Stanley Joseph Thompson v. USA, No. 14-15179 (11th Cir. 2019)

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The court issued a subsequent related opinion or order on August 19, 2020.

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Case: 14-15179 Date Filed: 10/17/2019 Page: 1 of 17 [DO NOT PUBLISH] IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________ No. 14-15179 ________________________ D.C. Docket Nos. 1:11-cv-02294-TWT, 1:07-cr-00138-TWT-JSA-2 STANLEY JOSEPH THOMPSON, Petitioner-Appellant, versus UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Respondent-Appellee. _______________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia ________________________ (October 17, 2019) Before JORDAN, GRANT, and SILER,* Circuit Judges. * Honorable Eugene E. Siler, Jr., United States Circuit Judge for the Sixth Circuit, sitting by designation. Case: 14-15179 Date Filed: 10/17/2019 Page: 2 of 17 SILER, Circuit Judge: Stanley Thompson appeals the district court’s denial of his § 2255 motion to vacate his sentence and his motion for a new trial. We affirm. In 2007, the Atlanta area experienced a string of robberies that police believed were connected. Two men held up a Taco Bell, before six separate area banks were robbed. R. 145 at 29-30; R. 11. In one robbery, a witness saw someone get in and out of a red Chevrolet Blazer. The witness recorded the license plate, and police determined the car belonged to Leary Robinson’s estranged wife. Shortly after a robbery at SunTrust Bank, Atlanta Police Detective Capus Long stopped the Blazer along Interstate 20. R. 146 at 281-82. Thompson was driving; Edwin Epps was the passenger. Officers ordered Thompson and Epps out of the car and began asking questions. Thompson said the car was “a hot box,” and Detective Long understood that to mean that the car was stolen. Id. at 283. Thompson was placed in the police car where Long showed Thompson a photograph of Leary Robinson. Id. at 284. Thompson said that Robinson was staying at the Intown Suites, and Long gave that information to the FBI. Id. at 284-85. FBI Agent Chad Fitzgerald then went to Intown Suites, where he learned from the motel clerk that both Robinson and Thompson had been staying there. R. 146 at 382; 147 at 414. When agents moved in to arrest Robinson, a standoff ensued, but ended after extended negotiations. R. 146 at 289-91, 310-315. Meanwhile, police 2 Case: 14-15179 Date Filed: 10/17/2019 Page: 3 of 17 had taken Thompson to the Fulton County Jail and received Thompson’s consent to a search of his room at the Intown Suites. R. 147 at 424. During that search, police found a pistol that they believed was used in the robberies. R. 146 at 302-03; 30506. Police also found a baseball hat, camouflage pants, and a yellow tablet all believed to be connected to the crimes. R. 146 at 300-21. Police later searched the Blazer and found several items of clothing used in the robberies. Id. at 296-319. Robinson admitted to the robberies except for the Taco Bell holdup and one of the bank robberies. R. 146 at 327-31. He also admitted using a gun during the crimes and that he used the Blazer in most of them. A federal grand jury returned a 12-count indictment against Robinson and Thompson, charging them with all eight robberies. R. 11. After a joint jury trial, Thompson was convicted of one count of aiding and abetting an interference with commerce by robbery under 18 U.S.C. § 1951, four counts of aiding and abetting bank robbery under 18 U.S.C. § 2113(a), two counts of aiding and abetting bank robbery with a dangerous weapon under 18 U.S.C. § 2113(a), (d), and three counts of aiding and abetting the use or carrying of a firearm during a crime of violence under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A). R. 109. He was found not guilty on two other robbery-related counts. Id. 3 Case: 14-15179 Date Filed: 10/17/2019 Page: 4 of 17 We affirmed on direct appeal. United States v. Thompson, 610 F.3d 1335 (11th Cir. 2010). Thompson then filed this motion to vacate, set aside or correct his sentence under § 2255. R. 168; 171. Thompson argues that trial counsel was ineffective for (1) waiving a suppression hearing regarding whether he had made statements to police without being advised of his rights under Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966), (2) admitting Thompson’s guilt to robbery during closing arguments; and (3) failing to move to sever his trial from Robinson’s trial. R. 168 at 7-10. Thompson also sought a new trial. That request stemmed from a Freedom of Information Act request that Thompson filed with the U.S. Department of Justice, which Thompson claimed showed that his fingerprints were not found on demand notes used in the bank robbery. A