State Personnel Bd. v. Dept. of Personnel Admin.

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Filed 8/27/03 Opinion following rehearing CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT (Sacramento) STATE PERSONNEL BOARD, C032633 Plaintiff and Appellant, (Super. Ct. No. 98CS03314) v. DEPARTMENT OF PERSONNEL ADMINISTRATION et al., Defendants and Respondents. ASSOCIATION OF CALIFORNIA STATE ATTORNEYS AND ADMINISTRATIVE LAW JUDGES et al., C034943 (Super. Ct. No. 99CS00260) Plaintiffs and Respondents, v. DEPARTMENT OF PERSONNEL ADMINISTRATION et al., Defendants and Appellants. STATE PERSONNEL BOARD, C040263 Plaintiff and Respondent, (Super. Ct. No. 01CS00109) v. DEPARTMENT OF PERSONNEL ADMINISTRATION et al., Defendants and Appellants. 1 OPINION ON REHEARING APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Sacramento County, Lloyd G. Connelly, Judge, Gail D. Ohanesian, Judge, Ronald R. Robie, Judge. Affirmed with directions. Howard L. Schwartz, Chief Counsel, Marguerite D. Seabourn, Linda Diane Buzzini, for Defendant and Appellant and for Defendant and Respondent Department of Personnel Administration. Carroll, Burdick & McDonough, Ronald Yank, Gregg McLean Adam, for Defendant and Appellant Department of Forestry Firefighters. VanBourg, Weinberg, Roger & Rosenfeld, Matthew John Gauger, for Defendant and Appellant International Union of Operating Engineers. Bill Lockyer, Attorney General, David S. Chaney, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Damon M. Connolly and Miguel A. Neri, Supervising Deputy Attorneys General, as Amicus Curiae on behalf of Defendant and Appellant Department of Personnel Administration. Steven B. Bassoff, Eisen & Johnston Law Corporation, JayAllen Eisen, Marian M. Johnston, Jay-Allen Eisen Law Corporation and Jay-Allen Eisen, for Plaintiffs and Respondents Association of California State Attorneys and Administrative Law Judges etc. Elise S. Rose, Chief Counsel, Dorothy Bacskai Egel, Kronick, Moskovitz, Tiedemann & Girard and Susan R. Denious as Amicus Curiae State Personnel Board on behalf of California State Attorneys and Administrative Law Judges. Anne M. Giese for Defendant and Appellant California State Employees Association. VanBourg, Weinberg, Roger & Rosenfeld, William A. Sokol, Vincent A. Harrington, Matthew John Gauger, for Defendant and Appellant International Union of Operating Engineers. Bill Lockyer, Attorney General, Jacob Appelsmith, Senior Attorney General, Alicia M. B. Fowler, Supervising Attorney General, Michelle Littlewood, Deputy Attorney General, as Amicus Curiae Attorney General of California on behalf of Department of Personnel Administration. Elise S. Rose, Chief Counsel, Dorothy Bacskai Egel, Kronick, Moskovitz, Tiedemann & Girard and Susan R. Denious, for Plaintiff and Respondent State Personnel Board. Elise S. Rose, Chief Counsel, Dorothy Bacskai Egel, Kronick, Moskovitz, Tiedemann & Girard and Susan R. Denious for Plaintiff and Appellant State Personnel Board. 2 Carroll, Burdick & McDonough, Ronald Yank and Gregg McLean Adam, for Defendant and Respondent Department of Forestry Firefighters. Norman Hill, Chief Counsel, Wendy Breckon for Defendant and Respondent Department of Forestry and Fire Protection. The California Constitution requires that the California State Personnel Board (SPB) shall . . . review disciplinary actions taken against state civil service employees. (Cal. Const., art. VII, § 3, subd. (a).) State civil service employees assigned to State Bargaining Units 8, 11, 12, and 13 (hereafter Units 8, 11, 12, and 13), represented by their unions, negotiated labor contracts with the Department of Personnel Administration (DPA), the governor s representative in labor contract negotiations. The labor contract, known as a memorandum of understanding (MOU) (Gov. Code, §§ 3513, subd. (b); 3515.5, 3517.5),1 of each of the bargaining units, provides an alternative dispute resolution mechanism for litigating a disciplinary action in a forum other than the SPB. The SPB and the Association of California State Attorneys and Administrative Law Judges (State Attorneys), and a citizen taxpayer, sought writs of mandate to prohibit implementation of the disciplinary provisions of the MOUs. In SPB v. DPA (C032633), the SPB sought a writ of mandate challenging the 1 All further section references are to the Government Code unless otherwise specified. 3 provisions of the Unit 8 MOU.2 The trial court denied the SPB s petition because it lacked standing to challenge the constitutionality of the disciplinary provisions of the MOUs. The SPB appeals from the resulting judgment. In State Attorneys v. DPA (C034943), State Attorneys and Gerald James, appearing as a taxpayer, filed an action in mandate against the DPA and the California Department of Forestry Firefighters (CDFF) to prohibit implementation of the disciplinary provisions of the Unit 8 MOU.3 The trial court granted the writ and defendants appeal from the judgment.4 In SPB v. DPA (C040263), the SPB filed an action in mandate against DPA, Marty Morgenstern, as the Director of DPA, California State Employees Association (CSEA), the union representing employees assigned to Unit 11, and the International Union of Operating Engineers (IUOE), the union representing employees in Units 12 and 13, to prohibit 2 The petition also sought relief against DPA, David Tirapelle, the Director of DPA, the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CDFFP), Richard Wilson, as the Director of the CDFFP, and the California Department of Forestry Firefighters. 3 In case number C034943, plaintiff State Attorneys is an employee union which represents administrative law judges employed by the SPB to hear disciplinary actions. Plaintiff Gerald James has standing as a citizen and taxpayer. No issue of standing has been tendered in this case and given that James has standing as a taxpayer we do not consider the issue whether State Attorneys have standing. 4 The SPB appears as amicus curiae in support of the judgment in case number C034943. 4 implementation of the disciplinary provisions of the MOUs for Units 11, 12, and 13. The trial court granted a writ of mandate and the defendants appeal from the judgment. In the interests of judicial economy, we consolidated the three appeals to resolve their common issues: (1) whether the SPB has standing to challenge an MOU that restricts its review of disciplinary actions, and (2) whether the disciplinary provisions of the MOUs negotiated by the DPA and Units 8, 11, 12 and 13, and the legislation which sanctions the MOUs, violate the constitutional mandate that the SPB review disciplinary actions. We conclude the SPB has standing to challenge an MOU which precludes it from carrying out its constitutionally mandated duty to review disciplinary actions. We also conclude the MOUs violate article VII, section 3, subdivision (a) of the California Constitution because they restrict the SPB s adjudicatory authority to review disciplinary actions taken against state civil service employees. Lastly, we conclude the implementing legislation violates article VII, section 3, subdivision (a), to the extent it sanctions the offending provisions of the MOUs. Nothing we say in the opinion affects the Legislature s authority to determine the adjudicatory procedures by which the SPB conducts its review of disciplinary actions. We shall affirm the judgments in case number C034943 relating to the Unit 8 MOU, with the exception of the condition attached thereto (see fn. 28), and in case number C040263 5 relating to the MOUs of Units 11, 12, and 13. Because we affirm the judgment in case number CO34943, relating to the Unit 8 MOU, we shall dismiss as moot the appeal in case number C032633. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND A. The Unit 8 MOUs Two versions of the Unit 8 MOU are at issue in case number C034943, the original and an amended version, adopted by the DPA and the CDFF as a return to the peremptory writ of mandate issued by the trial court. The original Unit 8 MOU provides that an employee charged with major discipline may elect either a direct appeal to the SPB or a grievance and arbitration procedure which transfers the authority to review disciplinary actions from the SPB to a Board of Adjustment (BOA), whose members are selected by the employer and the union. If the BOA does not reach a binding decision the employee or the employee s union may seek arbitration. The original Unit 8 MOU transfers minor disciplinary authority wholly to the BOA. Plaintiffs filed a writ of mandate to prevent implementation of the MOU. The trial court ruled this procedure and the implementing legislation violated the provisions of article VII, section 3, subdivision (a). It issued a peremptory writ of mandate barring implementation of the Unit 8 MOU unless and until provisions are made in the procedures for the [SPB] s ultimate and meaningful review of disputed civil service disciplinary actions 6 resolved by grievance or arbitration pursuant to the procedures. 5 By way of a return to the peremptory writ of mandate the DPA and CDFF amended the original MOU, effective February 8, 2000, to comply with the judgment and writ of mandate . . . . 6 The amended MOU provides the modification shall be temporary (except where expressly noted) and the parties shall return to their original agreement if the Court of Appeal reverses the Superior Court judgment, or meet and confer if needed to modify their original agreement. The Unit 8 MOUs were adopted pursuant to statutes that govern state employer-employee relations. (§ 3512 ff.) Section 3517 provides the Governor and a recognized employee organization may meet and confer regarding wages, hours, and other terms and conditions of employment . . . . An agreement on these subjects is embodied in a MOU which shall be presented, when appropriate, to the Legislature for determination. (§ 3517.5.) If a provision of the MOU requires the expenditure of funds or requires legislative action to permit its implementation, the provision is not effective unless approved by the Legislature. (§ 3517.6.) 5 As we later discuss (fn. 28), this condition is invalid. 6 A return to a writ is an answer. (Code Civ. Proc., §§ 1075, 1108.) However, for reasons stated in footnote 7, we will consider both the original and amended MOUs. 7 The Unit 8 MOU was approved by Assembly Bill No. 1291 (Stats. 1998, ch. 1024, § 2), and signed by the Governor over the objection of the SPB. It was amended in relevant part by Statutes 2001, chapter 365, principally to provide that if the legislation and a Unit 8 MOU are in conflict the MOU will control unless the MOU requires the expenditure of state funds. (§§ 19574, subd. (c), 19575, subd. (b), 19576.5, subd. (e), 19578, subd. (b), 19582, subd. (h); see also § 3517.6, subds. (a)(3),(b).) In the case of minor discipline, the provisions of an expired MOU will continue to apply. (§ 19576.5, subds. (a) & (f).) The CDFF and the DPA originally entered into a Unit 8 MOU for the period July 1, 1998, through June 30, 1999. A superceding Unit 8 MOU extended coverage for the period July 1, 1999, to July 2, 2001. Its terms on discipline are identical to the terms of the Unit 8 MOU that expired in 1999. We call this the original MOU. This MOU was (§ 19576.5, subds. (a) & (f).) superceded by the amended MOU filed in response to the judgment of the trial court.7 In what follows we discuss the original and 7 Although defendants filed the amended MOU by way of return to the petition for writ of mandate, that MOU was not before the trial court when it granted the writ, from which defendants appealed. In a supplemental letter brief, defendants advised us that the provisions of the amended MOU superceded the original MOU and provided us with a copy of that document. In their petition for rehearing, defendants contend we have no jurisdiction to consider this MOU. We disagree. While rarely exercised, a reviewing court has limited powers to take evidence on appeal and find facts arising after the judgment in nonjury civil cases. (Cal. Const., art. VI, § 11; Code Civ. Proc., 8 amended MOUs separately where appropriate. Where the provisions of the MOUs are the same we refer simply to the Unit 8 MOU. Prior to the enactment of the implementing legislation, section 18670, subdivision (a), authorized the SPB to make investigations and hold hearings regarding the enforcement of the governing personnel statutes and rules and directed that such actions be taken upon the petition of an employee to enforce observance of article VII of the Constitution. The implementing legislation altered this scheme of review with respect to the Units at issue in this litigation. Subdivision (c) of section 18670 was added to state: [A]ny discipline, as defined by the memorandum of understanding [including both major and minor discipline], or Section 19576.5 [minor discipline] is not subject to either a board investigation or hearing. 