In re Joseph W. (dissenting)
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The syllabus and procedural history accompanying the opinion as it appears on the Commission on Official Legal Publications Electronic Bulletin Board Service and in the Connecticut Law Journal and bound volumes of official reports are copyrighted by the Secretary of the State, State of Connecticut, and may not be reproduced and distributed without the express written permission of the Commission on Official Legal Publications, Judicial Branch, State of Connecticut. ****************************************************** IN RE JOSEPH W., JR. DISSENT PELLEGRINO, J., dissenting. I respectfully disagree with the majority that the trial court, Olear, J., erred when it determined that the respondent father, Joseph W., was not a custodial parent. As Judge Olear carefully pointed out when she construed the relevant statutes, a biological parent may be a child s guardian, but a biological parent or guardian is not necessarily a child s custodial parent. Having also reviewed the appellate claims of both respondents, I would affirm the judgments of the trial court. The respondent mother and the father filed separate appeals from the judgments of the trial court, terminating their parental rights as to their minor sons, Joseph, Jr., and Daniel. In AC 30476, the mother claims that the court s findings that (1) she had failed to achieve a sufficient degree of personal rehabilitation and (2) it is in the best interest of her sons to terminate her parental rights were clearly erroneous. In AC 30477, the father claims that the court (1) improperly concluded that he was not a custodial parent and was not entitled to contest the issue of neglect, (2) violated his constitutional rights and (3) made clearly erroneous findings that the department of children and families (department) had made reasonable efforts to reunite him with his sons and that he was unwilling or unable to benefit from such efforts. I disagree with all of the claims. The following facts are relevant to the appeals. Joseph, Jr., was born in Scranton, Pennsylvania, on July 18, 2005. Commonwealth authorities took him into custody on July 21, 2005, prior to his discharge from the hospital. Joseph, Jr., immediately was transferred to members of the department. The court, Hon. Samuel S. Goldstein, judge trial referee, approved orders of temporary custody on July 21, 2005.1 The petitioner, the commissioner of children and families, filed a neglect petition as to Joseph, Jr., on July 21, 2005. The court, C. Taylor, J., sustained the order of temporary custody and ordered specific steps for the respondents on August 5, 2005. Daniel was born in Waterbury on July 20, 2006. The department instituted a ninety-six hour administrative hold that day. See General Statutes § 17a101g. On July 24, 2006, the court, Trombley, J., granted an order of temporary custody as to Daniel2 and ordered specific steps for the respondents on July 24, 2006. The petitioner filed a neglect petition as to Daniel on July 24, 2006. On August 2, 2007, the mother entered a plea of nolo contendere to the neglect petitions. Following a canvass, the court, Wilson, J., adjudicated the children neglected, and they were committed to the custody of the petitioner.3 On December 10, 2007, the petitioner filed petitions to terminate the respondents parental rights as to their sons. Judge Olear granted the petitions and rendered judgments terminating the respondents parental rights on October 1, 2008. The respondents timely filed separate appeals. The court made the following relevant findings. The mother was forty-one years old at the time of the termination trial. She had completed high school and a medical assistant program and had enrolled in some college level courses. Despite her intention to further her education, the mother s educational history is replete with unfinished classes and programs. Her employment history consists of various positions and demonstrates her inability to keep a job. When she was in high school, she was diagnosed with a brain tumor, which was surgically removed. The mother has had many and varied mental health and emotional issues, some of which may or may not have been occasioned by the trauma she suffered. At the time of the hearing on the termination petitions, the mother resided with her parents and worked parttime at a fast food restaurant. The mother became involved with the department when her first child, a daughter, was born.4 The daughter was removed from the mother s care within days of her birth due to concerns regarding the mother s mental health. She was adjudicated neglected on March 15, 2004, and the mother s parental rights as to her were terminated by the court, Bear, J., on January 17, 2007.5 During the pendency of the petition to terminate the mother s parental rights as to the daughter, the mother denied to department personnel that she was pregnant with Joseph, Jr., despite her physical appearance to the contrary. The mother s criminal history is limited to an arrest that occurred while visiting the daughter in October, 2006. The father, born in 1954, met the mother in 2001, when she was employed as a cashier at a convenience store. They maintained a relationship until the summer of 2007 when the mother pleaded nolo contendere to the neglect petitions at issue here. The respondents, however, have resumed their relationship. The father has a history of being guarded and imparts only limited information as to his past. During his initial meeting with department personnel on July 22, 2005, he refused to speak. He would not answer basic questions, including requests for his address and telephone number. Approximately three months later, he reluctantly provided department personnel with a minimal history. The court characterized his relationship with the department as hostile. The father was graduated from high school at the age of twenty-three, after having served in the United States Navy. He has taken some college level courses and has been employed as a factory machine worker, construction worker and warehouseman. He suffered a spinal injury, however, and receives social security disability benefits. The father had worked as a stock clerk in a grocery store until he lost his job in December, 2006, and very recently was employed by McDonald s. The father, his mother and his grandmother live in separate areas of a house owned by his mother. Joseph, Jr., was born in Pennsylvania because the respondents left Connecticut just before his birth in an effort to prevent department personnel from removing Joseph, Jr., from their care. Commonwealth authorities, however, took temporary custody of Joseph, Jr., due to the mother s bizarre behavior and the inconsistent and inaccurate statements made by both respondents. After his custody was transferred to the petitioner, Joseph, Jr., was placed in a foster home where he stayed until September 14, 2005, when he moved to his current foster home, where he resides with his younger brother, Daniel, and his half sister.6 Joseph, Jr. s physical development is age appropriate, but he has exhibited behavioral issues, including aggression toward other children, adults and animals. He also smears feces. According to Joseph, Jr. s foster mother, Joseph, Jr. s behavior deteriorated when the length of the visits with his father were extended to six hours per visit. His behavior improved when the length of such visits was shortened. Joseph, Jr., and his foster mother have been receiving services to address his behavioral issues, and Joseph, Jr., is responding favorably. Daniel, the respondents second child, was placed in a foster home on July 23, 2006, where he currently resides with Joseph, Jr., and his half sister. Daniel s development is age appropriate, and he has no reported behavioral issues. The foster family wants to adopt Joseph, Jr., and Daniel. Additional facts will be set forth as needed. I NEGLECT PETITIONS AS TO THE FATHER The father claims that the court erred by concluding that he was not a custodial parent and, therefore, not entitled to contest the neglect petitions, which he also claims violated his rights to due process and equal protection of the law. I disagree. A The majority opinion contains a lengthy procedural history concerning the adjudications of neglect. I agree with that recitation of the procedural history, and I agree with the majority that if the father were a custodial parent, he would be entitled to oppose the neglect petitions. See In re David L., 54 Conn. App. 185, 193, 733 A.2d 897 (1999). I also agree with the majority that whether a parent is a custodial parent is a question of law to which the plenary standard of review applies. See In re William D., 97 Conn. App. 600, 606, 905 A.2d 696 (2006), aff d, 284 Conn. 305, 933 A.2d 1147 (2007). I disagree with the majority, however, that the court s conclusion that the father was not a custodial parent is erroneous. Pursuant to plenary review, [t]he underlying historical facts found by the . . . court may not be disturbed unless the findings were clearly erroneous. . . . Historical facts constitute a recital of external events and