Valdivia v. Township High School District 214, No. 19-1410 (7th Cir. 2019)
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In 2010-2016, Valdivia worked for the District and received excellent performance evaluations. In 2016, she began reporting to Sisi. Valdivia began experiencing insomnia, weight loss, uncontrollable crying, racing thoughts, inability to concentrate, and exhaustion. Valdivia went into work late and left work early because she could not control her crying. She told Sisi about her symptoms and asked for a 10‐month position, instead of her 12‐month job. Sisi declined. After a third conversation, Sisi told Valdivia that she needed to decide whether she was staying. Valdivia sought out Sisi several more times and eventually submitted her resignation. Valdivia immediately regretted her decision and went to Sisi’s home, crying and asking to rescind her resignation. Sisi denied that request. Valdivia's physician noted depression. The next day, Valdivia began her new job; she was able to work for only four days before quitting. She was hospitalized and treated for anxiety and severe major depressive disorder. A psychiatrist later testified that it would be “difficult for anybody to work” with her symptoms. She sued under the Family and Medical Leave Act, 29 U.S.C. 2601−2654, claiming that the District interfered with her rights by failing to provide her with notice or information about her right to take job‐protected leave. A jury awarded her $12,000 in damages. The Seventh Circuit affirmed the denial of the District’s motion for judgment as a matter of law. The District has not met the high bar to set aside a jury verdict. The District had notice of Valdivia’s problem through her conduct and direct reports.
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In the United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit ____________________ No. 19 1410 NOEMI VALDIVIA, Plaintiff Appellee, v. TOWNSHIP HIGH SCHOOL DISTRICT 214, Defendant Appellant. ____________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division. No. 16 C 10333 — Sidney I. Schenkier, Magistrate Judge. ____________________ ARGUED SEPTEMBER 4, 2019 — DECIDED NOVEMBER 12, 2019 ____________________ Before WOOD, Chief Judge, and BAUER and HAMILTON, Cir cuit Judges. WOOD, Chief Judge. Noemi Valdivia worked successfully as an administrative assistant for Township High School District 214, which is headquartered in Arlington Heights, Illinois, un til she began experiencing severe psychological problems that ultimately led to the end of her employment there. She sued the District under the Family and Medical Leave Act (“FMLA”), 29 U.S.C. §§ 2601−2654, claiming that it interfered 2 No. 19 1410 with her rights under the Act by failing to provide her with notice or information about her right to take job protected leave. After a trial over which a magistrate judge presided by consent, see 28 U.S.C. § 636(c), a jury returned a verdict in Val divia’s favor and awarded her $12,000 in damages. The Dis trict then moved for judgment as a matter of law under Fed eral Rule of Civil Procedure 50(b). The district court denied that motion, and the District has now appealed. It takes a lot to set aside a jury verdict, and we conclude that the District has not met that high bar. We thus a rm the judgment. I The only issue on appeal is whether the court erred by denying the District’s Rule 50(b) motion. This is a question of law, and thus our consideration is de novo. Tate v. Exec. Mgmt. Servs., Inc., 546 F.3d 528, 531 (7th Cir. 2008). We view the facts and evidence in the light most favorable to Valdivia, as the litigant who prevailed before the jury. Id. at 531−32. From May 2010 through June 2016, Valdivia worked for the District as an assistant to the associate principal for in struction at Elk Grove High School. During her time at Elk Grove, Valdivia received excellent performance evaluations. Her supervisors described her as “extremely dependable” and an “invaluable resource,” and they said that her work was “immaculate” and “free from error.” Valdivia was never disciplined and rarely took sick days. After learning about a new opening within the District, Valdivia applied for and received a promotion to the post of assistant to the principal at Wheeling High School. She began reporting to Wheeling’s principal, Angela Sisi, in mid June 2016. Valdivia and Sisi had not worked together previously, No. 19 1410 3 but they had been acquainted for several years. Valdivia had worked as an assistant to Sisi’s mother at Elk Grove for eight or nine months, and Sisi’s mother told Sisi