8 By § 909; Cal. Rules of Court, rule 22(c) (hereafter rule); Butt v. State of California (1992) 4 Cal.4th 668, 697, fn. 23.) Documentary evidence may be admitted without a hearing. (Rule 22(c)(3).) Such evidence may be taken in the interests of justice so that the cause may be finally disposed of by a single appeal and without further proceedings in the trial court . . . . (Code Civ. Proc., § 909.) In this consolidated appeal, we have before us, the original and amended MOUs governing Unit 8, as well as the MOUs governing Units 11, 12, and 13. All four MOUs raise the same constitutional issue, i.e. the scope of the SPB s exclusive constitutional authority to adjudicate disciplinary actions. Therefore, to finally dispose of the constitutional issues raised by the parties and avoid unnecessary litigation in the trial court, we shall consider the constitutionality of the amended MOU. 8 The Unit 8 MOU defines discipline to mean punitive dismissals, demotions, suspensions, or reductions in pay. includes both major and minor discipline. (Unit 8 MOU §§ 19.2.2.1.1, 19.2.2.2, 19.2.2.3.) 9 It this provision the SPB is deprived of its investigatory and hearing powers regarding major and minor discipline. In addition, subdivision (e) of section 19576.5, which applies to Units 8, 12 and 13, provides that, as to minor discipline, with the exception of an agreement requiring the expenditure of funds, a memorandum of understanding reached pursuant to Section 3517.5 . . . shall be controlling without further legislative action . . . . The Unit 8 MOU incorporates the grounds of discipline set forth in section 19572.1 and the statutory definitions for both minor9 and major10 discipline. (Unit 8 MOU, § 19.2.4.) In addition to the statutory grounds for discipline applicable to other state employees (§ 19572), the Unit 8 MOU provides for discipline, whether it is major or minor, for just cause pursuant to section 19572.1. (Unit 8 MOU, § 19.2.4.)11 9 Minor discipline is defined as suspension for 5 days or less, or a reduction in pay of 5 percent (or one step) for five months or less (or equivalent). (Unit 8 MOU, § 19.2.2.3.) 10 Major discipline is defined as dismissal, permanent demotion, suspension for more than 5 days, or a temporary demotion or reduction in pay greater than 5 percent (or one step) for more than five months (or equivalent). (Unit 8 MOU, § 19.2.2.2.) 11 Discipline irrespective of whether it is major or minor, and regardless of whether it is grieved . . . or appealed to the State Personnel Board, may be taken against an employee for (1) just cause; [and for] any of the causes for discipline listed in . . . Section 19572.1 . . . . (Unit 8 MOU, § 19.2.4.) The grounds of discipline in section 19572 are identical to those in section 19572.1 except that section 19572.1 was amended in 1999 to apply only to minor discipline pursuant to section 19576.5. 10 The Unit 8 MOU provides for notice of disciplinary action (Unit 8 MOU, §§ 19.2.5.2 - 19.2.5.3.7) but also provides that [f]ailure of the appointing power to comply with the notification requirements contained in this subsection will not affect the validity of the action, or change the nature of the penalty imposed. (Unit 8 MOU, § 19.2.5.4.)12 An employee charged with a disciplinary action, whether major or minor, may invoke the jurisdiction of the SPB by a timely answer and appeal and compliance with the time frames of the Unit 8 MOU, or may file a grievance pursuant to the terms of the Unit 8 MOU. 19.4.1.1.) (Amended Unit 8 MOU, §§ 19.1.2; 19.2.8.2; If an appeal to the SPB is taken, the authority of the SPB is limited to revoking the action or amending the penalty, except for such matters as back pay and creative remedial solutions . . . . (Unit 8 MOU, § 19.2.9.1.) In lieu of a direct appeal to the SPB of a disciplinary action, the Unit 8 MOU establishes a grievance procedure which (Stats. 1999, ch. 446, § 21.) However, subdivision (c) thereof provides the MOU shall control when the provisions of the section are in conflict with the MOU. 12 With respect to major disciplinary action, section 19574, subdivision (a) refers to notice of the time within which an appeal must be filed [presumably to the SPB]. . . . Unit 8 MOU section 19.2.5.3.6 refers only to the time within which grievance must be filed and of the right to file a grievance or appeal to the State Personnel Board. (Unit 8 MOU, § 19.2.5.3.5.) Accordingly, it provides no notice of the time requirements for review by the SPB. Notwithstanding, section 19.2.8.2 provides that [f]ailing to appeal to SPB within the statutorily prescribed timeframes waives the employees right of appeal to the [SPB]. (Unit 8 MOU.) 11 provides for the hearing of a disciplinary action by a BOA consisting of two members selected by the employee and two by the employer. (Amended Unit 8 MOU, §§ 19.5.1.1; 19.5.1.1.1.) The BOA is not bound by common law, statutory rules of evidence, or technical or formal rules of procedure. § 19.5.1.2.2.) (Amended Unit 8 MOU, Unless it orders otherwise, the BOA considers only written materials provided prior to the hearing. (Amended Unit 8 MOU, §§ 19.5.1.2.8; 19.5.1.2.9.) A majority decision by the BOA is final and binding if agreed to by the employee, and is not judicially reviewable. (Amended Unit 8 MOU, § 19.5.1.3.4; Code Civ. Proc. § 1094.5, subd. (j).) In view of the fact the BOA has but four members, a majority vote requires a vote of at least three of the four members. (Amended Unit 8 MOU, § 19.5.1.2.4.) If the BOA does not reach a binding decision the disciplinary action is sustained unless arbitration is sought by the union or the employee at the employee s expense. (Amended Unit 8 MOU, §§ 19.5.1.3.6; 19.5.1.3.5.) The BOA decision, unless appealed to the arbitrator, is considered a final and binding settlement agreement. (Amended Unit 8 MOU, § 19.5.1.3.4(a).) If the employee refuses to accept the decision, and does not seek arbitration, the disciplinary action remains in effect. An appeal to the arbitrator is conducted pursuant to Code of Civil Procedure sections 1280 et seq. The SPB reviews a determination of the arbitrator adverse to the employee on the basis of the record of the arbitration solely on the ground whether the arbitrator s award is inimical 12 to merit principles. 19.5.3.3.) (Amended Unit 8 MOU, §§ 19.5.3.1; If the SPB overturns the arbitrator the matter is returned to the arbitrator for a potentially endless renvoi of the SPB and arbitrator decisions. 19.5.4.1, 19.5.4.2.) (Amended Unit 8 MOU, §§ The amended MOU provides for a limited judicial review of the SPB decision. (Amended Unit 8 MOU, § 19.5.4.3.) If the BOA cannot reach a majority decision, the disciplinary action must be sustained, unless the employee s union invokes the arbitration procedures of section 19 of the Unit 8 MOU. (Unit 8 MOU, § 19.4.4.1.2.) And, as with an appeal to the SPB, the BOA is authorized only to revoke the disciplinary action or amend the penalty imposed. (Unit 8 MOU, § 19.2.9.1.)13 B. Unit 11 MOU Effective July 1, 1999, the DPA and the CSEA entered into a MOU governing civil service employees in Unit 11. Under the MOU, employees whose jobs require them to operate commercial vehicles, are subject to drug and alcohol testing (Unit 11 MOU, § 21.4.A.1), and may be dismissed for a first positive drug or alcohol test or for refusing the test. (Unit 11 MOU, § 21.4.C.2.) Employees who are disciplined or rejected during probation for a positive test, may elect between an appeal to 13 The BOA, when reviewing minor disciplinary action, is composed of an additional member selected by the nonneutral members and may, by majority vote, sustain, modify or revoke minor disciplinary actions. (Unit 8 MOU, § 19.5.2.1.1.) 13 the SPB in the usual manner or to the binding grievance and arbitration procedures set forth in the MOU. Once the employee elects to use the grievance and arbitration procedure, there is no review by the SPB. In arbitrations involving adverse actions, the arbitrator determines if just cause exists and the appropriate remedy. The employee who appeals a rejection on probation has the burden of going forward and the burden of proof. (Unit 11 MOU, § 21.4.C.4.) An employee dissatisfied with a decision rendered in the informal grievance procedure, within a specified period of time must go through a four step administrative grievance procedure. (Unit 11 MOU, §§ 6.7-6.10.) If the grievance is not resolved at Step 4, the union has the right to submit the grievance to arbitration. (Unit 11 MOU, § 6.12.) The arbitration is conducted in accordance with the Voluntary Labor Arbitration Rules of the American Arbitration Association. The union and the State each pay for one-half of the cost for arbitration (Unit 11 MOU, § 6.12.C), and the arbitrator s award is final and binding on the parties. (Unit 11 MOU, § 6.12.E.) The Legislature approved the Unit 11 MOU, effective October 5, 1999 (Stats. 1999, ch. 630, § 2), and on September 11, 2000, enacted legislation implementing the provisions of the MOU. (§§ 18670, subd. (d); 19175, subds. (f) and (g); and 19576.6; Code Civ. Proc., § 1094.5, subd. (k); Stats. 2000, ch. 402, §§ 5, 6 & 7.) Under this legislation, the SPB is divested of the authority to conduct an investigation or hearing of the drug 14 test-related disciplinary actions or rejections during probation taken against a Unit 11 employee who expressly waive[s] appeal to the [SPB] and invoke[s] arbitration proceedings under the MOU. (§ 18670, subd. (d).) The SPB is also divested of authority to conduct investigations, with or without a hearing, into the reasons for rejecting a probationer, if the employee in such a case, expressly waives appeal to the SPB and invokes arbitration proceedings pursuant to the MOU. (f) and (g).) (§ 19175, subds. Likewise, the SPB is prohibited from reviewing suspensions of five (5) days or less and other specified disciplinary actions taken against Unit 11 employees who have been disciplined for positive drug test results upon the employee s waiver of an appeal to the SPB and invocation of the arbitration proceedings provided in the MOU. (§ 19576.6.) The MOU also eliminates judicial review of such adverse actions by way of administrative mandamus (Code Civ. Proc., § 1094.5, subd. (k)) and the arbitration decisions are only subject to limited judicial review under Code of Civil Procedure sections 1285 et seq. (Moncharsh v. Heily & Blase (1992) 3 Cal.4th 1, 10-11, 28.) C. Units 12 and 13 MOUs DPA and the IUOE entered into MOUs for Units 12 and 13 and the Legislature approved both MOUs, effective September 21, 1999. (Stats. 1999, ch. 457, § 22.) These two MOUs have substantially the same binding grievance and arbitration procedures for adverse actions. We therefore jointly summarize their provisions. 15 The MOUs provide a mandatory, binding grievance procedure for minor adverse actions, as defined in the MOU,14 without an independent disciplinary review by the SPB. (Unit 12 MOU, art. 15, §§ A.2, B.1, B.2.c; Unit 13 MOU, art. 6, §§ A.2, B.1, B.2.c.)15 For major adverse actions,16 the MOU provides that the employee must make an irrevocable election to appeal to the SPB and proceed in the usual manner, or proceed under the binding grievance and arbitration procedures outlined in the MOUs 14 Minor discipline is defined as a written reprimand, suspension for 3 working days or less, or reduction in pay of 5 per cent (or one step) for three months or less (or equivalent reduction in salary. (MOU Unit 12, art. 15, § B.2.c; MOU Unit 13, art. 6, § B.2.c.) 15 Although respondents assert that employees in Units 12 and 13 have a choice between appealing to the SPB in the usual manner or invoking the negotiated alternative dispute resolution procedures contained in the MOU, nothing in the MOU specifies that a choice or waiver is available for employees who receive minor adverse actions. To the contrary, the MOU specifies that [e]mployees who receive minor disciplinary actions . . . may seek review through the grievance procedure contained in this article (Unit 11 MOU, art. 15, § A.2) and [t]he grievance procedure contained in this article shall be the exclusive procedure under this contract for resolving disputes regarding all minor disciplinary (adverse) actions . . . . (Unit 11 MOU, art. 15, § B.1.a.) 16 Major discipline is defined for Unit 12 MOU as dismissal, permanent demotion, suspension of more than 3 working days, a temporary demotion, or deduction in pay of 5 percent (or one step) or greater for more than three months (or equivalent reduction in salary). (Unit 12 MOU, art. 15, § B.2.b.) Major discipline is defined for Unit 13 MOU as dismissal or suspension of more than 3 working days. (Unit 13 MOU, art. 6, § B.2.b.) 16 without the SPB review once the employee waives review by the SPB. (Unit 12 MOU, art. 15, §§ A.2, B.1.b, D.1.b; Unit 13 MOU, art. 6, §§ A.2, B.1.b, D.1.b.) The grievance procedure involves the BOA, which operates in much the same manner as the BOA does under the Unit 8 MOU. The BOA is composed of four members, two selected by each side. (Unit 12 MOU, art. 15, § D.3.a.(1); Unit 13 MOU, art. 6, § D.3.a.