Christa A. Knepton v. Howard L. Knepton
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rel: 12/04/2015 Notice: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the advance sheets of Southern Reporter. Readers are requested to notify the Reporter of Decisions, Alabama Appellate Courts, 300 Dexter Avenue, Montgomery, Alabama 36104-3741 ((334) 229-0649), of any typographical or other errors, in order that corrections may be made before the opinion is printed in Southern Reporter. ALABAMA COURT OF CIVIL APPEALS OCTOBER TERM, 2015-2016 _________________________ 2140302 _________________________ Christa A. Knepton v. Howard L. Knepton Appeal from Baldwin Circuit Court (DR-00-879.01) PER CURIAM. Christa A. Knepton ("the mother") and Howard L. Knepton ("the father") were divorced by a March 19, 2001, judgment of the Baldwin Circuit Court ("the trial court") that incorporated an agreement reached by the parties. Among other 2140302 things, the divorce judgment awarded the mother custody of the parties' minor child, Robert James Knepton, who was then 18 years old, and ordered the father to pay Robert's college costs in lieu of child support unless Robert was living with the mother and not attending college.1 The divorce judgment also ordered the father to pay the mother alimony until February 2013. On November 30, 2012, the mother filed a complaint to modify the divorce judgment, seeking a continuation of the alimony obligation and an award of postminority support for Robert. As to her claim for postminority support, the mother alleged: "4. At the time of the parties' divorce, they had two children, one of whom was a minor, namely Robert James Knepton. "5. Although it was not realized at the time of the parties' divorce, [Robert,] the parties' youngest, now adult son[,] was suffering from a psychological disability. Specifically, he suffers from schizoid personality disorder. This psychological disability results in the parties' adult son not being capable of earning income sufficient to provide for his reasonable living 1 The divorce judgment specified that the father was to pay for college-related expenses for the "children" of the marriage; no evidence pertaining to the parties' other child is contained in the record in this matter. 2 2140302 expenses. It is, in fact, said adult child's mental disability that is the cause of his inability to earn that income. "6. The parties' youngest adult son is now thirty (30) years of age. He has had no job since he was twenty-one (21) years of age. He has only had two jobs prior to being twenty-one (21), working at rather menial jobs at Burger King and Target. "7. The [mother] has had to solely support the parties' adult son for years. The [father] has not been willing to provide any financial help at all and said that he is not the child's birth father, which is simply legally and factually untrue. "8. The [father] is a production manager making a very good income and is quite capable of supporting his disabled adult child." The father moved to dismiss the mother's complaint insofar as she asserted a claim for postminority support for Robert. The trial court addressed the motion to dismiss at the beginning of the December 16, 2014, hearing on the merits. At that hearing, the trial court orally granted the motion to dismiss. After reaching that ruling, the trial court allowed the mother to make an offer of proof regarding the evidence she would present in support of her claim for postminority support if the trial court had not dismissed that claim. The trial court also proceeded to take evidence on the mother's claim seeking a continuation of the award of alimony. 3 2140302 On December 19, 2014, the trial court entered a judgment in which it dismissed the mother's claim seeking postminority support and denied her claim for continued alimony. The mother timely appealed to this court. On appeal, the mother argues only that the trial court erred in dismissing her claim for postminority support. In his motion to dismiss, the father initially argued that the mother had failed to state a claim upon which relief could be granted. See Rule 12(b)(6), Ala. R. Civ. P. "On appeal, a dismissal is not entitled to a presumption of correctness. Jones v. Lee County Commission, 394 So. 2d 928, 930 (Ala. 1981); Allen v. Johnny Baker Hauling, Inc., 545 So. 2d 771, 772 (Ala. Civ. App. 1989). The appropriate standard of review under Rule 12(b)(6)[, Ala. R. Civ. P.,] is whether, when the allegations of the complaint are viewed most strongly in the pleader's favor, it appears that the pleader could prove any set of circumstances that would entitle her to relief. Raley v. Citibanc of Alabama/Andalusia, 474 So. 2d 640, 641 (Ala. 1985); Hill v. Falletta, 589 So. 2d 746 (Ala. Civ. App. 1991). In making this determination, [an appellate court] does not consider whether the plaintiff will ultimately prevail, but only