2001 Eighth Circuit US Court of Appeals Case Law

Opinions 1 - 500 of 759

Nazia Habib, Plaintiff-appellant, v. Nationsbank, Defendant-appellee
Date: December 28, 2001
Citation: 279 F.3d 563
United States of America, Appellee, v. Wade Allen Wheat, Appellant
Date: December 28, 2001
Citation: 278 F.3d 722
Gary Moore, Appellee, v. James Purkett, Appellant
Date: December 26, 2001
Citation: 275 F.3d 685
United States of America, Appellee, v. Dane Allen Yirkovsky, Appellant
Date: December 26, 2001
Citation: 276 F.3d 384
United States of America, Appellee, v. Kenneth Ray Martin, Appellant
Date: December 12, 2001
Citation: 274 F.3d 1208
Marianne Casteel, Appellant, v. Continental Casualty Company, Appellee
Date: December 10, 2001
Citation: 273 F.3d 1142
United States of America, Appellee, v. Napae Luta Young, Appellant,
Date: December 6, 2001
Citation: 272 F.3d 1052
John Weston, Appellant v. Dave Dormire, Appellee
Date: November 30, 2001
Citation: 272 F.3d 1109
John Kartheiser, Appellant, v. American National Can Company, Appellee
Date: November 29, 2001
Citation: 271 F.3d 1135
Michael A. Clark, Appellant, v. Paul D. Caspari, Appellee
Date: November 28, 2001
Citation: 274 F.3d 507
United States of America, Appellee, v. Jeff Sweesy, Appellant
Date: November 27, 2001
Citation: 272 F.3d 581
Albert James Conant, Appellant, v. City of Hibbing, Appellee
Date: November 26, 2001
Citation: 271 F.3d 782
United States of America, Appellee, v. Stacey L. Gomez, Appellant
Date: November 23, 2001
Citation: 271 F.3d 779
Brian Joseph Kinder, Appellant, v. Michael Bowersox, Appellee
Date: November 16, 2001
Citation: 272 F.3d 532
United States of America, Appellee, v. Timothy Dean Wolf, Appellant
Date: November 9, 2001
Citation: 270 F.3d 1188
United States of America, Appellee, v. Gregorio v. Arvizu, Appellant
Date: November 6, 2001
Citation: 270 F.3d 605
United States of America, Appellee, v. Benito Ramirez-rios, Appellant
Date: November 5, 2001
Citation: 270 F.3d 1185
United States of America, Appellee, v. Robert Lee Kriens, Appellant
Date: November 5, 2001
Citation: 270 F.3d 597
United States of America, Appellee, v. James Borders, Appellant
Date: November 1, 2001
Citation: 270 F.3d 1180
United States of America, Appellee, v. Eric Carter, Appellant
Date: October 31, 2001
Citation: 270 F.3d 731
United States of America, Appellee, v. Val Perez, Appellant
Date: October 31, 2001
Citation: 270 F.3d 737
United States of America, Appellee, v. Bobby Dion Woods, Appellant
Date: October 30, 2001
Citation: 270 F.3d 728
Ronald J. Fogelbach, Appellant, v. Wal-mart Stores, Inc., Appellee
Date: October 29, 2001
Citation: 270 F.3d 696
United States of America, Appellant, v. Blackbird Sheridan, Appellee
Date: October 26, 2001
Citation: 270 F.3d 669
United States of America, Appellee, v. John Scott, Appellant
Date: October 24, 2001
Citation: 270 F.3d 632
Joyce Martin, Appellant, v. Chrysler Corporation, Appellee
Date: October 15, 2001
Citation: 270 F.3d 742
Chad Grady, Appellee, v. United States of America, Appellant
Date: October 15, 2001
Citation: 269 F.3d 913
United States of America, Appellee, v. Curtis Moses Booker, Appellant
Date: October 15, 2001
Citation: 269 F.3d 930
United States of America, Appellee, v. Donald H. Jones, Appellant
Date: October 15, 2001
Citation: 269 F.3d 919
Steve Johnson, Ph.d, Appellant, v. Bank of Bentonville, Appellee
Date: October 4, 2001
Citation: 269 F.3d 894
United States of America, Appellee, v. David M. Reynolds, Appellant