(1).) Under the BOA procedures, the parties have a right to present oral testimony, but the procedures do not require sworn testimony, the subpoenaing of witnesses, or the receipt into evidence of documents. (Unit 12 MOU, art. 15, §§ D.3.b.(1), (3) and (5), and E.2.b; Unit 13 MOU, art. 6, § D.3.b.(1), (3) and (5).) Representation by counsel is prohibited. (Unit 12 MOU, art. 15, § D.3.b.(10); Unit 13 MOU, art. 6, § D.3.b.(10).) Nor is the BOA bound by common law, statutory rules of evidence, technical rules of procedure, SPB precedential decisions, or merit principles. (Unit 12 MOU, art. 15, § D.3.b.(2); Unit 13 MOU, art. 6, § D.3.b.(2).) If the BOA decides the matter by majority vote,17 the decision is final and binding and may be enforced as an arbitration award. (Unit 12 MOU, art. 15, § D.4.a.(1); Unit 13 MOU, art. 6, § D.4.a.(1).) If the BOA deadlocks or otherwise 17 There are four members on the BOA, thus a 4-0, 3-1 or 3-0 vote determines the matter. (Unit 12 MOU, art. 15. §§ D.3.a.(1), D.3.b.(7); Unit 13 MOU, art. 6, §§ D.3.a.(1), D.3.b.(7).) 17 fails to reach a binding decision, the action is sustained unless the union elects to appeal by way of arbitration. (Unit 12 MOU, art. 15, § D.4.a.(2); Unit 13 MOU, art. 6, § D.4.a.(2).) Thus, the employee has no independent right to appeal to arbitration, and a binding decision is subject only to limited judicial review pursuant to Code of Civil Procedure sections 1285 et seq. (Moncharsh v. Heily & Blase, supra, 3 Cal.4th at pp. 10-11, 28.) If the matter is appealed to arbitration, both sides are allowed to introduce evidence, call and cross-examine witnesses, and submit written briefs. (Unit 12 MOU, art. 15, § D.4.d.(2); Unit 13 MOU, art. 6, § D.4.d.(2).) The arbitrator s award is final and binding and is only subject to limited judicial review pursuant to Code of Civil Procedure sections 1285 et seq. (Moncharsh v. Heily & Blase, supra, 3 Cal.4th at pp. 10-11, 28.) The decision of the BOA is implemented by the parties as outlined in the MOU. If the BOA or arbitrator sustains the adverse action, the union must withdraw the grievance with prejudice; if the BOA or arbitrator modifies the adverse action, the employer must amend the action consistent with the decision; if the BOA or arbitrator revokes the adverse action, the employer is to withdraw the disciplinary action with prejudice. (Unit 12 MOU, art. 15, § G, Unit 13 MOU, art. 6, § G.) With respect to minor adverse actions, the BOA is empowered to sustain, modify or revoke minor disciplinary actions by 18 majority vote.18 If the BOA deadlocks, the parties are required to request assistance from the State Mediation and Conciliation Service, who will assist them to reach a majority decision. (Unit 12 MOU, art. 15, § E.2.a.(1), 13 Unit MOU, art. 6, § E.2.a.(1).) No provision is made for appeal to arbitration in such cases.19 The same legislation that implements the provisions of the Unit 8 MOU also implements the provisions of the Unit 12 and Unit 13 MOUs. (See §§ 18670, subd. (e), 19575, subd. (b), 19578, subd. (b).) The SPB filed a petition for writ of mandate and complaint, seeking a temporary stay and injunctive relief relating to the implementation and enforcement of the challenged portions of the MOUs for Units 11, 12, and 13, sections 18670, subdivision (d), 19175, subdivisions (f) and (g), and 19576.6, and Code of Civil Procedure section 1094.5, subdivision (k), and declaratory 18 The BOA s composition is the same for minor discipline as it is for major discipline. (Unit 12 MOU, art. 15, § E.2.a.(2); Unit 13 MOU, art. 6, § E.2.a.(2).) 19 Like the parties to the amended Unit 8 MOU, the parties to the Unit 12 MOU also have sought the SPB s approval under section 18681 of dispositions in disciplinary actions which defendants refer to as settlement agreements. These so-called settlement agreements appear to have been adjudicated by a BOA pursuant to the Unit 12 MOU. The SPB has refused to approve these agreements and the IUOE has filed an unfair practice charge with the Public Employment Relations Board alleging the SPB engaged in unlawful discrimination by refusing to approve such decisions. 19 relief that the provisions of these three MOUs and the implementing legislation are unconstitutional. The trial court denied the SPB s application for a temporary stay but issued an alternative writ directing the parties to set the matter for a hearing on the merits. After trial, a judgment was filed, declaring the provisions of the MOUs that deprive the SPB of its constitutional authority to review discipline and rejections during probation and the implementing legislation facially unconstitutional. A peremptory writ of mandate was filed January 28, 2002. The writ permanently enjoins respondents from enforcing the provisions of the MOUs covering Units 11, 12, and 13 with respect to the review of disciplinary or other actions taken against the employees in these three units, submitting an appeal of an adverse action or rejection during probation to the process set forth in the MOUs, or taking any further action to enforce the provisions of Code of Civil Procedure section 1094.5, subdivision (k), or Government Code sections 18670, subdivision (d), 19175, subdivisions (f) and (g), and 19576.6. The DPA, the IUOE and the CSEA appeal from the judgment. In the interests of judicial economy, we have consolidated the three appeals.20 20 The SPB has requested that we take judicial notice of numerous records including the files of three cases before this court (case numbers C032633, C034943, and C039281.) We granted the requests in part. However, in view of the fact we have consolidated two of those cases in the present appeal (C032633, C034943) further judicial notice is unnecessary and we deny the 20 DISCUSSION I Stay of Proceedings Initially, we address the IUOE s contention that the trial court erred by failing to stay this action pending resolution of an unfair practice charge currently before the Public Employment Relations Board (PERB). IUOE bases this claim on its assertion that PERB has exclusive initial jurisdiction over this case because the controversy involves activities arguably prohibited under the Dills Act. We disagree. The IUOE filed a request for stay of these proceedings in the trial court supported by a declaration alleging that on May 2, 2001, it served upon the PERB an unfair practice charge under the Dills Act. The PERB then issued a complaint against the SPB on the basis of that charge, alleging the SPB had violated section 351921 by refusing to approve proposed settlement request as to those files. The SPB s request for judicial notice of all matters judicially noticed by the trial court is denied as unnecessary because those records are already before this court as a part of the record on appeal. All other records requested in its judicial notice motion are denied as collateral or immaterial to a resolution of the issues raised on appeal. 21 Section 3519 provides in pertinent part: It shall be unlawful for the state to do any of the following: (a) Impose or threaten to impose reprisals on employees, to discriminate or threaten to discriminate against employees, or otherwise to interfere with, restrain, or coerce employees because of their exercise of rights guaranteed by this chapter. For purposes of this subdivision, employee includes an applicant for employment or reemployment. 21 agreements for employees who participated in the contractual Board of Adjustment disciplinary review procedure. 22 The filing by PERB of a complaint in a collateral matter charging the SPB with the commission of an unfair practice has no effect on the present case before us. Although under the doctrine of preemption, the PERB has initial exclusive jurisdiction to determine whether charges of unfair practices are justified (§ 3514.5; El Rancho Unified School Dist. v. National Education Assn. (1983) 33 Cal.3d 946, 956, 960), the instant case does not involve a charge of unfair practice or misconduct against the SPB, nor does this case involve a labormanagement relations dispute between the State as employer and its employees. Nevertheless, the IUOE argues that the complaint against the SPB alleged the SPB is the State employer within the meaning of section 3513, subdivision (j). That provision defines State employer, or employer, for the purposes of bargaining or meeting and conferring in good faith, [as] the Governor or his or her designated representatives. IUOE cites no authority or evidence to support its assertion that the SPB is the Governor s designated representative for that purpose or that the SPB was a party to the public employment contract negotiations relating to the MOUs at issue in this case. 22 In its brief, counsel for IUOE informs us that its complaint was dismissed without a hearing by a PERB Administrative Law Judge, that it appealed the dismissal, and that PERB has not yet ruled on the appeal. 22 In fact, the SPB does not occupy the position of employer as the Governor s bargaining representative. That role has been assigned to the Director of DPA for purposes of bargaining and meeting in good faith. (§ 19815.4, subd. (g).) The SPB, on the other hand, is a statewide administrative agency endowed by the Constitution with quasi-judicial powers. (Larson v. State Personnel Bd. (1994) 28 Cal.App.4th 265, 273 (Larson).) As we discuss at length in part III, the SPB s constitutional mandate is to enforce the civil service statutes and, by majority vote of all its members, . . . review disciplinary actions. Const., art. VII, § 3, subd. (a).) (Cal The appointing authority23 is vested with the initial authority to determine and impose appropriate discipline. (Larson, supra, 28 Cal.App.4th at p. 274; Skelly v. State Personnel Bd. (1975) 15 Cal.3d 194, 201-202.) The SPB s authority in disciplinary matters is limited to reviewing the disciplinary action taken by the appointing authority. (Larson 28 Cal.App.4th at p. 274; Skelly v. State Personnel Bd., supra, 15 Cal.3d at pp. 201-202.) Therefore, in matters relating to disciplinary actions, the SPB functions in an adjudicatory capacity (Larson, supra; see also Pacific Legal Foundation v. Brown (1981) 29 Cal.3d 168, 197 (Brown)), not as the employer or bargaining representative. Indeed, in this consolidated appeal, the SPB, State Attorneys, and citizen taxpayers have lined up against DPA, 23 The appointing authority is assigned to a person or group having authority to make appointments to positions in the State civil service. (§ 18524; Cal. Code Regs., tit. 2, § 599.603.) 23 which is the bargaining representative (§ 19815.4, subd. (g)), and the representative Unions to prohibit implementation of the MOUs for Units 8, 11, 12, and 13. The dispute between them is not over labor-management relations, but the scope of the SPB s constitutional adjudicatory authority to hear disciplinary actions. Thus, if the parties to an adverse action settlement believe the SPB is in error in refusing to approve their settlement, their remedy is to seek judicial review by way of an administrative writ of mandamus. (Code Civ. Proc., § 1094.5, subd. (b); Larson, supra, 28 Cal.App.4th at p. 274.) Accordingly, because the matter pending before PERB has no practical or legal affect on the resolution of the issues before, we reject the IUOE s claim of error. II The SPB Has Standing to Challenge Restrictions on its Jurisdiction to Review Disciplinary Actions DPA and IUOE contend the SPB lacks standing to challenge the constitutionality of the MOUs and the implementing legislation because (1) the SPB lacks a sufficient beneficial interest to establish standing, (2) subordinate political entities may not challenge state action where the interest being protected belongs to individual employees, (3) standing is inconsistent with the SPB s quasi-judicial duty of neutrality that would result in a conflict of interest for the board, and (4) the SPB s constitutional duty to enforce civil service statutes does not establish standing. The SPB contends it has standing to challenge legislation that infringes on its constitutional mandate to review 24 disciplinary actions taken against state civil service employees and to enforce the civil service laws. It premises its standing on either the beneficial interest test or the public right test. We agree with the SPB that it has standing to challenge the constitutionality of the MOUs and the implementing legislation under the public right test. A. Public Right Exception The purpose of a standing requirement is to ensure that the courts will decide only actual controversies between parties with a sufficient interest in the subject matter of the dispute to press their case with vigor. (Common Cause v. Bd. of Supervisors (1989) 49 Cal.3d 432, 439; Baker v. Carr (1962) 369 U.S. 186, 204 [7 L.Ed.2d 663, 677-678].) Consistent with this purpose, Code of Civil Procedure section 1086 states the general rule that a party seeking a writ of mandate must be beneficially interested in the subject matter of the