the credibility of their narrators. (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Correia v. Rowland, 263 Conn. 453, 462, 820 A.2d 1009 (2003). Under plenary review, we must decide whether the trial court s conclusions of law are legally and logically correct and find support in the record. (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Joyner v. Simkins Industries, Inc., 111 Conn. App. 93, 97, 957 A.2d 882 (2008). Pursuant to Judge Bear s order, the father was given an opportunity at the beginning of the termination trial on September 4, 2008, to demonstrate that he was a custodial parent of Joseph, Jr., and Daniel. Judge Olear concluded that the father failed to establish by a preponderance of the evidence that he was a custodial parent. In an articulation, the court made the following findings of fact relevant to whether the father was a custodial parent. The court found that the father was present at the birth of both Joseph, Jr., and Daniel, governmental authorities removed both children from the hospitals where they were born prior to the hospitals discharging them and the father acknowledged his paternity of Joseph, Jr., and Daniel. Moreover, prior to the courtordered temporary custody of the children that was granted to the petitioner, no court had established a legal custodian for either child. The court also found that the father offered a paucity of evidence to prove that he was a custodial parent or potentially was a custodial parent. He failed to introduce evidence to refute the mother s acknowledgment, by entering a plea of nolo contendere, that she was a custodial parent. The father also failed to demonstrate that he was, or intended to be in the foreseeable future, a de facto custodial parent to Joseph, Jr., and Daniel. He offered no evidence that the respondents were married to one another, that they resided together or that they intended to reside with the children in the same home upon discharge from the hospitals. There was no evidence that the father was going to or had prepared to care for the children in his residence at the time the neglect petitions were filed or at any foreseeable time in lieu of or in addition to the children s being cared for by the mother in her separate residence.7 The father established that he was a guardian of the children but not a custodian who was ready, willing and able to provide for the physical care and immediate day-to-day supervision of the children. Neither the father nor the majority take issue with those findings.8 I conclude, therefore, that the court s findings are supported by the record and are not clearly erroneous. In making its findings, the court noted that [i]t is the right and the duty of the [trier of fact] to draw reasonable and logical inferences from the evidence. . . . In considering the evidence introduced in a case, [triers of fact] are not required to leave common sense at the courtroom door . . . nor are they expected to lay aside matters of common knowledge or their own observations and experience of the affairs of life, but, on the contrary, to apply them to the facts in hand, to the end that their action may be intelligent and their conclusions correct. (Internal quotation marks omitted.) In re Carissa K., 55 Conn. App. 768, 783, 740 A. 2d 896 (1999). The record supports the court s finding that the father had failed to demonstrate that he was in any way prepared to provide for the physical care, safety and support of either Joseph, Jr., or Daniel. I further conclude that the court properly applied the applicable section of the rules of practice and our General Statutes to the issue before it. When construing a statute, [o]ur fundamental objective is to ascertain and give effect to the apparent intent of the legislature. . . . In seeking to determine that meaning, General Statutes § 1-2z directs us first to consider the text of the statute itself and its relationship to other statutes. If, after examining such text and considering such relationship, the meaning of such text is plain and unambiguous and does not yield absurd or unworkable results, extratextual evidence of the meaning of the statute shall not be considered. (Internal quotation marks omitted.) In re Jorden R., 293 Conn. 539, 552, 979 A.2d 469 (2009). The test to determine ambiguity is whether the statute, when read in context, is susceptible to more than one reasonable interpretation. (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Felician Sisters of St. Francis of Connecticut, Inc. v. Historic District Commission, 284 Conn. 838, 847, 937 A.2d 39 (2008). It is a basic tenet of statutory construction that the legislature does not intend to enact meaningless provisions. . . . Every word and phrase [in a statute] is presumed to have meaning, and we do not construe statutes so as to render certain words and phrases surplusage. (Citation omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Remax Right Choice v. Aryeh, 100 Conn. App. 373, 382, 918 A.2d 976 (2007). A statute should be construed so that no word or phrase or clause will be rendered meaningless. . . . [W]e must consider the statutory scheme as a whole, giving meaning to every section, and assuming no word or phrase to be superfluous. (Citation omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Savage v. Aronson, 214 Conn. 256, 289, 571 A.2d 696 (1990) (Glass, J., dissenting).9 In 2007, Practice Book § 35a-1 provided in relevant part: (b) Notwithstanding any prior statements acknowledging responsibility, the judicial authority shall inquire whether the allegations of the petition are presently admitted or denied. This inquiry shall be made of the custodial parent in neglect, uncared for or depen- dent matters; and of all appearing parents in termination matters. (Emphasis added.) Reading Practice Book (2007) § 35a-1 (b) together as a cohesive whole and applying the plain meaning to its words demonstrate that the rule contemplated at least two types of parents, a custodial parent and all appearing parents. Parent is a noun modified by either the adjectives custodial or all appearing. Moreover, the word guardian does not appear in Practice Book (2007) § 35a-1 (b). The court correctly noted that neither our rules of practice nor General Statutes § 46b-129 define the term custody or custodial parent but that our rules of practice and our statutes differentiate between the terms guardian and custody. Part II of chapter 802h in title 45a of our General Statutes is entitled Guardians of the Person of a Minor. General Statutes § 45a-604 provides the applicable definitions used in General Statutes §§ 45a603 to 45a-622. Section 45a-604 provides in relevant part: (1) Mother means a woman who can show proof by means of a birth certificate or other sufficient evidence of having given birth to a child . . . (2) Father means a man who is a father under the law of this state including a man who, in accordance with section 46b172, executes a binding acknowledgment of paternity . . . (3) Parent means a mother as defined in subdivision (1) of this section or a father as defined in subdivision (2) . . . (5) Guardianship means guardianship of the person of a minor, and includes: (A) The obligation of care and control; (B) the authority to make major decisions affecting the minor s education and welfare, including, but not limited to, consent determinations regarding marriage, enlistment in the armed forces and major medical, psychiatric or surgical treatment; and (C) upon the death of a minor, the authority to make decisions concerning funeral arrangements and the disposition of the body of the minor. . . (6) Guardian means one who has the authority and obligations of guardianship as defined in subdivision (5) of this section . . . . The word custody is not defined. General Statutes § 45a-606 provides: The father and mother of every minor child are joint guardians of the person of the minor, and the powers, rights and duties of the father and the mother in regard to the minor shall be equal. If either father or mother dies or is removed as guardian, the other parent of the minor shall become the sole guardian of the person of the minor. Although the statute establishes that both parents are guardians of their child, it does not say that both parents are a custodial parent. General Statutes § 45a-607 (b), which provides in relevant part that [i]n the case of a minor in the custody of the parent or other guardian, no application for custody of such minor child may be granted ex parte, further demonstrates that being a parent does not mean that the parent is a custodial parent. In its articulation, the court construed § 46b-129 (j), which provides, in relevant part, that on commitment of a child to the petitioner, the court may vest such child s . . . care and personal custody in any private or public agency . . . . The commissioner shall be the guardian of such child . . . . Section 46b-129 (j) further permits the court after adjudicating a child neglected, as an alternative to commitment, to place the child . . . in the custody of the parent or guardian with protective supervision . . . . (Emphasis added.) The court noted that the statutes and rules of practice