Ortiz-Espinosa v. BBVA Securities of Puerto Rico, Inc., No. 16-1122 (1st Cir. 2017)
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Appellants sought arbitration with BBVA Securities of Puerto Rico, Inc. and one of its securities brokers, asserting several claims under both federal and Puerto Rico law. An arbitration panel issued an award denying Appellants’ claims. Appellants then filed a complaint in the Puerto Rico Court of First Instance requesting that the court vacate or modify the arbitration award, seeking relief under the Puerto Rico Arbitration Act. Defendants removed the case to the U.S. District Court of the District of Puerto Rico, arguing that the district court had federal question jurisdiction and also had supplemental jurisdiction over the state law claims. Appellants moved to remand the case to Puerto Rico state court for lack of jurisdiction. The district court denied the motion after applying the look-through approach and determining that the underlying statement of claim alleged federal claims. The district court subsequently confirmed the award. The First Circuit affirmed, holding (1) the look-through approach was the correct test in this case; (2) federal jurisdiction existed; and (3) the district court did not err in refusing to vacate the award and in confirming it.
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United States Court of Appeals For the First Circuit No. 16-1122 LUIS ORTIZ-ESPINOSA; MARITZA SOTO-GARCIA; CONJUGAL PARTNERSHIP ORTIZ-SOTO; LUIS ORTIZ-ESPINOSA, as Trustee of Centro Dermatológico San Pablo PSC Retirement Plan, Plaintiffs, Appellants, v. BBVA SECURITIES OF PUERTO RICO, INC.; RAFAEL RODRÍGUEZ-ABELLA, Defendants, Appellees. APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF PUERTO RICO [Hon. Pedro A. Delgado-Hernández, U.S. District Judge] Before Dyk* Howard, Chief Judge, and Thompson, Circuit Judges. Harold D. Vicente Colon, with whom Harold D. VicenteGonzález and Vicente & Cuebas were on brief, for appellants. Luis A. Oliver, with whom Melissa Hernández-Carrasquillo and Fiddler González & Rodríguez, PSC were on brief, for appellees. Mark C. Fleming, Ari J. Savitzky, Peter J. Macdonald, Ross E. Firsenbaum, Adriel I. Cepeda Derieux, Michael J. Morillo, and * Of the Federal Circuit, sitting by designation. Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr LLP on brief for UBS Financial Services Inc. and UBS Financial Services Incorporated of Puerto Rico, amici curiae. January 20, 2017 -2- DYK, determine Circuit the test Judge. for This district case court requires federal us to question jurisdiction in the context of motions to vacate or modify an arbitration award. This turns on whether the court may look through the motion whether the to court the would underlying have federal dispute question to determine jurisdiction. Here, the district court applied the look-through test, finding that jurisdiction existed setting aside the award. and that there was no basis for We affirm, holding that the look- through approach is the correct test, that federal jurisdiction existed, and that the district court did not err in refusing to vacate the award and in confirming it. I. In 2006, appellants Dr. Luis Ortiz-Espinosa and his wife, Maritza Soto-García; the conjugal partnership formed by them (Espinosa-Soto); and Luis Ortiz-Espinosa, as trustee of Centro Dermatológico San Pablo PSC Retirement Plan, opened two sets of brokerage investment accounts with BBVA Securities of Puerto Rico, Inc. (“BBVA”). The accounts included personal accounts for the married couple and accounts for a retirement plan. Rafael Rodríguez-Abella, a securities broker employed at BBVA, managed $2,113,154 into the the accounts. The personal retirement plan accounts. married accounts and couple $491,054 deposited into the By September 2009, the accounts had - 3 - collectively suffered large losses in the amount of $2,049,340. The married couple believed that BBVA and Rodríguez-Abella were responsible for the losses. for arbitration of The brokerage agreements provided disputes before the Federal Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”). On March representatives 25, of the 2010, the retirement married plans couple and (hereinafter, “claimants”) sought arbitration with BBVA and Rodríguez-Abella in the FINRA forum. We refer to BBVA and Rodríguez-Abella as “defendants.” their arbitration, In claimants statement alleged that of claim between 2006 requesting and 2009, defendants in total disregard and open violation of the instructions received from [c]laimants and of [c]laimants’ investment objectives, engaged in a pattern of unsuitable investments in high risk securities, with the sole objective of maximizing commissions or trading profits for [defendants], while deceiving [c]laimants about the true nature of the investments made by [defendants] in the Accounts. Said investments were made by [defendants] without