whether she may possibly prevail. Fontenot v. Bramlett, 470 So. 2d 669, 671 (Ala. 1985); Rice v. United Ins. Co. of America, 465 So. 2d 1100, 1101 (Ala. 1984). We note that a Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal is proper only when it appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of the claim that would entitle the plaintiff to relief. Garrett v. Hadden, 495 So. 2d 4 2140302 616, 617 (Ala. 1986); Hill v. Kraft, Inc., 496 So. 2d 768, 769 (Ala. 1986)." Nance v. Matthews, 622 So. 2d 297, 299 (Ala. 1993). At the final hearing on the merits, the trial court received arguments on the motion to dismiss, and it determined that motion was due to be granted. After making that determination, the trial court received an offer of proof. However, because the evidence set forth in the offer of proof was not considered by the trial court when it ruled on the motion to dismiss, we do not set forth that offer of proof here. Rather, we conclude that the mother stated a claim for relief under Ex parte Brewington, 445 So. 2d 294 (Ala. 1983), in which our supreme court held that a court can order a parent to financially support an adult child when that child cannot support himself or herself because of a continuing mental or physical disability, so long as that disability existed during the minority of the child. Although in Ex parte Christopher, 145 So. 2d 60 (Ala. 2013), our supreme court ruled that the term "children" does not include adult children for the purposes of postminority educational support, the court indicated that it was not addressing whether that 5 2140302 same statutory construction would apply to postminority support for adult disabled children. at 66. awards of 145 So. 2d Hence, Ex parte Brewington remains good law at this point. "To award [Brewington] support, the trial court must (1) determine that the adult child is not capable of earning an income sufficient to provide for his or her reasonable living expenses and (2) that the adult child's mental or physical disability is the cause of his or her inability to earn that income." Ex parte Cohen, 763 So. 2d 253, 256 (Ala. 1999). Construing the mother's complaint most strongly in her favor, she alleged that Robert was suffering from a mental disorder at the time of the parties' divorce, i.e., during his minority; that Robert had been unable to earn sufficient wages to support himself; and that Robert remained disabled from his now identified schizoid personality disorder and is dependent upon his parents for support. The mother also asserted that the father was capable of providing the financial support Robert needs. Alabama law does not provide that the condition causing the disability must have been medically diagnosed or that the child must have been receiving treatment during his or her minority in order for Brewington to apply. We hold that the allegations in the mother's complaint, if proven, 6 2140302 would authorize the trial court to grant the equitable relief the mother requests under Ex parte Brewington. The father pointed out in his motion to dismiss that no evidence had yet been adduced to prove the allegation that Robert was mentally disabled during his minority. Arguably, because the father was raising a purported failure of the evidence, the father's motion could be construed as a motion for a summary judgment under Rule 56, Ala. R. Civ. P. Farr v. Gulf Agency, 74 So. 3d 393, 398 (Ala. 2011). See However, the father did not file a narrative summary of undisputed material facts or make any legal argument as to why he would be entitled to a judgment as a matter of law. See Rule 56. Furthermore, the trial court did not timely notify the mother that the motion would be treated as one for a summary judgment so as to enable her to file any affidavits or other evidence to controvert the motion. Although the trial court took the unusual step of allowing the mother to make an offer of proof, the trial court did not consider the evidence set forth in the offer of proof or any other evidence outside the pleadings when ruling on the motion to dismiss. Hence, the trial court dismissed the mother's claim seeking postminority support 7 2140302 solely under Rule 12(b)(6), which does not concern the sufficiency of the evidence but, rather, concerns only whether the allegations state a cognizable legal claim. supra. Matthews, Because the mother stated a valid claim, the trial court erred in dismissing her claim seeking postminority support for Robert. To the extent that the father argued generally in his motion to dismiss that the trial court lacked jurisdiction over the mother's claim for postminority support, we note that this court generally reviews a judgment dismissing an action for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction de novo, without any presumption of correctness, accepting the jurisdictional facts alleged in the complaint to be true. So. 2d 1147 (Ala. 2003). See Newman v. Savas, 878 In Ex parte Brewington, the supreme court specifically held that a trial court has equitable jurisdiction to make and enforce an award of postminority support for a disabled child. 