Gary Wickham, Appellee, v. Denis Dowd, Appellant, 914 F.2d 1111 (8th Cir. 1990)

Denis Dowd, Superintendent of the Ozark Correctional Center, appeals the district court's grant of Gary Wickham's petition for writ of habeas corpus filed pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254(a). The district court granted Wickham's petition on the ground that the state court's imposition of a special probation condition that he not consume alcohol, revocation of his probation for the violation of that condition, and subsequent imposition of a previously suspended twenty-year sentence had the effect of punishing him solely because he was an alcoholic, in violation of the eighth amendment, as applied to the states through the fourteenth amendment. Dowd argues that in granting Wickham's petition, the district court announced a new rule and applied it retroactively in violation of Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288, 109 S. Ct. 1060, 103 L. Ed. 2d 334 (1989) (plurality opinion). We agree and reverse.¹ 

On March 4, 1983, Wickham pleaded guilty to a Class D felony of leaving the scene of a motor vehicle accident and a Class B felony of burglary in the first degree. The two offenses carried a maximum combined penalty of twenty-years imprisonment. At the guilty-plea proceeding, Wickham acknowledged that he had been drinking when the events leading to his arrest occurred. The state court suspended the imposition of sentence and placed him on supervised probation for five years subject to regular and special conditions including that he refrain from consuming or possessing any alcoholic beverages. The state court told Wickham that if he violated his probation, it would impose the maximum sentence of twenty years.

On August 25, 1983, Wickham was again arrested when police responded to his mother-in-law's telephone call that he had broken the windshield of her car.²  A breathalyzer gauged his alcohol level at .22. He admitted at his probation-revocation hearing that he had consumed alcohol. The state court found that Wickham had violated three of his conditions of probation. Instead of carrying through with its threat of imposing the maximum sentence, however, the court offered Wickham two options. Under the first option, Wickham would be sentenced immediately to two consecutive five-year sentences in the penitentiary. Under the second option, Wickham would be sentenced to the maximum punishment of twenty-years³  imprisonment for the two offenses. However, the court would suspend the sentence and place him on probation subject not only to the same conditions the court had already imposed but additional conditions, including that he take antibuse daily and refrain from driving a motorized vehicle at any time except on his job site. Wickham was then informed that if he chose the second alternative and subsequently took even one drink or drove an automobile, his probation would be revoked and he would have to serve the twenty-year sentence. After consulting with his family, Wickham chose the second alternative.

On January 20, 1984, Wickham was again arrested. His alcohol level was .29. At his probation revocation hearing on April 24, 1984, the court found that Wickham had again violated the condition of his probation that he not consume alcoholic beverages. The court revoked his probation, and reinstated his suspended sentence of twenty years.

After being denied relief in state court,⁴  Wickham filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus in federal district court. The district court granted his petition, vacated his consecutive state sentences, and ordered the state to resentence him to two consecutive five-year sentences (the original option # 1)⁵  on the ground that the twenty-year sentence had the effect of punishing Wickham solely because of his status as an alcoholic.

Dowd argues that the district court announced a new rule and applied it retroactively in granting Wickham's petition for writ of habeas corpus. In order to determine whether the district court announced a new rule, we must first identify the rule upon which it relied. The district court held that " [i]t was cruel and unusual punishment to double [Wickham's] sentences for doing what he was powerless to control, and the choice the state court gave [him] had the effect of punishing him solely because he was an alcoholic." Wickham v. Dowd, No. 88-0233-CV-W-5-P, slip op. at 8 (W.D. Mo. May 9, 1989). The district court's opinion can reasonably be read to hold that: (1) imposing a probation condition upon a known alcoholic that he cannot consume alcohol, and (2) sentencing the alcoholic for violating that probation condition constitutes cruel and unusual punishment because they have the effect of punishing him solely because he is an alcoholic.⁶ 

The question therefore arises whether the district court announced a new rule. In Teague, a plurality of the Supreme Court held that new constitutional rules of criminal procedure will not be applicable to those cases which have become final before the new rules are announced. Teague, 109 S. Ct. at 1069. The Court defined a new rule as one which breaks new ground or imposes a new obligation on the states or the federal government. Id. at 1070. In other words, "a case announces a new rule if the result was not dictated by precedent existing at the time the defendant's conviction became final." Id. (emphasis in original); see also Sawyer v. Smith, --- U.S. ----, ---- - ----, 110 S. Ct. 2822, 2824-25, 111 L. Ed. 2d 193 (1990); Saffle v. Parks, --- U.S. ----, 110 S. Ct. 1257, 1260, 108 L. Ed. 2d 415 (1990); Butler v. McKellar, --- U.S. ----, 110 S. Ct. 1212, 1216, 108 L. Ed. 2d 347 (1990); Penry v. Lynaugh, --- U.S. ----, 109 S. Ct. 2934, 2952, 106 L. Ed. 2d 256 (1989).

