United States v. Perry, No. 13-4012 (4th Cir. 2014)
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Defendant appealed his conviction for three counts of fraud related to his receipt of Social Security and healthcare benefits. The court concluded that, in regards to Count One and Two, the indictment was sufficient to apprise defendant of the charges against him and identify the essential elements of the crimes charged; the indictment charged the requisite intent and the court rejected defendant's argument that the government failed to allege specific intent to defraud; the court rejected defendant's argument that the district court erred in denying his motion to dismiss the indictment as time barred under the statute of limitations; the court rejected defendant's challenges to the sufficiency of the indictment on Count Three; and, in regards to defendant's healthcare fraud conviction, the government presented sufficient evidence for a rational jury to find that defendant engaged in a health care fraud scheme. Accordingly, the court held that the district court properly denied defendant's motion to dismiss the indictment and motion for judgment of acquittal. The court affirmed the judgment of the district court.
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PUBLISHED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT No. 13-4012 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff Appellee, v. CHRISTOPHER GEORGE PERRY, f/k/a Christopher Parry, Defendant Appellant. Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Maryland, at Baltimore. Richard D. Bennett, District Judge. (1:12-cr-00173-RDB-1) Argued: March 20, 2014 Decided: July 1, 2014 Before DUNCAN, AGEE, and WYNN, Circuit Judges. Affirmed by published opinion. Judge Wynn wrote the opinion, in which Judge Duncan and Judge Agee joined. ARGUED: Heather H. Martin, QUINN EMANUEL URQUHART & SULLIVAN, LLP, Washington, D.C., for Appellant. Sandra Wilkinson, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Baltimore, Maryland, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: James D. Wyda, Federal Public Defender, OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL PUBLIC DEFENDER, Baltimore, Maryland, for Appellant. Rod J. Rosenstein, United States Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Baltimore, Maryland, for Appellee. WYNN, Circuit Judge: A federal jury convicted Christopher Perry of three counts of fraud related healthcare to benefits. his On receipt appeal, of Social Defendant Security argues and that the district court should have dismissed the indictment because it did not include essential elements of the fraud charges and was barred by the statute of limitations. In addition, Defendant contends that the government failed to prove that he engaged in a scheme or artifice to defraud the government. that follow, we disagree and affirm the For the reasons district court s Social Security judgment. I. In December 1995, Defendant disability insurance benefits. applied for In his application, Defendant agreed to report to the Social Security Administration ( SSA ) if his medical condition improved such that he could work or if he returned to work whether as an employee or a self-employed person. Defendant October J.A. 454. had 1, been 1995. SSA approved the application and found that eligible for disability Sometime thereafter, in benefits 1996 or as of 1997, Defendant started receiving payments. Yet in 1996, Defendant began working at Macy s. the exception of 2001 to 2004, 2 he worked for a And, with variety of employers including Nordstrom until Hertz 2007. In Corporation, 1999, SSA L&J sent Cleaning, Defendant and a form requesting information about his employment, but there is no record of any response. notations to In 1999 and 2000, SSA employees added Defendant s file because Defendant s posted earnings in 1997 and 1998 were above the allowable income for benefits recipients. In January 2006, Defendant began to receive fully subsidized prescription drug benefits under the Medicare Part D program. that His eligibility was based on the SSA s understanding Defendant s only disability benefits. a letter from income was from his Social Security Later, in August 2006, Defendant received Medicare seeking to verify that he was not receiving income from sources other than his Social Security disability benefits. benefits and thus continued to be entitled to Defendant did not respond to this inquiry. In April 2007, Defendant applied for the Low Income Subsidy ( LIS ) program. The LIS is an additional benefit for Medicare Part D beneficiaries that pays co-pays on expensive medicines for individuals with a lack of income and is based on an official poverty determination. an extra layer of benefit prescription drug benefits. J.A. 774. complementing J.A. 773. In essence, it is Medicare Part D Despite being employed by Hertz at the time of his application, Defendant reported