magistrate judge issued a report and recommendation to the district court, suggesting that Thompson’s motions be denied. R. 189. And without holding an evidentiary hearing, the district court adopted the report and recommendation, denied Thompson’s objections, and entered a final judgment. R. 192, 193. The district court also denied a certificate of appealability (COA). This court granted a COA on three issues: 4 Case: 14-15179 Date Filed: 10/17/2019 Page: 5 of 17 (1) Whether Thompson received ineffective assistance of counsel with respect to counsel’s failure to challenge police officers’ questioning of him without reading him the requisite Miranda warnings. (2) Whether Thompson received ineffective assistance of counsel based on counsel’s decision to concede guilt to the charges associated with the Taco Bell robbery, due to counsel’s erroneous belief that the government had insufficient evidence to prove that the armed robbery affected interstate commerce. (3) Whether Thompson received ineffective assistance of counsel based on counsel’s failure to move for severance from codefendant Robinson’s trial. R. 213; 216 In § 2255 motions, we review counsel’s effectiveness de novo, LeCroy v. United States, 739 F.3d 1297, 1312 (11th Cir. 2014), and denial of an evidentiary hearing for abuse of discretion, Castillo v. United States, 816 F.3d 1300, 1303 (11th Cir. 2016). Courts should grant such hearings “[u]nless the motion and the files and records of the case conclusively show that the prisoner is entitled to no relief.” Id. (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2255(b)). Abuse of discretion review also applies to a denial of a new trial motion. United States v. Campa, 459 F.3d 1121, 1151 (11th Cir. 2006) (en banc). 5 Case: 14-15179 Date Filed: 10/17/2019 Page: 6 of 17 To prevail on an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim Thompson must show that his counsel’s performance (1) was deficient, and (2) resulted in prejudice. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984). Strickland’s deficiency prong is met only when counsel’s performance fell below an objective reasonableness standard. Id. at 688. Courts “strongly . . . presume[]” that counsel provides adequate assistance and “made all significant decisions in the exercise of reasonable professional judgment.” Id. at 690. Thompson must demonstrate “a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” Id. at 694. “The prejudice prong requires a petitioner to demonstrate that seriously deficient performance of his attorney prejudiced the defense.” LeCroy, 739 F.3d at 1312-13 (quoting Butcher v. United States, 368 F.3d 1290, 1293 (11th Cir. 2004)). In the ineffective assistance of counsel context involving a constitutional suppression issue, prejudice is shown only when the petitioner demonstrates that “there is a reasonable probability that the verdict would have been different absent the excludable evidence.” Kimmelman v. Morrison, 477 U.S. 365, 375 (1986). 1. Miranda Warnings. Thompson argues his attorney first erred in failing to challenge the police officers’ questioning of him without warnings under Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966). Thompson asserts that authorities failed to provide Miranda warnings on two separate occasions. 6 First, he argues that police Case: 14-15179 Date Filed: 10/17/2019 Page: 7 of 17 interrogated him without Miranda warnings during a traffic stop. Second, Thompson argues that agents failed to provide Miranda warnings before seeking his consent to search his hotel room. a. Questioning During the Traffic Stop According to Thompson, police never read him his rights when he sat in the back of the police car, so Thompson claims that subsequent events—including the search of his hotel room—were tainted. What’s more, Thompson says his counsel failed to investigate this Miranda problem and never sought suppression of Thompson’s statements. The district court rejected this argument, holding that Thompson’s discussion with Detective Long—which included telling police his address and that Robinson was at the Intown Suites—fell under Miranda’s “routine booking exception.” R. 189 at 32-33. Under that doctrine, incriminating information can be used against a defendant who was not given his Miranda warning when the information came in response to police officer’s questions designed to obtain basic information. United States v. Sweeting, 933 F.2d 962, 965 (11th Cir. 1991). After all, Miranda applies only when police conduct an “interrogation” while the suspect is in “custody.” United States v. Lall, 607 F.3d 1277, 1284 (11th Cir. 2010). And when police are merely asking basic questions for routine information, they are not “interrogating” the