consulting [c]laimants, and [defendants] exercised unauthorized discretion in the handling of the Accounts. Appellants’ Appx. 23–24. Claimants asserted several claims under both federal and Puerto Rico law, alleging, inter alia, violations of Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act, Rule 10b-5 of the Securities Exchange Commission, and also the securities laws of - 4 - Puerto Rico. The statement of claim alleged claims under state tort and contract law as well. With respect to the retirement plan accounts, claimants also alleged that the investments and margin loans were violations of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act. Finally, in addition to compensatory damages in the amount of at least $2,102,976, claimants sought punitive damages, interest, attorney’s fees, expenses, and disgorgement of defendants’ commissions and service fees. A FINRA arbitration panel comprised of three members conducted seventeen hearing sessions in Puerto Rico. 3, 2012, claims. the arbitrators issued an award denying On April claimants’ The award stated in its entirety: After considering the pleadings, the testimony and evidence presented at the hearing, and the post-hearing submissions, the Panel has decided in full and final resolution of the issues submitted for determination as follows: The Panel finds for Respondents and Claimants’ claims are denied in their entirety. Any and all relief not specifically addressed herein, including Claimants’ request for attorneys’ fees and punitive damages, is denied. Appellants’ Appx. 38. On July 29, 2012, claimants filed a complaint (hereinafter, “petition to vacate”) in the Puerto Rico Court of First Instance requesting that the court vacate or modify the arbitration award. not invoke the Claimants, in their petition to vacate, did Federal Arbitration - 5 - Act (“FAA”); instead, claimants sought relief under the Puerto Rico Arbitration Act (“PRAA”), 32 L.P.R.A. §§ 3201 et seq. The petition alleged various errors of the arbitrators, including the fact that they denied claimants’ responsibility by claims despite defendants and claimants’ claims on the merits. an alleged “clear admission evidence” of supporting Appellants’ Appx. 15. The petition to vacate also alleged that the arbitrators were biased against claimants and had refused to hear relevant evidence. On July 30, 2012, defendants removed the case to the United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico asserting that jurisdiction. the district court had federal question There was no basis for diversity jurisdiction because all of the parties in this case are residents of Puerto Rico or are entities created or organized under the laws of Puerto Rico. Defendants based their claims of federal subject matter jurisdiction on a look-through approach, asserting that the underlying claims were based on federal securities laws, and that the district court would have had claims had been filed in district court. jurisdiction if the Defendants urged that the court also had supplemental jurisdiction over the state law claims. On August 17, 2012, claimants moved to remand the case to Puerto Rico state court for lack of jurisdiction. The district court denied the motion for remand, holding that the - 6 - court had federal question jurisdiction. It applied the look- through approach, determining that the underlying statement of claim alleged federal claims. Claimants filed an interlocutory appeal of the order denying their motion to remand, but on May 28, 2013, this Court dismissed the appeal because the order was not a final decision under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. On December 17, 2015, the district court denied claimants’ petition to vacate or modify the arbitration award and entered a judgment confirming the award, holding that claimants “did not demonstrate any plausible ground to vacate or modify the award.” decide whether Appellants’ Br. Add. 28. the FAA or PRAA standards modifying an arbitration award applied. that “given the similarities The court did not between for vacating or Instead, the court held the FAA and PRAA with respect to the grounds for vacating or modifying” an arbitration award, disturbing PRAA.” the award “is not Appellants’ Br. Add. 24 n.9. district court’s denial of their warranted under FAA or Claimants appeal both the motion to judgment confirming the arbitration award. remand and the We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. II. We first jurisdiction. review the consider the issue of federal question Where pertinent facts are not in dispute, we district court’s determination - 7 - of subject matter jurisdiction de novo. Samaan v. St. Joseph Hosp., 670 F.3d 21, 27 (1st Cir. 2012). Defendants argue that the FAA applies here and that this circuit should adopt the look-through doctrine to determine whether the district court has subject matter jurisdiction over a motion to