that Valdivia was the “best assistant [she] ever had.” Unfortunately, shortly after she started at Wheeling, Val divia’s mental state began to deteriorate. She had trouble sleeping, eating, and getting out of bed, and she lacked en ergy. In July her symptoms worsened: she experienced in somnia, weight loss, uncontrollable crying, racing thoughts, an inability to concentrate, and exhaustion. Valdivia began going into work late because she could not drag herself out of bed, and she started leaving work early because she could not control her crying. She applied for other jobs, thinking a dif ferent position might help her. Valdivia did not attempt to conceal these symptoms. To the contrary, she met with Sisi and told Sisi that she was feel ing overwhelmed, had lost weight, was not able to sleep, and was not hungry. She also mentioned that she had received an o er for a di erent job but said that she would probably re main at Wheeling. During this conversation, Sisi tried giving Valdivia a work assignment, but Valdivia pleaded, “[N]o, don’t do this to me right now.” About two days after that initial conversation, Valdivia spoke to Sisi again. Once again, she described in detail what was happening to her: “I’m so confused. I’m not eating[.] I’m not sleeping. I’ve been losing weight. I’m [] so overwhelmed. I don’t understand what’s happening to me.” Valdivia also asked Sisi to give her a ten month position, instead of her twelve month job, because she thought that time away from the workplace might help. Sisi declined the request, prompt ing Valdivia to say that she might accept the other job o er. 4 No. 19 1410 Shortly thereafter, Valdivia had a third conversation with Sisi. Sisi told Valdivia that she needed to decide whether she was staying or leaving. Valdivia started crying, and the en counter ended inconclusively. Valdivia sought out Sisi four or five more times after that conversation to discuss whether she should accept the other job o er. A few times, Valdivia went home early after one of those conversations, again because of uncontrollable crying. At one point in early August, Valdivia told Sisi that she was considering leaving “for medical rea sons,” and she again asked for a ten month job. Feeling pressure from Sisi to decide whether she was stay ing at Wheeling or leaving, Valdivia submitted a letter of res ignation on Thursday, August 4, 2016; the letter indicated that it would take e ect a week later, on August 11, 2016. Almost immediately, Valdivia regretted her decision to resign. On August 9, 2016, she showed up at Sisi’s home early in the morning, crying and asking to rescind her resignation. Sisi, frustrated that Valdivia had woken her children, sent Valdivia to work and denied Valdivia’s request to rescind. Valdivia’s employment with the District therefore ended on August 11, 2016. That same day, Valdivia scheduled an ap pointment with her primary care physician, Dr. Lisa Glosson. Dr. Glosson’s records note that Valdivia had been su ering from depression, di culty falling asleep, di culty concen trating, loss of appetite, anxiety, and restlessness for several weeks. Dr. Glosson prescribed Xanax for her. The next day, Valdivia began her new job, but she was able to work for only four days before quitting. On August 21, 2016, Valdivia went to St. Joseph Hospital’s emergency room and informed the doctor that her anxiety and sleeplessness had persisted for a month. She returned to No. 19 1410 5 the hospital on August 23, 2016. That time, she was admitted for four days and given medication for anxiety and severe ma jor depressive disorder. On August 31, 2016, Valdivia visited a psychiatrist, Dr. Syed Waliuddin. Based on Valdivia’s re ported symptoms, he too diagnosed her with major depres sive disorder, single episode, severe, and generalized anxiety disorder. Dr. Waliuddin testified that it would be “di cult for anybody to work” with her symptoms. II Congress enacted the FMLA to assist employees in balanc ing the demands of their jobs with their own medical needs and those of their families. Harrell v. U.S. Postal Serv., 445 F.3d 913, 918–19 (7th Cir. 2006). The Act’s purpose is to “entitle em ployees to take reasonable leave for medical reasons … in a manner that accommodates the legitimate interests of em ployers.” 