differentiate between the terms custody and guardian, and that each word has a separate and distinct meaning. For example, § 45a-607 (b) provides that a child may be in the custody of a person other than the parent or guardian. The court further reasoned that, in the absence of a court order, parents are only the legal guardians of a minor child. As guardians, parents have the obligation of care and control of their child. See General Statutes § 45a-604. The court continued, stating that the custodian of a minor child, absent a clearly defined court order, means the parent or person with whom a minor child resides, at all times or from time to time, and who assumes the responsibility for all or part of the day-today care and supervision of the child. While a parent is a guardian of a minor child, absent a court order to the contrary, a parent is not necessarily a custodial parent absent a court order (legal custody) or evidence that the child resides with such parent and such parent is providing day-to-day care and supervision (de facto custody). I have reviewed the father s testimony offered to prove that he was a custodial parent of Joseph, Jr., and Daniel.10 In essence, the father relies on the fact that he is the children s biological father and that he was present at the time of their births to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that he was their custodial parent. The mother and father are not, and never have been, married to one another. The father did not present evidence that he resided with the mother or what efforts or steps he had taken prior to the births of Joseph, Jr., and Daniel, or planned to take immediately thereafter, that would lead a reasonable person to conclude that he had assumed the obligation of a guardian to provide care and control; see General Statutes § 45a-604 (5); or the duties of a guardian. See General Statutes § 45a606. At the very least, to prove that he was a custodial parent, the father had to present evidence of where he lived, that he intended for Joseph, Jr., and Daniel to live there with him and what preparations he had made to provide for them. Evidence to prove that one is the custodial parent of a newborn might include the place where the custodial parent and child will reside upon the child s discharge from the hospital, the purchase of a child safety seat necessary to transport the child from the hospital, the name of a pediatrician or clinic where the child will be taken for developmental checkups, immunizations and medical care, the inclusion of the child under the parent s health insurance plan and the purchase of clothing, a crib and other necessaries, to name a few.11 B The father also claims that the court s finding that he was not a custodial parent deprived him of a trial with respect to the neglect petitions and violated his rights to due process and equal protection. The father failed to raise those claims at trial and seeks to reverse the termination of his parental rights pursuant to State v. Golding, 213 Conn. 233, 239 40, 567 A.2d 823 (1989). The father cannot prevail under Golding, as he is attempting to bootstrap his claim of an erroneous factual finding into a claim of constitutional dimension.12 Practice Book (2007) § 35a-1 (b) provides in relevant part that [n]otwithstanding any prior statements acknowledging responsibility, the judicial authority shall inquire whether the allegations of the petition are presently admitted or denied. This inquiry shall be made of the custodial parent . . . . The court found that the father was not a custodial parent, and he has not demonstrated on appeal that the finding was clearly erroneous or that the finding is of constitutional magnitude. The claim, therefore, is not entitled to Golding review. For all of the foregoing reasons, I conclude that the court properly determined that the father was not a custodial parent of Joseph, Jr., and Daniel. II TERMINATION OF PARENTAL RIGHTS The respondents have appealed from the termination of their parental rights as to Joseph, Jr., and Daniel. Before addressing their respective claims, I set forth the guiding principles and standard of review applicable to appeals from the termination of parental rights. The public policy of this state is: To protect children whose health and welfare may be adversely affected through injury and neglect; to strengthen the family and to make the home safe for children by enhancing the parental capacity for good child care . . . . General Statutes § 17a-101 (a). Time is of the essence in child custody cases. . . . This furthers the express public policy of this state to provide all of its children a safe, stable nurturing environment. (Citation omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) In re Juvenile Appeal (Docket No. 10155), 187 Conn. 431, 439 40, 446 A.2d 808 (1982). Our standard of review on appeal from a termination of parental rights is whether the challenged findings are clearly erroneous. . . . The determinations reached by the trial court that the evidence is clear and convincing will be disturbed only if [any challenged] finding is not supported by the evidence and [is], in light of the evidence in the whole record, clearly erroneous. . . . On appeal, our function is to determine whether the trial court s conclusion was legally correct and factually supported. (Internal quotation marks omitted.) In re Cheila R., 112 Conn. App. 582, 589, 963 A.2d 1014 (2009). A finding is clearly erroneous when either there is no evidence in the record to support it, or the reviewing court is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made. . . . [G]reat weight is given to the judgment of the trial court because of [the trial court s] opportunity to observe the parties and the evidence. . . . [An appellate court does] not examine the record to determine whether the trier of fact could have reached a conclusion other than the one reached. . . . [Rather] every reasonable presumption is made in favor of the trial court s ruling. (Internal quotation marks omitted.) In re Jorden R., supra, 293 Conn. 558 59. The legal framework for deciding termination petitions is well established. [A] hearing on a petition to terminate parental rights consists of two phases: the adjudicatory phase and the dispositional phase. During the adjudicatory phase, the trial court must determine whether one or more of the . . . grounds for termination of parental rights set forth in [General Statutes] § 17a-112 . . . exists by clear and convincing evidence. . . . If the trial court determines that a statutory ground for termination exists, then it proceeds to the dispositional phase. During the dispositional phase, the trial court must determine whether termination is in the best interests of the child. . . . The best interest determination also must be supported by clear and convincing evidence. (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) In re Davonta V., 285 Conn. 483, 487 88, 940 A.2d 733 (2008). The petitioner filed petitions to terminate the parental rights of the respondents as to Joseph, Jr., and Daniel on December 10, 2007.13 She alleged that the department had made reasonable efforts to reunify the respondents with the children and that the respondents were unable or unwilling to benefit from reunification efforts. As the basis for the termination of parental rights, the petitioner alleged that the children [had] been found in a prior proceeding to have been neglected . . . and [the respondents] have failed to achieve such degree of personal rehabilitation as would encourage the belief that within a reasonable time, considering the age and needs of the [children], they could assume a responsible position in the life of the [children]. See General Statutes § 17a-112 (j) (3) (B) (i). The petitioner also alleged that the mother has children under the age of seven years who [are] neglected . . . [and] has . . . failed, is . . . unable or is . . . unwilling to achieve such degree of personal rehabilitation as would encourage the belief that within a reasonable period of time, considering the age and needs of the [children], such parent could assume a responsible position in the life of the [children] and such parent s . . . parental rights of another child were previously terminated pursuant to a petition filed by the [petitioner]. See General Statutes § 17a-112 (j) (3) (E). [T]o terminate parental rights under § 17a-112 (j), the [petitioner] is required to prove, by clear and convincing evidence, that [the department] has made reasonable efforts . . . to reunify the child with the parent, unless the court finds . . . that the parent is unable or unwilling to benefit from reunification . . . . (Internal quotation marks omitted.) In re Christopher B., 117 Conn. App. 773, 779 80, 980 A.2d 961 (2009). Here, the court found that neither respondent, despite having been offered numerous services, was willing or able to benefit from them. If the court finds that the petitioner has proven by clear and convincing evidence that one of the statutory grounds for termination of parental rights exists, it must then determine whether termination is in the best interests of the child. . . . The