vacate an arbitration award. Claimants argue that they sued under the PRAA, and alleged only state law causes of action in their petition to vacate, so the district court did not have subject matter jurisdiction. Furthermore, they claim that the text of the FAA prohibits the extension of the lookthrough doctrine beyond § 4. For the reasons explained below, we agree with defendants on both points. Although claimants brought their petition to vacate under 32 L.P.R.A. § 3222, the FAA applies to arbitration agreements “in any maritime transaction or a contract evidencing a transaction Bernhardt (1956). agree v. involving Polygraphic commerce.” Co. of 9 Am., U.S.C. 350 § 2; U.S. see 198, also 200–02 The Supreme Court has suggested that the parties may to review of arbitration awards under state law, explaining that “[t]he FAA is not the only way into court for parties wanting review of arbitration awards: they may contemplate enforcement under state statutory or common law, for example, where judicial review of different scope is arguable.” Hall St. Assocs. v. Mattel, Inc., 552 U.S. 576, 590 (2008). - 8 - But we read Hall Street as holding that where the FAA applies, it may be displaced by state law (if at all) only if the parties have so agreed explicitly. See id. Here, claimants have made no showing that the parties “contemplate[d] enforcement under” the PRAA, id., rather than the FAA. Claimants have not pointed to any language in their arbitration agreement indicating that the parties intended that state law would govern vacatur of the arbitration award. The FAA Accordingly, we will apply the FAA. provides several mechanisms arbitration agreements and awards. that a court may, upon for enforcing Sections 3 and 4 provide application, stay litigation pending arbitration and compel arbitration pursuant to an arbitration agreement. 9 U.S.C. §§ 3, 4. Once an arbitration award has issued, FAA sections 9 through 11 supply means for acquiring “a judicial decree confirming an award, an order vacating it, or an order modifying or correcting it.” Hall St., 552 U.S. at 582. Upon an application to the court under § 9, the court “‘must’ confirm an arbitration award ‘unless’ it is vacated, modified, or corrected ‘as prescribed’ in §§ 10 and 11.” U.S.C. § 9). Id. (quoting 9 Sections “10 and 11 respectively provide the FAA’s exclusive grounds for expedited vacatur and modification.” Id. at 584. An important goal of the FAA was to make arbitration agreements enforceable in the first instance. - 9 - But the post- arbitration remedies were also a central component of the FAA structure, which sought to combat delays and expenses normally associated with litigation to enforce awards. Before the FAA, “the only recourse of the successful party was to sue in a court of law upon the award,” where the party was “subject to the delay always incident in any action at law and to defeat upon technicalities or otherwise in proving the award itself.” Arbitration of Interstate Commercial Disputes, Joint Hearings before the Subcomms. of the Comms. on the Judiciary on S. 1005 and H.R. 646, 68th Cong., 1st Sess., 36 (1924). The FAA was viewed as solving these problems: “[u]nder the statute, if the award is not voluntarily performed, it must be entered as a judgment of the court, as a matter of course, unless grounds modification.” exist for its vacation, correction, or Id.; see also id. (“In all these proceedings there is no material expense or delay and no opportunity for technical procedure.”). The very existence of sections 9, 10, and 11 demonstrates the importance of post-award federal court review.1 1 The Seventh Circuit has suggested that § 10 is of lesser importance than §§ 3–4 because “[t]he central federal interest [of the FAA] was enforcement of agreements to arbitrate, not review of arbitration decisions.” Minor v. Prudential Sec., Inc., 94 F.3d 1103, 1107 (7th Cir. 1996). The statutory language and legislative history make clear that post-award review was an important component of the statute. Other courts have likewise not found this suggestion compelling. See Doscher - 10 - Those provisions show that Congress contemplated that the federal courts would have a central role and broad authority to enforce arbitration agreements (including confirming, vacating, or modifying an arbitration award). Sections 9, 10, and 11 provide that proceedings may be brought in “the United States court in and for the district wherein the award was made.” U.S.C. § 10(a)2; accord §§ 9, 11.3 9 While these provisions do not v. Sea Port Grp. Sec., LLC, 832 F.3d 372, 386 (2d Cir. 2016) (“If enforcement were Congress’s only goal, however, it would have had no need to pass §§ 10 or 11 at all.”); Kasap v. Folger Nolan Fleming & Douglas, Inc., 166 F.3d 1243, 1247 (D.C. Cir. 1999) (finding “little evidence supporting” this understanding). 