2012 Sixth Circuit US Court of Appeals Case Law
Opinions 1501 - 2000 of 2013
Date: April 4, 2012
Docket Number: 09-4322
Justia Opinion Summary: Nonneman, acting through Fencorp, a family investment corporation, invested $3,980,345.50 in OKO for domestic oil and gas exploration, although he had no experience in such businesses, was showing signs of dementia, and…
Date: April 4, 2012
Docket Number: 09-4323
Justia Opinion Summary: In addition to about $4 million invested through his family corporation, Nonneman personally invested about $15 million in OKO for domestic oil and gas exploration, although he had no experience in such businesses, was…
Date: April 3, 2012
Docket Number: 10-3912
Justia Opinion Summary: While working for plaintiff, Hashman was standing in the open compartment, driving a forklift manufactured by Raymond when she either fell or stepped from the open side of the compartment. Her foot was trapped. She…
Date: April 2, 2012
Docket Number: 10-2141
Justia Opinion Summary: The union filed a petition to organize employees at an assisted-living facility. Employees voted in favor of the union by a wide margin. The employer objected to the result, claiming the union improperly distributed a…
Date: March 30, 2012
Docket Number: 10-2078
Justia Opinion Summary: The city accepted a proposal to develop city-owned property. The developer formed companies to develop and own the affordable housing portion of the project. The city gave the developer an option to purchase the…
Date: March 30, 2012
Docket Number: 10-5745
Date: March 30, 2012
Docket Number: 10-6238
Justia Opinion Summary: Defendant committed several armed robberies in South Carolina and Tennessee. He was convicted in South Carolina state court and sentenced to 25 years. He pled guilty to federal charges of bank robbery, 18 U.S.C. 2113(d),…
Date: March 30, 2012
Docket Number: 10-6402
Date: March 29, 2012
Docket Number: 10-5283
Justia Opinion Summary: In 2002, defendant was convicted of sexual battery, requiring him to register as a sex offender under Ohio law. Three days before he was released from prison, in 2005, he signed a notice acknowledging his duty to…
Date: March 28, 2012
Docket Number: 10-2012
Date: March 27, 2012
Docket Number: 10-3064
Justia Opinion Summary: In 2006, petitioner was convicted of rape and unlawful sexual conduct with a minor, friend of his girlfriend's daughter and sentenced to eight years' imprisonment. The Ohio Court of Appeal rejected a challenge to a…
Date: March 27, 2012
Docket Number: 10-4009
Justia Opinion Summary: During the 2008 campaign, Joe, a plumber working near Toledo, asked then-candidate Obama about a proposed tax plan’s impact on Joe’s ability to own a business. The interaction was replayed by national media. Joe later…
Date: March 26, 2012
Docket Number: 07-2469
Justia Opinion Summary: The court's February 2010 decision was reversed by the United States Supreme Court, the Court, which held that the incumbent local exchange carrier, Michigan Bell, must lease its existing entrance facilities for…
Date: March 21, 2012
Docket Number: 10-4501
Date: March 21, 2012
Docket Number: 11-3573
Justia Opinion Summary: Defendant, charged as a felon in possession of a firearm and ammunition (18 U.S.C. 922(g)(1)), moved to suppress evidence seized in the automobile search (a loaded revolver found under the driver's seat) and his later…
Date: March 20, 2012
Docket Number: 09-3444
Justia Opinion Summary: In 1972, petitioner was convicted of first degree murder and sentenced to life imprisonment. Paroled 20 years later, he was arrested in 1997 for aggravated robbery. Petitioner faked inability to walk and had to be…
Date: March 20, 2012
Docket Number: 10-6316
Justia Opinion Summary: Officers activated their lights and approached defendant's vehicle, which was parked in an otherwise empty coin-operated carwash in an area in which several drug arrests had been made. After seeing furtive movements, and…
Date: March 19, 2012
Docket Number: 10-3853
Justia Opinion Summary: Ohio law gives certain mayors jurisdiction to "hear and determine any prosecution for the violation of an ordinance of the municipal corporation, to hear and determine any case involving a violation of a vehicle parking…
Date: March 19, 2012
Docket Number: 10-5235
Justia Opinion Summary: Plaintiffs, manufacturers and sellers of tobacco products, alleged that provisions of the 2009 Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act violated their First Amendment rights. The district court granted partial…