best interests of the child include the child s interests in sustained growth, development, well-being, and continuity and stability of its environment. . . . In the dispositional phase of a termination of parental rights hearing, the trial court must determine whether it is established by clear and convincing evidence that the continuation of the respondent s parental rights is not in the best interest of the child. In arriving at this decision, the court is mandated to consider and make written findings regarding seven factors delineated in [§ 17a-112 (k)]. (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) In re Anthony H., 104 Conn. App. 744, 763 64, 936 A.2d 638 (2007), cert. denied, 285 Conn. 920, 943 A.2d 1100 (2008). After the court found during the adjudication stage of the proceedings that neither of the respondents had achieved a sufficient degree of personal rehabilitation, the court made the necessary findings during the dispositional stage. The court found by clear and convincing evidence that department personnel offered the respondents many services to address the issues each of them had and to reunify the family. The court also found that department personnel had offered services to the children. Neither of the respondents attained the benefit from the services offered necessary to nurture and to parent the children appropriately or to be a resource for them. Moreover, the court found that department personnel made reasonable efforts to reunite the family in accordance with the federal Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act of 1980, as amended. See generally 42 U.S.C. § 670 et seq. The court found that specific steps were ordered for the respondents but that the respondents were noncompliant with the majority of the significant steps. In particular, the respondents were noncompliant with the steps requiring that they make progress toward specific and identified goals. The respondents were compliant with steps of somewhat lesser import in the termination proceedings. The court concluded that the department had fulfilled its obligation to facilitate reunification of the family. As to the feelings and emotional ties the children have with respect to the respondents, guardians of the person and any person who has exercised physical care, custody or control of the children for at least one year and with whom they have developed significant emotional ties, the court found that Joseph, Jr., and Daniel have some positive feelings and emotional ties to the respondents. Joseph, Jr., and Daniel have a strong bond with one another, with their half sister, and with the foster family with whom they have lived since September 14, 2005, and July 23, 2006, respectively. The children have adjusted well to their placements, although Joseph, Jr., has demonstrated some behavioral issues, which are being addressed by the foster mother. The foster mother provides the day-to-day physical, emotional, moral and educational support the children need, is committed to them and would like to adopt them. The court found that department personnel investigated relatives of the respondents as placement resources. The mother offered her parents as a potential resource for Joseph, Jr., and Daniel. In March, 2004, with respect to a placement for their half sister, however, department personnel determined that the mother s parents were not suitable. Consequently, department personnel did not consider the children s maternal grandparents as a suitable resource for them. The father did not offer any family member as a placement for his sons. The court found that at the time of the termination trial, Joseph, Jr., was three years and three months old, and Daniel was approximately two years and three months old. It also found that the respondents maintained contact with the children on a consistent basis but that they were openly defiant regarding their need to engage in services offered to strengthen their abilities to care for their sons. They failed to engage in services in a timely manner and to make any meaningful progress regarding their abilities to achieve identified goals. Moreover, the court found that the respondents had failed to follow treatment recommendations and, over the course of this case, denied any personal responsibility for the cause of the children s removal from their care. The court concluded, citing In re Luis C., 210 Conn. 157, 167, 554 A.2d 722 (1989), that giving the respondents additional time to achieve personal reha- bilitation was not likely to enable either one of them to modify his or her condition to make it in the best interests of the children to be reunited with them. As to whether the respondents were prevented from maintaining a meaningful relationship with the children, the court found that no unreasonable conduct by the department, foster parents or third parties prevented the respondents from having a meaningful relationship with Joseph, Jr., and Daniel. Although the respondents financial circumstances are limited, economic factors did not prevent the respondents from achieving rehabilitation. In addition to considering the evidence presented, the court also considered the totality of the circumstances surrounding Joseph, Jr., and Daniel, including their interest in sustained growth, development, well-being, stability, continuity of their environment, their length of stay in foster care, the nature of their relationship with the respondents and their foster parents and the degree of contact they have had with the respondents. See In re Alexander C., 60 Conn. App. 555, 559, 760 A.2d 532 (2000). The court also noted that this court has stated that [b]ecause of the psychological effects of prolonged termination proceedings on . . . children, time is of the essence . . . . In re Alexander V., 25 Conn. App. 741, 748, 596 A.2d 934 (1991), aff d, 223 Conn. 557, 613 A.2d 780 (1992). The court stated that it had balanced the children s need for stability and permanency against the benefits of maintaining a connection to the respondents. See Pamela B. v. Ment, 244 Conn. 296, 314, 709 A.2d 1089 (1998). The court found that Joseph, Jr., and Daniel require the stability of placement and continuity of care. The court, therefore, found by clear and convincing evidence that termination of the respondents parental rights was in the best interests of Joseph, Jr., and Daniel. A AC 30476 On appeal, the respondent mother claims that the court s findings that (1) she had failed to achieve a sufficient degree of personal rehabilitation, (2) her parental rights should be terminated pursuant to § 17a112 (j) (3) (E), and (3) it was in the best interests of Joseph, Jr., and Daniel to terminate her rights were clearly erroneous. I disagree. 1 The mother s first claim is that the court s finding that she had failed to achieve a sufficient degree of personal rehabilitation is clearly erroneous. The essence of her claim is that, although she has mental health issues, the court erred in finding that she could not achieve a sufficient degree of personal rehabilitation within a reasonable time, as rehabilitation does not require that she be able to assume full responsibility for her children without ongoing support services. Under the circumstances of this case, I do not agree. The following facts are relevant to the resolution of the mother s claim. The court found by clear and convincing evidence that department personnel had made reasonable efforts to reunify the mother with her children. The department personnel repeatedly referred the mother to many service providers, including: Connecticut Resource Group; Heather Toll, a psychologist, for individual counseling services; Family Intervention Center for individual counseling services and medication management; Anthony F. Campagna, a psychologist, for individual counseling services; Brett A. Steinberg, a clinical psychologist, for individual counseling services; Northwest Center for Family Service and Mental Health-Parent Aid services; and McCall Foundation, Parent Education and Assessment Services. The court found that the mother repeatedly failed, by her own volition, to engage in and to take advantage of services offered by the department. Department personnel made reasonable efforts to reunify the mother with Joseph, Jr., and Daniel. The fact that those efforts did not result in reunification, the court concluded, is due to the mother s decisions, actions and omissions. The court also found that the mother is unwilling or unable to benefit from reunification efforts. The court also found that the mother failed to achieve a sufficient degree of personal rehabilitation within the meaning of § 17a-112 (j) (3) (B) (i). Personal rehabilitation as used in [§ 17a-112] refers to the restoration of a parent to his or her former constructive and useful role as a parent. . . . [The statute] requires the trial court to analyze the [parent s] rehabilitative status as it relates to the needs of the particular child, and further, that such rehabilitation must be foreseeable within a reasonable time. . . . [The statute] requires the court to find, by clear and convincing evidence, that the level of rehabilitation she