2 Section 10 provides, “[i]n any of the following cases the United States court in and for the district wherein the award was made may make an order vacating the award upon the application of any party to the arbitration [upon satisfaction of the conditions set forth infra in section III of the opinion].” 3 Section 9 provides, in relevant part, If the parties in their agreement have agreed that a judgment of the court shall be entered upon the award made pursuant to the arbitration, and shall specify the court, then at any time within one year after the award is made any party to the arbitration may apply to the court so specified for an order confirming the award, and thereupon the court must grant such an order unless the award is vacated, modified, or corrected as prescribed in sections 10 and 11 of this title. If no court is specified in the agreement of the parties, then such application may be made to the United States court in and for the district within which such award was made. 9 U.S.C. § 9. Section 11 provides, “the United States court in and for the district wherein the award was made may make an order modifying or correcting the award upon the application of any party to the arbitration” where certain conditions are met. 9 U.S.C. § 11. - 11 - themselves confer jurisdiction, they evidently contemplate that award enforcement will occur in federal courts as a matter of course. In fact, there is no explicit provision for post-award enforcement in state courts. The Supreme Court has determined that the FAA adopted the look-through approach with respect to petitions to compel arbitration under 9 U.S.C § 4. In Vaden v. Discover Bank, 556 U.S. 49, 62 (2009), the Court held that a “court may ‘look through’ a § 4 petition to determine whether it is predicated on an action that ‘arises under’ federal law.” The proper jurisdictional inquiry for a motion to compel arbitration is whether, “save for [the arbitration] agreement,” the court would have jurisdiction “over ‘a suit arising out of the controversy between the parties.’” Id. (quoting 9 U.S.C. § 4). test that would presented example, claims. in the (alteration in original) court alone, dispute to look which over the to might the issues include, arbitrability of for the Id. at 63. The provides the petition parties’ 70 In so holding, the Court rejected a require the at in arbitration Vaden Court relevant “may part petition relied that any on a the party United text of seeking States § 4, which to compel district court which, save for such agreement, would have jurisdiction under Title 28, in a civil action or in admiralty of the subject - 12 - matter of a suit arising out of the controversy between the parties.” ‘save 9 U.S.C. § 4. for district agreement [the court and The Court reasoned that “[t]he phrase arbitration] should assume determine original). The the whether under title 28’ without it.” in agreement’ indicates absence it of ‘would the have that the arbitration jurisdiction Vaden, 556 U.S. at 62 (alteration phrase, “the controversy between the parties,” the Court explained, “is most straightforwardly read to mean the ‘substantive conflict between the parties.’” Id. at 62–63 (quoting Discover Bank v. Vaden, 396 F.3d 366, 370 (4th Cir. 2005)). The Court noted that rejecting the look-through approach would lead to “curious practical consequences.” 65. Id. at The Court explained that if a federal court were permitted “to entertain a § 4 petition only when a federal-question suit is already before the court, when the parties satisfy the requirements for diversity-of-citizenship jurisdiction, or when the dispute over arbitrability involves a maritime contract,” such an “approach would not accommodate a § 4 petitioner who could file a federal-question suit in (or remove such a suit to) federal court, but who has not done so.” Id. By contrast, the look-through approach avoids this situation because it allows a party to request an order compelling arbitration without first - 13 - “seeking federal adjudication of the very questions it wants to arbitrate rather than litigate.” Id. The Supreme Court has not decided whether the same jurisdictional look-through approach also applies to petitions to confirm, vacate, or modify an arbitration award under §§ 9– 11. To be sure, there is a difference in statutory language between § 4 and the latter sections. sections do agreement” not and include “arising the out In particular, the latter “save of the for [the arbitration] controversy between the parties” language relied upon by the Supreme Court in Vaden. The question is whether this difference in language between the pre-award enforcement provision of § 4 and the post-award enforcement provisions of §§ 9–11 warrants a different test for federal question jurisdiction. Following Vaden, there exists a split among our sister circuits on this question. look-through vacate. Third approach The Second Circuit has held that the applies at Doscher, 832 F.3d at 388. Circuits have