Wickham argues that the district court's grant of his petition for writ of habeas corpus did not involve the creation of a new rule. Wickham attempts to rely on two well-settled rules. First, a state sentence constitutes cruel and unusual punishment if it is so disproportionate that it shocks the moral conscience of reasonable persons. See Solem v. Helm, 463 U.S. 277, 290-92, 103 S. Ct. 3001, 3009-11, 77 L. Ed. 2d 637 (1983).⁷  Second, a state law which imprisons a defendant merely because of his status as an addict inflicts cruel and unusual punishment, thereby shocking the moral conscience of reasonable persons. See Robinson v. California, 370 U.S. 660, 667, 82 S. Ct. 1417, 1420, 8 L. Ed. 2d 758 (1962). Relying on these two rules, Wickham argues that at the time his conviction became final, the eighth amendment, as applied to the states through the fourteenth amendment, prohibited the state court from: (1) imposing upon a known alcoholic a condition of probation that he not consume alcohol, and (2) revoking the alcoholic defendant's probation and imposing a sentence for violating the condition that he not drink alcohol.

While the two well-settled rules identified by Wickham may lend general support to the conclusion reached by the district court, this fact does not suffice to show that the rule announced by the district court was not "new."⁸  See Sawyer, --- U.S. at ----, 110 S. Ct. at 2824. The district court extended the reasoning of the well-settled principles cited by Wickham, thereby presenting us with a difficult case. The Supreme Court noted in Saffle that while the "explicit overruling of an earlier holding no doubt creates a new rule; it is more difficult ... to determine whether we announce a new rule when a decision extends the reasoning of our prior cases." Saffle, 110 S. Ct. at 1260. As a guide to making that difficult decision, we must refer to the underlying purpose of the writ, deterrence of state court constitutional violations. Id. Therefore, "reasonable, good-faith interpretations of existing precedents made by state courts" must not be upset "even though they are shown to be contrary to later decisions." Butler, 110 S. Ct. at 1217; see also Saffle, 110 S. Ct. at 1260.

In arguing that the district court did not announce a new rule, Wickham claims that the state court was bound by controlling authority at the time his conviction became final in 1983. He directs our attention to Robinson, in which the Supreme Court held that "a state law which imprisons a [n addict] as a criminal, even though he has never touched any narcotic drug within the State or been guilty of any irregular behavior there, inflicts a cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the [Constitution]." Robinson, 370 U.S. at 667, 82 S. Ct. at 1421. (emphasis added). The holding in Robinson dictates that a state may not punish a defendant merely because of his status as an addict. This rule does not dictate that the eighth amendment is violated whenever an addict is punished for using a drug to which he is addicted. In fact, the Court explicitly left that question open, noting that " [t]his statute ... is not one which punishes a person for the use of narcotics, for their purchase, sale or possession, or for antisocial or disorderly behavior resulting from their administration.... [W]e deal with a statute which makes the 'status' of narcotics addiction a criminal offense." Id. at 666, 82 S. Ct. at 1420. The rule announced by the district court was not dictated by Robinson or any other controlling precedent existing at the time Wickham's conviction became final.⁹  Therefore, even if the district court's decision to extend the well-settled rule that the eighth amendment prohibits punishing a defendant merely because of his status as a drug addict to the present case was correct, it is nonetheless inescapable that the state court's interpretation of the existing law in 1983 was reasonable given the language of Robinson.