has achieved, if any, falls short of that which would reasonably encourage a belief that at some future date she can assume a responsible position in her child s life. (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) In re Eden F., 250 Conn. 674, 706, 741 A.2d 873, reargument denied, 251 Conn. 924, 742 A.2d 364 (1999). [I]n assessing rehabilitation, the critical issue is not whether the parent has improved [her] ability to manage [her] own life, but rather whether [she] has gained the ability to care for the particular needs of the child at issue. (Internal quotation marks omitted.) In re Amneris P., 66 Conn. App. 377, 384, 784 A.2d 457 (2001). Terminating a parent s rights is not ordered to punish a parent who has not tried to rehabilitate; it is ordered so as not to punish a child by denying [the child] a safe permanent home with proven competent caretakers because [the] biological mother has tried hard but continues to be incapable of providing such a home for [the child]. In re Samantha B., 45 Conn. Sup. 468, 477, 722 A.2d 300 (1997), aff d, 51 Conn. App. 376, 721 A.2d 1255 (1998), cert. denied, 248 Conn. 902, 732 A.2d 177 (1999). In assessing a parent s rehabilitative progress, the question is not simply how far the parent has come, but whether the parent has come far enough to encourage the belief that within a reasonable period of time, the parent can assume the role of parent in the life of the child. In re Stanley D., 61 Conn. App. 224, 230, 763 A.2d 83 (2000). What constitutes a reasonable [period of] time is a factual determination that must be made on a case-by-case basis. Id., 231. The court is to consider whether the degree of rehabilitation is sufficient to foresee that the parent may assume, within a reasonable time, a useful role in the child s life, and the court may rely on events occurring after the filing of the petition to terminate parental rights. Id., 230. The court also may inquire into the full history of the respondent s parenting abilities. In re Galen F., 54 Conn. App. 590, 594, 737 A.2d 499 (1999). See footnote 5 of this dissenting opinion. The court found by clear and convincing evidence that the mother had failed to achieve such a degree of personal rehabilitation as to encourage a belief that within a reasonable period of time, she could assume her role as a parent for Joseph, Jr., and Daniel. At the time of the neglect adjudications, the mother s problems had arisen from her failure to address her mental health issues and her lack of parenting and life skills. The mother was not fully compliant with the specific steps requiring her to participate in counseling and to follow the recommendations of the court-ordered evaluations, among others. The mother generally complied with several steps, including visiting the children when permitted. The other steps with which she complied, however, were rendered inconsequential due to her failure to engage in and benefit from services, therapies and programs made available to her. The mother has a consistent pattern of failing to follow recommendations from court evaluators to address her psychiatric problems, and mental health and emotional concerns. She failed to obtain and to follow up with appropriate medication management. Her efforts to self-regulate her narcolepsy have not been successful. The court itself observed the mother having difficulty remaining awake and focused during court proceedings. Moreover, the court found that the mother also failed to demonstrate that she has improved her ability to parent safely and to care for her children despite having attended parenting classes and Parent Education and Assessment Services through the McCall Foundation. Her lack of progress was demonstrated by her failing to supervise her children adequately, including an incident at a mall when Joseph, Jr., bolted from her and she left one year old Daniel with a stranger while she pursued Joseph, Jr. The mother has failed to learn and to employ safe, responsible and appropriate child care methods. She also has not demonstrated an ability to maintain gainful employment or to live independently. According to mental health professionals, months of personal therapy and professional help will be required to help the mother to deal with her psychological problems. In August, 2007, Steinberg, a psychologist the mother had met with on multiple occasions, opined that [d]ue to chronicity, severity, and pervasiveness of symptoms, treatment expected to be a gradual and long-term process that could [take] as long as several years. Under ideal circumstances, i.e., active and sustained engagement in therapy with full utilization of coaching resources, prognosis would be guarded. If [the mother] failed to develop greater self-awareness and remained other-focused and skeptical about treatment, prognosis would be poor. In November, 2007, Steinberg terminated psychotherapy with the mother due to the mother s failure to participate actively in treatment and to attend appointments. The court ultimately concluded that it could not make decisions as to the children s future predicated on the hope of parental rehabilitation but had to base its decisions on whether the mother had successfully completed counseling and parent training or had demonstrated parental competence. The mother claims that she successfully has stabilized her situation, albeit in a limited fashion. She claims that department personnel failed to devise a treatment plan specific to her needs. Although she makes that claim, the mother has not identified how the services and treatment plans she was offered were inappropriate or inadequate. The evidence indicates that the mother failed to make progress because she did not commit herself to the treatment plans or apply herself to the services offered. For example, the mother suffers from narcolepsy. She was provided medical evaluations and treatment. She failed to comply with the treatment program because she declines to take the medication necessary to stabilize her condition. The mother also claims that she has achieved a level of rehabilitation whereby she could take care of her children, if the department provided her with support services. She compares her situation favorably with the facts of In re Juvenile Appeal (84-3), 1 Conn. App. 463, 473 A.2d 795, cert. denied, 193 Conn. 802, 474 A.2d 1259 (1984). The facts of that case are distinguishable from the facts here. In In re Juvenile Appeal (84-3), the court stated that [t]he respondent is enrolled in the [Child and Family Services] parenting program, which provides her with a parent aide at her home once per week, who teaches her budgeting, planning and preparing meals, role modeling and the wise use of time. The respondent is receptive to this program, has impressed everyone with her ability to follow through on goals, is motivated and recognizes this as part of her goals both of caring for her second child and having her first child with her. Id., 473. Those facts, unfortunately, do not describe the mother s ability to benefit from services in this case. On the basis of my review of the record, I conclude that the court s finding that the mother had failed to achieve such degree of personal rehabilitation as would encourage the belief that within a reasonable period of time, considering the ages and needs of Joseph, Jr., and Daniel, she could assume a responsible position in their lives is not clearly erroneous. The court s findings reflect that the mother is not able to take care of herself, let alone the needs of two small children, including one with behavioral issues. Because there was sufficient evidence that Joseph, Jr., and Daniel could not be returned safely to their mother s care, further services were not required. See In re Juvenile Appeal (84-AB), 192 Conn. 254, 258, 471 A.2d 1380 (1984). 2 The mother s second claim is that the court s finding that her parental rights should be terminated pursuant to § 17a-112 (j) (3) (E) is clearly erroneous. I do not agree. As the court stated in its memorandum of decision, the petitioner alleged that the mother has failed to achieve sufficient personal rehabilitation after Joseph, Jr., and Daniel previously had been adjudicated neglected and her parental rights as to another child were terminated previously. The court found that Joseph, Jr., and Daniel were adjudged neglected on August 2, 2007, and that each of them is younger than seven years of age. The court also found that the mother s parental rights as to her daughter were terminated on January 17, 2007. In determining whether the mother had achieved a degree of personal rehabilitation sufficient to encourage a belief that she could assume a responsible position in the life of her children, the court adopted the definitions, meanings and findings set forth in part II A 1 of this dissenting opinion. The court found the credible evidence presented through the testimony and exhibits clearly and convincingly established that the mother had not achieved the degree of rehabilitation that would encourage the belief that she could, within a reasonable time, assume a responsible position in the lives of Joseph, Jr., and Daniel. Again, the mother s claim is that the court s finding that she had failed to achieve a sufficient degree of personal rehabilitation is clearly erroneous. For the same reasons stated in part II A 2 of this dissenting opinion, I cannot conclude that the court s finding is clearly erroneous. 