held the least to § 10 petitions to By contrast, the Seventh and opposite: that Vaden is distinguishable (primarily based on the difference in statutory language) and that “a federal issue resolved by the arbitrator does not supply subject-matter enforcement of the award.” jurisdiction for review or Magruder v. Fid. Brokerage Servs. LLC, 818 F.3d 285, 288 (7th Cir. 2016); see also Goldman v. - 14 - Citigroup Glob. Mkts. Inc., 834 F.3d 242, 255 (3d Cir. 2016) (look-through does not apply to § 10 motions to vacate). As we now explain, we agree with the Second Circuit that the petitions difference look-through to in approach cannot compel. Initially, statutory text we between be limited note that the to § 4 the sections mere does not itself compel a holding that the sections are to be interpreted differently. See Clay v. United States, 537 U.S. 522, 529–30 (2003); City of Columbus v. Ours Garage & Wrecker Serv., Inc., 536 U.S. 424, 435–36 (2002); Martin v. Hadix, 527 U.S. 343, 355– 57 (1999); see also Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Inc. v. Manning, 136 S. Ct. 1562, 1570–71 (2016) (construing “completely different language”—the phrase “brought to enforce” in § 27 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the phrase “arising under” in 28 U.S.C. § 1331—to have the same meaning for determining federal jurisdiction). There are, moreover, several important policy reasons supporting applying the look-through approach to the award enforcement provisions. In light of the important role intended for the federal courts in enforcing arbitration agreements postaward, it would make no sense to effectively exclude federal question jurisdiction over those cases. And, the look-through approach is the only possible approach that would provide such federal jurisdiction. - 15 - There would seem to be only three possible tests for “arising under” jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1331. First, FAA §§ 9–11 could be viewed as each creating a federal cause of action because section 10 on its face provides substantive rules of decision for vacating an arbitration award. F.3d at 387; Kasap, 166 F.3d at 1247.4 See Doscher, 832 Such a reading would appear to be consistent with the general rule that a court has federal question jurisdiction where federal law creates the cause of action and provides the rules of decision.5 However, the Supreme Court has foreclosed this first possibility, holding that federal question jurisdiction over controversies involving arbitration cannot be based on the fact that the FAA establishes the relevant substantive law. See Hall St., 552 U.S. at 581–82; Moses H. Cone Mem’l Hosp. v. Mercury Constr. Corp., 460 U.S. 1, 25 n.32 (1983).6 4 See Garrett v. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc., 7 F.3d 882, 883 (9th Cir. 1993) (noting that § 10 “appears on its face to confer subject-matter jurisdiction”); Harry Hoffman Printing, Inc. v. Graphic Commc’ns, Int’l Union, Local 261, 912 F.2d 608, 611 n.1 (2d Cir. 1990) (noting “that the broad language of sections 9 and 10 of the Act might be read as a grant of subject matter jurisdiction”). 5 See Mims v. Arrow Fin. Servs., LLC, 132 S. Ct. 740, 748 (2012); Grable & Sons Metal Prod., Inc. v. Darue Eng’g & Mfg., 545 U.S. 308, 317 (2005) (explaining that “a federal cause of action [is] a sufficient condition for federal-question jurisdiction”); Am. Well Works Co. v. Layne & Bowler Co., 241 U.S. 257, 260 (1916) (“A suit arises under the law that creates the cause of action.”). 6 See also, e.g., Bull HN Info. Sys., Inc. v. Hutson, 229 - 16 - The second possible test for federal question jurisdiction invokes the theory that federal jurisdiction exists where non-FAA award. Cal., federal law provides grounds for vacating the See Goldman, 834 F.3d at 255; Carter v. Health Net of Inc., 374 F.3d 830, 836–37 & n.4 (9th Cir. 2004); Greenberg v. Bear, Stearns & Co., 220 F.3d 22, 27 (2d Cir. 2000) overruled on other grounds by Doscher, 832 F.3d 372. However, this theory largely depends on the continued vitality of the “manifest disregard” doctrine (allowing an award to be set aside if it was made in manifest disregard of federal law), which “has been thrown into doubt by [Hall Street], where the Supreme Court ‘h[e]ld that [9 U.S.C. § 10] . . . provide[s] exclusive grounds for expedited vacatur.’” the FAA’s Bangor Gas Co. v. H.Q. Energy Servs. (U.S.) Inc., 695 F.3d 181, 187 (1st Cir. 2012) (alteration in original) (quoting Hall St., 552 U.S. at 584). This circuit has “not squarely determined whether our manifest disregard case law can be reconciled with Hall Street.” Raymond James Fin. Servs., Inc. v. Fenyk, 780 F.3d 59, 64–65 (1st Cir. 2015) (citation and quotation marks omitted).7 F.3d 321, 328 (1st Cir. 2000); PCS 2000 LP v. Romulus Telecomms., Inc., 148 F.3d 32, 34–35 (1st Cir. 1998); Garrett, 7 F.3d at 884; Harry Hoffman Printing, 912 F.2d at 611. 