Date: October 3, 2001
Citation: 268 F.3d 572
Linda Sue Bryson, Appellant, v. United States of America Appellee
Date: October 3, 2001
Citation: 268 F.3d 560
United States of America, Appellee, v. Daniel Raymond Koehler, Appellant
Date: September 28, 2001
Citation: 266 F.3d 937
United States of America, Appellee, v. Edward Dashan Smith, Appellant
Date: September 24, 2001
Citation: 266 F.3d 902
Carl Youngblood Appellant v. Hy-vee Food Stores, Inc. Appellee
Date: September 17, 2001
Citation: 266 F.3d 851
United States of America, Appellee, v. Joshua D. Stapleton, Appellant
Date: September 12, 2001
Citation: 268 F.3d 597
United States of America, Appellant, v. Marcus De'angelo Jones, Appellee
Date: September 12, 2001
Citation: 266 F.3d 804
No. 99-3473
Date: September 11, 2001
Citation: 265 F.3d 699
United States of America, Appellee, v. Paul Melvin Letts, Appellant
Date: August 31, 2001
Citation: 264 F.3d 787
United States of America, Appellee, v. Agim Baftiri, Appellant
Date: August 30, 2001
Citation: 263 F.3d 856
United States of America, Appellee, v. Dennis W. Tyndall, Appellant
Date: August 29, 2001
Citation: 263 F.3d 848
United States of America, Appellee, v. Lemond Carmickel, Appellant
Date: August 28, 2001
Citation: 263 F.3d 829
United States of America, Appellee, v. Janet J. Thomas, Appellant
Date: August 24, 2001
Citation: 263 F.3d 805
Rita Carroll, Appellant, v. Fredrick W. Pfeffer, Appellee
Date: August 23, 2001
Citation: 262 F.3d 847
Arnold Frank Hohn, Appellant, v. United States of America, Appellee
Date: August 22, 2001
Citation: 262 F.3d 811
Calvin Coleman, Appellant, v. Mike Kemna, Appellee
Date: August 20, 2001
Citation: 263 F.3d 785
United States of America, Appellant, v. Marvin L. Swick, Appellee
Date: August 17, 2001
Citation: 262 F.3d 684
Mack al Green, Appellant, v. United States of America, Appellee
Date: August 17, 2001
Citation: 262 F.3d 715
Columbus Miles, Appellant, v. General Motors Corporation, Appellee
Date: August 17, 2001
Citation: 262 F.3d 720
United States of America, Appellee v. Kenneth O. Rankin, Appellant
Date: August 16, 2001
Citation: 261 F.3d 735
United States of America, Appellee v. David Eugene Murphy, Appellant
Date: August 16, 2001
Citation: 261 F.3d 741
United States of America, Appellee, v. April D. Lebrun, Appellant
Date: August 15, 2001
Citation: 261 F.3d 731
United States of America, Appellee, v. Jeffrey Jordan, Appellant
Date: August 15, 2001
Citation: 260 F.3d 930
United States of America, Appellee, v. Larry Davis, Appellant
Date: August 15, 2001
Citation: 260 F.3d 965
United States of America, Appellee, v. Rickey L. Smith, Appellant
Date: August 14, 2001
Citation: 260 F.3d 922
United States of America, Appellant, v. Tommie Joe Johnson, Appellee
Date: August 14, 2001
Citation: 260 F.3d 919
James Koste, Appellant, v. Dave Dormire, Appellee
Date: August 13, 2001
Citation: 260 F.3d 872
Tyrone G. Parker, Appellant, v. Mike Kemna, Appellee
Date: August 10, 2001
Citation: 260 F.3d 852
United States of America, Appellee v. Juan Martinez, Appellant
Date: August 3, 2001
Citation: 258 F.3d 760
United States of America, Appellee, v. City of St. Paul, Appellant
Date: August 2, 2001
Citation: 258 F.3d 750
Shirley Hutsell, Appellant, v. Larry G. Massanari,1 Appellee
Date: August 1, 2001
Citation: 259 F.3d 707