An examination of Saffle is also instructive. At the time the defendant's conviction in Saffle had become final, it was settled that the state could not bar relevant mitigating evidence from being presented and considered during the penalty phase of a capital trial. Saffle, 110 S. Ct. at 1261 (citing Lockett v. Ohio, 438 U.S. 586, 605, 606, 98 S. Ct. 2954, 2965, 2966, 57 L. Ed. 2d 973 (1978) (cited portion, plurality opinion), Eddings v. Oklahoma, 455 U.S. 104, 113-15, 102 S. Ct. 869, 876-77, 71 L. Ed. 2d 1 (1982)). The defendant sought to apply a rule that jurors must be allowed to base sentencing decisions upon the sympathy they feel after hearing the mitigating evidence. Saffle, 110 S. Ct. at 1261. Although the rule the defendant sought to apply was closely related to the well-established rule, the Saffle Court held that it was a new rule. The settled precedent dictated "what " jurors may consider; the rule urged by the defendant dictated "how " jurors may consider the evidence. Id. (emphasis in original).

This case is analogous to Saffle. The rule adopted by the district court states that a known alcoholic cannot be effectively punished for violating a special probation condition that he must refrain from consuming alcohol, no matter how reasonable the condition might otherwise be. The settled precedent of the Supreme Court, which Wickham urges controls this case, dictates that a defendant cannot be punished for his status as an addict. The district court's rule dictates what act a court may not consider in setting probation conditions and revoking probation (i.e., drinking by alcoholics). The settled rule dictates only what status a court may not consider (i.e., alcoholism). Although related, the settled precedent does not dictate the result urged by the defendant. Reasonable minds could differ over whether the reasoning of Robinson requires the rule adopted by the district court. Therefore, we refuse to invalidate the state court's reasonable, good faith interpretation of existing precedent. See Butler, 110 S. Ct. at 1217.¹⁰  We hold that the district court announced a new rule.

Having decided that the district court announced the creation of a new rule, we must determine whether that rule falls within one of two narrow exceptions "to the general principle that new rules will not be applied on collateral review." Saffle, 110 S. Ct. at 1263. First, a new rule will be retroactively applied for the benefit of a petitioner if it places " 'certain kinds of primary, private individual conduct beyond the power of the criminal lawmaking authority to proscribe,' " Teague, 109 S. Ct. at 1073 (quoting Mackey v. United States, 401 U.S. 667, 692, 91 S. Ct. 1160, 1180, 28 L. Ed. 2d 404 (1971) (Harlan, J., concurring)), or if it prohibits the imposition of a certain type of punishment for a class of defendants because of their status or the nature of their offense. Sawyer, --- U.S. at ----, 110 S. Ct. at 2826. Second, a new rule will be retroactively applied if it announces a "new 'watershed rule [ ] of criminal procedure' ... necessary to the fundamental fairness of the criminal proceeding." Id. (quoting Saffle, 110 S. Ct. at 1263; Teague, 109 S. Ct. at 1075).

The new rule announced by the district court does not protect primary, private individual conduct. The consumption of alcohol by an alcoholic convicted felon on probation certainly is not the type of primary, private conduct to which the Supreme Court referred.

Furthermore, the new rule does not prohibit the imposition of a certain category of punishment because of a probationer's status as an alcoholic. The rule merely prohibits the revocation of probation and the imposition of a suspended sentence on the basis of an alcoholic probationer's decision to consume alcohol in violation of his probation condition. See Penry, 109 S. Ct. at 2953 (if the "Eighth Amendment prohibits the execution of mentally retarded persons ... regardless of the procedures followed, such a rule would fall under the first exception to the general rule of nonretroactivity and would be applicable to defendants on collateral review").

The new rule also does not prohibit the imposition of a certain category of punishment because of the nature of the offense. The new rule prohibits courts from: (1) imposing upon a known alcoholic a probation condition that he not consume alcohol, and (2) revoking the probation because of a probationer's violation of that condition, not because of the nature of the probationer's offense (i.e., first-degree burglary and leaving the scene of an accident). See id. at 2952 (citing Coker v. Georgia, 433 U.S. 584, 97 S. Ct. 2861, 53 L. Ed. 2d 982 (1977) (death penalty cannot be imposed for rape), to illustrate instance where a new rule prohibits imposing a certain category of punishment on a class of persons because of the nature of their offense). Therefore, no aspect of the first exception applies.

The second exception does not apply either. The new rule announced by the district court is not necessary to the fundamental fairness of the criminal proceeding. The rule does not involve the determination of a defendant's guilt or innocence. In fact, its application is not relevant until after a defendant's conviction has been obtained. Because violation of the district court's new rule "would not seriously diminish the likelihood of obtaining an accurate determination," we conclude that the district court "did not establish any principle that would come within the second exception." Butler, 110 S. Ct. at 1218.