suspect. United States v. Doe, 661 F.3d 550, 567 7 Case: 14-15179 Date Filed: 10/17/2019 Page: 8 of 17 (11th Cir. 2011). Thus, when police questions are “reasonably related to the police’s administrative concerns,” the answers to those questions need not be excluded. Pennsylvania v. Muniz, 496 U.S. 582, 601-02 (1990). In addition, a suspect is usually not in custody during “the temporary and relatively nonthreatening detention involved in a traffic stop or Terry stop.” Howes v. Fields, 565 U.S. 499, 510 (2012) (citation omitted). The record does not support Thompson’s Miranda claims. Officers merely asked Thompson routine questions regarding where he had been living, which is far from the coercive interrogation context in which Miranda applies. Officers would not have known that Long’s question was likely to elicit an incriminating response even if the information ultimately did so. See Rhode Island v. Innis, 446 U.S. 291, 302 (1980). Moreover, Thompson was not in custody for Miranda purposes. Police had stopped the Blazer based on reasonable suspicion, something permitted under Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968). And in that context, Miranda warnings are typically not required. United States v. Acosta, 363 F.3d 1141, 1148 (11th Cir. 2004) (ruling that Miranda does not apply to Terry traffic stops because “the result would be that Miranda warnings are required before any questioning could occur during any Terry stop.”). To determine if a defendant is in custody during a Terry stop, we ask whether the stop “exerts upon a detained person pressures that sufficiently impair his free 8 Case: 14-15179 Date Filed: 10/17/2019 Page: 9 of 17 exercise of his privilege against self-incrimination to require that he be warned of his constitutional rights.” Acosta, 363 F.3d at 1149 (quoting Berkemer v. McCarty, 468 U.S. 420, 437 (1984)). Given the totality of the circumstances, we cannot say Thompson was at the mercy of the police at the time he spoke with Long. The questions posed to Thompson were minimal, short, and relevant to the reasonable suspicion they had about the Blazer (the stolen vehicle). After all, police were investigating whether this was the Blazer involved and whether Thompson knew anything about it. Acosta, 363 F.3d at 1146. In such investigatory stops, officers do not have to read Miranda rights from the get-go. Id. at 1148. Here, police had reasonable suspicion and asked a few short investigatory questions in a public place, with no weapons drawn and no force applied, so Thompson was not in custody and Miranda was not violated. b. Consent to Search Thompson’s Hotel Room Thompson also contends that his counsel was ineffective for failing to object to admission of statements and physical evidence that arose from a search of Thompson’s hotel room at Intown Suites. During the investigation and search for co-defendant Robinson at Intown Suites, FBI agents learned from hotel staff that Thompson had also been staying at Intown Suites, in room 463. After Robinson’s arrest, agents went to the Fulton County jail to seek Thompson’s consent to search his hotel room. 9 Case: 14-15179 Date Filed: 10/17/2019 Page: 10 of 17 At the jail, agents identified themselves and asked Thompson if he had been residing in room 463 at Intown Suites. According to agents, Thompson verified that he had been staying in room 463. Thus, agents presented Thompson with an FBI FD26 consent to search form, which Thompson signed. Subsequently, the agents searched Thompson’s hotel room and discovered evidence that was linked to the robberies they were investigating. Thompson claims that the consent to search was illegally obtained because he was in custody when agents asked for his consent and he was not read Miranda warnings before he gave consent. But Thompson has failed to demonstrate that counsel’s failure to object to admission of evidence obtained during this search rises to the level of ineffective assistance of counsel. Initially, Thompson has failed to demonstrate that counsel’s failure to object to admission of this evidence constitutes deficient performance because Miranda warnings were not required prior to the agents seeking consent to search at the jail. This court has previously noted that consent to search is not a self-incriminating statement. See United States v. Hidalgo, 7 F.3d 1566, 1568 (11th Cir. 1993). As such, when agents asked Thompson to confirm that he had been staying in room 463 and if he would give consent to search, they could not have known or suspected that Thompson’s statement would illicit an incriminating response. Of course, it is true that the subsequent search of Thompson’s hotel room led to discovery of 10 Case: 14-15179 Date Filed: 10/17/2019 Page: 