Date: March 16, 2012
Docket Number: 11-5450
Justia Opinion Summary: The collective bargaining agreement was scheduled to expire. During negotiations, the union disclaimed representation of the company's employees and terminated the collective bargaining process. The company then withdrew…
Date: March 15, 2012
Docket Number: 11-8050
Justia Opinion Summary: In 2006 debtors sublet land from lessees on a 30-year recorded lease and purchased a three-story cottage on the land by bill of sale. The lease refers to removal of the structure upon termination of the lease and…
Date: March 15, 2012
Docket Number: 11-8070
Justia Opinion Summary: Reyes alleges that her home was foreclosed upon and that she and her children were forced to live in a motel. She agreed to pay debtor $22,000 for a mobile home and gave debtor $15,000 in cash. The closing never took…
Date: March 14, 2012
Docket Number: 09-5977
Justia Opinion Summary: Petitioner, convicted of first-degree murder and sentenced to life in prison, exhausted state remedies and unsuccessfully petitioned the Supreme Court for certiorari. The district court rejected his petition for habeas…
Date: March 12, 2012
Docket Number: 11-5237
Justia Opinion Summary: Defendant was convicted for failing to register under the Sex Offender Registration Notification Act, 18 U.S.C. 2250(a). Though the state's own sex registration form included notification of the federal duty to register…
Date: March 7, 2012
Docket Number: 09-5276
Justia Opinion Summary: Police responded to a call, about a shooting, spotted a car that matched the description, and stopped defendant, who briefly resisted and was handcuffed. After police patted him down and discovered no weapons, they…
Date: March 7, 2012
Docket Number: 09-6549
Justia Opinion Summary: Defendant entered a conditional plea of guilty to being a felon in possession of a firearm, 18 U.S.C. 922(g)(1) and was sentenced under the Armed Career Criminal Act, 18 U.S.C. 924(e), to the mandatory minimum sentence…
Date: March 6, 2012
Docket Number: 10-6529
Justia Opinion Summary: Tennessee law mandates mediation in certain contested divorce proceedings. Now-Judge Martin was appointed and performed mediation in plaintiff's divorce as part of his private legal practice. The divorce was granted,…
Date: March 5, 2012
Docket Number: 10-2103
Justia Opinion Summary: The debtor filed a voluntary bankruptcy petition and her Chapter 13 plan. A few weeks later, she filed her Michigan state income tax return, showing that she owed $4,900 for the 2008 tax year. She did not make payment,…
Date: March 5, 2012
Docket Number: 10-5615
Justia Opinion Summary: In 2006, U.S. Marshals worked with officers in 24 states on a fugitive round-up that led to arrests of 10,733 people, including plaintiff, who was wrongfully arrested because of clerical mistakes. All charges were…
Date: March 2, 2012
Docket Number: 07-6114
Justia Opinion Summary: Plaintiffs are among the world’s largest purchasers of air conditioning and refrigeration copper tubing. Defendants imported ACR copper into the U.S. In 2003 the Commission of the European Communities found that…
Date: March 2, 2012
Docket Number: 10-2028
Justia Opinion Summary: Defendant, a sheet metal contractor, was bound by bargaining agreements that required journeymen to perform sheet metal work. A 1996 agreement allowed defendant to use lower-wage production workers for some, but not all,…
Date: March 2, 2012
Docket Number: 10-6117
Justia Opinion Summary: In 2009, AT&T sought to introduce a video service in Hopkinsville, Kentucky, relying on authority provided by its perpetual, Commonwealth-wide, telephone franchise granted in 1886. The city sued, claiming the telephone…
Date: March 1, 2012
Docket Number: 09-1875
Justia Opinion Summary: Perkins was convicted of a fatal stabbing. He exhausted appeals. The conviction became final in 1997. He did not file a petition for habeas corpus within one year, as required by the Antiterrorism and Effective Death…
Date: March 1, 2012
Docket Number: 10-3616
Justia Opinion Summary: Plaintiff, hired as a temporary hourly employee, wanted to take an additional week off after the annual plant shutdown to tour with his band. He did not speak with his assigned union representative or any member of GM…
Date: February 29, 2012
Docket Number: 10-1441