action to have standing to seek the writ. (Associated Builders & Contractors, Inc. v. San Francisco Airports Com. (1999) 21 Cal.4th 352, 361-362; Waste Management of Alameda County, Inc. v. County of Alameda (2000) 79 Cal.App.4th 1223, 1232.) Beneficially interested means the petitioner has some special interest to be served or some particular right to be preserved or protected over and above the interest held in common with the public at large. (Carsten v. Psychology Examining Com. (1980) 27 Cal.3d 793, 796.) The California Supreme Court has recognized an exception to the general rule where the matter involves public rights and 25 public duties. (See Green v. Obledo (1981) 29 Cal.3d 126, 144; Board of Social Welfare v. County of Los Angeles (1945) 27 Cal.2d 98, 100-101; Common Cause, supra, 49 Cal.3d at p. 439.) [W]here the question is one of public right and the object of the mandamus is to procure the enforcement of a public duty, the relator need not show that he has any legal or special interest in the result, since it is sufficient that he is interested as a citizen in having the laws executed and the duty in question enforced. (Board of Social Welfare, supra, 27 Cal.2d at pp. 100-101, citation omitted.) This passage refers to the citizen form of public interest standing which promotes the policy of guaranteeing citizens the opportunity to ensure that no governmental body impairs or defeats the purpose of legislation establishing a public right. (Green v. Obledo, supra, 29 Cal.3d at p. 144; see also League of Women Voters v. Eu (1992) 7 Cal.App.4th 649, 657 [applying public rights exception of standing to non-profit organizations].) The public right exception has also been extended to governmental bodies or officials who seek the writ in order to fulfill a legal duty. In this regard, the Supreme Court in Board of Social Welfare, supra, 27 Cal.2d at page 99, applied the exception to the state welfare board, allowing it to seek a writ to compel the county to issue replacement welfare warrants to three elderly people. The court stated: [g]enerally, when a power or duty is imposed by law upon a public board or officer, and in order to execute such power or perform such duty, it becomes necessary to obtain a writ of mandamus, it or 26 he may apply for the same. (Id. at p. 101, citation omitted.) The Court found the board had standing because public aid to the needy was a matter of statewide concern under the administration of the board, which was designated by statute as the single agency with full power to supervise the administration of the public assistance plans. (Ibid.) Relying on Board of Social Welfare, California courts have afforded standing to a variety of public bodies or officials to apply for the writ when necessary to perform their public duties. For example, the California Secretary of State in his official capacity was held to have standing to challenge dismissal of his complaint alleging violation of the election disclosure laws. 514.) (Brown v. Superior Court (1971) 5 Cal.3d 509, The Supreme Court found the Secretary s beneficial interest is amply demonstrated by a showing that he bears overall responsibility for administering the disclosure laws the constitutionality of which is now challenged. The uncertainty engendered by the respondent court s order of dismissal requires final resolution in order that the Secretary of State may be properly and fully informed with respect to these public responsibilities. (Ibid.; see also Johnson v. City of San Pablo (1955) 132 Cal.App.2d 447, 458 [where two cities sought to annex the same territory, one city granted standing to attack validity of the other city s proceedings so it could be determined which city should collect taxes and fees and render services in the territory]; Jefferson Union School Dist. v. City Council (1954) 129 Cal.App.2d 264, 267 [school district granted 27 standing to challenge proposed annexation which would remove territory from district and its tax rolls].) The SPB is in an analogous position to the petitioner in Board of Social Welfare. As we discuss more fully in parts II and III, the constitutional provisions adopted by the voters of this state created the SPB and established the merit principle in state civil service employment. (Cal. Const., art, VII, § 1, subd. (b).) That principle requires that hiring and promotion of state civil service employees be only on the basis of merit. (Brown, supra, 29 Cal.3d at p. 184, fn. 7.) To ensure that these goals are not thwarted by those in power, article VII designates the SPB as the sole agency to administer this principle by, among other things, reviewing the discipline of state civil service employees. (Cal. Const., art. VII, § 3; Brown, supra, 29 Cal.3d at pp. 184, 197-198; Gee v. California State Personnel Bd. (1970) 5 Cal.App.3d 713, 717; Department of Parks & Recreation v. State Personnel Bd. (1991) 233 Cal.App.3d 813, 823.) In short, the SPB has a public duty imposed by the Constitution to administer the merit principle by reviewing the discipline of state civil service employees. As we conclude in part III, that duty is eliminated by the MOUs and the implementing legislation. Under these circumstances, the SPB has a strong interest in obtaining a judicial determination of the validity of the challenged MOUs and the legislation which authorizes the MOUS in order to determine how to perform its constitutional duties. As such, the SPB has a sufficient interest in the subject matter 28 of the dispute to press their case with vigor. (Common Cause, supra, 49 Cal.3d at p. 439.) The courts have recognized that a public entity or official charged with administering the law has standing to litigate the constitutional validity of that law. Thus, in Senate of the State of California v. Jones (1999) 21 Cal.4th 1142, the California Supreme Court found the Senate and the Superintendent of Schools had standing to challenge the constitutionality of an initiative measure that would have a significant and direct effect upon the role and operation of the legislative branch. (Id. at p. 1156, fn. 9; see also Selinger v. City Council (1989) 216 Cal.App.3d 259 [holding City Council had standing to challenge the constitutionality of a statute where the local citizens rights are inextricably bound up with the City s duties to carry out the law].) Likewise, the SPB seeks to challenge the constitutionality of legislation that, as we explain in part III, will have a significant and direct effect upon the role and operation of the SPB. We conclude that as the sole public body constitutionally mandated to review disciplinary actions against state civil service employees consistent with the merit principle, the SPB has standing to challenge the MOUs and implementing legislation which divest it of its jurisdiction to perform its constitutional duty. B. The SPB is a Quasi-Judicial Neutral Party DPA and IUOE claim the SPB lacks standing because it acts as a neutral party in a quasi-judicial role in reviewing 29 discipline under article VII. Relying on Municipal Court v. Superior Court (Gonzalez) (1993) 5 Cal.4th 1126 (Gonzalez), IUOE argues that the SPB has no standing to defend its own jurisdiction even when the subject matter of litigation or legislation affects its own operations. In Gonzalez, the municipal court had a practice of using commissioners to determine that probable cause existed to detain a criminal defendant. (5 Cal.4th at p. 1128.) The superior court granted a petition for writ of habeas corpus by a defendant detained after a commissioner s finding of probable cause on the ground this determination was invalid. pp. 1128, 1130.) (Id. at When the prosecutor failed to appeal the ruling, the municipal court sought a writ of mandate which the Court of Appeal denied because the municipal court lacked standing. (Ibid.) The Supreme Court upheld the Court of Appeal and adopted its opinion which concluded that [i]n a mandamus proceeding, it is the parties [in the underlying proceeding], not the courts [whose rulings are challenged], which have a beneficial interest in the outcome of a case; the role of the respondent court is that of a neutral party. [Citations.] This is true even where the subject matter of the mandamus proceeding is a ruling which significantly affects the operations of the petitioning court. (Id. at p. 1129.) We find Gonzalez inapposite. First, the decision did not rely on the public interest exception which the Supreme Court found inapplicable because [t]here is no public duty to use court commissioners to make probable cause determinations. 30 No public right would be enforced should the Municipal Court prevail in the mandamus proceeding. supra, 5 Cal.4th at p. 1132.) [Citation.]. (Gonzalez, Furthermore, unlike the municipal court in Gonzalez, the SPB does not come before this court as a neutral party in a quasi-judicial role challenging a ruling against it in which it adjudicated a dispute between parties. Rather, it comes before us as the administrator of the merit principle seeking to perform its constitutional duty to review discipline in furtherance of that principle. C. Subordinate Political Entity Defendants also rely on Native American Heritage Com. v. Board of Trustees (1996) 51 Cal.App.4th 675, 683 (Native American) for the principle that state agencies, as subordinate political entities, may not raise constitutional challenges to actions by other state agencies. Defendants misapply this principle. In Star-Kist Foods, Inc. v. County of Los Angeles (1986) 42 Cal.3d 1, the Supreme Court noted the well-established rule that subordinate political entities, as creatures of the state, may not challenge state action as violating the entities rights under the due process or equal protection clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment or under the contract clause of the federal Constitution. A municipal corporation, created by a state for the better ordering of government, has no privileges or immunities under the federal constitution which it may invoke in opposition to the will of its creator. [Citations.] (Id. at p. 6, quoting Williams v. Mayor of Baltimore (1933) 289 U.S. 36, 31 40 [77 L.Ed. 1015, 1020].) between state agencies. The rule also applies to suits (Native American, supra, 51 Cal.App.4th at p. 683; see also City of New Orleans v. New Orleans Water Works Co. (1891) 142 U.S. 79 [35 L.Ed. 943].) The court in Star-Kist reviewed the basis for and application of the no standing rule. The rule has generally been applied in two types of cases: those in which the state has altered political subdivisions boundaries [citation], and those involving state modification of a benefit previously granted to a subdivision. [Citations.].) (42 Cal.3d at p. 8.) The court concluded the cases applying this rule are merely adhere[ing] to the substantive principle that the Constitution does not interfere with a state s internal political organization. (Ibid.) Considering a different but related view of the no standing rule, the court in Star-Kist observed that [p]rovisions like the Fourteenth Amendment and the contract clause confer fundamental rights on individual citizens ; the supremacy clause, in contrast, establishes a structure of government which defines the relative powers of states and the federal government. [Citations.] Political subdivisions cannot assert constitutional rights which are intended to limit governmental action vis-a-vis individual citizens but may invoke the supremacy clause to challenge preempted state law. [Citation.] Otherwise, such legislation and regulation often would go unchecked even though expressly prohibited by the Constitution. [Citation.] (Ibid.) 32 The limitation on the scope of the no standing rule is not restricted to supremacy challenges, but extends to other provisions such as the commerce clause, which also define the relative powers of the state and federal governments and protect collective as opposed to individual rights. (Zee Toys, Inc. v. County of Los Angeles (1978) 85 Cal.App.3d 763, 778 [allowing county to assert commerce clause violation because it relates to national interests rather than personal interests].) In sum, the rule prohibiting one political entity from asserting constitutional violations against another is confined to challenges based on provisions protecting an individual s rights against the power of the state, principally under the equal protection, due process and contract clauses of the state and federal Constitutions. The rule does not prohibit one governmental entity from asserting constitutional claims against another if the claims involve matters that relate to collective rights affecting the structure, jurisdiction, or relative power of a competing political entity. (Star-Kist, supra, 42 Cal.3d at p. 8.) In Native American, supra, 51 Cal.App.4th 675, the court denied standing to a state university to challenge a state commission s authority to seek injunctive relief to mitigate development of state-owned land which threatened irreparable damage or inappropriate access to places sacred to Native Americans. (Id. at pp. 681-682.) The university claimed the commission s authorizing statutes violated state and federal constitutional prohibitions against state establishment of 33 religion and use of public land to further religion. pp. 677-678, 683.) (Id. at The court held the university lacked standing because the rights forwarded by [the university] are personal rights designed to protect individuals from governmental violations of their constitutional rights. They are not designed to be used as leverage by one state agency in a dispute with another agency about appropriate use of state-owned land. (Id. at p. 686.) Article VII, section 3, subdivision (a), of the California Constitution serves a dual purpose. The SPB protects civil service employees from politically partisan action inconsistent with the merit principle (Brown, supra, 29 Cal.3d at pp. 197198) and also protects the right of the people to a merit-based civil service system, a system which promote[s] efficiency and economy in State government. (Id. at pp. 182-183 & fn. 6, quoting Ballot Pamp., Proposed Amends. to Cal. Const. with arguments to voters Gen. Elec. (Nov. 6, 1934), argument in favor of Prop. 7, p. 12.) Thus, the SPB serves to protect the personal rights of civil service employees and the collective rights of the State and its citizenry. As we discuss in part III, by divesting the SPB of jurisdiction to review major and minor civil service disciplinary actions upon the employee s election, the MOU and its implementing legislation, directly and significantly effect the SPB s role and operation in protecting those rights. 