Ex parte Billy J. Sheffield, II (In re: Rupinder Kaur v. Ajit Singh)

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REL:2/15/2013 Notice: T h i s o p i n i o n i s s u b j e c t t o formal r e v i s i o n b e f o r e p u b l i c a t i o n i n t h e advance s h e e t s o f Southern R e p o r t e r . R e a d e r s a r e r e q u e s t e d t o n o t i f y t h e R e p o r t e r o f D e c i s i o n s , Alabama A p p e l l a t e C o u r t s , 300 D e x t e r A v e n u e , M o n t g o m e r y , A l a b a m a 3 6 1 0 4 - 3 7 4 1 ((334) 2 2 9 - 0 6 4 9 ) , o f a n y t y p o g r a p h i c a l o r o t h e r e r r o r s , i n o r d e r t h a t c o r r e c t i o n s may b e made b e f o r e t h e o p i n i o n i s p r i n t e d i n Southern R e p o r t e r . ALABAMA COURT OF CIVIL APPEALS OCTOBER TERM, 2012-2013 2110913 Ex parte B i l l y J . S h e f f i e l d I I (In r e : Rupinder Kaur v. A j i t Singh) Appeal from Henry C i r c u i t (DR-2011-99) Court DONALDSON, J u d g e . Billy Henry J. Sheffield Circuit Court I I appeals ("the t r i a l contempt for failing t o appear Sheffield i s an a t t o r n e y from court") at a a judgment of that him i n found scheduled the hearing. who was h i r e d b y R u p i n d e r K a u r t o 2110913 represent her in indicates that motion i n the conclusion June 5, 2012, did Kaur's record former on husband, to release h i s passport divorce an The proceedings. objection. On May filed after Kaur, 22, appeal 2012, a the through the trial a h e a r i n g on S i n g h ' s m o t i o n t o be c o n d u c t e d on appear a.m., court the filed action. Singh, trial court scheduled not divorce Ajit of Sheffield, a at 9:00 a.m. I t i s undisputed at that hearing. Sheffield filed a motion On to that 2012, June 5, withdraw Sheffield at as 10:37 counsel for Kaur. On June 13, 2012, the trial court entered a judgment f i n d i n g S h e f f i e l d i n contempt " f o r h i s f a i l u r e t o appear at a scheduled hearing." The trial c o s t s o f c o u r t , i f any, and c o u r t f i n e d S h e f f i e l d $100 s t a t e d t h a t S h e f f i e l d c o u l d purge h i m s e l f o f c o n t e m p t upon payment o f t h o s e day, Sheffield filed a motion to judgment, a r g u i n g t h a t the t r i a l R u l e 70A, C i v . P., A l a . R. and set sums. aside c o u r t had t h a t he had not S h e f f i e l d requested motion. 13, Sheffield's on motion June to 2012, withdraw 2 as the the the same contempt complied with an a h e a r i n g on h i s trial Kaur's On not been g i v e n o p p o r t u n i t y t o be h e a r d . Also and court attorney, granted and i t 2110913 d e n i e d S h e f f i e l d ' s motion t o s e t a s i d e t h e contempt Sheffield judgment. 1 f i l e d a t i m e l y n o t i c e o f a p p e a l on June 20, 2012. On a p p e a l , S h e f f i e l d a r g u e s t h a t t h e t r i a l c o u r t e r r e d b y f i n d i n g him i n contempt. The t r i a l c o u r t ' s judgment does n o t s p e c i f i c a l l y s t a t e w h e t h e r S h e f f i e l d was f o u n d g u i l t y o f c i v i l contempt o r c r i m i n a l contempt. C r i m i n a l contempt i s d e f i n e d i n R u l e 7 0 A ( a ) ( 2 ) ( C ) , A l a . R. C i v . P., a s : " ( i ) M i s c o n d u c t o f any p e r s o n t h a t o b s t r u c t s t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f j u s t i c e and t h a t i s committed e i t h e r i n t h e c o u r t ' s p r e s e n c e o r s o n e a r t h e r e t o as to i n t e r r u p t , d i s t u r b , o r h i n d e r i t s p r o c e e d i n g s , o r " ( i i ) W i l l f u l d i s o b e d i e n c e o r r e s i s t a n c e o f any p e r s o n t o a c o u r t ' s l a w f u l w r i t , subpoena, p r o c e s s , o r d e r , r u l e , o r command, where t h e d o m i n a n t p u r p o s e of the finding o f contempt i s to punish the contemnor." Our leads r e v i e w o f t h e r e c o r d and t h e t r i a l us t o c o n c l u d e t h a t g u i l t y o f c r i m i n a l contempt. the t r i a l court court's found