Washington Gas Light Company v. International Brotherhood, No. 13-2102 (4th Cir. 2014)
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UNPUBLISHED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT No. 13-2102 WASHINGTON GAS LIGHT COMPANY, Plaintiff - Appellee, v. INTERNATIONAL BROTHERHOOD OF TEAMSTERS, Local 96, Defendant - Appellant. Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, at Alexandria. Liam O’Grady, District Judge. (1:13-cv-00560-LO-TRJ) Argued: September 19, 2014 Decided: December 2, 2014 Before TRAXLER, Chief Judge, NIEMEYER, Circuit Judge, and DAVIS, Senior Circuit Judge. Reversed and remanded by unpublished opinion. Senior Judge Davis wrote the opinion, in which Chief Judge Traxler and Judge Niemeyer joined. ARGUED: Mark James Murphy, MOONEY, GREEN, SAINDON, MURPHY & WELCH, PC, Washington, D.C., for Appellant. Joseph Edward Santucci, Jr., MORGAN, LEWIS & BOCKIUS LLP, Washington, D.C., for Appellee. ON BRIEF: David R. Broderdorf, MORGAN, LEWIS & BOCKIUS LLP, Washington, D.C., for Appellee. Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. DAVIS, Senior Circuit Judge: The district court granted summary judgment in favor of Washington Gas Light Company (“the Company”) against International Brotherhood of Teamsters, Local 96 (“the Union”) vacating an arbitration arbitrator exceeded award. his The court under authority reasoned the that terms of the a collective bargaining agreement by interpreting the agreement in a manner inconsistent with its text. Union, mindful arbitrator’s as we are of decision-making, the we In this appeal by the deference reverse the courts owe an judgment of the district court and remand with instructions to reinstate the arbitration award. I The Company and the Union bargaining agreement (“CBA”). are parties to a collective The CBA declares that arbitration is the chosen method of resolution for grievances unresolvable between the parties. grievance procedure. Article XVIII of the CBA sets forth the It provides for the selection of an arbitrator from a rotating panel of nine arbitrators, compiled and agreed to by the parties. Central to the dispute here is section 16(a), which permits either party, for any reason, to strike up to two arbitrators from the panel. It further provides that, “[i]f the Company or the Union elects to strike an arbitrator, it must do so not later than 24 hours before the 2 time the arbitration hearing is scheduled XVIII, sec. 16(a), para. 5. J.A. 66. * to begin.” Art. While the arbitrator has the authority to “interpret and apply the provisions of [the] Labor Contract” in deciding grievances, the arbitrator cannot “alter, extend, modify or in any way change the provisions of [the] Labor Contract.” Art. XVIII, sec. 17(a), para. 1. J.A. 67. As the gravamen of the dispute in this case is focused on temporal benchmarks, we set forth in detail the dates of relevant events, all occurring in 2012. On February 13, the Union filed a grievance regarding the discharge of an employee. On May 18, Jerome H. Ross was selected as the arbitrator to hear the grievance, and on June 1, a hearing was scheduled for August 14. requested that the hearing be On July 12, the Company rescheduled due to witness unavailability; the hearing did not occur on August 14. On October on 3, the rescheduled hearing was set to commence November 15, with December 5 or 6 as dates for a potential second day. On October 31, the Company stated that it could not attend hearing the on hearing on December 6. November 15, but could commence the On November 29, the Company informed the * Citations to the “J.A.” refer to the Joint Appendix filed by the parties in this appeal. 3 Union that it had decided to strike Arbitrator Ross pursuant to its right under section 16(a) of the CBA. The Union disagreed with the Company’s assertion of its authority to strike the arbitrator as of November 29 (it was untimely), and it notified the Company and Arbitrator Ross of its intention to appear for the December 6 hearing, expecting to address the issue of the timeliness of the Company’s striking of Arbitrator Ross as a threshold matter. that, as it had struck Arbitrator The Company responded Ross, he was without jurisdiction and lacked authority to make any rulings. Arbitrator Ross notified the parties that he intended to convene the hearing on December 6, to decide first the jurisdictional issue and then to proceed to the merits of the grievance depending on his decision on jurisdiction. The Company reiterated that it would not participate in the December 6 hearing, and it requested that if the hearing did go forward, the arbitrator consider only the jurisdictional issue and withhold ruling on the merits. On December 6, Arbitrator Ross conducted the hearing with only the Union present. testified both to the Michael Hampton, the Union President, negotiating history provision and the merits of the grievance. Arbitrator Ross issued his opinion. of the striking On March 12, 2013, He found that the striking provision contained a latent ambiguity as to the timing of a 4 party’s