Justia Opinion Summary: In 2003, petitioner pled guilty to unarmed robbery of $10 that occurred when he was 17 years old and had no prior criminal history. He suffered from A.D.H.D. and had been in special education since first grade. After…
Date: February 29, 2012
Docket Number: 10-3266
Justia Opinion Summary: Plaintiff fell and broke bones while walking in defendant’s campground. She sought damages for medical expenses and lost earning capacity. Before her injury, she worked part-time in childcare, earning $9,000 to $10,000…
Date: February 29, 2012
Docket Number: 10-3998
Justia Opinion Summary: Plaintiff rented a car, drove 64 miles in one day, refilled the fuel tank, and returned the car to the same location from which he rented the car. In addition to rental and other fees that he does not dispute, he was…
Date: February 29, 2012
Docket Number: 11-3278
Date: February 28, 2012
Docket Number: 09-4284
Justia Opinion Summary: Petitioner was convicted of aggravated robbery, felonious assault, (with firearm specifications) and possession of cocaine and sentenced to 258 months' imprisonment. On direct appeal he claimed ineffective assistance of…
Date: February 28, 2012
Docket Number: 10-4368
Justia Opinion Summary: Dorn Sprinkler, formed in 1977 and operated by its owner, David, failed to contribute to benefit funds required by its collective bargaining agreement for three months in 2006-2007. Employees organized a work stoppage.…
Date: February 27, 2012
Docket Number: 09-1959
Justia Opinion Summary: Defendant pled guilty to knowingly possessing more than 7100 images of child pornography on his computer, 18 U.S.C. 2252A(a)(5)(B). Some of the images involved bondage, torture, and rape of prepubescent children. The…
Date: February 27, 2012
Docket Number: 10-3070
Justia Opinion Summary: Defendant entered a plea of guilty to possession of child pornography, 18 U.S.C. 2252(a)(5)(B). He challenged denial of a motion to suppress floppy disks discovered in his house and five conditions imposed on supervised…
Date: February 24, 2012
Docket Number: 10-3092
Justia Opinion Summary: Defendant pleaded guilty to three child pornography offenses, 18 U.S.C. 2252(a)(2), 2252A(a)(2), and 2252A(a)(5)(B) and was sentenced to 121 months imprisonment. The Sixth Circuit affirmed, first rejecting an argument…
Date: February 24, 2012
Docket Number: 10-3590
Justia Opinion Summary: Current and former African–American employees brought suit alleging that they were exposed to a racially hostile work environment in defendant's warehouses and, in response to a motion for summary judgment, submitted a…
Date: February 23, 2012
Docket Number: 09-3892
Justia Opinion Summary: Hardesty, a resident of Utah, solicited Schneider, a physician and resident of Ohio, for an investment involving purchase of medical-malpractice insurance from Hardesty's foreign-based company. The investment was to…
Date: February 23, 2012
Docket Number: 10-1043
Justia Opinion Summary: Defendants, convicted of state-law sex offenses requiring them to register before the enactment of the federal Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act, 42 U.S.C. 16901, were indicted for traveling in interstate…
Date: February 22, 2012
Docket Number: 10-2302
Justia Opinion Summary: GM offered separate defined-contribution 401(k) plans. Benefits were based on the amount of contributions and investment performance of an individual's separate account. The plans offered several investment options,…
Date: February 22, 2012
Docket Number: 10-3836
Date: February 22, 2012
Docket Number: 10-3901
Date: February 22, 2012
Docket Number: 10-5043
Justia Opinion Summary: A 1998 settlement (MSA), between states and large tobacco companies (OPMs) included incentives for non-parties to join, but OPMs retained the most favorable payment terms. The MSA permitted states to enact statutes…
Date: February 22, 2012
Docket Number: 10-5363
Justia Opinion Summary: Famed singer-songwriter Roger Miller assigned original and renewal copyrights to his songs to defendant in the 1960s. Defendant filed applications to register renewal copyrights for 1964 songs with the Copyright Office…
Date: February 21, 2012
Docket Number: 10-1554
Date: February 21, 2012
Docket Number: 10-2044
Justia Opinion Summary: Plaintiff began working for JLF in 2007 at an annual salary of $125,000. He alleges that JLF ceased paying him about a year later because of cash flow problems, but he did not stop working. A few weeks later the entire…