7 The Supreme Court has explicitly reserved the question, stating “[w]e do not decide whether ‘manifest disregard’ survives our decision in [Hall Street], as an independent ground for review or as a judicial gloss on the enumerated grounds for vacatur set forth at 9 U.S.C. § 10.” Stolt-Nielsen S.A. v. - 17 - We need not and do not decide now whether manifest disregard remains as an available basis for vacatur. However, if it does survive, we agree with the courts that have held that Hall Street compels the conclusion that it does so only as a judicial gloss on § 10. See Johnson v. Wells Fargo Home Mortg., Inc., 635 F.3d 401, 414 (9th Cir. 2011); T.Co Metals, LLC v. Dempsey Pipe & Supply, Inc., 592 F.3d 329, 340 (2d Cir. 2010). If this is so, however, a claim of manifest disregard cannot provide federal question jurisdiction since, as discussed above, the law is settled that the FAA, including § 10, does not create a basis for federal question jurisdiction. See Hall St., 552 U.S. at 581–82; Moses H. Cone, 460 U.S. at 25 n.32. This leaves only a third, alternative approach: that the look-through test adopted in Vaden for § 4 petitions applies to sections 9, 10, and 11 of the FAA. It is the only approach available that provides broad federal court jurisdiction over proceedings to enforce awards, a clear objective of the FAA. Congress cannot have intended jurisdiction over §§ 9–11 petitions only to exist in diversity or perhaps in admiralty. The look-through approach also provides a unitary jurisdictional approach to the FAA, an objective endorsed by various cases. See Harry Hoffman Printing, 912 F.2d at 611 n.1; Garrett, 7 F.3d at 884. Applying the look-through approach to AnimalFeeds Int’l Corp., 559 U.S. 662, 672 n.3 (2010). - 18 - post-award decisions avoids a “bizarre” distinction that would otherwise follow: “a petition to compel arbitration could be brought in federal court, but a petition under FAA §§ 9 or 10 to confirm or vacate the arbitration award in the same dispute could not.” Westmoreland Capital Corp. v. Findlay, 100 F.3d 263, 268 (2d Cir. 1996) abrogated by Vaden, 556 U.S. 49; see also Doscher, 832 F.3d at 383 (“[H]ow can a federal court’s jurisdiction under the same jurisdictional statute differ between § 4 and all other remedies under the Act?”); id. at 387 (noting that excluding federal question jurisdiction here would result in a "totally artificial distinction" between cases stayed under § 3 and freestanding § 10 petitions filed in the same court) (quoting Vaden, 556 U.S. at 65). Applying the look-through approach to §§ 9–11 additionally avoids “curious practical consequences” similar to those that the Supreme Court recognized in Vaden as supporting § 4 jurisdiction. 556 U.S. at 65. Allowing a federal court to compel arbitration in a federal question case but then later denying a federal forum for confirming, modifying, or vacating the award would lead to strange consequences. Remitting the litigants to state court for post-award enforcement proceedings would create potential inconsistency between the federal preaward decision and the later state court decision involving the question of whether the arbitrators exceeded their powers by - 19 - deciding issues that are not properly subject to arbitration. See Coady v. Ashcraft & Gerel, 223 F.3d 1, 9 (1st Cir. 2000). Doctrines of issue preclusion may not protect against this eventuality in part because some state courts do not regard the FAA as preempting state law.8 Finally, interpretation, apart a from reviewing arbitration court in agreement post-arbitration proceedings may be called to answer questions that implicate federal law. For example, a reviewing court may be asked to determine whether the arbitrators “refus[ed] to hear evidence pertinent and material to the controversy,” possibly requiring the court to consider questions of federal law in deciding whether the disregarded or excluded evidence was “material to the controversy.” 9 U.S.C. § 10(a)(3). Regardless of the avenue by which federal law becomes relevant in reviewing an arbitration award, it would seem particularly strange to deny a federal forum where the underlying claim, as here, is based on the Securities Exchange federal district Manning, 136 S. courts Ct. at Act of have 1934, claims exclusive 1566. 