judgment Sheffield Compare R u l e 7 0 A ( a ) ( 2 ) ( D ) , A l a . On June 14, 2012, S h e f f i e l d p u r p o r t e d t o f i l e a s e c o n d p o s t j u d g m e n t m o t i o n s e e k i n g t h e same r e l i e f s o u g h t i n h i s f i r s t p o s t j u d g m e n t m o t i o n ; t h a t m o t i o n was d e n i e d b y t h e t r i a l c o u r t on June 19, 2012. However, " [ s ] u c c e s s i v e p o s t judgment m o t i o n s b y t h e same p a r t y , s e e k i n g e s s e n t i a l l y t h e same r e l i e f , a r e n o t a l l o w e d , " G o l d K i s t , I n c . v. G r i f f i n , 659 So. 2d 626, 627 ( A l a . C i v . App. 1994) ( c i t i n g Ex p a r t e D o w l i n g , 477 So. 2d 400 ( A l a . 1 9 9 5 ) ) , a n d a t r i a l c o u r t ' s r u l i n g on an i m p r o p e r s u c c e s s i v e p o s t j u d g m e n t m o t i o n i s v o i d . W a s h i n g t o n v. W a s h i n g t o n , 24 So. 3d 1126, 1138 ( A l a . C i v . App. 2 0 0 9 ) . 1 3 2110913 R. C i v . P. failure ( d e f i n i n g " c i v i l c o n t e m p t " as " w i l l f u l , or refusal lawful writ, by any person subpoena, p r o c e s s , i t s nature also of is still I n g r a m v. Allred, capable [Ms. to comply w i t h order, rule, of being 2110636, continuing a court's o r command t h a t complied October with"). 19, 2012, m o d i f i e d on d e n i a l o f r e h e a r i n g on J a n u a r y 4, 2 0 1 3 ] ___ ___ , ___ ( A l a . C i v . App. 2013) failure to a appear at ( c o n c l u d i n g t h a t an scheduled hearing c o n t e m p t ) ; Ex p a r t e B a k e r , 623 So. 1993)(trial sanction failing court's to appear importance of contempt was to respecting 2d 304, "impress a court upon [the order So. 3d criminal (Ala. Civ. against as attorney's was 306 See App. attorney for attorney] the and to impose state whether punishment"). The trial the t r i a l court's court constructive j u d g m e n t a l s o does n o t found S h e f f i e l d g u i l t y of d i r e c t contempt contempt. "Such a determination is because the procedure f o r f i n d i n g a p a r t y i n d i r e c t important contempt i s d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h e p r o c e d u r e r e q u i r e d b e f o r e a p a r t y can f o u n d g u i l t y o f c o n s t r u c t i v e c o n t e m p t . " D r e a d i n g v. 84 So. 3d 935, 937 ( A l a . C i v . App. 4 2011). Rule or be Dreading, 70A(a)(2), 2110913 A l a . R. C i v . P., d e f i n e s contempt" " d i r e c t contempt" and " c o n s t r u c t i v e as f o l l o w s : "(A) ' D i r e c t contempt' means d i s o r d e r l y o r i n s o l e n t b e h a v i o r or o t h e r misconduct committed i n open c o u r t , i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f t h e j u d g e , t h a t d i s t u r b s t h e c o u r t ' s b u s i n e s s , where a l l o f t h e e s s e n t i a l elements o f the misconduct occur i n the p r e s e n c e o f t h e c o u r t and a r e a c t u a l l y o b s e r v e d by t h e c o u r t , a n d where i m m e d i a t e a c t i o n i s e s s e n t i a l t o p r e v e n t d i m i n u t i o n o f t h e c o u r t ' s d i g n i t y and authority before the p u b l i c . "(B) ' C o n s t r u c t i v e c o n t e m p t ' means any c r i m i n a l or c i v i l contempt o t h e r than a d i r e c t contempt." Rule 70A(b) and ( c ) , A l a . R. C i v . P., provide procedure f o rf i n d i n g a party g u i l t y of e i t h e r d i r e c t or c o n s t r u c t i v e contempt contempt: "(b) Summary Proceedings. Disposition of Direct Contempt "(1) F i n d i n g . The c o u r t may s u m m a r i l y f i n d i n c o n t e m p t any p e r s o n who commits a d i r e c t contempt, i m m e d i a t e l y n o t i f y i n g t h e p e r s o n o f i t s f i n d i n g . The j u d g e shall cause t o be p r e p a r e d a w r i t t e n order reciting t h e grounds f o r the f i n d i n g , including a statement that the judge observed the conduct c o n s t i t u t i n g the c o n t e m p t . The o r d e r s h a l l be s i g n e