Date: February 21, 2012
Docket Number: 11-8066
Justia Opinion Summary: A Chapter 7 debtor instituted an adversary proceeding against Sallie Mae, Inc. (11 U.S.C. 523(a)(8)) to determine the dischargeability of a student loan (about $25,000). The bankruptcy court entered a default judgment…
Date: February 16, 2012
Docket Number: 10-2174
Justia Opinion Summary: In 2000 plaintiff, a Caucasian, began working at a juvenile detention facility. He was a member of the Michigan State Employees Association Union and could only be terminated for cause. Between 2005 and 2007, plaintiff…
Date: February 16, 2012
Docket Number: 10-4006
Date: February 15, 2012
Docket Number: 10-6248
Justia Opinion Summary: Debtors were eligible to participate in their employers' ERISA 401(k) qualified retirement plans, but were not making contributions to those plans when they filed Chapter 13 petitions, but were repaying 401(k) loans to…
Date: February 14, 2012
Docket Number: 09-4284
Date: February 13, 2012
Docket Number: 10-4059
Justia Opinion Summary: The Festival is an annual event at a 200-acre public park. Two private organizations rent the park. The city provides a number of facilities and services and the park remains open to the public. The organizations rent…
Date: February 13, 2012
Docket Number: 10-5129
Date: February 10, 2012
Docket Number: 08-5774
Justia Opinion Summary: Defendant was convicted of two counts of production of child pornography, 18 U.S.C. 2251(a); one count of possession of child pornography, 18 U.S.C. 2252(a)(4)(B); and one forfeiture count, 18 U.S.C. 2253 following his…
Date: February 10, 2012
Docket Number: 09-1154
Justia Opinion Summary: On the second day of his trial on 23 counts relating to a series of bank robberies, defendant pleaded guilty to two counts of using or carrying a firearm during and in relation to a crime of violence under 18 U.S.C.…
Date: February 10, 2012
Docket Number: 10-4280
Justia Opinion Summary: Petitioner was indicted in state court on two counts of unlawful sexual conduct with a minor, Ohio Rev. Code 2907.04(A), and one count of gross sexualimposition, Ohio Rev. Code 2907.05(A)(1). During trial, the court…
Date: February 10, 2012
Docket Number: 10-5003
Justia Opinion Summary: Plaintiff filed a class-action lawsuit against the insurance company, claiming breach of contract because the company began interpreting the "actual charges" provision of his cancer-insurance policy to mean the charges…
Date: February 10, 2012
Docket Number: 10-6467
Justia Opinion Summary: After his trial for intentional possession of an unregistered firearm, defendant was instructed to place his hands behind his back for cuffing. Instead he grabbed a plastic water pitcher and hit a deputy in the head with…
Date: February 9, 2012
Docket Number: 10-2407
Justia Opinion Summary: Defendant entered an unconditional guilty plea to sexually exploiting a minor in violation of 18 U.S.C. 2251(a). The district court imposed a within-guidelines 360-month sentence. The Sixth Circuit vacated the sentence…
Date: February 7, 2012
Docket Number: 09-2470
Justia Opinion Summary: Plaintiffs, seven couples who sent money to the defendants (adoption agency and individuals) to facilitate adoptions, in some cases of specific children, believed they had been defrauded and filed federal claims. The…
Date: February 6, 2012
Docket Number: 10-1794
Justia Opinion Summary: In 2006, plaintiffs contracted with defendant to purchase a condominium for $395,900. They made cash deposits of $11,877 and executed a note for $19,795. When notified of a closing date in 2009, plaintiffs' counsel sent…
Date: February 6, 2012
Docket Number: 10-4178
Justia Opinion Summary: Petitioner, a professor, told the FBI and the university that she had received hate mail at her office. The FBI and the university spent thousands of dollars investigating before she admitted to writing and delivering…
Date: February 6, 2012
Docket Number: 10-6218
Justia Opinion Summary: One of 14 individuals charged with, among other things conspiring to steal government property, as part of a scheme to defraud the VA of disability benefits, defendant proceeded to trial, but on the third day, changed…
Date: February 3, 2012
Docket Number: 10-1028
Justia Opinion Summary: John was a ninth grade special education student. Jane, in eighth grade, believed that she was John's girlfriend. Jane's mother claims that John sexually harassed Jane by shoving her into a locker out of jealousy,…
