Riley’s American Heritage Farms v. Elsasser, No. 20-55999 (9th Cir. 2022)
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Riley’s Farm provides historical reenactments and hosts apple picking. In 2001-2017, schools within the District took field trips to Riley’s. In 2018, Riley used his personal Twitter account to comment on controversial topics. Parents complained; a local newspaper published an article about Riley and his postings. The District severed the business relationship. In a 42 U.S.C. 1983 suit alleging retaliation for protected speech, the district court granted the District defendants summary judgment.
The Ninth Circuit reversed as to injunctive relief but affirmed as to damages. Riley made a prima facie case of retaliation; he engaged in expressive conduct, some of the District defendants took an adverse action that caused Riley to lose a valuable government benefit, and those defendants were motivated by Riley’s expressive conduct. There was sufficient evidence that Board members had the requisite mental state to be liable for damages. The defendants failed to establish that the District’s asserted interests in preventing disruption to their operations and curricular design because of parental complaints outweighed Riley’s free speech interests. Even assuming that the selection of a field trip venue was protected government speech, the pedagogical concerns underlying the government-speech doctrine did not apply because Riley was not speaking for the District. Nonetheless, the defendants were entitled to qualified immunity on the damages claim. There was no case directly on point that would have clearly established that the defendants’ reaction to parental complaints and media attention was unconstitutional.
Court Description: Civil Rights. The panel affirmed in part and reversed in part the district court’s summary judgment for public school defendants in an action brought pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 alleging First Amendment violations when the Claremont Unified School District severed its longstanding business relationship with plaintiffs, a company that provides field trip venues to school children and the principal shareholder of the company who made controversial tweets on his personal social media account. Plaintiff James Patrick Riley is one of the principal shareholders of Riley’s American Heritage Farms (“Riley’s Farm”), which provides historical reenactments of American events and hosts apple picking. Between 2001 and 2017, schools within the Claremont Unified School District booked RILEY’S AM. HERITAGE FARMS V. ELSASSER 3 and attended field trips to Riley’s Farm. In 2018, Riley used his personal Twitter account to comment on a range of controversial social and political topics. After some parents complained and a local newspaper published an article about Riley and his Twitter postings, the School District severed its business relationship with Riley’s Farm. Patrick Riley and Riley’s Farm brought suit against the School District, individual members of the school board and three school administrators (the “School defendants”) alleging retaliation for protected speech. In partially affirming the district court’s summary judgment in favor of the School defendants, the panel held that although there was a genuine issue of material fact on the issue of whether the Riley plaintiffs’ First Amendment rights had been violated, the individual School defendants were entitled to qualified immunity as to the damages claims because the right at issue was not clearly established when the conduct took place. In reaching this conclusion, the panel first determined that the relationship between the Riley plaintiffs and the School District was analogous to those between the government and a government contractor and that the character of the services provided by the Riley plaintiffs justified the application of the framework established in Pickering v. Bd. of Ed. of Twp. High Sch. Dist. 205, 391 U.S. 563, 568 (1968). Applying the two-step burden-shifting approach for government contractors alleging retaliation, the panel held that the plaintiffs had established a prima facie case of retaliation against the School defendants that could survive summary judgment. The panel held that there was no dispute that Riley engaged in expressive conduct, that some of the School defendants took an adverse action against Riley’s 4 RILEY’S AM. HERITAGE FARMS V. ELSASSER Farm that caused it to lose a valuable government benefit and that those defendants were motivated to cancel the business relationship because of Riley’s expressive conduct. The panel also held that there was sufficient evidence that the Board members had the requisite mental state to be liable for damages for the ongoing constitutional violation. Because the Riley plaintiffs had carried their burden of making a prima facie case of retaliation, the burden shifted to the School defendants. The panel held that taking the evidence in the light most favorable to the Riley plaintiffs, the School defendants failed to establish that the School District’s asserted interests in preventing disruption to their operations and curricular design because of parental complaints were so substantial that they outweighed Riley’s free speech interests as a matter of law. The panel rejected the School defendants’ argument that they could not be held liable for unconstitutional retaliation because their actions were protected government speech. Even assuming that the selection of a field trip venue was protected government speech, the pedagogical concerns underlying the government-speech doctrine did not exist here because Riley was not speaking for, or on behalf of, the School District. The panel held that although there existed a genuine issue of material fact as to whether the School defendants violated the Riley plaintiffs’ First Amendment rights, there was no case directly on point that would have clearly established that the School defendants’ reaction to parental complaints and media attention arising from Riley’s tweets was unconstitutional. The School defendants were therefore entitled to qualified immunity on the damages claim. RILEY’S AM. HERITAGE FARMS V. ELSASSER 5 The panel held that the district court erred in dismissing the claims for injunctive relief which sought to enjoin the School District’s alleged ongoing policy barring future field trips to Riley’s Farm. The panel held that the testimony of the School District’s superintendent was sufficient to create a genuine issue of material fact as to whether the Riley plaintiffs continue to suffer from an ongoing constitutional violation.
The court issued a subsequent related opinion or order on April 29, 2022.
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