Adam Steele, Appellant, Northern Herald Publications, Inc., a Minnesota Corporation, Plaintiff, v. City of Bemidji, a Municipal Corporation; Alan Felix, Individually and As City Attorney for the City of Bemidji, Minnesota; Phil Shealy, Individually and As City Manager of the City of Bemidji, Minnesota; Michael Porter, Individually and As an Officer of the Bemidji Police Department; Jon Hunt, Individually and As an Officer of the Bemidji Police Department; Robert Tell, Individually and As Chief of Police of the City of Bemidji, Minnesota; Tim Faver, Individually and As County Attorney, County of Beltrami, Minnesota; David Frank, Individually and As Assistant County Attorney, County of Beltrami, Minnesota; Lynette Russell, Also Known As Lynette Rex, an Individual; Rich Johanneson, Individually; Joseph Leuken, Doing Business As Leuken's Food Stores; William Batchelder, Individually; Terry Smart, Individually; Forem Communications Company, a North Dakota Corporation; Omar Forberg, Individually; Petro Pete's, the Elusive and Evasive Entity Which is Doing Business As Petro Pete's Park Rapids; Kitty Lemer, Individually; County of Beltrami, State of Minnesota; Developers' Diversified Realty Corporation, Doing Business As Paul Bunyan Mall, Bemidji, an Ohio Corporation; Johanneson's, Inc., a Minnesota Corporation; Steve Michaels, Doing Business As Superamerica of Park Rapids; J & B Foods, Inc., a Minnesota Corporation; Ron Dargis, Doing Business As Ron's Foods, Doing Business As Festival Foods; Cooperative Sampo, Doing Business As Cenex, Park Rapids, Inc., a Minnesota Corporation; Jeff Wizner; Mrs. Jeff Wizner, Doing Business As Countryside Restaurant, Blackduck, Minnesota; Jackie Hall, Doing Business As Countryside Restaurant of Bemidji, Minnesota; Judy Black, Doing Business As Maid-rite Café Bemidji, Minnesota; Shari Mistic, Doing Business As Southside Restaurant, Bemidji, Minnesota; Tim Saga, Individually; Saga of Bemidji, Doing Business As Highway Host Restaurant, Bemidji, Minnesota, Inc., a Minnesota Corporation, Appellees
Date: July 30, 2001
Citation: 257 F.3d 902
United States of America, Appellee, v. Lonny J. Street, Appellant
Date: July 27, 2001
Citation: 257 F.3d 869
Thomas Moran, Appellant, v. Anne-marie Clarke, et al., Appellees
Date: July 23, 2001
Citation: 258 F.3d 904
Melvin Carpenter, Appellant, v. Kelly Lock, Appellee
Date: July 17, 2001
Citation: 257 F.3d 775
Shelly Reimer; Richard Duysen; Cheryl Rasmussen; Carla Myrum; Sheryl Roesler; Linda Fugleberg; Bette J. Nelson; Lynne Honrud; Ellen Lodin; Dale Harold Myrum; Carol J. Buth; Vicky Palluck; Marianne P. Kalin; Joan L. Shepel; Tamara Jo Cook; Yvette R. Johnson; Belinda Schmidt; Lisa Puklich; Murray Moen; Deborah J. Anderson; Julie Kay Buth; Lynette Jensen; Judy Rehder; Connie Bruse; Deedra A. Whalen; John Freeman; Sharon R. Bjornson; Elizabeth M. Hermes; Jo Nelle A. Kuder; Michelle D. Nordick; Jeanette Buerkle; Rebecca J. St. Marie; Leann Marie Herrmann; Barbara Ann Odegaard; Laura K. Larson; Terri L. Neyens; Gail E. Palmer; Karen Huseth; Inez Lere; Mary Liebenow; Keatha Mcleod; Lynelle M. Dick; Lori L. Habel; M. Colette Kroeten; Patricia A. Althoff; Sister Colette Werlinger; Jeanine M. Rau; Joyce Ramsey; Joan J. Anderson; Wanda Meyer; John Hoscheid; Amy Jahnke; Kristine R. Berseth; Julie Boe; Evelin Heck; Pam Kanenwisher; Jana Stenson; Theresa R. Hedman; Joan M. Niles; Claudia Houston; Ramona Kuehl; Diane E. Reese; Diane K. Gorman; Lora Wallgren; Lynnette Brosowske; Beulah C. Misheski; Gayle Jean Mousseau; Karen M. Haaland-kelly; Lisa Jorgenson; Marlene E. Freeman; Polly Bakko; Kathleen M. Rue; Peggy J. Abrahamson-syverson; Shirley