29 U.S.C. § 2601(b)(2)−(3). To accomplish this goal, the FMLA provides that an eligible employee may take up to twelve (unpaid) workweeks of leave during a twelve month period if she is unable to perform the functions of her position because of a serious health condition. Id. § 2612(a)(1). An em ployer may not “interfere with, restrain, or deny the exercise of or the attempt to exercise” the rights guaranteed by the stat ute. Id. § 2615(a)(1). To prevail on an FMLA interference claim, an employee must establish the following: (1) she was eligible for the FMLA’s protections, (2) her employer was covered by the FMLA, (3) she was entitled to leave under the FMLA, (4) she provided su cient notice of her intent to take leave, and (5) her employer denied her FMLA benefits to which she was en titled. Burnett v. LFW Inc., 472 F.3d 471, 477 (7th Cir. 2006). The District argues that the district court erred in denying its 6 No. 19 1410 motion for judgment as a matter of law because, in its view, no reasonable juror could find that (a) Valdivia was entitled to leave under the FMLA or (b) Valdivia provided the District with adequate notice. We address its arguments in that order. A An employee is entitled to FMLA leave if (1) she is a icted with a “serious health condition,” and (2) that condition makes her unable to perform the essential functions of her po sition. Guzman v. Brown Cnty., 884 F.3d 633, 638 (7th Cir. 2018). An employee has a “serious health condition” within the meaning of the FMLA when she has “an illness, injury, im pairment, or physical or mental condition that involves—(A) inpatient care in a hospital, hospice, or residential medical care facility; or (B) continuing treatment by a health care pro vider.” 29 U.S.C. § 2611(11). The evidence in this record was su cient to support the jury’s finding that Valdivia had a serious health condition. Shortly after she left her job with the District, while she was experiencing symptoms identical to those she had described to Sisi, Valdivia was hospitalized for four days. Extrapolating from that hospitalization, the jury could conclude that while Valdivia was employed by the District, she had a “mental con dition” that involved “inpatient care in a hospital.” In addi tion, at trial Valdivia provided detailed testimony describing her condition and the symptoms she experienced from June through August 2016, including insomnia, loss of appetite, weight loss, and uncontrollable crying. Her medical records, which corroborated this testimony, were admitted into evi dence. Those records stated that Valdivia su ered from anxi ety or depression, or both. Valdivia’s psychiatrist, Dr. Waliuddin, also testified at trial. He diagnosed Valdivia with No. 19 1410 7 severe major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety dis order, which he explained meant that Valdivia had exhibited symptoms for at least two weeks. Based on these evidentiary sources, the jury reasonably found that Valdivia su ered from a serious health condition. Moreover, a reasonable jury could also conclude, as this jury did, that because of her serious health condition, Valdivia was unable to perform the functions of her job. Valdivia testi fied that she often arrived late to work or left work early, had di culty concentrating, and struggled to complete tasks. Dr. Waliuddin testified that Valdivia’s symptoms would make it “di cult for anybody to work.” Although Valdivia’s doctors did not examine her while she was working at the District, we have found that an em ployee does not need to be diagnosed during her employment, as long as the condition existed then. For example, in Burnett, we found that an employee could show that he was entitled to leave under the FMLA even though he was not diagnosed with prostate cancer until after he was fired. 472 F.3d at 480−81. In addition, in Hansen v. Fincantieri Marine Grp., LLC, 763 F.3d 832 (7th Cir. 2014), we held that expert medical testi mony was not required to prove, on a day by day basis, that an employee was incapacitated every day for which he re quested FMLA leave. Instead, for a chronic condition such as depression, lay testimony, supplemented by medical records, was su cient. Id. at 839. Here, Valdivia’s testimony indicated that she had exhibited symptoms for weeks, including at least some time when she was working at Wheeling, and her med ical records supported the fact that her condition did not arise for the first time on the day she saw the doctor. 