3 The mother s third claim is that the court s finding that it is in the best interests of Joseph, Jr., and Daniel to terminate her parental rights is clearly erroneous. The claim is unavailing. The facts concerning the dispositional phase of the termination of parental rights petition as to the mother were set out in part II of this dissenting opinion. In her brief on appeal, the mother as much as concedes that she is not able to care for Joseph, Jr., and Daniel independently and would rely on the father to provide the necessary care for their sons. The father s parental rights, however, have been terminated as to Joseph, Jr., and Daniel. The mother argues that because her interaction with her sons has been loving, it is in the children s best interests not to terminate her parental rights. She suggests that the children continue to be cared for by their foster family but that she be permitted to maintain a relationship with them. She relies on part of a sentence from In re Sheena I., 63 Conn. App. 713, 726, 778 A.2d 997 (2001), for the proposition that there are cases where a court may deem it appropriate for a child to maintain contact with his or her biological parent . . . . This court concluded that sentence with the words, the court did not so find in this case. Id. So, too, in this case, the court did not find that it was in the best interests of Joseph, Jr., and Daniel for the mother to maintain contact with them. The court balanced the children s intrinsic need for stability and permanency against the benefits of maintaining a connection with their biological parents and found that these children require the stability of placement and continuity of care. The record supports the court s finding that termination of the mother s parental rights is in the best interests of Joseph, Jr., and Daniel. B AC 30477 With respect to the termination of his parental rights, the father claims that the court s findings that the department made reasonable efforts to reunify him with his children and that he was unwilling or unable to benefit from such efforts are clearly erroneous. I disagree. The court made the following findings of fact with regard to the father. The court-ordered steps required the father to keep all appointments set by or with the department, and to cooperate with department home visits, both announced and unannounced, and to cooperate with visits from the children s court-appointed attorney or guardian ad litem. From July 20, 2005, to October 16, 2006, the father refused to grant department and service providers access to the apartment in which he resided. He granted access to his mother s apartment only. He consistently refused to grant access to his home to Maria Coutant-Skinner, a parent educator with McCall Foundation s Parent Education and Assessment Services program. He therefore failed to demonstrate to service providers that his residence would provide a safe and nurturing environment for his children. On January 8, 2007, the father was not present for a scheduled visit with his children, as he chose to attend the trial of the petition to terminate the mother s parental rights as to her daughter. On August 3, 2007, during a visit scheduled by the mother to be held in the father s home, the father ordered the mother and a department social worker off his property. The father was to keep his whereabouts known to the department, his attorney and the attorney for his children. At the time of Joseph, Jr. s birth, the father provided the hospital in Scranton with an address in Waterbury, but department personnel were never able to verify that the father ever resided at that address. It was not until October, 2006, that the father provided department personnel with an address, which was not in Waterbury. Since that time, the father has complied with this step. The father was to participate in parenting and individual counseling and to make progress toward identified goals, specifically, to learn safe, responsible and appropriate child care, and to make progress toward other goals to be determined by department personnel and service providers. The court found that he had not complied with that step. Between July, 2005, and November, 2006, the father was provided with a copy of his individual steps and referred to several agencies for individual counseling. Department personnel sent the father letters, stating that he needed to engage in individual counseling, and including offers of assistance in fulfilling the court-ordered steps. In February, 2006, during a court-ordered evaluation, the father stated to Stephen M. Humphrey, a psychologist, that the only service he had been ordered to engage in was parenting education classes. The father attended parenting classes, as evidenced by a certificate of perfect attendance in Family Ties Parenting with Care Class. On November 11, 2006, Warren Corson III, a psychologist, initiated services with the father. To assess the father s needs, Corson met with the father four times. Corson recommended that the father could benefit from individual and family therapy to help him address his issues relating to the department s involvement in his life and related adjustment issues. Corson further diagnosed the father with an axis II personality disorder not otherwise specified, but the father continued to state that he did not feel the need for counseling and scheduled no further appointments with Corson until February, 2007. In October, 2007, Corson discharged the father from services due to the father s failure to maintain regularly scheduled appointments. The father maintained that his lack of transportation prevented him from attending his appointments. On October 30, 2007, Corson agreed to provide services for the father again under specific conditions made known to the father. The department provided transportation so that the father could attend appointments with Corson. On November 13, 2007, the father met with Corson and told the psychologist, among other things, that he did not want to attend counseling. Corson, therefore, discharged the father from therapy. On November 21, 2006, the father participated in an initial home visit with the Northwest Center for Family Services and Mental Health parent aide program (parent aide program). He was unreceptive and distracted during a home visit in December, 2006. He articulated annoyance at having to answer hypothetical parenting questions and requested that the meeting be held at a time different from when he was visiting with his children. To address the father s concerns, the parent aide program modified its involvement to include one scheduled visit with and one without the children. Parent aide service providers advised department personnel that the father had a difficult time setting goals and developing a treatment plan for himself because he did not believe that he needed help to be a parent to his children. He believed that he possessed strong and appropriate parenting skills. The only reason he was engaging in services, he stated, was the advice of his attorney. Service providers for the parent aide program reported to department personnel on February 12, 2007, that they were closing the father s case, as they believed that the program was ineffective for him. Another step the father was to follow was to cooperate with in-home support services referred by department personnel. In August, 2006, the father began a one year parent education program offered by the McCall Foundation s Parent Education and Assessment Services program. Coutant-Skinner, the program worker, reported that the father generally engaged his children appropriately during the visits she observed, but his parenting deficits arose due to his lack of cooperation with the program and resistance to its outlined goals. The father denied Coutant-Skinner access to his apartment. She, therefore, could not measure his progress, if any, in creating a home for his children. He failed to keep scheduled appointments and to make future appointments regularly. At the end of the initial twelve month program, the father had made minimal progress toward achieving goals, but his participation in the program was extended to help him meet those goals. His participation in the program, however, was discontinued due to his failure to make adequate gains toward the goals. The department engaged Delta-T Group to provide supervision and parenting instruction for the father dur- ing parent-child visits in December, 2006. The father initially was cooperative but over time demonstrated oppositional and passive aggressive behaviors when offered suggestions on how to better meet his children s needs during visits. He provided care for his children during his twice weekly supervised visits, but at times, he failed to address his children s needs. For example, he resisted disciplining Joseph, Jr., and failed to provide adequate parental interventions when