that 3 he expect[ed] no earnings this year. J.A. 779. In addition, Defendant stated in his application that he was receiving no income other than Social Security disability. In Career June 2007, Intern Defendant Program, a was accepted two-year paid into the training program become a Benefits Technical Examiner with the SSA. involved reviewing applications for disability Federal to This job benefits and compiling information regarding the eligibility of individuals for disability benefits. At the time, Defendant continued submitting claims for Medicare benefits during the period from June 2007 to 2009. In July 2007, SSA s review of IRS records reflected that Defendant was receiving income. SSA thus sent Defendant a work activity report form asking about Defendant s employment history in March 2008. Defendant completed the form and returned it in July 2008, reporting some, but not all, of his employment from the previous years. In 2009, SSA twice sent employment inquiries to Defendant to determine whether he was receiving any work-related expenses or subsidies from SSA. Then, SSA sent Defendant a letter advising him that his benefits would cease, but also that he could submit within ten additional days. evidence Defendant about failed his to employment respond inquiries, and SSA then terminated his benefits. 4 to status these In March 2012, the government charged Defendant in a threecount indictment with Social Security fraud, benefit program fraud, and health care fraud. federal health Defendant moved to dismiss the indictment, and the district court denied the motion but directed the government to file a bill of particulars to delineate specifically the employment Defendant ha[d] failed to report. J.A. 132. The government responded by identifying Defendant s specific employers during the period that he was receiving benefits. Defendant went to trial in September 2013. At the close of evidence, he moved for judgment of acquittal on the basis of the statute of limitations, but his motion was denied. found Defendant guilty on all three counts. The jury After the district court sentenced Defendant to concurrent terms of 24 months on Count One, 12 months on Count Two, and 24 months on Count Three, he appealed. On appeal, Defendant argues that Counts One and Two of the indictment were unconstitutionally defective because they failed to specify the event that triggered his obligation to disclose his employment to the government; that the indictment failed to allege specific intent for all three counts; that the indictment failed to allege a scheme or artifice to defraud the government on Count Three; and that the indictment is time-barred by the statute of limitations. Defendant 5 also challenges the sufficiency of the evidence on Count Three. We address each argument in turn. II. Defendant first contends that the district court erred in denying his motion to dismiss the indictment because Counts One and Two were district unconstitutionally court s factual findings defective. on a We motion review to dismiss the an indictment for clear error, but we review its legal conclusions de novo. United States v. Woolfolk, 399 F.3d 590, 594 (4th Cir. 2005). When a criminal defendant challenges the sufficiency of an indictment apply a element prior to heightened of an the verdict, as scrutiny offense has to been Defendant ensure that charged. Kingrea, 573 F.3d 186, 191 (4th Cir. 2009). did every United (citations and quotation marks essential States v. Specifically, [a]n indictment must contain the elements offense charged, fairly inform a defendant charge, and enable the defendant to plead jeopardy as a defense in a future prosecution same offense. . . . [T]he indictment must every essential element of an offense, . . . . Id. here we omitted); of the of the double for the include accord United States v. Resendiz-Ponce, 549 U.S. 102, 108 (2007). It is generally sufficient that an indictment set forth the offense in the words of the statute itself, as long as 6 those words of themselves fully, directly, and expressly, without any uncertainty or ambiguity, set forth all the elements necessary to constitute the [offense] intended to be punished. Hamling v. United States, 418 U.S. 87, 117 (1974) (quoting United States v. Carll, 105 U.S. 611, 612 (1882)); accord United States v. Lockhart, 382 F.3d 447, 449 (4th Cir. 2004). However, any general description based on the statutory language must be accompanied with such a statement of the facts and circumstances as will inform the accused of the specific [offense], coming under the general description, with which he is charged. Hamling, 418 U.S. at 117-18 (quotation mark omitted); see also Russell v. United States, 369 U.S. 749, 765 (1962) (noting that an indictment must descend to particulars where the definition of an offense includes generic terms (quotation marks omitted)). Thus, the essential indictment facts must also constituting the contain offense a statement charged. of the United States v. Quinn, 359 F.3d 666, 673 (4th Cir. 2004) (quotation marks omitted). In this case, Count One charges Defendant with Social Security fraud, in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 408(a)(4), and Count Two charges Defendant with federal health benefit program fraud, in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1320a-7b. Both statutes penalize anyone who conceals or fails to disclose any event affecting his right to disability or health benefits and payments with an 7 intent fraudulently to secure greater benefits or payments than are due or when no benefit or payment is authorized. 