8 No. 19 1410 Viewing the testimony and medical records in the light most favorable to Valdivia, we see no reason to disturb the jury’s conclusion that Valdivia had a serious health condition that made her unable to perform the functions of her job while she was working for the District. B The District also contends that the notice Valdivia pro vided was insu cient as a matter of law. The FMLA notice requirements “are not onerous.” Burnett, 472 F.3d at 478. Di rect notice from an employee to an employer is not always re quired; an employer’s constructive notice of an employee’s need for FMLA leave may be su cient. Byrne v. Avon Prods., Inc., 328 F.3d 379, 381−82 (7th Cir. 2003). We acknowledge that the language of the pertinent regulation has changed since Byrne was decided: as of 2003, the regulation said that “[i]t is expected that an employee will give notice to the employer within no more than one or two working days of learning of the need for leave, except in extraordinary circumstances where such notice is not feasible,” while the 2009 version calls for notice as soon as practicable and says that “generally” it should be practicable within the time prescribed by the em ployer. Compare 29 C.F.R. § 825.303(a) (2003) (emphasis added) with id. (2009) (emphasis added). This change prompted the Eighth Circuit to wonder whether constructive notice will still su ce in these cases. See Scobey v. Nucor Steel– Arkansas, 580 F.3d 781, 788 (8th Cir. 2009). But 29 C.F.R. § 825.303(a), in both of its forms, addresses only the timing of notice, not whether it must be oral, in writing, direct, or infer able from the circumstances. And in any event, in our case the District waived any argument based on the 2009 amendments when it failed to raise this point before the district court in its No. 19 1410 9 Rule 50(b) motion. See Wheeler v. Hronopoulos, 891 F.3d 1072, 1073 (7th Cir. 2018). Byrne was a case in which we held that clear abnormalities in an employee’s behavior may be enough to alert the em ployer to a serious health condition. 328 F.3d at 381−82. In such cases, “observable changes in an employee’s condition … present an obvious need for medical leave, thereby obviat ing the need for an express request for medical leave.” Burnett, 472 F.3d at 479. It is enough for purposes of the FMLA, we said, that an employer “knows of the employee’s need for leave; the employee need not mention the statute or demand its benefits.” Stevenson v. Hyre Elec. Co., 505 F.3d 720, 726 (7th Cir. 2007) (quoting Byrne, 328 F.3d at 382). There, the em ployee’s unusual behavior of sleeping on the job, particularly when he had been a model employee throughout his four year history with the employer, constituted constructive no tice. 328 F.3d at 381−82. The employee’s sister had also told his employer that he was “very sick,” and the employee mum bled odd phrases when a supervisor finally asked him about sleeping on the job. Id. at 380. The record before the jury in Valdivia’s case included more than these danger signs from the employee’s behavior. Valdivia met with Sisi on several occasions to report her dete riorating mental health. She asked for the accommodation of a ten month position rather than a twelve month position, even though she did not expressly mention the FMLA when she made the request. She said that she was incapable of ac cepting a new work assignment. These conversations take her case out of the pure constructive notice model. The jury was entitled to conclude that this was timely and actual notice to the employer. 10 No. 19 1410 Valdivia’s behavior also came directly to Sisi’s attention. The District was not held responsible for problems that it might have, but did not, deduce from a course of conduct; through Sisi, it had actual knowledge about the situation. Val divia had been a model employee during her six years at Elk Grove. Her behavior at Wheeling contrasted sharply with what Sisi expected from her record. Sisi’s mother had told Sisi that Valdivia was “the best assistant [she] ever had.” Shortly after she moved to Wheeling, however, Valdivia began expe riencing problems. The jury was entitled to conclude that Sisi knew about those problems: the profuse crying, the late arri vals and early departures, and the inability to finish tasks. Val divia, after all, was Sisi’s personal assistant. The District thus had notice of Valdivia’s problem through her conduct, as well as through her direct reports. Adequacy of notice is a “fact rich question” that is “per haps best resolved by the trier of fact, particularly, where, as is the case here, the employer and employee dispute the quan tity and nature of communications regarding the employee’s illness.” Burnett, 472 F.3d at 479 n.4. This record presented a jury question on notice, not a matter suitable for resolution as a matter of law. The jury concluded that Valdivia’s notice to the District was adequate, and that decision must stand. We therefore AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.
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