445 So. 2d at 296. In Martin v. Martin, 494 So. 2d 97 (Ala. Civ. App. 1986), this court held that the failure of a trial court to award Brewington support in a divorce judgment does not deprive the court of the ability to later award such support, even if the claim is 8 2140302 first filed after the child has reached the age of majority. Hence, the trial court did have subject-matter jurisdiction to address the postminority-support claim, and it erred to the extent it concluded otherwise. The trial court's judgment, insofar as it dismissed that part of the mother's complaint asserting a claim for postminority support for Robert, is reversed, and the cause is remanded to the trial court for further proceedings. The appellant's request for an attorney fee on appeal is granted in the amount of $2,000. REVERSED AND REMANDED. Thompson, P.J., and Pittman, Thomas, and Moore, concur. Donaldson, J., concurs in the result, with writing. 9 JJ., 2140302 DONALDSON, Judge, concurring in the result. In Ex parte Brewington, 445 So. 2d 294, 297 (Ala. 1983), the supreme court held that a parent could be obligated to provide support for "their children disabled beyond their minority." ruling on an "expanded who continue to be The supreme court based the interpretation ... of the term 'children' in the Alabama child support statute," § 30-3-1, Ala. Code 1975. Id. at 296. The supreme court expressly rejected earlier cases limiting the term "children" as used in the statute to minor children, holding that "[t]he statute ... does not express such a limitation, and such a narrow interpretation is unacceptable." Id. In this case, Christa A. Knepton ("the mother") filed a complaint against Howard L. Knepton ("the father") containing two claims. One claim sought relief regarding the father's alimony obligation. The other claim sought postminority support for an allegedly disabled child of their marriage ("the Brewington claim"). The mother was not required, under current caselaw, to file the Brewington claim during the minority of the child. See Martin v. Martin, 494 So. 2d 97 (Ala. Civ. App. 1986)(a claim for postminority support for an 10 2140302 allegedly disabled child was permitted to proceed even though it was filed after the child reached the age of majority). The father filed a motion to dismiss the Brewington claim and asserted, among other things, that the mother had failed to state a claim upon which relief could be granted. As another ground for the motion, he asserted that "[t]here has been no evidence to suggest the parties' son was mentally disabled during his minority." The father later filed an answer addressing the claim regarding alimony, but he did not address the Brewington claim in his answer. The motion to dismiss the Brewington claim remained pending when the case was called for trial. Before testimony began, the father asked the trial court to dismiss the mother's Brewington claim. The discussion between counsel and the trial court regarding the father's motion, which discussion occurred before the trial court permitted the mother to make an "offer of proof," did not focus on whether the mother had pleaded her Brewington claim sufficiently or on whether her complaint stated a valid claim for relief but, instead, focused on whether the mother would be able to present sufficient evidence demonstrating that the child was 11 2140302 disabled before reaching the age of majority. See Elliott v. Bretherick, 555 So. 2d 1109, 1111 (Ala. Civ. App. 1989) ("A child must have an existing physical or mental disability during minority that renders him incapable of self-support, and that disability must continue to render him incapable of self-support beyond minority, in order to extend a parent's legal obligation to pay child support after the age of majority."). In substance, because the father was arguing that the Brewington claim should be dismissed based on a lack of sufficient evidence to be presented at trial, the father was asserting a motion for a summary judgment. Evans v. Waddell, 689 So. 2d 23, 26 (Ala. 1997)("The substance of a motion and not its style determines what kind of motion it is."). See Melton v. Perry Cnty. Bd. of Educ., 562 So. 2d 1341, 1342 (Ala. Civ. App. 1990) ("The purpose of the motion for summary judgment is to test the sufficiency of the evidence to determine whether there exists any real issue to be tried."). The mother did not object to the timing of the motion or to the manner in which it was presented to the trial court; instead, she and the father argued about the evidence that would be presented. Thus, the arguments focused on matters 12 2140302 outside the pleadings. See Parker