42 U.S.C. § 408(a)(4); 42 U.S.C. § 1320a-7b(a)(3). Count One of the indictment charged that Defendant, from about 1996 through about September 2009, having knowledge of the occurrence of any event affecting his initial or continued right to any payment under Subchapter II of Title 42 (Disability Insurance Benefits), did conceal and fail to disclose said events with intent to fraudulently secure payment in a greater amount than is due and when no payment is authorized; to wit, the defendant concealed and failed to disclose his employment and earnings to the Social Security Administration. J.A. 14. Similarly, Count Two charged that Defendant, from about April 1998 through about September 2009, having knowledge of the occurrence of any event affecting his initial and continued right to any benefit and payment under a federal health care program, did conceal and fail to disclose said event with intent to fraudulently secure such payment and benefit in a greater amount and quantity than is due and when no such benefit and payment is authorized; to wit, the defendant concealed and failed to disclose his employment and earnings to Medicare. J.A. 15. Further, the indictment identified Defendant s employment history, starting in 1996 and continuing through the charged time period, as the event that triggered his disclosure obligations and alleged that Defendant s concealment and failure to disclose this employment constituted the criminal conduct. Specifically, the indictment alleged 8 that Defendant was employed but did not report his employment to the SSA or to Medicare despite the fact that his employment would affect his eligibility for, and the amounts he from, these federal benefit programs. was eligible J.A. 12. to receive The indictment also stated that Defendant knew that employment is an event affecting his continued right to [Social Security Disability] and Medicare benefits and he concealed and failed to disclose such events with a fraudulent intent . . . . J.A. 13. We agree with the district court that this indictment was sufficient to apprise Defendant of the charges against him and identify the indictment details event essential tracked about the the elements statutory nature triggering of of the Defendant s the crimes language, charges, charged. provided and disclosure The specific identified the obligations. Defendant has shown, and we have found, nothing requiring the government to list each specific job Defendant held during this period as a basis for charging him with these fraud crimes. Further, the government clarified any confusion by filing a bill of particulars providing Defendant with specific notice of each job within his employment history that served as the event in the indictment. We therefore conclude that the indictment here was sufficiently specific to pass constitutional muster. 9 III. Defendant also argues that the government failed to allege specific intent to defraud, an essential element of each crime, for all the counts in the indictment. novo. We review this issue de Woolfolk, 399 F.3d at 594. Defendant rightly notes that every essential element of an offense must be charged. See Kingrea, 573 F.3d at 191. intent to defraud is an element here. And Fatally for Defendant s argument, however, his indictment charges it. Specifically, in Count One, the government alleged that Defendant did conceal and fail to disclose said events with intent to fraudulently secure payment in a greater amount than is due and when no payment is authorized; to wit, the defendant concealed and failed to disclose his employment and earnings to the Social Security Administration. J.A. 14. Similarly, in Count Two, the government alleged that Defendant did conceal and fail to disclose said event with intent to fraudulently secure such payment and benefit . . . to wit, the defendant concealed and failed to disclose his employment and earnings to Medicare. J.A. 15. The other portions of the indictment provide details and allege that Defendant knew he was required to report his employment, failed to do so, and received benefit payments and benefits during that time. In 10 Count Three, the government directly charges that Defendant did willfully execute and attempt to execute a scheme and artifice