Hampton’s authority to an arbitrator. regarding testimony strike the negotiating He credited history of the striking provision, see infra pp. 10-11, and concluded that the Company’s November 29 decision to strike him from the roster was untimely under the CBA. Arbitrator Ross then went on to consider the merits of the grievance, and ruled in favor of the grievant, reducing his discharge to a 14-day suspension and reinstating him. On May 3, 2013, the Company filed suit in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, seeking to vacate the arbitration award. The parties filed cross motions for summary judgment, and the district court held a hearing on the motions. decision On August granting the 3, 2013, the Company’s district motion for court issued summary its judgment. The Union timely appealed. II “Whether authority an presents arbitrator a question acts of within law, and judgment of the district court de novo.” the so scope we of his review the PPG Indus. Inc. v. Int'l Chem. Workers Union Council of United Food & Commercial Workers, 587 F.3d 648, 652 (4th Cir. 2009) (hereafter PPG Industries) (citing Island Creek Coal Co. v. Dist. 28, United Mine Workers of Am., 29 F.3d 126, 129 (4th Cir. 1994)). 5 A court reviewing a labor arbitration award is limited to “determin[ing] only whether the arbitrator did his job -- not whether he did it well, correctly, or reasonably, but simply whether he did it.” Workers Int'l Therefore, Mountaineer Gas Co. v. Oil, Chem. & Atomic Union, 76 F.3d long as the “as 606, 608 arbitrator (4th is Cir. even 1996). arguably construing or applying the contract and acting within the scope of his authority, that a court is convinced he committed serious error does not suffice to overturn his decision.” PPG Industries, 587 F.3d at 652 (quoting United Paperworkers Int'l Union v. Misco, Inc., 484 U.S. 29, 38 (1987)). An arbitrator’s award must be confirmed where it “draws its essence from the collective bargaining agreement.” United Steelworkers of Am. v. Enter. Wheel & Car Corp., 363 U.S. 593, 597 (1960). III The Union argues that the language of the striking provision is susceptible to multiple interpretations, and the arbitrator simply acted within his authority to use extrinsic evidence to find the correct interpretation. The Company counters that the arbitrator ignored the unambiguous language of the CBA, and that his decision reflected an impermissible construction of the agreement. The Union has the better argument. in the striking provision is The ambiguity inherent unmistakable. 6 The provision requires a party to strike an arbitrator “not later than 24 hours before the time the arbitration hearing is scheduled to begin.” Art. XVIII, sec. 16(a), para. 5. However, “the time” a hearing is “scheduled to begin” is susceptible to alternative, reasonable interpretations. It could be referring to the date on which the parties reach agreement as to a hearing date. Or it could be the date of a hearing that is first agreed upon by the parties. Or it could refer to the date on which the ultimate hearing is scheduled to begin when the parties have agreed to a postponement and rescheduled the date, as they did in this case. Thus, the answer to the question which “time” triggers the running of the 24-hour clock is not found in the plain language of the CBA. While the arbitrator did not articulate the specific date referred to by the language, he did conclude that arbitrator the Ross Company’s was well arbitration agreement. November past the 29 date decision to specified strike in the The district court disagreed with this analysis and interpreted the striking provision to require a party to strike the arbitrator not later than 24 hours prior to the start of any rescheduled hearing, here December 6. But it was not the task of the district court, nor is it our task on appeal, to interpret the CBA. left to the arbitrator.” That is “a matter Westvaco Corp. v. United Paperworkers Intern. Union, AFL-CIO, 171 F.3d 971, 975 (4th Cir. 1999). 7 By the express terms of the CBA, the arbitrator had the authority to interpret and apply its provisions. The arbitrator’s construction of the CBA was therefore bargained for “and so far as the arbitrator’s decision concerns construction of the contract, the courts have no business overruling him because their interpretation of the contract is different from his.” United Steelworkers, 363 U.S. at 599. “This same maxim applies even when the arbitrator’s interpretation resolves a question relating to the scope of the arbitrator’s own authority.” Westvaco Corp., 171 F.3d at 975. At the outset of his discussion and findings, Arbitrator Ross acknowledged that his authority was limited to an interpretation and application of the clear and unambiguous provisions the contract. In the event that plausible, of conflicting interpretations of contractual language arose, he reasoned, he could turn to extrinsic evidence to determine the parties’ competing intent. The interpretations arbitrator of the highlighted striking the provision parties’ before turning to