v. Hilliard, 567 So. 2d 1343, 1345 (Ala. 1990) ("When a trial judge considers matters outside the pleadings in ruling on a motion to dismiss, the judgment should be treated as a summary judgment."). By not objecting, the mother impliedly consented to the conversion of the motion to dismiss into a motion for a summary judgment, and she waived all procedural irregularities, including the failure of the father to comply with the requirements of Rule 56, Ala. R. Civ. P. See, e.g., Tucker v. Richard M. Scrushy Charitable Found., Inc., 93 So. 3d 83, 87 (Ala. 2012)("By the plain language of the rule, compliance with the notice provision in Rule 56(c) may be excused with the consent of the parties."). In considering the motion, the trial court and counsel discussed whether the mother was required to present evidence that the child had been diagnosed with a disability by a physician before the age of 19 to prevail on the Brewington claim. The mother's proposed evidence did not include a physician's diagnosis during the child's minority; however, we are not directed to any authority that requires proof of a diagnosis of disability by a physician before the child 13 2140302 reaches the age of majority to sustain a Brewington claim. Instead, the mother must establish that the child was disabled before the age of 19, and the evidence she proposed to present could have, if believed by the trial court, established that element. The determination of whether the child was disabled before reaching the age of majority required the resolution of disputed material facts, and summary judgment cannot be entered if there is a genuine issue of material fact in dispute. Capital Alliance Ins. Co. v. Thorough-Clean, Inc., 639 So. 2d 1349, 1350 (Ala. 1994) ("A summary judgment is proper when there is no genuine issue of material fact and the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law."). Therefore, the summary judgment should not have been entered on the arguments presented by the father, and I agree that the judgment dismissing the Brewington claim is due to be reversed on the record before us. I note, however, that in Ex parte Christopher, 145 So. 3d 60 (Ala. 2013), the supreme court reconsidered earlier cases that held that a parent could be required to provide postminority educational support for a child. In overruling those cases, the supreme court held that "[t]he clear import 14 2140302 of the Alabama child-support statute (§ 30–3–1[, Ala. Code 1975]), traceable to its origin in 1852, is that the term 'children' does not describe adults, but only those under the age of majority." Id. at 68. In Ex parte Christopher, the supreme court rejected arguments that the term "children" as used in the statute could include adult children, regardless of whether those arguments were based on stare decisis, public policy, acquiescence by the legislature to decisions by the court, or otherwise. Id. at 66-71. The supreme court expressly noted that the issue of postminority support for disabled children as established in Ex parte Brewington was not before the court in Ex parte Christopher. Id. at 66. Nevertheless, the in analysis and reasoning of the court Ex parte Christopher regarding the proper definition of "children" in § 30-3-1 cannot, in my view, be reconciled with Ex parte Brewington. See, e.g., Ex parte Christopher, 145 So. 3d at 82 (Murdock, J., dissenting); id. at 86 n.21 (Shaw, J., dissenting). It is axiomatic that we are bound by controlling supreme court precedent, and because Ex parte Christopher expressly did not address the issue in Ex parte Brewington, neither this court nor the trial court may hold that Ex parte 15 2140302 Brewington has been abrogated or overruled sub silento. See, e.g., Agostini v. Felton, 521 U.S. 203, 237 (1997) ("'[I]f a precedent of this Court has direct application in a case, yet appears to rest on reasons rejected in some other line of decisions, the Court of Appeals should follow the case which directly controls, leaving to this Court the prerogative of overruling its own decisions.'" (quoting Rodriguez de Quijas v. Shearson/American Express, Inc., 490 U.S. 477, 484 (1989)). But the parties to this case should take note that the supreme court has ordered this court to apply the holding in Ex parte Christopher, specifically that "children" as used in the § 303-1 includes only minor children, to reverse final trial-court judgments ordering postminority educational support that had been entered before Ex parte Christopher was decided, even when the issue was never raised in the trial court and the parties were not placed on notice of the challenge to the definition of "children" in their litigation. See, e.g., Ex parte Duerr, [Ms. 1140294, June 26, 2015] ___ So. 3d ____ (Ala. 2015); and Ex parte Jones, [Ms. 1131479, Feb. 27, 2015] ___ So. 3d ____ (Ala. 2015). 16
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