Hedlund; Donna Stubstad; Colleen P. Frost; Tamara Hoaglund; Susan M. Mccullough; Tamra Handegard; Peggy Lindstrom; Lynnette Anderson; Julie Lambertz; Kristi J. Bale; Susan Bischoff; Christie R. Evanger; Bonnie Bredell; Lael Jean Richards; Darla M. Schmitz; Sharon Baumler; Andrea K. Jones; Bonnie Halvorson; Denise M. Gaard; Jean M. Madsen; Patti J. Killoran; Judy Anderson; Nancy Cigelski; Patricia Hendricksen; Therese Stenger; Mark Vincent Zimmerman; Betty Zimmerman; Janet Deane; Wanda L. Davis; Cathy Bitterman; Doris Jean Gundberg; Brenda Kapitan; Marlys K. Hanson; Joanne A. Bye; Kathy Tehven, on Behalf of Themselves and Others Similarly Situated, Appellants,sister Juliana Wisnewski; Jan Sliper; Karen Gilbraith; Sara Disher; Mary Heiden; Roxanne Myhra; Mary Ann Stibbe; Wanda Mcgray-moore; Dawn M. Brenamen, on Behalf of Themselves and Others Similarly Situated, Plaintiffs,rolinda Mix; Andrea Husen; Kathy Giddings; Linda Stelzer; Karen O'leary; Vicki Oberg; Jeanine M. Rundquist; Joann L. Sence-mabo; Lorraine Dickerman; Gina Tiffany; Connie England; Grant T. Bauer; Barbara Schenck; Nancy Messerschmidt; Joy Mccracken; Bonnie Lynn Davies; Michelle J. Spangler; Susanne M. Fraasee; Vera Baumler; Nadine L. Rebsch; Cheryl R. Halvorson; Jill D. Anderson; Cindy Troftgruben; Sara Hanson; Yvonne L. Helion; Margaret Slagle; Dean A. Beyer; Colleen A. Abel; Kathy Henry; Teresa Erholtz, Appellants,deb Wayman; Shayne M. Spokley; Wanda Borchert; Ida M. Jordheim, Plaintiffs, v. Champion Healthcare Corporation, a Delaware Corporation, Dba "dhhs" and "dakota Heartland Health System"; Champion Healthcare Corporation of North Dakota, Inc., a North Dakota Corporation, Individually and As Partner in Dakota/champion Partnership, a North Dakota General Partnership; Dakota/champion Partnership, a North Dakota General Partnership, Appellees,dakota Medical Foundation, a North Dakota Non-profit Corporation, Individually and As Partner in Dakota/champion Partnership, a North Dakota General Partnership, Defendant.shelly Reimer; Richard Duysen; Cheryl Rasmussen; Carla Myrum; Sheryl Roesler; Linda Fugleberg; Bette J. Nelson; Lynne Honrud; Ellen Lodin; Dale Harold Myrum; Carol J. Buth; Vicky Palluck; Marianne P. Kalin; Joan L. Shepel; Tamara Jo Cook; Yvette R. Johnson; Belinda Schmidt; Lisa Puklich; Murray Moen; Deborah J. Anderson; Julie Kay Buth; Lynette Jensen; Judy Rehder; Connie Bruse; Deedra A. Whalen; John Freeman; Sharon R. Bjornson; Elizabeth M. Hermes; Jo Nelle A. Kuder; Michelle D. Nordick; Jeanette Buerkle; Rebecca J. St. Marie; Leann Marie Herrmann; Barbara Ann Odegaard; Laura K. Larson; Terri L. Neyens; Gail E. Palmer; Karen Huseth; Inez Lere; Mary Liebenow; Keatha Mcleod; Lynelle M. Dick; Lori L. Habel; M. Colette Kroeten; Patricia A. Althoff; Sister Colette Werlinger; Jeanine M. Rau; Joyce Ramsey; Joan J. Anderson; W
Date: July 16, 2001
Citation: 258 F.3d 720
United States of America, Appellee, v. Jose J. Nunez, Appellant
Date: July 13, 2001
Citation: 257 F.3d 758
Romaine Dukes, Appellant, v. United States of America, Appellee
Date: July 11, 2001
Citation: 255 F.3d 912
Michael Wayne Ford, Appellant, v. Michael Bowersox, Appellee
Date: July 10, 2001
Citation: 256 F.3d 783
Russell J. Yates, Appellant, v. Mcdonnell Douglas, Appellee
Date: July 9, 2001
Citation: 255 F.3d 546
Joush Hatcher, Jr., Appellant, v. Frank X. Hopkins, Appellee
Date: July 6, 2001
Citation: 256 F.3d 761
David Gary, Appellant. v. Dave Dormire, Appellee