Date: February 2, 2012
Docket Number: 07-4285
Justia Opinion Summary: Petitioner was convicted in 1993 of a 1991 aggravated murder, was sentenced to death, and exhausted Ohio state court remedies. He filed a 28 U.S.C. 2254 petition for habeas corpus in 1999 and amended his petition in 2003…
Date: February 2, 2012
Docket Number: 09-6525
Justia Opinion Summary: Defendant, a businessman, was convicted on 10 counts of bank fraud (18 U.S.C. 1344) involving creation of 10 fraudulent entries on the books of a small bank in Benton, Tennessee. At trial, the government offered the…
Date: February 2, 2012
Docket Number: 10-2104
Date: February 2, 2012
Docket Number: 10-3293
Justia Opinion Summary: Among other provisions, the ordinance prohibited door-to-door canvassing and soliciting between 6 P.M. and 9 A.M. The district court struck licensing requirements as unconstitutional, invalidated a requirement that…
Date: February 2, 2012
Docket Number: 10-5797
Justia Opinion Summary: Plaintiff, a new teacher, approached the principal to deny rumors that she had a sexual relationship with a minor student, JS. The principal spoke with JS, who denied the allegations. Days later, JS changed his story. …
Date: January 31, 2012
Docket Number: 10-2101
Justia Opinion Summary: In a previous proceeding, the National Labor Relations Board found that the medical center violated the National Labor Relations Act, 29 U.S.C. 158(a)(1), (3) when it fired eight employees because of their union support…
Date: January 30, 2012
Docket Number: 08-4735
Justia Opinion Summary: Plaintiffs sought insurance coverage for settlement and defense costs related to thousands of asbestos-exposure products-liability lawsuits that began in 1981. Many of the underlying asbestos claims arose from exposure…
Date: January 30, 2012
Docket Number: 09-3091
Date: January 30, 2012
Docket Number: 09-3092
Date: January 30, 2012
Docket Number: 09-3304
Date: January 30, 2012
Docket Number: 09-3307
Date: January 30, 2012
Docket Number: 10-1400
Justia Opinion Summary: In 2008, the Eastern District of Michigan ranked 79th of 90 judicial districts in successful completion of Chapter 13 bankruptcy cases. To improve the situation, the judges began entering orders in Chapter 13 plans that…
Date: January 30, 2012
Docket Number: 10-6450
Justia Opinion Summary: Defendant hacked the email account of then-Alaska governor and Vice Presidential candidate Sarah Palin. After forensic examinations revealed that he took action to remove information from his computer relating to the…
Date: January 27, 2012
Docket Number: 00-5667
Justia Opinion Summary: Plaintiff, then age 58, was terminated from his job as shift supervisor in 1998. He claimed that he was terminated because of his age, in violation of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act, 29 U.S.C. 621, and the…
Date: January 27, 2012
Docket Number: 09-4208
Justia Opinion Summary: In 1975 federal court held that the city had discriminated against minorities in hiring entry-level firefighters. In 1977, the court approved a consent decree that included racial classifications as a remedy. A 2000…
Date: January 27, 2012
Docket Number: 10-2145
Justia Opinion Summary: The university prohibits graduate students in its counseling program from discriminating based on sexual orientation and teaches students to affirm client values during counseling sessions. Plaintiff frequently stated…
Date: January 27, 2012
Docket Number: 10-3756
Date: January 26, 2012
Docket Number: 10-5702
Justia Opinion Summary: Defendant pleaded guilty to possession of child pornography, 18 U.S.C. 2252(a)(4)(B), admitting possession of a computer thumb drive that he knew contained many images of minors engaged in sexually explicit conduct. At…
Date: January 25, 2012
Docket Number: 10-1313
Date: January 24, 2012
Docket Number: 09-4397
Justia Opinion Summary: Checking accounts were opened in the name of Diallo by a man with a passport bearing that name. The IRS deposited $3,787 into the account. Diallo withdrew $2,500 before the bank discovered that the money was a tax refund…
Date: January 24, 2012
Docket Number: 10-5310
Date: January 24, 2012
Docket Number: 10-5311
Justia Opinion Summary: The Telecommunications Act of 1996 requires incumbent local exchange carriers to lease to new competitive LECs, unbundled, at cost, facilities and services (elements) that the FCC deems necessary to provide local…