Accordingly, we reverse the judgment of the district court granting Wickham's petition for writ of habeas corpus.

LAY, Chief Judge, dissenting.

I respectfully dissent.

The majority opinion misses the mark.

The majority circumvents a decision on the merits of this case by deciding under non-retroactivity principles of Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288, 109 S. Ct. 1060, 103 L. Ed. 2d 334 (1989), that the petitioner may not raise a disproportionate sentence claim in a federal habeas proceeding. The Eighth Amendment prohibition of disproportionate sentencing is not a "new rule" under Teague. The rule prohibiting disproportionate sentencing, established in Solem v. Helm, 463 U.S. 277, 103 S. Ct. 3001, 77 L. Ed. 2d 637 (1983), predates Wickham's conviction.

Petitioner asserts that his state sentence of twenty years, ostensibly for burglary and leaving the scene of the accident, was actually doubled by the state judge because he violated a probation condition requiring that he abstain from alcohol. Petitioner urges the increased punishment was not for the underlying offense, and consequently his total punishment is disproportionate to his crime.

The majority's analysis of the district court holding is erroneous. The district court specifically addressed the proportionality of the sentence and found the twenty-year sentence "totally unreasonable."¹  Rather than confront this difficult question directly, the majority instead asserts that Wickham seeks to establish a new rule and that Teague bars review of the claim. The majority's overbroad definition of a "new rule" under Teague forecloses all collateral review unless petitioner is fortuitous enough to allege facts identical to an already-decided claim.

Alexander Hamilton once noted that Blackstone had described the Habeas Corpus Act as the "Bulwark of the British Constitution." The Federalist No. 84, at 629 (A. Hamilton 1892) (citing 4 W. Blackstone, Commentaries * 488). If the majority is correct in its application of Teague, the writ of habeas corpus has become the toothless writ of the American Constitution.

In Teague, a plurality of the Supreme Court adopted Justice Harlan's view that new rules of criminal procedure should not be applied retroactively on collateral review. The Court adopted this view with the purpose of ensuring finality in state criminal cases, believing that the resulting scope of habeas review would still serve to deter courts from violating established rules of criminal procedure. A "new rule" of criminal procedure is defined as one that "breaks new ground or imposes a new obligation on the States or the Federal Government." Teague, 109 S. Ct. at 1070. A new rule exists if "the result was not dictated by precedent existing at the time the defendant's conviction became final." Id. (emphasis in original).

The district court granted a writ of habeas corpus to petitioner under the principles of Solem. Thus, the court's holding did not involve a new rule. A succinct summary of Eighth Amendment law illustrates the flaws in the majority's analysis.

The evolution of Eighth Amendment doctrine concerning proportionate sentencing begins with Weems v. United States, 217 U.S. 349, 30 S. Ct. 544, 54 L. Ed. 793 (1910).²  The Court held that confining a person to fifteen years of hard labor in chains was cruel and inhumane treatment for the crime of simple fraud, and noted that "it is a precept of justice that punishment ... should be graduated and proportioned to offense." Id. at 367, 30 S. Ct. at 549. Courts and commentators subsequently debated whether Weems established a rule on disproportionate sentencing or was directed to the nature of the punishment inflicted. See Comment, Solem v. Helm: Extension of Eighth Amendment Proportionality Review to Noncapital Punishment, 69 Iowa L.Rev. 775, 776 n. 8 (1984).

The next development in Eighth Amendment proportionality doctrine was Robinson v. California, 370 U.S. 660, 82 S. Ct. 1417, 8 L. Ed. 2d 758 (1962), which held that a state could not punish a person solely because of the person's status. Id. at 667, 82 S. Ct. at 1420. The Robinson Court held that punishing a person for narcotics addiction absent any conduct in accord with that status was cruel and inhumane treatment. Id. The Court emphasized that even one day in jail for a person who is not engaged in criminal conduct may be unconstitutional. Id.; see also Powell v. Texas, 392 U.S. 514, 88 S. Ct. 2145, 20 L. Ed. 2d 1254 (1968).