Date: July 6, 2001
Citation: 256 F.3d 753
Maurice Moore, Appellee, v. Dr. John Duffy, Appellant
Date: July 6, 2001
Citation: 255 F.3d 543
Dan Abels; Les A. Beekman; Steven Berschman; Ronald Berschman; Daryl Cushman; David Farms, Inc., an Iowa Corporation; Duane Davids; Dale Kramersmeier; Diana Kramersmeier; D&d Kramersmeier, Ltd, an Iowa Corporation; M&j Ennen Farms, Inc.; Ronny Ennen; Rande Giesking; and Hamilton Land Corporation, Plaintiffs - Appellants,bruce A. Heetland and Heidecker Farms, Inc., Plaintiffs,james Hofbauer and Rick Hofbauer, Plaintiffs - Appellants,junkermeier Farms, Inc., Plaintiff,bruce Meinders, Dale L. Meinders, and Gary Meinders, Doing Business As Meinders Brothers; Clarence Miller and Christian Miller, Doing Business As C&c Miller Farmers; J&k Oftedahl, Inc., an Iowa Corporation; Pitkin Farms, Ltd; Jeff Pitkin; Sandale Farms, Inc.; Ronald L. Schmidt; Debra Schmidt; Steve Shortenhaus; Shawn Thomsen; Bill Walstead; Joyce Walstead; and Sjmc Corp., an Iowa Corporation, Plaintiffs - Appellants, v. Farmers Commodities Corporation, an Iowa Corporation, and Fcc Futures, Inc., an Iowa Corporation, Defendants - Appellees.dan Abels; Les A. Beekman; Steven Berschman; Ronald Berschman; Daryl Cushman; David Farms, Inc., an Iowa Corporation; Duane Davids; Dale Kramersmeier; Diana Kramersmeier; D&d Kramersmeier, Ltd, an Iowa Corporation; M&j Ennen Farms, Inc.; Ronny Ennen; Rande Giesking; and Hamilton Land Corporation, Plaintiffs,bruce A. Heetland and Heidecker Farms, Inc., Plaintiffs - Appellants,james Hofbauer; Rick Hofbauer; Junkermeier Farms, Inc., Bruce Meinders, Dale L. Meinders, and Gary Meinders, Doing Business As Meinders Brothers; Clarence Miller and Christian Miller, Doing Business As C&c Miller Farmers; J&k Oftedahl, Inc., an Iowa Corporation; Pitkin Farms, Ltd; Jeff Pitkin; Sandale Farms, Inc.; Ronald L. Schmidt; Debra Schmidt; Steve Shortenhaus; Shawn Thomsen; Bill Walstead; Joyce Walstead; and Sjmc Corp., an Iowa Corporation, Plaintiffs, v. Farmers Commodities Corporation, an Iowa Corporation, and Fcc Futures, Inc., an Iowa Corporation, Defendants - Appellees
Date: July 3, 2001
Citation: 259 F.3d 910
United States of America, Appellee, v. Felix Alvarez, Appellant
Date: June 21, 2001
Citation: 254 F.3d 725
Eirtis Mckay, Appellant, v. James D. Purkett, Appellee
Date: June 21, 2001
Citation: 255 F.3d 660
Gwenn Okruhlik, Plaintiff-appellee,united States, Intervenor on Appeal, v. the University of Arkansas, by and Through the Chairman of the Board of Trustees, J. Thomas May, and Its President, B. Allen Sugg; Donald O. Pederson, in His Official and Individual Capacity; Bernard L. Madison, in His Official and Individual Capacity; Mark Cory, in His Official and Individual Capacity; Adnan Haydar, in His Official and Individual Capacity; Mounir Farah, in His Officialand Individual Capacity; Steven Neuse, in His Official and Individual Capacity; Donald Kelley, in His Official and Individual Capacity; Jeff Ryan, in His Official and Individual Capacity; Todd Shields, in His Official and Individual Capacity; Conrad Waligorski, in His Official and Individual Capacity, Defendants-appellants,ester Lunnie; Dorothy Robinson; Jean Crockett; Gayle D. Portis, Plaintiffs-appellees, United States of America, Intervenor on Appeal, v. University of Arkansas Board of Trustees, a Body Politic and Corporate; Defendant-appellant, William E. Clark, in His Individual and Official Capacity As a Member of the Board of