34 For these reasons, the SPB can challenge the MOU and implementing legislation as violative of its constitutional duty to review disciplinary actions. III The SPB s Adjudicatory Authority Derives from the Constitution On rehearing, the DPA and the CDFF insist the constitutional phrase review disciplinary actions refers only to the SPB s non-delegable review function, which they assert is limited to appellate review. In support of this claim, they argue that under the 1934 constitutional provisions, the SPB s adjudicatory powers were statutory and that the 1970 constitutional revisions made no substantive changes, leaving the review powers subject to legislative revision. Their argument is based upon the assumption the SPB s adjudicatory authority was originally statutory. As we shall show, the SPB s powers derive from the California Constitution of 1934 when the adjudicatory power to discipline employees was transferred from various officials and departments to the SPB. (Boren v. State Personnel Board (1951) 37 Cal.2d 634, 637-639.) In 1913, the Legislature created the first state civil service system to combat the spoils system of political patronage in state employment. (Brown, supra, 29 Cal.3d at pp. 181-182; see also State Personnel Bd. v. Fair Employment & Housing Com. (1985) 39 Cal.3d 422, 436 (State Personnel Bd.); Larson, supra, 28 Cal.App.4th at p. 272; Lund v. Cal. State Employees Assn. (1990) 222 Cal.App.3d 174, 184 (Lund).) 35 By the early 1930 s, the statutory system was acknowledged to be a failure. (Brown, supra, 29 Cal.3d at p. 182; Lund, supra, 222 Cal.App.3d at p. 184.) In 1934, the People responded with an initiative which added article XXIV to the Constitution. Cal.3d at p. 182.) (Brown, supra, 29 It established that appointments and promotions in state service would be based solely on merit (the merit principle ) and created the nonpartisan SPB, which was mandated to administer and enforce, and is vested with all of the powers, duties, purposes, functions, and jurisdiction which are now or hereafter may be vested in any other state officer or agency under, Chapter 590 of the California Statutes of 1913 . . . . (3 Deerings Cal. Codes Annot., Constitutional Annotations 1849-1973 (1974) Art. XXIV, §§ 1, 2(a), and 3, adopted Nov. 6, 1934, pp. 655, 662-663; emphasis added.) In 1934, chapter 590 of the Statutes of 1913 authorized appointing authorities and the existing State Civil Service Commission to conduct investigations and hold hearings relating to disciplinary actions. (Stats. 1913, ch. 590, § 14, p. 1044; Shepherd v. State Personnel Board (1957) 48 Cal.2d 41, 47 (Shepherd).) The Commission was authorized to receive and carefully consider evidence, and to render a decision which, in its judgment, was just and proper. (Shepherd, supra, 48 Cal.2d at p. 47; Stats. 1913, ch. 590, §§ 6 and 7, pp. 1037-1039.) referencing Chapter 590, article XXIV transferred the adjudicating power to discipline employees from various officials and departments to the State Personnel Board and 36 By vested it with powers to enforce the civil service system and adjudicate disciplinary actions. pp. 637-639.) (Boren, supra, 37 Cal.2d at Moreover, by their express terms [s]ections 2(c), 3(a), and 5(a) of article XXIV of the Constitution vest[ed] the State Personnel Board with jurisdiction over all dismissals, demotions, and suspensions in the state civil service. added).)24 (Boren, supra, 37 Cal.2d at p. 638, emphasis Thus, by conferring such powers upon the SPB, article XXIV vested the Board with adjudicatory powers over disciplinary actions. This was the understanding of the Legislature when, in 1937, it enacted legislation to facilitate the operation of Article XXIV of the State Constitution. § 1(a), pp. 2085 et seq.) (Stats. 1937, ch. 753, It directed the SPB to provide for dismissals, demotions, suspensions, and other punitive action for or in the State civil service in accordance with Article 24 Section 2(c), provided in pertinent part: Said executive officer shall perform and discharge all of the powers, duties, purposes, functions and jurisdiction hereunder or which hereafter by law may be vested in the board except that the adoption of rules and regulations, the creation and adjustment of classifications and grades, and dismissals, demotions, suspensions and other punitive action for or in the state civil service shall be and remain the duty of the board and a vote of a majority of the members of said board shall be required to make any action with respect thereto effective. (3 Deerings, Cal. Codes Annot., supra, art. XXIV, § 2(c), p. 662.) Section 5(a) provided: The provisions of this article shall be self-executing but legislation not in conflict herewith may be enacted to facilitate its operation. (3 Deerings, Cal. Codes Annot., supra, art. XXIV, § 5, pp. 673-674.) 37 XXIV and to make investigations and hold hearings . . . concerning the enforcement and effect of this act and to enforce . . . the provisions of Article XXIV . . . . § 35(c)&(d), pp. 2088-2089; emphasis added.) (Id. at Included in the legislation were provisions for the SPB adjudication of punitive actions involving an adjudicatory hearing and a decision by the Board. (Id. at § 173, pp. 2106-2108.) This was also the understanding of the Supreme Court when it stated in Boren and repeated in Shepherd that the jurisdiction of the [SPB], including its adjudicating power, is derived directly from the Constitution. (Boren, supra, 37 Cal.2d at p. 638; Shepherd, supra, 48 Cal.2d at page 46.) In this jurisdictional context, the Shepard court concluded, [i]t is apparent from [article XXIV] that the Constitution authorize[d] the Legislature to specify the powers of the board and that, pursuant to that authorization, the board has been vested with adjudicatory power. (Shepherd, supra, 48 Cal.2d at p. 47.) The Legislature retains the power to prescribe the procedures by which employee appeals were to be resolved (California Correctional Peace Officers Assoc. v. State Personnel Board (1995) 10 Cal.4th 1133, 1153 (Cal. Correctional Peace Officers Assoc.)), and has a free hand to fashion laws relating to personnel administration. Cal.3d at p. 184.) (Brown, supra, 29 It has no authority, however, to divest the SPB of its authority to review disciplinary appeals by means of those procedures. 38 The SPB s authority to review disciplinary actions was fully retained in 1970, when article XXIV was revised by the Constitutional Revision Commission. Its powers and duties were moved to section 3(a) which provided as follows: [t]he board shall enforce the civil service statutes and, by majority vote of all its members, shall prescribe probationary periods and classifications, adopt other rules authorized by statute, and review disciplinary actions. In Brown, the court said, the revision made no substantive changes in the provisions relevant to this action and merely deleted obsolete and superfluous language from the original provisions. (29 Cal.3d at pp. 184, fn. 8.)25 said in this action. The same may be The changes in the revision were essentially three-fold. The revisions deleted superfluous and obsolete language relevant to the provisions at issue in this case, added the SPB s authority to proscribe probationary periods as a non-delegable power, and altered the provision for employees who are exempt from civil service. The Constitutional Revision Commission s comment26 regarding section 3(a) states, [t]his subdivision specifies various 25 In Brown the court was referring to the establishment of a general system of appointment and promotion based on merit . . . . (29 Cal.3d at pp. 184, fn. 8; 185.) 26 On rehearing, DPA requests that we take judicial notice of two documents, (1) the Proposed Revision of Article III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, XXIV of the California Constitution, prepared by the California Constitutional Revision Commission, pursuant to Assembly Concurrent Resolution No. 130, adopted June 17, 1965, and, (2) the Ballot Pamphlet, Proposed Amendments to 39 duties of the board that cannot be delegated. The first clause [ The board shall enforce the civil service statutes ] is a restatement without change in meaning of existing Section 3. This provision is intended to insure that the board and no one else shall enforce statutes relating to the civil service. The deletions eliminate excess language and reference to the Act of 1913 which is obsolete. [¶] The balance of subdivision (a) restates that part of present Section 2(c) which relates to powers and duties of the board, except that the provision for probationary periods is new. (Cal. Const. Revision Com. Rep., Proposed Rev. of Art. III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, XXIV of the Cal. Const. (Feb. 1966) p. 112.) Section 4(a) revised the positions exempt from civil service, deleting some and adding others. (Id. at pp. 113-118, and Summary of Recommendations at p. 100; see also Ballot Pamp., Proposed Amends. to Cal. Const., Gen. Analysis by Legislative Counsel, Gen. Elec. (Nov. 3, 1970) p. 23.) The 1970 ballot pamphlet states, A YES vote on Proposition 14 . . . continues the independent State Personnel Board to enforce civil service Constitution, with arguments to voters, General Election (November 3, 1970). We may take judicial notice of legislative materials relevant to legislative history and intent (Evid. Code, § 452; Schmidt v. Southern California Rapid Transit District (1993) 14 Cal.App.4th 23, 30, fn. 10), and may consider the ballot pamphlet (Davis v. City of Berkeley (1990) 51 Cal.3d 227, 238), and the official comments by the Law Revision Commission. (People v. Williams (1976) 16 Cal.3d 663, 667-668.) Because we find these documents relevant to the issue before us, we grant defendant s motion. 40 statutes and to review disciplinary actions. (Ballot Pamp., Proposed Amends. to Cal. Const. with arguments to voters, Gen. Elec. (Nov. 3, 1970) p. 24; see also Analysis by Legislative Counsel.) Thus, the phrase review of disciplinary actions, added by the 1970 revision refers to the SPB s adjudicatory authority over disciplinary actions that was granted by the 1934 version of the Constitution. (Cal. Const. Revision Com., Proposed Rev., supra, § 3(a), p. 112.) In 1976, article XXIV was repealed, but the reorganization adopted its provisions verbatim as article VII.27 (Brown, supra, 29 Cal.3d at p. 184, fn. 8; Lund, supra, 222 Cal.App.3d at p. 184.) 27 Article VII of the California Constitution provides in relevant part: Section 1. (a) The civil service includes every officer and employee of the State except as otherwise provided in this Constitution. (b) In the civil service permanent appointment and promotion shall be made under a general system based on merit ascertained by competitive examination. Sec. 2. (a) There is a Personnel Board of 5 members appointed by the Governor and approved by the Senate, a majority of the membership concurring, for 10-year terms and until their successors are appointed and qualified. . . . Sec. 3. (a) The board shall enforce the civil service statutes and, by majority vote of all its members, shall prescribe probationary periods and classifications, adopt other rules authorized by statute, and review disciplinary actions. 