d b y t h e judge and e n t e r e d o f r e c o r d . "(2) Mitigation. The court shall a p p r i s e the person of the s p e c i f i c conduct on w h i c h t h e f i n d i n g i s b a s e d a n d g i v e t h a t 5 the 2110913 person a reasonable opportunity to present e v i d e n c e o r argument r e g a r d i n g e x c u s i n g o r mitigating circumstances. No decision c o n c e r n i n g t h e p u n i s h m e n t t o be i m p o s e d s h a l l be made d u r i n g t h e c o u r s e o f t h e proceeding out of which the contempt arises, unless prompt punishment is i m p e r a t i v e t o achieve immediate v i n d i c a t i o n o f t h e c o u r t ' s d i g n i t y and a u t h o r i t y . "(3) S e n t e n c e . U n l e s s i t i s p r o n o u n c e d i m m e d i a t e l y u n d e r s u b s e c t i o n s (1) and (2) a b o v e , s e n t e n c e s h a l l be p r o n o u n c e d i n open c o u r t , i n the presence of the contemnor, w i t h i n s e v e n (7) d a y s a f t e r t h e c o m p l e t i o n of the p r o c e e d i n g out of which the contempt arose. "(c) Disposition Proceedings. of Constructive Contempt "(1) Initiation of Action. A p r o c e e d i n g b a s e d on c o n s t r u c t i v e c o n t e m p t , w h e t h e r c r i m i n a l o r c i v i l , s h a l l be s u b j e c t to the rules of c i v i l procedure. The p r o c e e d i n g s h a l l be i n i t i a t e d by t h e f i l i n g of a p e t i t i o n s e e k i n g a f i n d i n g of contempt (the p e t i t i o n may be i n t h e f o r m o f a counterclaim or cross-claim authorized under Rule 13 [,Ala.R.Civ.P.]). The petition shall provide the alleged contemnor w i t h n o t i c e of the essential f a c t s c o n s t i t u t i n g the a l l e g e d contemptuous conduct. "(2) I s s u a n c e o f P r o c e s s and N o t i c e . Upon t h e f i l i n g o f a c o n t e m p t p e t i t i o n , t h e c l e r k s h a l l i s s u e process i n accordance w i t h these r u l e s , unless the p e t i t i o n i s i n i t i a t e d by a c o u n t e r c l a i m o r c r o s s - c l a i m 6 2110913 a u t h o r i z e d u n d e r R u l e 13. I n any c a s e , t h e person against whom the petition is d i r e c t e d s h a l l be n o t i f i e d (1) o f t h e t i m e and p l a c e f o r t h e h e a r i n g on t h e p e t i t i o n and (2) t h a t f a i l u r e t o a p p e a r a t the h e a r i n g may r e s u l t i n the issuance of a w r i t of a r r e s t pursuant to Rule 70A(d), to compel the presence of the alleged contemnor. "(3) Right to Counsel. In actions involving criminal contempt, upon the r e q u e s t o f t h e a l l e g e d c o n t e m n o r and p r o o f o f i n d i g e n c e , c o u n s e l s h a l l be a p p o i n t e d t o r e p r e s e n t the a l l e g e d contemnor. T h i s r i g h t t o a p p o i n t e d c o u n s e l , once a s s e r t e d , may be subsequently waived by the alleged c o n t e m n o r i n w r i t i n g o r on t h e record, a f t e r t h e c o u r t has a s c e r t a i n e d t h a t t h e a l l e g e d contemnor k n o w i n g l y , i n t e l l i g e n t l y , and v o l u n t a r i l y d e s i r e s t o f o r g o t h e r i g h t to counsel. The court may, in its discretion, appoint advisory counsel to a d v i s e the a l l e g e d contemnor." T h e r e i s no proceeding trial-court accordance hearing on was indication i n the record that the contempt i n i t i a t e d by t h e f i l i n g o f a p e t i t i o n , t h a t clerk with such issued process the Rules a petition of for Civil was 7 a Procedure, conducted. p r o c e d u r e s e t f o r t h i n R u l e 7 0 A ( c ) was c o u r t must have f o u n d S h e f f i e l d such petition or that Because not f o l l o w e d , the in direct contempt i n the in a the trial order 2110913 f o r t h e c o n t e m p t j u d g m e n t t o be v a l i d . See D r e a d i n g , 84 So. at 939. S h e f f i e l d , however, argues t h a t h i s f a i l u r e t o appear the 3d June 5, 2012, contempt. hearing c o u l d n o t be c o n s t r u e d as a I n s u p p o r t of h i s argument, S h e f f i e l d 1301-02 ( A l a . C r i m . App. Quick, of the Alabama attorney's failure constructive, determination, not the Court to Criminal appear direct, Court at a contempt. of Appeals 2 Criminal In Quick 1997) . held scheduled direct cites v. S t a t e , 699 So. 2d 1300, that hearing reaching Appeals at In an is that reasoned as follows: "The A l a b a m a Supreme C o u r t s t a t e d , Thomas, 550 So. 2d 1067 ( A l a . 