Trustees; Frances A. Cranford, in Her Individual and Official Capacity As a Member of the Board of Trustees; Gary C. George, in His Individual and Official Capacity As a Member of the Board of Trustees; Joe L. Hargrove, M.d., in His Individual and Official Capacity As a Member of the Board of Trustees; James E. Lindsey, in His Individual and Official Capacity As a Member of the Board of Trustees; J. Thomas May, in His Individual and Official Capacity As a Member of the Board of Trustees; Frank W. Oldham, Jr., Jr., in His Individual and Official Capacity As a Member of the Board of Trustees; Ned Ray Purtle, in His Individual and Official Capacity As a Member of the Board of Trustees; Stanley Reed, in His Individual and Official Capacity As a Member of the Board of Trustees; Charles E. Scharlau, Iii, in His Individual and Official Capacity As a Member of the Board of Trustees; Bobby Justus, in His Individual and Official Capacity As Business Manager for Patient Care Services for the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Defendants,linda Schilcher, Plaintiff-appellee, v. Board of Trustees of the University of Arkansas; Donald O. Pederson, Vice Chancellor of Academic Affairs; Bernard L. Madison, Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences; Mark Cory, Associate Dean for International Programs; Hoyt Purvis, Director of the Fulbright Institute for International Relations; Adnan Haydar, Director of the King Fahd Program for Middle East Studies; Mounir Farah, Associate Director of the King Fahd Program for Middle East Studies, Each in Their Official and Personal Capacities, Defendants-appellants
Date: June 20, 2001
Citation: 255 F.3d 615
United States of America, Appellee, v. Alvie Taylor, Appellant
Date: June 18, 2001
Citation: 253 F.3d 1115
Mark Kilmartin, Appellee, v. Mike Kemna & Jay Nixon, Appellants
Date: June 14, 2001
Citation: 253 F.3d 1087
Deborah Denise Skinner, Appellant, v. Maritz, Inc., Appellee
Date: June 12, 2001
Citation: 253 F.3d 337
United States of America, Appellant, v. Rex Ronald Webb, Appellee
Date: June 11, 2001
Citation: 252 F.3d 1006
United States of America, Appellee, v. Darius M. Moss, Appellant
Date: June 11, 2001
Citation: 252 F.3d 993
United States of America, Appellee, v. Cindy Lou Cates, Appellant
Date: June 7, 2001
Citation: 251 F.3d 1164
United States of America, Appellee, v. Ricky Davis, Appellant
Date: May 31, 2001
Citation: 251 F.3d 765
Tyrone Barnes, Appellant, v. David Dormire, Appellee
Date: May 31, 2001
Citation: 251 F.3d 767
United States of America, Appellee, v. James F. Atkins, Appellant
Date: May 30, 2001
Citation: 250 F.3d 1203
United States of America, Appellee, v. Chet Searing, Appellant
Date: May 25, 2001
Citation: 250 F.3d 665
John Robert Mcgee, Appellant, v. Jonathon E. Broz, Appellee
Date: May 25, 2001
Citation: 251 F.3d 750
United States, Appellee, v. Charles Franklin, Appellant
Date: May 22, 2001
Citation: 250 F.3d 653
Bryan Scott May, Appellant, v. State of Iowa, Appellee
Date: May 16, 2001
Citation: 251 F.3d 713
Freddie Harris, Appellant, v. Linda Taylor, Appellee
Date: May 15, 2001
Citation: 250 F.3d 613
Ronnie E. Austin, Sr., Appellant, v. W.h. Braum, Inc., Appellee
Date: May 11, 2001
Citation: 249 F.3d 805

Some case metadata and case summaries were written with the help of AI, which can produce inaccuracies. You should read the full case before relying on it for legal research purposes.

This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.