41 The meaning of review disciplinary actions is thus a question of constitutional law which the Legislature is not free to change. That is the conclusion reached by the California Supreme Court. It has said that review of disciplinary actions ensures the continuance of [civil service] employees right to appeal to the Board. (California Correctional Peace Officers, supra, 10 Cal.4th at pp. 1152-1153.) The term appeal in this context refers to the entire adjudicatory procedure and not just the appellate review of a decision made in another forum.28 That meaning is embodied in the constitutional requirement that the SPB review disciplinary actions. (Emphasis added.) An action is the act taken by the agency in imposing discipline. It does not refer to the procedural means by which the action is reviewed. Rather, the power is reserved to the Legislature to prescribe the procedures by which employee appeals [are] to be resolved. (California Correctional Peace Officers Assn., supra, 10 Cal.4th at p. 1153.) The State Personnel Board is the administrative body charged with the enforcement of the Civil Service Act, including the review of punitive action taken against employees. (Skelly v. State Personnel Board, supra, 15 Cal.3d at p. 201, fn. omitted.) 28 Because the SPB review [of] disciplinary actions is not limited to review by way of appeal, as would a judgment in an ordinary civil action, we will direct the deletion of the condition attached to the judgment in case number C034943 that unless and until provisions are made in the procedures for the [SPB] s ultimate and meaningful review of disputed civil service disciplinary actions resolved by grievance or arbitration pursuant to the procedures. 42 The purpose in granting the SPB jurisdiction to review disciplinary actions of civil service employees [is] to protect civil service employees from politically partisan mistreatment or other arbitrary action inconsistent with the merit principle embodied in article VII. 198.) (Brown, supra, 29 Cal.3d at pp. 197- The statutory procedures which implement the constitutional mandate were in place when the present version of section 3, subdivision (a), was enacted and generally follow the adjudicatory provisions of the 1937 enactment. Under these provisions, the Board has the right to investigate and to enforce the observance of Article VII . . . . (a).) (§ 18670, subd. The procedures described in sections 19574 through 19578 grant rights of the employee to notice of a disciplinary action (§ 19574), to answer (§ 19575), to have an evidentiary hearing before the Board at which the State bears the burden of persuasion (§§ 19578, 19582), and the right to a decision by the Board (§ 19582). In addition, the employee has the right to judicial review of a decision by the Board. (Code Civ. Proc., § 1094.5.) These provisions, which set forth the SPB s adjudicatory functions, generally define the statutory scope of the constitutional mandate to review disciplinary actions. When considered in the light of its historical context and the constitutional mandate that the civil service system be based upon merit, the term review must be construed to refer to an adjudicatory function rather than a limited appellate function over an adjudicatory procedure vested in some other body. 43 To hold otherwise would severely restrict and undermine the SPB s ability to enforce the merit principle by insulating agency disciplinary decisions from de novo review. On rehearing, CDFF contends that because the SPB s power to review disciplinary actions is not delegable, its adjudicatory authority cannot be included in that power because the fivemember board could not conduct all the necessary hearings, which it notes, are presently conducted by Administrative Law Judges (ALJ). CDFF is mistaken about the nature of the delegation limitation. Section 3(a) has two clauses. The first, [t]he board shall enforce the civil service statutes refers to the board s executive enforcement powers, which by constitutional mandate are administered by the executive officer. VII, § 3(b).)29 (Cal. Const., art. The second clause, and, by majority vote of all its members, shall prescribe probationary periods and classifications, adopt other rules authorized by statute, and review disciplinary actions, refers to the board s quasilegislative and quasi-judicial powers. Unlike the executive powers, the powers specified in the second clause are not subject to delegation to the executive officer. Nevertheless, the five-member board is not required to carry out its adjudicatory powers without assistance. The Legislature has distinguished between the powers, duties, and 29 Section 3(b) states [t]he executive officer shall administer the civil service statutes under rules of the board. (Cal. Const., art. VII, § 3(b).) 44 functions which may be carried out by the executive officer (§ 18654) and those that may not (§ 18651). With respect to nondelegable powers, it has authorized the SPB to appoint personnel as [are] necessary to carry out and perform the powers, duties, purposes, functions and jurisdiction of the board (§ 18651), including hearings and investigations conducted by the SPB, which may be conducted by the board, any member, or any authorized representative of the board. 18671, emphasis added.) (§ Consistent with this restriction, the SPB has, by regulation, reserved its disciplinary review function for its exclusive action, while delegating its executive functions to its executive officer (Cal. Code Regs., tit. 2, §§ 37, 51.1(a), 52, 52.6, 53) who hears general merit system appeals. (id., § 53.) By contrast, disciplinary actions are determined by the Board. ALJs have no authority to issue decisions or take other actions on behalf of the agency. (California Youth Authority v. State Personnel Bd. (2002) 104 Cal.App.4th 575, 593.) ALJs are appointed to conduct evidentiary and investigatory hearings involving appeals of disciplinary actions (Cal. Code Regs., tit. 2, §§ 51.1(a), 52, 52.6) and prepare proposed decisions. The Board however, issues the decision by adopting the proposed decision in whole or in part. The Board may also remand the proposed decision (§ 19582, subd. (b)), or decide the case on the record with or without taking additional evidence. (§ 19582, subd. (c).) Thus, the review of disciplinary action as we have defined that function, is conducted by the Board with the 45 assistance of an authorized representative, not by the executive officer. Accordingly, we conclude the SPB s constitutional power to review disciplinary actions includes adjudicating authority, and the Legislature is not free to divest the SPB of the authority. IV The Constitutionality of the MOUs and Implementing Legislation At issue is whether the provisions of the MOUs which foreclose or restrict, at the election of an employee, adjudicatory review of disciplinary actions by the SPB, violate the constitutional mandate of article VII, section 3, subdivision (a), that the SPB review disciplinary actions. A. The Merit System In part II we showed that the adjudicatory authority of the SPB derives from the express provisions of section 3, subdivision (a), of article VII. The defendants dispute this view. Their argument, simply stated, is this: article VII mandates the merit principle of civil service employment. The merit principle requires the elimination of the spoils system in recruitment, selection, and advancement of state employees. Other aspects of the civil service system, including the review of disciplinary actions, are statutory and therefore subject to legislative change. 46 The argument ignores the language of section 3, subdivision (a) that the SPB shall . . . review disciplinary actions. The defendants have no explanation for the adjudicatory function which this phrase delegates to the SPB and give it no meaning. They simply read the language out of the Constitution. They do so based on an interpretation of article VII in Brown, supra, 29 Cal.3d 168, that upheld the constitutionality of the State Employer-Employee Relations Act (SEERA), enacted to regulate the state s labor relations with state employees. In Brown the petitioners contended SEERA was unconstitutional because it conflicted with the general merit system of employment embodied in the civil service provisions of article VII of the Constitution. (29 Cal.3d at pp. 174, 181.) The Supreme Court reviewed the history of the constitutional amendment which became article VII. It determined the sole aim of the amendment was to establish, as a constitutional mandate, the principle that appointments and promotions in state service be made solely on the basis of merit. Having established this merit principle as a matter of constitutional law, and having established a nonpartisan Personnel Board to administer this merit principle, the constitutional provision left the Legislature with a free hand to fashion laws relating to personnel administration for the best interests of the State. (Id. at pp. 183-184, fn. omitted.) From this premise, DPA and CDFF conclude the only constitutional functions of the SPB, within the merit principle, are those specifically related to appointment and promotion. 47 They argue that the SPB review of disciplinary action is not constitutionally mandated, but is a function of personnel administration, over which the Legislature has a free hand to fashion laws. We disagree. The claim ignores the fact the SPB s authority to review disciplinary actions derives from an express grant of adjudicatory authority in article VII, section 3, subdivision (a) that is in addition to the SPB s authority to prescribe probationary periods and classifications, [and] adopt other rules authorized by statute . . . . As noted, section 3, subdivision (a) distinguishes between matters which are constitutional and matters which are statutory. Like the prescription of probationary periods and classifications, the review [of] disciplinary actions is expressly made a matter of constitutional law. In Brown, the court reviewed a facial challenge to the constitutionality of the statute that established a system of collective bargaining that did not conflict with article VII nor involve a disciplinary action. (29 Cal.3d at p. 200 [ no actual jurisdictional conflict between PERB and the State Personnel Board confronts us in this proceeding ]; See also State Personnel Bd., supra, 39 Cal.3d at p. 441.) The petitioners argued that SEERA facially violated the Constitution in two ways. First, the collective bargaining process conflicted with the general merit principle of civil service employment. (Brown, supra, 29 Cal.3d at p. 181.) Second, the task of setting salaries (which SEERA made a subject of collective 48 bargaining) flowed from the SPB s constitutional authority to prescribe . . . classifications and enforce civil service statutes . . . . (Id. at p. 186.) Brown considered whether the provisions of SEERA granting PERB jurisdiction to investigate and devise remedies for unfair practices might be invalidated by the SPB s authority to review disciplinary actions. It said that, with respect to meeting and conferring in good faith over wages and working conditions and reprisals against an employee for protected activity, PERB could clearly adjudicate unfair practice charges against the state without any danger of conflict with the personnel board s disciplinary action jurisdiction. (29 Cal.3d at p. 197.) The court also considered the possibility that the jurisdiction of the State Personnel Board and PERB [might] overlap, and suggested the provisions could be harmonized in cases where the specialized watchdog functions of PERB might involve the consideration of . . . disciplinary action. (29 Cal.3d at pp. 197-199.)30 No such harmony can be achieved in this case. The MOUs simply provide an alternative means by which the SPB is deprived of its jurisdictional authority to review disciplinary 30 As an example, the court cited to the experience of Los Angeles County, which avoided a jurisdictional conflict between its civil service commission and a local employment relations commission when the parties agreed to a policy of not hearing any part of a complaint that is within the jurisdiction of the other party. (29 Cal.3d at p. 200, fn. 21.) 49 actions. The MOUs set forth procedures which, at the election of the employee, preclude the SPB from adjudicating disciplinary actions except where the employee is authorized to seek the limited appellate review of an arbitration which is adverse to the employee. This plainly conflicts with the adjudicatory function which is embodied in the direction that the SPB shall . . . review disciplinary actions. (Emphasis added.) Citing Cal. Correctional Peace Officers Assoc., supra, 10 Cal.4th 1133, defendants argue adamantly the SPB s jurisdiction and power with respect to disciplinary actions are statutory and subject to legislative modification. In Cal. Correctional Peace Officers Assoc., the Supreme Court stated: The authority over employee disciplinary appeals was initially vested in the [SPB] by statute. The addition of that power to the constitutional authority of the [SPB] occurred in 1970 when section 3 of former article XXIV of the California Constitution was revised. The revision added the provision which gave the executive officer of the [SPB] the power to administer and enforce civil service statutes. The apparent purpose of adding reference to the [SPB]'s authority over appeals was not to limit the Legislature's power to establish civil service procedures, but simply to ensure continuance of the employees' right to appeal to the [SPB]. (Id. at pp. 1152, 1153.) As we have explained, the authority to review disciplinary actions is constitutionally derived and has been recognized as such by the Supreme Court since Boren. 