Thereafter, in Rummel v. Estelle, 445 U.S. 263, 100 S. Ct. 1133, 63 L. Ed. 2d 382 (1980), the Court upheld a life sentence, with parole, imposed on a repeat offender of non-violent crimes, and cast doubt on whether proportionality analysis would apply to noncapital crimes.³  In Solem, however, the Court removed that doubt and ruled that a criminal sentence can be so grossly disproportionate, even in noncapital cases, that it violates the Eighth Amendment. 463 U.S. at 288-89, 103 S. Ct. at 3008-09. The Court indicated it would apply the doctrine only in narrow circumstances, but in Solem found that a life sentence without parole for an alcoholic convicted of check fraud was unconstitutionally disproportionate. Id. at 303, 103 S. Ct. at 3016.⁴ 

Since Solem, various courts of appeal have reviewed a habeas petitioner's sentence as it relates to the offense committed, to determine whether the sentence was grossly disproportionate under the standard set out in Solem.⁵  See, e.g., United States v. Terrovona, 785 F.2d 767, 771 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 476 U.S. 1186, 106 S. Ct. 2926, 91 L. Ed. 2d 553 (1986); United States v. Ortiz, 742 F.2d 712, 714 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 1075, 105 S. Ct. 573, 83 L. Ed. 2d 513 (1984); Whitmore v. Maggio, 742 F.2d 230, 233 (5th Cir. 1984). This court has applied Solem in many cases. See, e.g., United States v. Buckner, 894 F.2d 975, 980 (8th Cir. 1990); United States v. Milburn, 836 F.2d 419, 420 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 487 U.S. 1222, 108 S. Ct. 2880, 101 L. Ed. 2d 915 (1988); Tyler v. Gunter, 819 F.2d 869, 871 (8th Cir. 1987). I fail to see how a rule uniformly and universally applied for seven years can be a new rule.

The majority dismisses the proportionality argument in a short footnote, ante n. 8, holding there is no binding precedent. The majority's reliance on Sawyer v. Smith, --- U.S. ----, 110 S. Ct. 2822, 111 L. Ed. 2d 193 (1990), is totally misplaced. The Sawyer Court held that a court may not circumvent the principles of Teague by claiming a violation of general, abstract principles of law. Id. 110 S. Ct. at 2832-33. The Court observed that "the [new rule] test would be meaningless if applied at this level of generality." Id. at 2828. Wickham, however, is not basing his claim on "general principles" of law; he asks for nothing more than the same proportionality analysis we routinely make under Solem.

The Court's decision in Penry v. Lynaugh, --- U.S. ----, 109 S. Ct. 2934, 106 L. Ed. 2d 256 (1989), directly refutes the majority's analysis. Penry, convicted of capital murder by a state court, objected to the trial court's refusal to instruct the jury that it could consider and give effect to mitigating evidence in determining sentence. Penry relied on two Supreme Court decisions, Eddings v. Oklahoma, 455 U.S. 104, 102 S. Ct. 869, 71 L. Ed. 2d 1 (1982), and Lockett v. Ohio, 438 U.S. 586, 98 S. Ct. 2954, 57 L. Ed. 2d 973 (1978), both decided before his conviction became final, which held that courts cannot prevent consideration of mitigating circumstances. The Court found these precedents, requiring courts not to prevent consideration of mitigating circumstances, dictated a rule that courts must provide, on request, an affirmative instruction that the jury may consider mitigating evidence.

The teaching of Penry seems to be that, to constitute a new rule, a rule must extend further than to simply recast an existing principle in light of new facts. The existing bedrock principle in Penry was that juries must be aware that they can consider mitigating evidence in a capital case. The Court in Penry did not change that rule, but merely applied it in a different situation.

The majority holds that the district court seeks to extend Robinson. Thus, it finds Teague applicable and holds that such an extension would create a new rule. This analysis totally misreads the district court's holding. The district court did not find the Robinson opinion controlling. The court initially cited Robinson in a single statement, restating petitioner's argument; but that was not the district court's holding. Robinson is easily distinguishable on both its facts and law. Fundamentally, Robinson is not a proportionality case. It simply holds that a person cannot be punished for "status."