8 This over which jurisdiction. potential for the See conflict See Jill I. Gross, Over-Preemption of State Vacatur Law: State Courts and the FAA, 3 J. Am. Arb. 1, 20 (2004) (collecting cases). - 20 - further counsels that the look-through approach should apply consistently under the FAA. For all of these reasons, we conclude that the lookthrough approach applies to sections 9, 10, and 11 of the FAA. Applying the claimants’ look-through statement of approach claim, here, there is upon no review question of that claimants’ claims involving federal securities laws arise under federal law.9 Indeed, at oral argument, claimants conceded that if we were to adopt the look-through approach, claimants lose on this issue. Accordingly, the district court properly exercised jurisdiction over claimants’ petition to vacate. III. We review the district court’s decision to confirm or vacate an arbitration award de novo. Cytyc Corp. v. DEKA Prods. Ltd. P’ship, 439 F.3d 27, 32 (1st Cir. 2006). As a threshold matter, the parties dispute whether the court should apply the FAA or award. the The state PRAA district grounds court for did 9 vacatur not in resolve reviewing this the question, Although the statement of claim also includes claims arising under state law, there is no suggestion that those claims do not constitute part of the same controversy as the federal securities law claims. See Vaden, 556 U.S. at 69 n.18 (“[I]f a federal court would have jurisdiction over the parties’ whole controversy, we see nothing anomalous about the court’s ordering arbitration of a state-law claim constituting part of that controversy. Federal courts routinely exercise supplemental jurisdiction over state-law claims. See 28 U.S.C. § 1367.”). - 21 - holding that the statutory grounds are essentially the same. Because we have already held that the FAA governs in this case, we need not decide whether the PRAA confers different grounds for vacatur. Turning to the merits, we see no error in the district court’s decision here refusing to vacate (and confirming) the award under the FAA. “is extremely The court’s review of an arbitration award narrow and exceedingly deferential.” Raymond James, 780 F.3d at 63 (citation and quotation marks omitted); see also Cytyc Corp., 439 F.3d at 32; Teamsters Local Union No. 42 v. Supervalu, (“Arbitral awards oversight.”). Inc., 212 are F.3d nearly 59, 61 (1st impervious Cir. to 2000) judicial In reviewing an arbitration award under the FAA, “courts ‘do not sit to hear claims of factual or legal error by an arbitrator as an appellate court does in reviewing decisions of lower courts.’” Advest, Inc. v. McCarthy, 914 F.2d 6, 8 (1st Cir. 1990) (quoting United Paperworkers Int’l Union v. Misco, Inc., 484 U.S. 29, 38 (1987)). This limited review applies “[e]ven where such error is painfully clear, [because] courts are not awards.” authorized Id. Stolt-Nielsen, to reconsider (internal 559 U.S. quotation at 671 the merits marks (“It of arbitration omitted); is not see enough also for petitioners to show that the panel committed an error—or even a serious error.”); McCarthy v. Citigroup Glob. Mkts. Inc., 463 - 22 - F.3d 87, 93–94 (1st Cir. 2006). to establish that the award The burden is on the claimants should be set aside. See JCI Commc’ns, Inc. v. Int’l Bhd. of Elec. Workers, Local 103, 324 F.3d 42, 51 (1st Cir. 2003). The grounds are set forth in Section 10 and include only the following: (1) where the award was procured by corruption, fraud, or undue means; (2) where there was evident partiality or corruption in the arbitrators, or either of them; (3) where the arbitrators were guilty of misconduct in refusing to postpone the hearing, upon sufficient cause shown, or in refusing to hear evidence pertinent and material to the controversy; or of any other misbehavior by which the rights of any party have been prejudiced; or (4) where the arbitrators exceeded their powers, or so imperfectly executed them that a mutual, final, and definite award upon the subject matter submitted was not made. 9 U.S.C. § 10(a). Claimants did not expressly invoke FAA § 10. claimants’ petition to vacate and subsequent Instead, briefing cite vacatur provisions of the PRAA, 32 L.P.R.A. § 3222(b) and (c), which are analogous to FAA § 10(a)(2) and (a)(3), respectively. Accordingly, we address claimants’ claims under the PRAA as though they had been brought under the analogous provisions of the FAA. Claimants have put forth essentially three theories as to why vacatur warranted. or modification of the arbitration award is Claimants argue that these errors collectively show - 23 - evident partiality of the arbitrators (§ 10(a)(2)) and that the arbitrators engaged in misconduct or misbehavior that prejudiced claimants’ rights (§ 10(a)(3)). Claimants’ first and primary theory is that the arbitrators were obligated to impose liability on defendants—but did not—after they were presented with “overwhelming” evidence supporting alleged their admission case of and “shared arguments at the hearing. The after available defendants’ responsibility” counsel during made an closing Appellants’ Br. 11, 14.10 grounds of vacatur do not allow a federal court to revisit the arbitrators’ ultimate determination of whether or not to impose liability. 