50 (Boren, supra, 37 Cal.2d at pp. 637-639; Shepherd, supra, 48 Cal.2d at p. 46; see also Brown, supra, 29 Cal.3d at p. 197, fn. 19.) Cal. Correctional Peace Officers Assoc. is not inconsistent with that conclusion. When the phrase review disciplinary actions was added to the Constitution in 1970 the language derived its meaning from this history. While the Legislature has authority to regulate the procedures by which the SPB reviews disciplinary actions, there is no constitutional warrant for assignment of the adjudicatory function to any other body than the SPB. [A]ll such legislation must be subordinate to the constitutional provision, and in furtherance of its purpose, and must not in any particular attempt to narrow or embarrass it. (Hale v. Bohannon (1952) 38 Cal.2d 458, 471, quoting Chesney v. Byram (1940) 15 Cal.2d 460, 464.) In addition to the cases cited in Part III, numerous court decisions have held the SPB s adjudicatory power to review disciplinary actions is derived from the Constitution. (Gee v. California State Personnel Bd., supra, 5 Cal.App.3d at p. 717 [ the State Personnel Board is a statewide administrative agency which is created by, and derives adjudicating power from, the state Constitution ]; Department of Parks & Recreation v. State Personnel Bd., supra, 233 Cal.App.3d at p. 823 [ [u]nder . . . constitutional grant, the [SPB] is empowered to review disciplinary actions ]; Kristal v. State Personnel Bd. (1975) 50 Cal.App.3d 230, 236, disapproved on other grounds in Barber v. State Personnel Board (1976) 18 Cal.3d 395, 402-403 [ The State Personnel Board is an agency with adjudicatory powers 51 created by the California Constitution ]; Ramirez v. State Personnel Board (1988) 204 Cal.App.3d 288, 293 [ The State Personnel Board derives its adjudicative power from the state Constitution. ].) Defendants argument ignores both the explicit language of the Constitution and these judicial authorities. The central function of the SPB is to administer the state civil service in accordance with the merit principle. (Cal. Const., art. VII, §§ 1, subd. (b) and 3, subd. (a); Brown, supra, 29 Cal.3d at p. 184.) The SPB s express adjudicatory authority is a necessary counterpart to the language of article VII, section 1, subdivision (b) concerning appointments and promotions, because without it, employers who comply with the competitive examination requirement in hiring an employee would be free to terminate an employee for spurious reasons in violation of the merit principle. As the court recognized in Fee v. Fitts (1930) 108 Cal.App. 551, 556, [w]here there are no restrictive provisions the power of appointment carries with it the power of removal. Indeed, the power to discipline and remove an employee is merely the tail end of the appointing power and subject to the same evils. Article VII provides restrictions on the entirety of that power by limiting the power to appoint (Cal. Const., art VII, § 1, subd. (b)) and the power to discipline (id., § 3, subd. (a)), subjecting both powers to enforcement by the SPB to ensure compliance with the merit principle. 52 The MOUs and implementing legislation do not merely regulate the SPB s procedures for review of disciplinary actions. The Unit 8 and 11 MOUs not only authorize an employee to elect a grievance procedure in lieu of review by the SPB but encumber the grievance procedure with difficult, lengthy and costly procedures that fail to protect the merit principle.31 The Unit 12 and Unit 13 MOUs completely divest the SPB of its jurisdiction to review minor disciplinary actions and also divest it of its jurisdiction to review major disciplinary actions at the election of the employee. By implementing these provisions, the Legislature has exceeded its statutory authority, and the legislation which sanctions these departures from the Constitution cannot be reconciled with the plain language of article VII, section 3, subdivision (a). 31 Unlike the SPB, neither the BOA nor an arbitrator is mandated to consider principles of merit in rendering a decision. Arbitrators . . . may base their decision upon broad principles of justice and equity (Moncharsh v. Heily & Blase, supra, 3 Cal.4th at pp. 10-11), which do not necessarily encompass considerations of merit. Moreover, under the challenged MOUs, neither the BOA nor an arbitrator is required to follow common law nor SPB s precedential decisions (Amended Unit 8 MOU, § 19.5.1.2.2, 19.5.2.4.2; Unit 12 MOU, art. 15, § D.3.b.(2); Unit 13 MOU, art. 6, § D.3.b.(2).) Furthermore, unlike decisions of the SPB, which must be supported by substantial evidence and consistent with state law (Shepherd v. State Personnel Board, supra, 48 Cal.2d at p. 46), the merits of an arbitration award are not subject to judicial review for errors of fact or law. (Amended Unit 8 MOU, § 19.5.2.5.2; Unit 12 MOU, art. 15, § D.4.e; Unit 13 MOU, art. 6, § D.4.e; Code Civ. Proc., § 1285 et seq.; Moncharsh v. Heily & Blase, supra, 3 Cal.4th at p. 11.) 53 B. Exclusivity Defendants argue that if the SPB s jurisdiction to review disciplinary actions is constitutionally grounded, it is nevertheless not exclusive. They cite the following language in Brown in support of this argument: [N]othing in either the language or history of article VII, section 3, subdivision (a) suggests that in granting the State Personnel Board the power to review disciplinary actions the drafters intended thereby completely to preclude the Legislature from establishing other agencies whose specialized watchdog functions might also, in some cases, involve the consideration of such disciplinary action. (Brown, supra, 29 Cal.3d at pp. 198-199.) In Brown, the Supreme Court held the SPB has non-exclusive jurisdiction over disciplinary actions in conjunction with the Public Employment Relations Board (PERB) when PERB investigates potential violations of SEERA. Also in State Personnel Bd., supra, 39 Cal.3d 422, the court held the SPB has non-exclusive jurisdiction in conjunction with the Fair Employment and Housing Commission where a disciplinary action may have been taken because of discrimination against a protected class. (Id. at p. 439.) However, in the cases in which the SPB s jurisdiction has been found to be non-exclusive, the agency given adjudicatory power has been an agency with specialized functions which are not in competition with the SPB, and which were established to 54 serve a different, but not inconsistent, public purpose. (Brown, supra, 29 Cal.3d at p. 197; State Personnel Bd., supra, 39 Cal.3d at p. 439.) As expressed by the trial court, specialized agencies with jurisdictions overlapping that of the SPB have been legislatively established to serve public purposes distinct from the purpose of the SPB's review of disciplinary actions to ensure a state civil service based on merit, and any jurisdictional conflicts between the specialized agencies and the SPB are to be accommodated either administratively or judicially. . . . The goal of such accommodation is to harmonize, not defeat the respective jurisdictions of the specialized agencies and the SPB. . . . The Legislature has no authority to create a specialized statutory scheme for the resolution of disputed civil service actions by entities other than the SPB, as it has done in statutorily implementing the MOUs grievance and arbitration procedures that remove and supersede the SPB s constitutionally mandated jurisdiction. This is not a case where another agency has been established whose specialized functions overlap but do not conflict with the jurisdiction of the SPB. Here, the Legislature has not created a specialized agency for a public purpose distinct from the SPB s purpose. Instead, the Legislature has delegated the entire adjudicatory authority of the SPB over state employees in Units 8, 11, 12, and 13, at the election of the employee, to another entity (i.e. a BOA or arbitrator) except, as to Unit 8, for a highly limited appellate 55 review of an adverse arbitration decision. Moreover, as we have stated, for employees in Units 12 and 13, the SPB s adjudicatory authority over minor disciplinary actions has been completely eliminated. Defendant CDFF argues the SPB long has had discretion to refuse to hear appeals from suspensions of five working days or less under section 19576 and the SPB s argument that only it may hear such appeals if it so desires is intellectually dishonest. We disagree. The constitutional grant of authority to the SPB does not preclude the reasonable regulation of the SPB adjudicatory procedures. Section 19576 provides the SPB need not conduct a hearing on the review of minor disciplinary action for conduct occurring during duty hours. It is still required to adjudicate the issue by means of an investigation and a determination. (§ 18670, subd. (a).) Whether a hearing is a necessary element of the SPB s authority to adjudicate a minor disciplinary action is not tendered in this proceeding. What is tendered is the SPB s fundamental jurisdiction to review such a proceeding. The legislation by which the MOUs are sanctioned also run afoul of article VII. Under section 18670, subdivision (e), the SPB is divested of its jurisdiction to hold hearings and conduct investigations for state employees in Units 8, 12, and 13 in cases in which the provisions of an MOU are in conflict. The SPB is also divested of its jurisdiction to conduct investigations and hold hearings for employees in Unit 11 who have been disciplined or rejected on probation for positive drug 56 test results and who expressly waive appeal to the State Personnel Board and invoke arbitration proceedings . . . . (§ 18670, subd. (d).) These exceptions go to the SPB s review of disciplinary actions and strike at the heart of the SPB s constitutional authority. C. Waiver of Review Defendants next argue that the right to an SPB review of disciplinary actions is a right which solely benefits the employee and for that reason the employee may waive review by the SPB. They equate the right of an employee to waive his or her rights to review by the SPB to a right to waive the SPB s constitutionally mandated duty to review disciplinary actions. The analogy fails. In support of their argument, defendants cite to Cal. Correctional Peace Officers Assoc., supra, 10 Cal.4th 1133. There, the court was asked whether the SPB loses jurisdiction of an appeal when it fails to render a decision within the statutorily mandated period. The court held it does not lose jurisdiction and the employee may seek a writ of mandate either against the SPB to enforce compliance by a date certain, or directly against the employing power to compel reversal of the adverse disciplinary action. (10 Cal.4th at p. 1151.) The SPB argued that allowing the court to conduct a de novo disciplinary hearing would fail to give effect to the 57 constitutional grant of authority to the SPB over review of civil service disciplinary actions. (Id. at p. 1152.) The court responded that the constitutional grant of authority to the SPB does not preclude the reasonable regulation of the procedures of the SPB. Furthermore, the court stated, the provision mandating the SPB review of disciplinary actions exists solely to ensure that the right to appeal to the [SPB] exists . . . . Thus, the court concluded, the employee could waive the right to appeal if the board failed to comply with the statutory time limit, and that such a waiver was not inconsistent with the intent of article VII, section 3 of the Constitution. (Id. at p. 1153.) These dicta cannot support defendants argument that an employee (or an employee s collective bargaining representative) may substitute the SPB s constitutionally mandated review of disciplinary actions by one of his or her own choosing. Under Cal. Correctional Peace Officers Assoc., an employee s option to seek a writ of mandate when the SPB does not act in a timely fashion does not terminate the SPB s jurisdiction to review the disciplinary action. (10 Cal.4th at p. 1138.) Indeed, the holding in Cal. Correctional Peace Officers Assoc. preserved and enforced the employee s right to review by the SPB. Here, by contrast, the MOUs divest both the SPB and the courts of jurisdiction to review major civil service disciplinary actions when the employee has elected to forgo them, and as to Units 12, and 13, would completely divest the SPB and the courts of jurisdiction to review minor disciplinary actions. 