11 of 17 incriminating physical evidence, but Thompson’s response to agents’ questions about consent to search could not have been reasonably expected to illicit an incriminating statement. As a result, Thompson’s argument that this evidence should have been suppressed has no merit. And, since Thompson’s argument has no merit, his trial counsel cannot be found ineffective for failure to raise a meritless argument. See, e.g., Chandler v. Moore, 240 F.3d 907, 917 (11th Cir. 2001) (holding that counsel was not ineffective for failing to raise a meritless argument); United States v. Winfield, 960 F.2d 970, 974 (11th Cir. 1992) (same). Ultimately, agents were not required to provide Miranda warnings prior to asking Thompson for his consent to search his hotel room. As such, counsel’s failure to object to admission of evidence obtained as a result of that consent did not fall below an objective standard of reasonableness. Moreover, even if counsel’s performance was deficient, Thompson cannot show that he was prejudiced by counsel’s failure to object or move to suppress evidence. Under the inevitable discovery doctrine, the evidence that Thompson seeks to suppress would have been discovered by lawful means, even assuming the consent to search was obtained unlawfully. The inevitable discovery exception to the exclusionary rule allows evidence that was illegally obtained to be admitted if the government can demonstrate by a 11 Case: 14-15179 Date Filed: 10/17/2019 Page: 12 of 17 preponderance of the evidence that such evidence would have been inevitably or ultimately discovered by lawful means that were being actively pursued before the illegal conduct occurred. See Nix v. Williams, 467 U.S. 431, 444 (1984). Here, agents would have inevitably obtained the physical evidence discovered from the search of Thompson’s hotel room, even without Thompson’s consent to search. When agents asked for Thompson’s consent to search, both Thompson and Robinson had been arrested, and Robinson had confessed to some of the robberies. Additionally, while Robinson was barricaded in room 463—the hotel room that belonged to Thompson—agents saw Robinson brandish a pistol. But the pistol was not discovered when Robinson was taken into custody. As a result, officers had probable cause to obtain a search warrant to search Thompson’s room, even without Thompson’s consent to search. Furthermore, as the district court found, the public safety exception would have justified a warrantless search of Thompson’s hotel room since the weapon that Robinson brandished was not found on his person when he was arrested. In sum, even if Thompson could demonstrate that agents illegally obtained his consent to search his hotel room, he cannot demonstrate that this evidence should be suppressed based on the inevitable discovery exception. As a result, even if counsel’s failure to object and pursue suppression of the physical evidence was deficient performance, Thompson cannot demonstrate that he was prejudiced by 12 Case: 14-15179 Date Filed: 10/17/2019 Page: 13 of 17 counsel’s performance. As a result, Thompson has failed to demonstrate that counsel’s failure to object to admission of evidence obtained during a search of his hotel room rises to the level of ineffective assistance of counsel. 2. Admitted Guilt in Taco Bell Robbery. In McCoy v. Louisiana, 138 S. Ct 1500 (2018), the Supreme Court held that criminal defendants “must be allowed to make [their] own choices about the proper way to protect [their] liberty,” which includes the right to “insist on maintaining innocence at the guilt phase.” Id. at 1508. When counsel does not allow a defendant to maintain his innocence, defendant’s Sixth Amendment rights are violated. Id. Thompson argues that counsel made a unilateral decision to admit guilt, which was against Thompson’s wishes. The government argues that this argument is outside the COA, but even if we considered it, Thompson fails because his counsel did not admit guilt. Instead, counsel took a trial strategy, arguing that the government could not prove the interstate commerce element of Hobbs Act robbery. That does not rise to the level of admitting guilt since counsel denied an essential element of the crime. Turns out, of course, that Thompson’s counsel was wrong—so wrong, in fact, that Thompson thinks he received constitutionally deficient assistance. Under the Hobbs Act, it is a crime to affect commerce by robbery. 