Date: January 24, 2012
Docket Number: 10-3511
Justia Opinion Summary: In 1986, the Association signed an agreement with Beulah Park governing racing operations; later, they amended to establish a regular process in which the Association periodically would grant or withhold consent to…
Date: January 23, 2012
Docket Number: 10-4263
Justia Opinion Summary: During 1998, while living in Tashkent, petitioner graduated from medical school, married, and had a son. He is of the Dungan ethnicity, a group he says is readily distinguishable from ethnic Uzbekis. He claims that they…
Date: January 20, 2012
Docket Number: 09-3507
Justia Opinion Summary: The company granted plaintiff leave under the Family and Medical Leave Act, listing a June 27 return date. The doctor cleared plaintiff for light work beginning on May 31 and set June 13 as the probable date for…
Date: January 20, 2012
Docket Number: 09-4253
Date: January 20, 2012
Docket Number: 09-4255
Date: January 19, 2012
Docket Number: 10-6555
Justia Opinion Summary: Defendant entered a plea of guilty to knowing possession of child pornography transported via computer, 18 U.S.C. 2252A(a)(5)(B) and (b)(2). He was sentenced to 72 months and appealed sentencing enhancement under USSG…
Date: January 19, 2012
Docket Number: 10-2461
Date: January 17, 2012
Docket Number: 10-2153
Justia Opinion Summary: Plaintiff began working as an assistant restaurant manager in late 2005 and missed several weeks of work in 2006-2007 for medical treatments. In 2008 her supervisor discovered irregularities with her receipts and…
Date: January 13, 2012
Docket Number: 10-3762
Justia Opinion Summary: After months of surveillance, police searched curbside trash and found marijuana paraphernalia, an empty ammunition box, and mail addressed to people including defendant. Executing a warrant, they found numerous…
Date: January 13, 2012
Docket Number: 10-3158
Date: January 12, 2012
Docket Number: 10-3526
Justia Opinion Summary: Defendant, a Russian citizen, attended graduate school and owns real property, vehicles, and bank accounts in Ohio. He spends some time in Ohio each year, ranging from 40 days in 2007 to a total of 17 days in 2008–2009.…
Date: January 12, 2012
Docket Number: 09-2509
Date: January 11, 2012
Docket Number: 09-2131
Justia Opinion Summary: In 2002 defendant was tried in Michigan for the stabbing death of a police officer after a traffic stop. The jury sent a note to the judge asking to re-hear testimony from five witnesses. Without consulting with counsel,…
Date: January 11, 2012
Docket Number: 10-4314
Justia Opinion Summary: The police arrested defendant on February 4, 2009, on charges involving heroin distribution. He appeared before a magistrate the same day and was released on bond. A grand jury returned an indictment on June 17.…
Date: January 10, 2012
Docket Number: 09-5568
Justia Opinion Summary: After a man stole a car at gunpoint, the FBI agent learned that about an hour later someone attempted to use the owner's stolen bank cards. Surveillance video showed an unshaven, African American man wearing a red and…
Date: January 10, 2012
Docket Number: 09-2452
Date: January 9, 2012
Docket Number: 09-6348
Justia Opinion Summary: Plaintiff, an African American, began working for defendant in 1987 and was a member of the Army Reserve. In 2004, after rehabilitation for an injury sustained in Iraq, he returned to his job as a supervisor. When he…
Date: January 9, 2012
Docket Number: 10-3106
Justia Opinion Summary: Defendant pled guilty to knowingly possessing 305 images and 56 videos of child pornography on his computer (18 U.S.C. 2522). Many of the images depicted 8- to 10-year-old girls being raped by adult men. The Sentencing…
Date: January 9, 2012
Docket Number: 10-1636
Date: January 6, 2012
Docket Number: 08-6372
Justia Opinion Summary: Defendant pleaded guilty to one count of bank robbery, 18 U.S.C. 2113(a). The district court sentenced him to 168 months' imprisonment, applying a two-point enhancement under USSG 2B3.1(b)(4)(B),applicable where a person…
Date: January 6, 2012
Docket Number: 11-3186
Justia Opinion Summary: Taxpayer took business and individual tax deductions for the cost of "Loss of Income" insurance policies. The policies were back-dated, had a high premium to coverage ratio, were described as tax-savings products, and…
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