58 (See Code Civ. Proc., § 1094.5, subds. (j) and (k), relating to Units 8 & 11.) As noted, Code of Civil Procedure section 1094.5, subdivision (j), has been amended relating to Unit 8 to provide that for purposes of this section, the court is not authorized to review any disciplinary decisions reached pursuant to Section . . . 19576.5 of the Government Code. Section 19576.5 applies to minor disciplinary actions involving Unit 8 employees. Moreover, as noted, the BOA is not bound by common law, statutory rules of evidence, or technical or formal rules of procedure, or the SPB s precedential decisions. (Amended Unit 8 MOU, § 19.5.1.2.2; Unit 12 MOU, art 15, § D.3.b.(2); Unit 13 MOU, art. 6, § D.3.b.(2).) Under the Amended Unit 8 MOU, the BOA, unless it orders otherwise, considers only written materials provided prior to the hearing. §§ 19.5.1.2.8; 19.5.1.2.9.) (Amended Unit 8 MOU, Under the MOUs of Units 12 and 13, the BOA is not required to consider sworn testimony. (Unit 12 MOU, art 15, § D.3.b.(5); Unit 13 MOU, art. 6, § D.3.b.(5).) In addition the Unit 8 MOU allows the BOA to consider any just cause as a ground of discipline regardless whether any of the other causes identified by the MOU and section 19572.1 are found. (Unit 8 MOU § 19.2.4.) The MOU does not define just cause, a ground of discipline which is in addition to the lengthy list of grounds otherwise applicable, (ibid.), and as we have discussed, a disciplinary action based upon this ground is not subject to review by the SPB or the courts. As such, it is subject to arbitrary application outside the merit principle. 59 As to minor discipline, not only is there no judicial review, but the hearing provisions of section 19582 do not apply to Units 8, 11, 12, and 13. (§ 19582, subds. (f), (g), and (h); see also §§ 19576.5, 19576.6, 19578.) Moreover, as we have explained, it is incorrect to characterize the SPB s disciplinary function as a right held solely by the employee. The civil service system was created not merely to protect state employees, but also to eliminate the inefficiency that accompanied political patronage in state employment. The ballot argument in support of the initiative measure supporting article XXIV (now article VII) stated in part, [u]nder existing laws the State Civil Service Commission has power to exempt any position from civil service and to authorize employment in State service solely as a reward for political activity. A large number of State positions have from time to time been declared exempt, thereby affording an opportunity for the employment of persons selected solely for political reasons without regard for character, ability, or the best interests of the State. In such cases not only does the State suffer but citizens are not given a fair and equal chance for employment. (Brown, supra, 29 Cal.3d at p. 183, fn. 6, quoting Ballot Pamp., Proposed Amends. to Cal. Const. with arguments to voters, Gen. Elec. (Nov. 6, 1934), argument in favor of Prop. 7, p. 12, emphasis added.) As the ballot argument recognized, it is the citizens of the state who suffer when the government employs workers who are not qualified to do their jobs. The state suffers when 60 qualified workers are terminated and replaced with lessqualified politically-motivated hires. The state also suffers when the SPB loses its authority to determine the efficiency of the workings of the Civil Service system through its powers to investigate and review disciplinary actions and to establish uniform application of the disciplinary laws. For this reason, the investigation and review of disciplinary actions is critical to the operation of a state civil service system which promotes efficiency and economy in State government. (Brown, supra, 29 Cal.3d at p. 182.) This is a duty imposed on the SPB, and is not solely a right personal to each individual employee. Defendants analogize the employee s waiver of the SPB review to the case where an employee does not appeal or agrees to withdraw an appeal in conjunction with the employer s agreement to withdraw disciplinary action. We disagree. In Larson, supra, 28 Cal.App.4th at page 270, an ALJ conducted a hearing regarding the employee s dismissal. The parties eventually entered into a settlement agreement and requested the matter be taken off calendar pending the employer s withdrawal of the adverse action. 271.) (Id. at pp. 270- The SPB denied withdrawal of the matter. (Ibid.) The court of appeal held the SPB s authority is limited to reviewing disciplinary actions taken by appointing authorities. (Larson, supra, 28 Cal.App.4th at p. 274.) Larson provides no precedent for this case. Article VII, section 3 mandates that the SPB shall . . . review disciplinary 61 actions. The SPB is a reviewing authority. a disciplinary action. It can review only The SPB s authority does not encompass the right to limit an agency s authority to initiate or dismiss a disciplinary action. If there is no disciplinary action, the SPB has nothing to review. Such is not the case here. The MOUs and the implementing legislation divest the SPB of jurisdiction when a disciplinary action is pending. For this reason the defendants analogy fails. In the Amended Unit 8 MOU, the parties to the agreement attempt to take refuge in Larson. That MOU provides that after a decision by the BOA by majority vote the State and employee shall pursuant to Larson . . . enter into a separate written settlement agreement, the terms of which shall include . . . those found in Appendix C. (Unit 8 MOU, § 19.5.1.3.4 b.) Appendix C contains a waiver of any right to an appeal. If the employee refuses to enter into a settlement agreement, the disciplinary action shall remain in effect and the employee at his/her own expense may appeal the matter to arbitration. (§ 19.5.1.3.5.) If the BOA does not reach a binding decision (3 out of 4 votes) the disciplinary action is sustained but the employee may at his or her expense seek arbitration. (§ 19.5.1.3.6.) This coercive procedure, in which Larson is used to cement an administrative decision, is a far cry from the facts of Larson, which allowed the State and the employee to 62 voluntarily settle the disciplinary action without resort to the SPB. The Amended MOU of Unit 8 provides a limited appellate function for the SPB if the employee chooses the grievance procedure. In that situation, the SPB is asked to perform a limited review of the arbitration determination which follows upon an adjudication by the BOA and an arbitrator. Similarly, the parties to the Unit 12 MOU have sought the assistance of the SPB in implementing decisions rendered under the challenged grievance and arbitration procedures or alleged settlement agreements reached after the disciplinary action was adjudicated by the BOA. Again, the parties are seeking only limited appellate review by the SPB. However, as we have discussed, the review provided by article VII, section (3), subdivision (a), and set forth in sections 19574 through 19588, is adjudicatory. It includes the right to conduct a hearing, make findings of fact, exercise discretion, and issue a decision. The MOUs and the implementing legislation eliminate these safeguards when a grievance procedure is selected by the employee. The SPB has been deprived of its general statutory authority to investigate and hear a disciplinary action. (§ 19670, subd. (d).) Under the grievance procedure provided in the Amended Unit 8 MOU, the SPB has no adjudicatory function. In fact, it has no function whatever unless there is an arbitration which the employee disputes. At that point the SPB reviews only the arbitration record and, if it finds a violation 63 of the merit principle, refers the matter back to the arbitrator. These changes violate the adjudicatory function delegated to the SPB by article VII, section 3, subdivision (a). D. Defendants offer a number of policy arguments in support of the MOUs. Citing Brown, they argue that legislative acts carry a presumption of constitutionality, particularly where, as here, the Legislature enacts a statute with the relevant constitutional prescriptions in mind. at p. 180.) (Brown, supra, 29 Cal.3d The presumption of constitutionality does not attach where the statute s unconstitutionality clearly, positively and unmistakably appears. (Lockheed Aircraft Corp. v. Superior Court (1946) 28 Cal.2d 481, 484.) Because the Constitution clearly and unmistakably assigns the right to review disciplinary actions to the SPB, the Unit 8 MOU and its implementing legislation deserve no presumption of constitutionality. Defendants also argue the Unit 8 MOU should be upheld because of the strong public policies favoring the use of arbitration, because the Unit 8 MOU promotes efficiency and cost savings, and because collective bargaining does not threaten the merit principle. The SPB review does not contravene the public policy favoring the use of arbitration. The SPB has instituted alternative dispute resolution procedures in some cases which 64 operate under the jurisdiction of the SPB. In any event, the policies urged by defendants, no matter how strong, cannot trump a clear constitutional mandate. E. Failure to Consider Evidence of The SPB s Performance of its Disciplinary Review Function IUOE contends the trial court erred in failing to consider its proffered evidence that the SPB ignores 92 percent of all state employee disciplinary actions, conducts no check to determine whether patronage is involved in any settlement, and that the SPB s real motivation in this litigation is to protect its own revenue. We disagree and find the trial court correctly concluded respondent s evidence is not relevant to the legal issues in this case. The trial court has broad discretion in determining the relevance of evidence, and we review its ruling for abuse of discretion. (People v. Scheid (1997) 16 Cal.4th 1, 13-14.) Only relevant evidence is admissible. (Evid. Code, § 350.) Relevant evidence is evidence . . . having any tendency in reason to prove or disprove any disputed fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action. (Evid. Code, § 210.) The principal question in this case (C040263) is whether the disciplinary provisions of the MOUs negotiated by the DPA and Units 12 and 13, and the implementing legislation, violate the constitutional requirement that the SPB review disciplinary actions. That question is one of law concerning the proper 65 construction of a constitutional provision. (Evans v. Unemployment Ins. Appeals Bd. (1985) 39 Cal.3d 398, 407; Rodarte v. Orange County Fire Authority (2002) 101 Cal.App.4th 19, 22.) In construing the meaning and scope of a constitutional provision, we look to the language and history of the provision in question. (Ibid.; Powers of City of Richmond (1995) 10 Cal.4th 85, 115.) We may also consider extrinsic aids such as ballot pamphlets. (Davis v. City of Berkeley, supra, 51 Cal.3d at p. 237, fn. 4.) Here, the IUOE s evidence was proffered to show the SPB does not fully perform its constitutional mandate. Such extrinsic evidence has no bearing on the construction of the constitutional provision and the IUOE offers no authority to suggest otherwise. Indeed, the IUOE s argument turns the constitutional question on its head. The meaning and scope of the constitutional language are not measured by the manner in which the SPB performs its constitutional duties. Rather, the constitutional provision is the measure by which we determine whether the SPB is performing its mandate and whether the procedures provided by the MOUs and adopted by the Legislature impermissibly infringe on the SPB s constitutional authority. If the SPB has failed to adequately perform its constitutional and/or statutory obligations to enforce the merit principle in its review of disciplinary actions, the remedy is an action in administrative mandamus to compel it to do so. Proc., § 1094.) (Code Civ. Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in excluding the proffered evidence as irrelevant. 66 Disposition The judgments in case numbers C034943 and C040263 are affirmed with the exception that the condition attached to the judgment in case number C034943, referred to in footnote 28, shall be deleted. The original and Amended Unit 8 MOUs, the Unit 11, 12, and 13 MOUs, and the provisions of the Government Code by which the MOUs are authorized or implemented, including sections 18670, subdivisions (c), (d), & (e), 19175, subdivisions (f) & (g), 19574, subdivisions (c) & (d), 19575, subdivision (b), 19576.5, 19576.6, 19582, subdivisions (f), (g), & (h), and 19582.1, and Code of Civil Procedure, section 1094.5, subdivision (k), are invalid as in violation of article VII, section 3, subdivision (a). appeal in case number C032633 is dismissed as moot. The (CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION.) BLEASE We concur: DAVIS , J. HULL , J. 67 , Acting P. J.

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