18 U.S.C. § 1951. Only a small or minimal effect on commerce is needed to prove that element of the crime, see United States v. Gray, 260 F.3d 1267, 1272 (11th Cir. 2001), which occurs when, 13 Case: 14-15179 Date Filed: 10/17/2019 Page: 14 of 17 for example, the robbery reduces the assets of a company involved in interstate commerce, see United States v. Ransfer, 749 F.3d 914, 936 (11th Cir. 2014). So, as Thompson argues, his counsel was incorrect regarding the interstate commerce element of Hobbs Act robbery—the Taco Bell incident certainly could meet the minimal threshold required. But Thompson still fails to establish prejudice, a necessary component of his ineffective assistance claim. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687. As the district court determined, a mound of evidence supported Thompson’s involvement in the Taco Bell robbery—including pictures and videotape. Indeed, nothing suggests that the jury would have reached a different outcome on the Taco Bell count or any other charge. Thus, Thompson has not demonstrated prejudice and his claim fails. 3. Failure to Move for Severance. Finally, Thompson argues that his counsel was ineffective because he failed to move to have the trial severed from his codefendant, Robinson. Thompson says that he suffered prejudice because the jury heard overwhelming evidence against Robinson, so the jury must have thought Thompson was also involved. But again, Thompson fails to demonstrate ineffective assistance. See id. First, he cannot show deficient performance, because the severance likely would not have been granted. The government may try codefendants together “if they are alleged to have participated in the same act or transaction, or in the same series of acts or 14 Case: 14-15179 Date Filed: 10/17/2019 Page: 15 of 17 transactions, constituting an offense or offenses.” Fed. R. Crim. P. 8(a). No doubt, that is this case. True, defendants can move for severance, but a court will grant such a motion only when joinder will result in prejudice. Fed. R. Crim. P. 14(a). And usually “people who are charged together are tried together.” United States v. Novaton, 271 F.3d 968, 989 (11th Cir. 2001) (citation omitted). Nor can Thompson establish that had the severance been granted the result of trial would have been different. Thus, he cannot meet Strickland’s prejudice prong. 466 U.S. at 687. Even if Thompson would have had slightly better odds at trial had he been tried alone, that does not mean the outcome would have been different—a burden that Thompson must carry in his § 2255 motion. See Zafiro v. United States, 506 U.S. 534, 540 (1993). 4. Motion for a New Trial. Finally, Thompson argues he is entitled to a new trial because he has newly discovered evidence contradicting the government’s contention that his fingerprints were on demand notes used in two of the robberies. The district court can grant a new trial based on newly discovered evidence if that motion is filed within three years of the verdict, see Fed R. Crim. P. 33(a)(1), and the defendant shows: (1) the evidence was discovered after the trial; (2) the defendant exercised due diligence to discover the evidence; (3) the evidence is not merely cumulative or impeaching; (4) the evidence is material to issues before the court; and (5) the evidence is of such a nature that a new trial would probably 15 Case: 14-15179 Date Filed: 10/17/2019 Page: 16 of 17 produce a new result, United States v. Taohim, 817 F.3d 1215, 1223 (11th Cir. 2013). Such motions are highly disfavored and rarely granted. See Campa, 459 F.3d at 1151. Thompson received information from a FOIA request that the FBI was not in possession of so-called “lift images” of Thompson’s fingerprints that the government contended were on the demand notes. This information, Thompson argues, shows that his fingerprints were not on the demand notes, and thus the government’s evidence at trial is undermined. But the document that Thompson relies on—an FBI declaration—says only that the lift prints Thompson requested “were taken and processed by the Cobb County Police Department (CCPD) rendering any processing by the FBI unnecessary.” R. 187, Ex. A at 8-9. And lift prints are just one type of print. The FBI declaration further explains that it had latent prints on a demand note used during the robbery, and those prints were linked to Thompson. Id. at 10. The only information the declaration presents is that the only “lift prints” in the case were kept by CCPD, while the FBI had other prints on the demand notes. This is hardly newly discovered evidence that would have affected the trial. Taohim, 817 F.3d at 1223. And the district court’s denial of the new trial motion does not amount to an abuse of discretion. After all, the information shows that both 16 Case: 14-15179 Date Filed: 10/17/2019 Page: 17 of 17 the FBI and CCPD had fingerprint information. This does not undermine the jury’s verdict and is not a basis for granting a new trial. We AFFIRM. 17

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