needed, failed to recognize the need to get his children out of the hot sun, allowed them to wander too close to a busy traffic area and resisted having Joseph, Jr., sit in a high chair to be fed although it was developmentally appropriate. The father repeatedly was oppositional when asked to provide the children with a nap and a routine during visits. The father substantially failed to comply with service providers for parenting, individual and family counseling, in-home support services and substance abuse assessment and treatment, as determined by department personnel. Members of the department referred the father to The Family Intervention Center, Charlotte Hungerford Behavioral Health Center, the Family Strides, Inc., program and Family Services of Greater Waterbury, Inc., but the father did not involve himself with any of those agencies. He attended an initial appointment at the Family Intervention Center in October, 2005, but refused to fill out basic paperwork, and the agency could not proceed. When he was told that he could not be seen unless he completed the necessary paperwork, the father stated that he did not want to be there, did not need to be there and found the questions offensive. He did not return to the Family Intervention Center. The court found that the father failed to cooperate with court-ordered evaluations or testing and followup recommendations. He met with Humphrey on February 3, 2006, for an evaluation, but the evaluation was delayed as the father would not speak with Humphrey until the father s attorney was present. The father had not advised Humphrey or department personnel of his desire to have an attorney present until the start of the appointment. The father s attorney was contacted and arrived one hour into the appointment. During the evaluation, Humphrey administered the personality assessment inventory to the father to provide information on critical client variables that he deemed central to devising a treatment plan, implementing it and evaluating a client. Humphrey found the father s profile to be entirely invalid, construing the father s score as the father s attempt to present himself as a person extraordinarily free of common faults. Humphrey made several specific recommendations regarding the steps he wanted the father to take toward a reunification plan. Humphrey s recommendations included the father s informing department personnel of his specific child care plan, including alternate caregivers and permitting department personnel into his home to determine its suitability for the children s care. In keeping with the recommendations, department personnel sent the father two written requests, on April 21 and June 9, 2006, requesting his plan. The father did not provide his child care plan until approximately eight months after Humphrey made the recommendation, and the father never provided access to his home to allow for a determination of its suitability for the children s care. On September 26, 2006, Humphrey conducted a second court-ordered psychological evaluation of the respondents. Humphrey recommended that the respondents together consult with a psychotherapist experienced in treating individuals with a history of neuropsychological deficits. According to Humphrey, this type of consultation would instruct the respondents as to the nature of the mother s condition, assess their understanding and integration of the information, and, if successful to that point, help them develop strategies and coping mechanisms that would minimize interpersonal conflict and provide for effective supervision of the children. Humphrey recommended that the respondents engage in a clinical environment designed to assist both of them in better understanding the mother s mental health and medical issues. Humphrey also recommended that the father continue to engage in parenting assessment services. The father failed to follow Humphrey s recommendations. The father complied, although not initially, with the step to sign releases authorizing department personnel to communicate with service providers to monitor attendance, cooperation and progress made toward identified goals and for future use in court. The father was to maintain adequate housing and legal income. The court found that the father shares a home with his mother and his grandmother, but the adequacy of his apartment has never been demonstrated. Prior to December 8, 2006, the father was employed as a night stock clerk in a grocery store. He lost that employment when he chose to attend a concert instead of going to work. The father remained unemployed until he recently obtained part-time employment at McDonald s. The father receives social security disability payments. He represented that his disability arose from an automobile accident that resulted in a permanent disabling injury to his cervical discs. The father told Humphrey that he experiences pain constantly, but the father has refused to sign a release for the department to obtain his social security records to confirm his disability. Notwithstanding his disability, the father participates in BMX bike riding as a hobby. He testified that he continues to ride BMX bikes but that he does not go over jumps, although a photograph of him doing so was entered into evidence. The father was to meet and to address the children s physical, educational, medical or emotional needs on a timely and consistent basis. Among other things, he was to keep the children s appointments with medical, psychological, psychiatric or educational providers. He also was to attend their regularly scheduled pediatric appointments. He attended two pediatric appointments with Joseph, Jr., and Daniel, but he failed to attend a scheduled pediatric appointment on April 24, 2007. The father was ordered to advise department personnel immediately of any changes in the composition of his household to ensure that such changes would not compromise the health and safety of his children. Departmental personnel learned of the composition of father s household in November, 2006. He has been relatively compliant with this step although department personnel believe that the mother occasionally has resided with him in violation of court-ordered steps. The father has complied with the step that he visit with his children as often as permitted by department personnel. Initially, he visited his children for two hours twice a week. Following Humphrey s evaluation of February 3, 2006, the visits were expanded to six hours twice a week. The length of the visits was later shortened. With respect to various other steps, the court found that they were inapplicable or that the father had complied with them. The father was not involved with the criminal justice system and had not engaged in substance abuse. He also did not take the children from the state of Connecticut during the pending proceedings. To terminate parental rights, the petitioner must prove by clear and convincing evidence the statutory element requiring the department to make reasonable efforts to locate the parent and to reunify the child with the parent . . . unless the court finds in this proceeding that the parent is unable or unwilling to benefit from reunification efforts . . . . General Statutes § 17a-112 (j) (1); see also In re Christopher B., supra, 117 Conn. App. 779 80. Section 17a-112 (j) (1) imposes on the department the duty, inter alia, to make reasonable efforts to reunite the child or children with the parents. The word reasonable is the linchpin on which the department s efforts in a particular set of circumstances are to be adjudged, using the clear and convincing standard of proof. Neither the word reasonable nor the word efforts is, however, defined by our legislature or by the federal act from which the requirement was drawn. . . . [R]easonable efforts means doing everything reasonable, not everything possible. . . . The trial court s determination of this issue will not be overturned on appeal unless, in light of all of the evidence in the record, it is clearly erroneous. (Internal quotation marks omitted.) In re Samantha C., 268 Conn. 614, 632, 847 A.2d 883 (2004). The court found that the department had made reasonable efforts to reunify the father with his children but that he repeatedly, by his own volition, failed to engage in and to take advantage of the services offered or referrals made by department personnel. On appeal, the father claims that the department was in violation of the statute when it stopped providing him with services after the children were adjudicated neglected in August, 2007, although he was permitted to continue visiting Joseph, Jr., and Daniel. He claims that his situation is similar to those in In re Vincent B., 73 Conn. App. 637, 640 41, 809 A.2d 1119 (2002), cert. denied, 262 Conn. 934, 815 A.2d 136 (2003), in which the minor child s father appealed from the termination of his parental rights, claiming that the department failed to make reasonable efforts to reunify him with his son when it stopped offering services, other than visitation.14 Id., 639 40. In reversing the termination of the father s parental rights in In re Vincent B., this court stated that a respondent