8. That the arbitrators apparently See Advest, 914 F.2d at were unconvinced by claimants’ evidence and denied their claims, without more, does not establish that the arbitrators were biased or guilty of misbehavior. To the extent that claimants suggest that defense counsel made an “admission” at closing argument, we do not read counsel’s comments as a clear admission of liability. Read in context, counsel’s statements are more reasonably interpreted as an argument that claimants should be held accountable for their 10 Claimants quote cases discussing the manifest disregard doctrine, but they provide no supporting explanation as to how the doctrine applies to this case. We also note that the petition to vacate contains several pages discussing the applicability of a “ratification defense” to this case. However, claimants have not raised this issue on appeal. - 24 - role, if any, in their own losses. have suggested that defendants Counsel does not appear to admitted to any particular proportion of responsibility. Second, claimants argue that one arbitrator was partial to defendants as evidenced by comments he made during one of the hearings. apparently related During claimants’ questioning of a witness to claimants’ allegations of defendants’ prior bad acts, the arbitrator said “if I were [defendants’ counsel], I would irrelevancies.” however, the have a sore throat from Appellants’ Appx. at 75. arbitrator’s statements objection for Read in context, indicate that he was concerned with the number and length of the hearings, as well as the potential for scheduling issues if the hearings needed to be prolonged. He suggested to claimants that he believed the particular line of questioning was irrelevant and that claimants should move on to other questions. existence of bias, and without This hardly supports the more, claimants have not established “specific facts that indicate improper motives on the part of an arbitrator.” JCI Commc’ns, 324 F.3d at 51 (quoting Al Harbi v. Citibank, N.A., 85 F.3d 680, 683 (D.C. Cir. 1996)). this A reasonable person would not “have to conclude” from exchange defendants. that the arbitrator Id. - 25 - was evidently partial to Third and finally, claimants argue that the arbitrators failed to admit relevant evidence relating to claims previously brought against defendant Rodríguez-Abella unrelated parties. Claimants’ third theory also fails. course, does § 10(a)(3) not require arbitrators to every piece of relevant evidence presented to them.” by “Of consider Doral Fin. Corp. v. Garcia-Velez, 725 F.3d 27, 31 (1st Cir. 2013). “An arbitration award must not be set aside for the arbitrator's refusal to hear evidence that is cumulative or irrelevant.” Hoteles Condado Beach, La Concha & Convention Ctr. v. Union De Tronquistas (citations Local 901, omitted). 763 F.2d “Vacatur 34, is 40 (1st appropriate Cir. only 1985) when the exclusion of relevant evidence so affects the rights of a party that it may be said that he was deprived of a fair hearing.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). Here, claimants have not established that they were deprived of a fair hearing. The record shows that claimants were permitted to ask some questions about Rodríguez-Abella’s former clients’ actions against him. The arbitrators sustained objections based on relevancy only because those prior actions had been settled. Rules of Evidence, We need not decide whether under the Federal such evidence would be admissible. See United States v. Bailey, 696 F.3d 794, 800 (9th Cir. 2012). Whether or not such evidence would be admissible in federal - 26 - court, we will not disturb the arbitrators’ decisions sustaining defendants’ evidentiary objections. See Hoteles Condado Beach, 763 F.2d at 39–40 (“Absent exceptional circumstances, . . . a reviewing court may not overturn an arbitration award based on the arbitrator’s determination of the relevancy or persuasiveness of the evidence submitted by the parties.”). Apart from claimants’ three theories of vacatur, claimants suggest in their petition to vacate that the same alleged errors resulted in an error warranting modification of the award. in number calculation See 9 U.S.C. § 11(a). However, § 11 plainly does not provide for modification where claimants’ sole position denying their claims. is that the arbitrators erred in See Advest, 914 F.2d at 8 n.4 (noting that “§ 11 provides for correction of ‘evident’ and ‘material’ arithmetic or descriptive errors”). Because we affirm the district court’s determination that vacatur or modification of the arbitration award is not warranted, we also affirm the court’s confirmation of the award. See 9 U.S.C. § 9 (“[T]he court must grant [an order confirming the award] unless the award is vacated, modified, or corrected as prescribed in sections 10 and 11 of this title.”). IV. We conclude that the district court properly exercised jurisdiction over claimants’ petition to vacate or modify the - 27 - arbitration award. We also hold that the district court was correct in denying claimants’ petition and confirming the award. Accordingly, we affirm. AFFIRMED. Costs to appellees. - 28 -
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