an examination of the bargaining history. The Company takes issue with the arbitrator’s actions and urges us to find that the arbitrator ignored the plain language of the striking provision, but as we have described, language of the provision is steeped in ambiguity. the Thus, this case is readily distinguishable from our decisions, to which the 8 Company cites, that vacated an arbitration award on the ground that an arbitrator’s interpretation was impermissible. See Mountaineer Gas, 76 F.3d at 610 (concluding that the arbitrator “blatantly ignored the unambiguous language” of the company’s policy, and imposed a penalty that “appealed to his own notions of right and wrong”); Champion Int’l Corp. v. United Paperworkers Int’l Union, AFL-CIO, 168 F.3d 725, 730-32 (4th Cir. 1999) (finding that the arbitrator “drew on his own notions of fairness” to fashion an award that was not justified by the CBA or a separate agreement); U.S. Postal Serv. v. Am. Postal Workers Union, AFL-CIO, 204 F.3d 523, 531 (4th Cir. 2000) (concluding that the arbitrator “negated [the] clear language” of the contract, and thus, the award “did not draw its essence from the agreement”). The arbitrator’s sound finding of an ambiguity in this case permitted him to turn to extrinsic evidence — a move that we have expressly allowed. Union, 29 F.3d 931, See CSX Transp., Inc. v. United Transp. 936 (4th Cir. 1994) (“If the parties’ written agreement is ambiguous or silent regarding the parties’ intent, the arbitrator may use past practices and bargaining history to ‘fill a gap’ in the written contract.”) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). similarly approved an arbitrator’s In PPG Industries, we reliance on extrinsic evidence to interpret the terms of a CBA where the CBA was 9 silent on the issue arbitrator had to in dispute. determine whether considered “actively employed.” definition of “actively employees, the turned to “[g]iven the two-sentence CBA at striking did discussions to determine their intent. that, F.3d Id. at 650. employed” arbitrator 587 The employees were Because the CBA’s not the 653. address striking parties’ bargaining Id. at 651. We stated definition of ‘actively employed’ and the failure of the CBA to address strikers in either sentence, we cannot conclude that the arbitrator ignored the plain language of the CBA.” the company’s argument that Id. at 653. the We then rejected arbitrator erred in using extrinsic evidence. Because the arbitrator found the contract’s terms ambiguous, he could properly consider extrinsic evidence to resolve the ambiguity. Here, the striking provision does not make clear when a hearing is “scheduled to begin” for purposes of identifying the relevant 24-hour striking window. Hampton testified on behalf of the Union that the provision represented a compromise between the Company and the Union. According to Hampton, during contract negotiations, the Company proposed that either party be permitted to strike up to two arbitrators for any reason, “and at any time arbitration.” proposal. before J.A. the 18. first The witness Union is rejected sworn the in any Company’s Ultimately, the parties settled on the language at 10 issue. Hampton stated that, because it takes several emails for the parties to agree to a hearing date, the 24-hour period was understood to refer to the initially established hearing date, and not future dates resulting from agreed postponements. The arbitrator’s interpretation derived from the essence of the agreement, and he did not exceed the scope of his authority merely because his interpretation of the provision was contrary to the Company’s, and certainly not because he relied on extrinsic evidence of the parties’ intent. The Company, having contractually make an submitted “attack on to the the arbitrator’s correctness decision.” PPG Industries, original). This Court has 587 of F.3d repeated, judgment, the cannot arbitrator’s at 653 (emphasis time and again, in that, “judicial review of arbitration awards is extremely limited-in fact, it is ‘among the narrowest known to the law.’” U.S. Postal Serv., 204 F.3d at 527 (quoting Union Pac. R.R. v. Sheehan, 439 U.S. 89, 91 (1978)). In light of that standard, we decline to second-guess the arbitrator’s decision. The Company raises two alternative grounds on which it contends we should affirm the district court’s vacatur of the arbitral award, namely, that the arbitrator overlooked a limitation on his jurisdiction set forth in the CBA, and that he was, in any event, disqualified from determining whether he had been properly stricken. The district 11 court did not address these issues; moreover, by declining to appear for the arbitral proceedings, the Company has not exhausted these claims presenting them to the arbitrator in the first instance. by Under the circumstances, we decline to consider them. IV For the reasons set forth, we reverse the judgment of the district court and remand with directions to enforce the arbitral award. REVERSED AND REMANDED 12
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