to defraud a federal health care obtain, by benefit programs means of [sic], false that and is, Medicare, fraudulent to pretenses, representations and promises, money and property owned by and under the custody and control of Medicare, . . . . J.A. 16. These specific allegations plainly charge Defendant with the intent to defraud that is required for the pertinent crimes. Defendant nevertheless presses that the indictment alleges only passive non-disclosure of employment by a recipient of Social Security benefits rather than affirmative concealment of material facts and that these allegations are insufficient to sustain the fraud charges. of this Phillips, argument, 600 he F.2d Appellant s Br. at 32. relies 535 (5th heavily Cir. on United 1979). But In support States v. Defendant s reliance on that case is misplaced not least because Phillips is not about the sufficiency of an indictment, but is instead a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence. There, the Fifth Circuit decided that the government had provided insufficient evidence of the defendant s fraudulent intent by failing to show that the adducing that the defendant knew evidence of jury could he the was not defendant s infer Phillips, 600 F.2d at 538-40. entitled devious Phillips s to benefits behavior fraudulent or such intent. Here, the relevant question is 11 whether the government charged that Defendant committed fraud by intentionally concealing his employment. application in the context of Phillips has minimal Defendant s challenge to his indictment. In sum, the indictment charged the requisite intent. therefore, reject Defendant s argument that the We, government failed to allege specific intent to defraud. IV. Defendant denying his also motion argues to that dismiss the the under the statute of limitations. because the district question of law. court s district court indictment as erred time in barred We review this issue de novo decision depended solely on a United States v. United Med. & Surgical Supply Corp., 989 F.2d 1390, 1398 (4th Cir. 1993). It is undisputed that there is a five-year limitations for the fraud offenses at issue here. § 3282(a) limitations (setting for forth non-capital general crimes). five-year The statute of See 18 U.S.C. statute Supreme Court of has recognized that [s]tatutes of limitations normally begin to run when the crime is complete. Toussie v. United States, 397 U.S. 112, 115 (1970) (quoting Pendergast v. United States, 317 U.S. 412, 418 (1943)). however, may be Criminal acts over an extended period, treated as 12 a continuing offense for limitations purposes when a criminal statute explicitly compels that result, or if the nature of the crime involved is such that Congress must assuredly have intended that it be treated as a continuing one. United States v. Smith, 373 F.3d 561, 563- 64 (4th Cir. 2004) (per curiam) (quoting Toussie, 397 U.S. at 115). In this case, Defendant moved to dismiss the indictment, which was filed in March 2012, as time-barred because some of the charged conduct occurred before March 2007. The district court there denied the motion and ruled that here is no limitations in this case . . . as to Counts 1 and 2, much of which charged is clearly within the five-year period, anyway, and as to offenses J.A. those would 85. matters apply The with district before, the doctrine respect to any court then of continuing limitation issued a issue. memorandum reiterating that the charged offenses were continuing offenses and that the defendant s continued concealment constitutes a course of conduct that affects his remaining rights going forward, and the course of conduct failing to report is that act which constitutes the violation. J.A. 131-33. Defendant does not challenge the determination that these crimes are purposes. continuing offenses for statute of limitations See Appellant s Br. at 35 n.3 ( Perry accepts for the purposes of this discussion the district court s determination 13 that the charged offenses are continuing offenses. ). Instead, Defendant contends, as he did in his post-trial Rule 29 motion, that the limitations period began to run not when the continuing offenses were complete, but instead in 1999 when the government knew of, or could have discovered, Defendant s non-disclosure. Defendant has pointed to no binding precedent applying such a discovery rule in a case like this, nor have we found any. Instead, Defendant attempts to rely on a Fourth Circuit civil forfeiture case and some easily distinguishable out-of-circuit immigration offense cases. United States v. Kivanc, 714 F.3d 782, 789 (4th Cir. 2013) (involving civil forfeiture statute that states years that after the the action time must when be commenced the alleged within five offense was discovered[.] (emphasis added) (quoting 19 U.S.C. § 1621)); United States v. DiSantillo, 615 F.2d 128, 134-36 (3d Cir. 1980) (differentiating between the crime of entry