3.27.9B.(7) of the policy. In largely agreeing with the district court, the panel noted that most of the challenged restrictions directly promoted the same interests that the Supreme Court has already held to be valid bases for imposing restrictions on public employee speech—government employers have a strong interest in prohibiting speech by their employees that undermines the 4 HERNANDEZ V. CITY OF PHOENIX employer’s mission or hampers the effective functioning of the employer’s operations. The Department, however, did not have a legitimate interest in prohibiting speech merely because the Department might find that speech embarrassing or discrediting. The panel noted that virtually all speech that lies at the core of First Amendment protection in this area— for example, speech exposing police misconduct or corruption—could be expected to embarrass or discredit the Department in some way. In the absence of a developed factual record, the panel could not conclude that plaintiffs’ facial overbreadth challenge to these clauses failed as a matter of law. Addressing section 3.27.9B.(7) of the social media policy, the panel held that although the Department has a strong interest in prohibiting the disclosure of confidential information, this section swept much more broadly because it prohibited the disclosure of any information gained while on the job, including information that could expose wrongdoing or corruption. This provision therefore could silence speech that warrants the strongest First Amendment protection in this context. Because plaintiffs’ challenge was resolved on the pleadings, the Department had not yet had an opportunity to produce evidence attempting to establish that this provision was appropriately tailored. The panel affirmed the district court’s rejection of plaintiffs’ facial vagueness challenge to the same provisions discussed above and their municipal liability claim. Like many employment policies, the challenged provisions were framed in broad and general terms that nonetheless provided sufficient guidance to employees as to the types of social media posts that are prohibited. HERNANDEZ V. CITY OF PHOENIX 5
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