The majority notes that Robinson does not prohibit punishment for the conduct of an alcoholic, but this observation is irrelevant. The district court addresses the evil of disproportionality under the eighth amendment: "doubling petitioner's sentence for doing what he was powerless to control." This invites a Solem analysis, not Robinson. Wickham urges that Robinson supports his argument because the district court attempted to punish his status (as an alcoholic) rather than the underlying offense. This argument is merely supportive of Wickham's disproportionality claim. Wickham clearly presents his claim as disputing a sentence totally disproportionate to his underlying offense.⁶ 

The record discloses that the trial court on numerous occasions stated it was punishing Wickham, not for the underlying crime, but for being an alcoholic. In the initial sentencing hearing, when the judge suspended Wickham's sentence and established the probation conditions, the court commented:

COURT: Now, you have a drinking problem. There is no need trying to hide it. We all know it. If you don't you're the only one that doesn't know it. And the Court is also aware and your attorney is, and society is, that it's a very hard problem to control. You're addicted to it just like people are addicted to drugs or anything else. But the problem is, it's now becoming a very expensive addiction to you, and you can whip it if you want to. If you don't want to, nobody, I don't care how many programs you go to and what you do, nobody's going to get it whipped for you but yourself. And motivating you by fear probably won't do it. You' [ve] just got to set your mind to it that you cannot handle alcohol, because if you do, you know you're going to get in a fight. You know you're going to raise hell somewhere. You know you're going to get in trouble and you know you're going somewhere, isn't that right Mr. Wickham?

WICKHAM: Yes it is.

COURT: Is there any doubt in your mind what will happen to you if you violate this probation?

WICKHAM: No.

COURT: We're talking about at the maximum twenty years, so I know it's a tough row to hoe, but Mr. Wickham you don't have any choices. You've come to the end of your rope here. Now if you're not willing to prove to yourself and set your mind yourself that you cannot live and drink alcohol, then you violate this and you are telling me "Well, I just can't do it." So I will accommodate you Mr. Wickham. I will take you out of society for as long as I can, because we can't have you in society. You've shown that you cause all kinds of hell to be raised when you drink, and you're going to kill somebody. It's a miracle you haven't yet. And so if you can't conform to the rules of this community and of the State of Missouri, you're telling me you don't need to be a member of this society and I'm going to put you away Mr. Wickham. Now do you understand that?

WICKHAM: Yes I do.

COURT: We're not going to play any more games. I'm not going to take any excuse or explanation from you. You either do it or sign you life away to twenty years in the pen because we don't need you out here if you're going to drink. Now everybody tells me, not everybody but people who are acquainted with you, the Sheriff, law enforcement, that you're a good worker when you work and you only cause trouble when you get to drinking. And it's a problem that nobody can work with but you yourself. And nobody says it's easy. But you've got more at stake than the average person now because you know if you bust this probation again, you might as well pack your bag, because you're not going to be in this society as long as I can keep you out of it. Do you understand that?

[T. 39-42] (emphasis added).

After Wickham violated his probation, upon sentencing Wickham to twenty years, the court stated:

You're another shining example of why the people of the RID organizations are crusading. They want people like you out of society and that's where you have to go, Mr. Wickham. As far as I'm concerned, you are to be kept there for the rest of your natural life because you cannot function, you are a danger to your fellow human beings out on the streets of the state of Missouri.

[T. 235].

The judge never mentioned the offenses for which Wickham had been convicted.⁷ 

The majority adopts the simplistic view that the court, as a condition of probation, required Wickham to abstain from alcohol because drinking is related to Wickham's criminal conduct. This was the view of the Missouri Court of Appeals in denying Wickham's direct appeal. Wickham v. State, 733 S.W.2d 793, 794-95 (Mo.Ct.App.1987).

With all due respect, this is a superficial analysis. The state court made clear that a fair and reasonable sentence, at least in the eyes of the court, was two five-year consecutive sentences. If this sentence had been suspended and the defendant placed on probation with the condition that the defendant abstain from alcohol, there would be no issue for appeal. But that is not what occurred. As the district court observed, the state court gave Wickham the choice of serving ten years or having a suspended twenty-year sentence subject to the condition that Wickham not take a drink.⁸  The double punishment was not related to the underlying offense. The increased punishment was directed at petitioner's status as an alcoholic and the need to remove his kind from society "for the rest of [his] natural life." Thus, the case merits judicial analysis as to whether the sentence was grossly disproportionate to the offense.

It is unnecessary at this point to make a full analysis of the gross disproportionality claim. The majority has seen fit to avoid discussion of the merits of the case. On the merits, reinforced by the district court's grant of a writ, Wickham makes out a strong case of disproportionality. In so stating I emphasize this is a close question and a difficult one. Full analysis might lead me to a contrary conclusion, but I do not think so.