through regular immigration service procedures and the crime of being found in the United States when the alien did not enter . . . through an INS port of entry and deeming illegal entry through a recognized INS port crime not a continuing offense); United States v. Gomez, 38 F.3d 1031, 1037-38 (8th Cir. 1994) (deeming crime of being found in the United States under 8 U.S.C. § 1326 a continuing offense). Aside from the fact that this case involves a clearly different statute of limitations from the one 14 analyzed in Kivanc, both DiSantillo and Gomez focused on the government s United ability States as to the discover basis a to defendant s distinguish entry illegal to the reentry violations under 8 U.S.C. § 1326 and determine whether those violations are continuing offenses. round pegs into the square hole We refuse to shoehorn these that is this case and, accordingly, reject Defendant s argument. V. Defendant challenges the sufficiency of the indictment on Count Three. The parties disagree about the appropriate standard of review, with Defendant arguing for de novo and the government arguing for plain error. We need not resolve this dispute because Defendant cannot prevail, even under the de novo standard. Count Three charged Defendant with violating 18 U.S.C. § 1347. That statute penalizes health care fraud, which is committed by anyone who knowingly and willfully executes, or attempts to execute, a scheme or artifice-- (1) to defraud any health care benefit program; or (2) to obtain, by means of false or fraudulent pretenses, representations, or promises, any of the money or property owned by, or under the custody or control of, any health care benefit program, . . . . 18 U.S.C. § 1347(a). As with Counts One and Two, the indictment tracked the language of the statute and directly alleged that 15 Defendant execute[d] a scheme and artifice to defraud . . . Medicare[.] The J.A. 16. government scheme and premised artifice its to theory regarding defraud on three Defendant s particular allegations: 1) Defendant was employed at the Social Security Administration, Hertz Corporation, L&J Cleaning, Macy s . . . and other businesses while he was receiving [Social Security Disability] and Medicare benefits[;] 2) Defendant personally profited from the scheme to defraud Medicare by obtaining prescription drugs and not having to pay for the drugs and/or make a co-payment[;] and 3) Defendant made false statements in documents regarding his employment. J.A. 16. Throughout the indictment, the government alleged that Defendant concealed and failed to disclose his employment while continuing to accept benefits and payment. J.A. 12-17. Also, the government alleged that Defendant applied for and received the Low Income Subsidy to assist him in paying for his prescription drugs, in addition to his Medicare Part D prescription drug benefits. It further alleged that in his LIS application, despite being employed at the time, year. Defendant J.A. 12. government to stated that I expect no earnings this Defendant points to nothing requiring the provide further factual allegations in the indictment to support the alleged scheme and artifice to defraud 16 in Count Three. And we find nothing. Accordingly, we reject this argument. VI. Finally, Defendant challenges the sufficiency of the government s evidence on his healthcare fraud conviction. The standard for reversing a jury verdict of guilty is a high one: the Court clear. does so only where the failure is United States v. Foster, 507 F.3d 233, 244 45 (4th Cir. 2007) (quotation marks omitted). function prosecution s is not to determine That is because the appellate whether the reviewing court is convinced of guilt beyond reasonable doubt, but, viewing the evidence and the reasonable inferences to be drawn therefrom in the light evidence most adduced favorable at to trial the could Government, support whether any determination of guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. the rational United States v. Burgos, 94 F.3d 849, 863 (4th Cir. 1996) (en banc) (quoting United States v. Powell, 469 U.S. 57, 67 (1984)). The jury s verdict must be upheld on appeal if there is substantial evidence in the record to support it, where substantial evidence is evidence that a reasonable finder of fact could accept as adequate and sufficient to support a conclusion of a defendant s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. 17 United States v. Young, 609 F.3d 348, 355 (4th Cir. 2010) (quotation marks omitted). To convict Defendant for healthcare fraud, the government must prove that he knowingly and willfully execute[d] . . . a scheme or program; artifice-or (2) to (1) to obtain, defraud by any means of health false care or benefit fraudulent pretenses, representations, or promises, any of the money or property owned by . . . any health care benefit program . . . . 