s history of not availing himself of services as well as the [petitioner s] filing of the petition to terminate his parental rights did not relieve the department of a continuing duty to make reasonable efforts. Id., 644. Although that rule of law applies in all termination of parental rights cases, the facts of In re Vincent B. are quite different from the facts here. In In re Vincent B., the father successfully participated in a lengthy treatment program in May, 2001, [and] regularly visited with [the child]. [Melody Carr, a department social worker] testified that [the father] was consistent in visiting with [the child], that he acted appropriately with [the child] at those visits and that both [the child] and [his father] demonstrated affection for one another. [The father] voluntarily had sought and received substance abuse, anger management and depression counseling. The record shows no evidence of relapses in those areas. [Nancy Randall, a psychologist] noted in her report that [the father] intended to repair the problems in his family life and to care for his children. Furthermore, John McKeithen, a substance abuse counselor who worked with [the father] during his treatment program, testified that [the father s] participation in treatment and willingness to stay sober was motivated by a desire to get his family back. Id. In this case, the father left the state when the mother was about to give birth to Joseph, Jr., to avoid department intervention in their lives. The father apparently was unaware of or ignored the mother s obvious mental health and medical issues or the needs of a newborn. When Joseph, Jr., was born in Pennsylvania, however, medical providers and child protection authorities, individuals not previously familiar with the respondents, immediately recognized that Joseph, Jr. s safety and welfare were at risk within a day or two of his birth. Joseph, Jr. s custody was transferred to the petitioner on the basis of predictive neglect. See In re T.K., 105 Conn. App. 502, 513, 939 A.2d 9, cert. denied, 286 Conn. 914, 945 A.2d 976 (2008). The record is replete with numerous services offered to the father. The court found that the father was openly hostile and resistant to assistance from department personnel and refused to cooperate with them and service providers. He was discharged from every service for unsuccessful participation. In November, 2006, the father began weekly appointments with Corson, a psychologist specializing in the treatment of individuals with personality disorders. The father, however, missed appointments without giving notice and sometimes refused to talk. Corson tried to accommodate the father s schedule and circumstances. In 2007, the father refused to see Corson and was discharged. Department personnel persuaded Corson to see the father again. Corson agreed, and, at their only reconvened session on November 10, 2007, the father informed Corson that he did not believe in psychology, thought it was pseudoscience and that he was present against his will. Corson discharged the father once again and advised department personnel that further therapeutic interventions with this client would be fruitless. On the basis of this record, I cannot conclude that the court s finding that the father was unwilling or unable to benefit from services was clearly erroneous. I would affirm the judgments. 1 Judge Goldstein found that Joseph, Jr., was in immediate physical danger from surroundings. See In re T.K., 105 Conn. App. 502, 513, 939 A.2d 9 ( [t]he doctrine of predictive neglect is grounded in the state s responsibility to avoid harm to the well-being of a child, not to repair it after a tragedy has occurred ), cert. denied, 286 Conn. 914, 945 A.2d 976 (2008). 2 Judge Trombley found that Daniel was in immediate physical danger from surroundings. See In re T.K., 105 Conn. App. 502, 513, 939 A.2d 9 ( [t]he doctrine of predictive neglect is grounded in the state s responsibility to avoid harm to the well-being of a child, not to repair it after a tragedy has occurred ), cert. denied, 286 Conn. 914, 945 A.2d 976 (2008). 3 Additional facts related to the neglect proceedings will be set forth in part I of this dissenting opinion. 4 The father in these cases is not the daughter s father. 5 Judge Olear took judicial notice of the facts found by Judge Bear in terminating the mother s parental rights as to the daughter. See In re Kristina H., Superior Court, judicial district of Middlesex, Child Protection Session at Middletown, Docket No. 2007724 (January 17, 2007). Judge Bear found, among other things, that the mother was always tired, was diagnosed as suffering from narcolepsy and characteristically does not take her medication. She has a self-reported history of self-defeating interpersonal difficulties and conflicts and a multiyear history of housing transience. After the daughter s birth, the mother had a psychotic reaction. The daughter was certified as being medically complex due to her premature birth, intrauterine growth retardation, placental insufficiency, low birth weight, slow weight gain and feeding adaptation. The mother opposed the specialized care the daughter received. The daughter s father told a department worker that he was somewhat concerned at the hospital because the mother persisted in claiming that their child was a boy, but he later felt assured that the mother posed no threat to the daughter. The mother was argumentative with the daughter s pediatrician and opposed medical advice to immunize her against certain diseases. 6 The foster family had adopted the daughter. 7 In making findings during the dispositional phase of the trial, the court found that the father did not provide personnel at the hospital where Joseph, Jr., was born with an address that could be confirmed as his residence. The father did not provide department personnel with his address until October, 2006. 8 I agree with the majority that the father did not stand silent at the neglect hearing, and the court s finding in that regard is clearly erroneous. 9 I agree with the majority that the construction of our rules of practice is a question of law and that the principles governing the construction of statutes applies. See Malave v. Ortiz, 114 Conn. App. 414, 417, 970 A.2d 743 (2009). 10 Other than his own testimony, the father offered no other evidence to prove that he was a custodial parent. 11 The case law on which the majority relies for the proposition that a parent is a custodial parent Doe v. Doe, 244 Conn. 403, 476, 710 A.2d 1297 (1998) (Katz, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part); Boardman v. Boardman, 135 Conn. 124, 129, 62 A.2d 521 (1948); Dunham v. Dunham, 97 Conn. 440, 442, 117 A. 504 (1922), overruled in part on other grounds by Freud v. Burns, 131 Conn. 380, 385, 40 A.2d 754 (1944) are dissolution actions in which the parents litigated as to who should have custody of their minor child. In dissolution actions involving minor children, trial courts of this state repeatedly are called on to award custody of the children to one or both biological parents who are their guardians. The cases relied on by the majority do not support its proposition that because a child s biological parent is the child s guardian that parent is a custodial parent. The majority also cites the testimony of Kathleen Dayner, a department social worker, that the department considered the father to be a custodial parent. Dayner s testimony is nothing more than that. Whether a parent is a custodial parent, as the majority points out, is a question of law for the court to determine. At footnote 29 of its opinion, the majority states that there was no evidence that the mother presented evidence that she was a custodial parent. That assertion is irrelevant to the claim raised by the father in his appeal. If the mother had contested the neglect petitions, she may have been required to prove that she was a custodial parent, but the fact of the matter is that she pleaded nolo contendere. The rights of the mother and the father are separate. Judge Bear acknowledged that the father had the right to contest the neglect petitions if he were a custodial parent of the children. Judge Bear gave the father the opportunity to demonstrate that he was a custodial parent. Judge Olear, however, found that the father was not a custodial parent, and, therefore, he was not permitted to contest the neglect petitions. 12 Significantly, the father claims that the court s finding, not the dictates of the rules of practice, violated his rights to due process and equal protection. 13 The earlier procedural history is set out in full in the majority opinion. 14 In In re Vincent B., supra, 73 Conn. App. 642 45, the father had failed to avail himself of services to treat a lengthy alcohol addiction. His parental rights as to two of his other children were terminated in April, 1999, and February, 2000, respectively. The father thereafter voluntarily entered treatment, and, during that time, the petitioner sought to terminate his parental rights as to Vincent B. and offered the father no services and made no efforts at reunification.
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