18 U.S.C. § 1347(a). [T]he specific See also Kivanc, 714 F.3d at 795 (same). intent to defraud may be inferred from the totality of the circumstances and need not be proven by direct evidence. United States v. McLean, 715 F.3d 129, 138 (4th Cir. 2013) (quotation marks omitted). In considering whether there existed a scheme to defraud, we must look to the common-law understanding of fraud[,] which we have interpreted to include acts taken to conceal, create a false impression, prevent[] the information. mislead, other or otherwise [party] from deceive in acquiring order to material United States v. Colton, 231 F.3d 890, 898 (4th Cir. 2000) (quoting Restatement (Second) of Torts § 550 (1977)) (interpreting the scope of a scheme or artifice to defraud under 18 U.S.C. States v. § 1344, Beverly, the 284 bank fraud F. App x statute); 36, 39 see (4th also Cir. United 2008) (unpublished but orally argued) (per curiam) (interpreting the 18 scope of a scheme or artifice to defraud under 18 U.S.C. § 1347, the health care fraud statute). Although silence as to a material fact (nondisclosure), without an independent disclosure duty, usually does not give rise to an action for fraud, suppression of the truth with the intent to deceive (concealment) does. Almost surely for this reason, the Colton, 231 F.3d at 899. Eighth Circuit upheld a health care fraud guilty verdict in United States v. Phythian, 529 F.3d 807 (8th Cir. 2008). illuminating, the In that case, which we find government s evidence showed that the defendant had worked, that SSA had advised the defendant of her duty to report any work, and that the defendant nevertheless failed to report her work while continuing to receive benefits. Based on these facts, the Eighth Circuit held that [r]eviewing the evidence reasonable in jury the light could violated § 408a(4). most readily favorable find [that to the verdict, Defendant] a Phythian Id. at 812. Here, the jury had notably more evidence to support its verdict than did the jury in Phythian. Specifically, the government s evidence showed that Defendant knew he had a duty to report any employment to SSA. Indeed, in his application for benefits that reflected, Defendant agreed to promptly notify Social Security if my medical condition improves so that I would be able to work . . . [or] I go to work whether as an employee 19 or a self-employed person. J.A. 453-54. See also, e.g., J.A. 630 (reflecting that SSA s letter to Defendant explicitly stated that if you have applied for or are receiving Social Security benefits, you are responsible for immediately notifying your local Social Security Office of your employment because your income may affect your benefits ). The government showed the materiality of Defendant s employment status as it related to his Social Security benefits i.e., that Defendant s benefits would have been affected and likely terminated had he informed SSA about his employment. Further, the government presented evidence that Defendant s job with the SSA as benefits technical examiner included training on the receipt and termination of benefits, including that benefits may be reduced, suspended, or terminated upon employment and receipt of income. At trial, Defendant s SSA supervisor agreed that Defendant worked on cases involving people who were working and receiving disability Defendant and payments. several reiterating J.A. documents 738. And requesting Defendant s the government employment disclosure obligations sent information in 1999, 2006, and 2008, but Defendant failed to disclose any of his employment until returning a work activity report in July 2008. This report corroborated the fact that Defendant had been employed while receiving benefits and supported SSA s decision 20 to terminate his benefits. Further, the response was incomplete because Defendant omitted from his work history employment for which there were no tax records. Compare S.J.A. 1-14 (work activity report) with J.A. 801 (Defendant s reference to Carla and Company position in 2002 credit application), S.J.A. 16, 18 (Defendant s reference to L&J Services position in 2005 Hertz application and resume). In addition, the evidence showed that Defendant continued receiving the LIS to supplement his Medicare prescription drug benefits in 2007 and 2008 while he was employed with SSA. He received over four thousand dollars worth of LIS benefits during that time. And, while working at SSA, Defendant continued to cash government disability checks totaling a little bit less than $15,000. J.A. 795-97. In sum, the government presented sufficient evidence for a rational jury to find that Defendant engaged in a health care fraud scheme. Accordingly, his conviction must be affirmed. VII. For the foregoing reasons, we hold that the district court properly denied Defendant s motion to dismiss the indictment and motion for judgment of acquittal. Therefore, the district court s judgment is AFFIRMED. 21
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