1 9 8 9 ) : i n State v. " ' D i r e c t contempts are those committed i n t h e j u d g e ' s p r e s e n c e , where a l l o f t h e essential elements of the contempt are under t h e eye of the court, and are a c t u a l l y o b s e r v e d by t h e c o u r t " ' I f some o f t h e e s s e n t i a l e l e m e n t s o f c o n t e m p t a r e n o t p e r s o n a l l y o b s e r v e d by t h e j u d g e , t h e c o n t e m p t i s i n d i r e c t . T e t t e r v. S t a t e , 358 So. 2d 1046 ( A l a . 1978) . An i n d i r e c t contempt i s committed o u t s i d e the We n o t e t h a t t h e d e f i n i t i o n s o f " d i r e c t c o n t e m p t " and " c o n s t r u c t i v e c o n t e m p t " f o u n d i n R u l e 3 3 . 1 ( b ) ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) , A l a . R. C r i m . P., a r e i d e n t i c a l t o t h e d e f i n i t i o n s o f t h o s e t e r m s f o u n d i n R u l e 70A(a) ( 2 ) ( c ) ( i ) and ( i i ) , q u o t e d above. 2 8 2110913 p r e s e n c e o f t h e c o u r t and i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d by the act of d i s o b e y i n g the court's o r d e r s . ... ' "550 So. 2d a t 1072 (emphasis added). " W h i l e o u r r e s e a r c h has n o t r e v e a l e d a c a s e s p e c i f i c a l l y a d d r e s s i n g w h e t h e r t h e f a i l u r e o f an a t t o r n e y to appear at a h e a r i n g i s c o n s i d e r e d a d i r e c t or a c o n s t r u c t i v e contempt, the Alabama Supreme C o u r t , i n I n r e T a r p l e y , 293 A l a . 137, 300 So. 2d 409, 413 ( 1 9 7 4 ) , a d d r e s s e d t h i s i s s u e when an ' o n - c a l l ' w i t n e s s , a d o c t o r , f a i l e d t o a p p e a r as o r d e r e d by s u b p o e n a . I n T a r p l e y , t h e C o u r t h e l d : "'Now we must c o n s i d e r w h e t h e r t h e f a i l u r e to appear c o n s t i t u t e d d i r e c t or constructive contempt. The Court of C r i m i n a l A p p e a l s u t i l i z e d D a n g e l , Contempt, 7, S e c t i o n 14, t o c h a r a c t e r i z e d i s o b e d i e n c e of process as an i n d i r e c t c o n t e m p t as follows: "'"'A d i r e c t c o n t e m p t c o n s i s t s o f d i s o r d e r l y or i n s o l e n t b e h a v i o r committed d u r i n g the s e s s i o n of t h e c o u r t , and i n i t s i m m e d i a t e v i e w and p r e s e n c e , s u c h as t h e u n l a w f u l and w i l l f u l r e f u s a l o f any p e r s o n t o be sworn as a w i t n e s s , o r t h e r e f u s a l t o answer any l e g a l o r p r o p e r q u e s t i o n , o r the g i v i n g of f a l s e testimony, or any b r e a c h o f t h e p e a c e , n o i s e o r d i s t u r b a n c e so n e a r t o t h e c o u r t as t o i n t e r r u p t i t s p r o c e e d i n g s . An i n d i r e c t c o n t e m p t , s o m e t i m e s c a l l e d a " c o n s t r u c t i v e contempt," may consist of willful disobedience o f any p r o c e s s or o r d e r l a w f u l l y i s s u e d o r made by the court and resistance 9 2110913 w i l l f u l l y o f f e r e d b y any p e r s o n to the execution of a lawful order or process of the court."' (Emphasis i n o r i g i n a l ) . " " ' I n Alabama d i r e c t contempts a r e d e n o t e d as t h o s e c o n t e m p t s c o m m i t t e d w i t h i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f t h e c o u r t , o r so n e a r t h e c o u r t as t o i n t e r r u p t i t s p r o c e e d i n g s . Ex [ p l a r t e H e n n i e s , 33 A l a . App. 377, 34 So. 2d 22 ( 1 9 4 8 ) . Summary p r o c e d u r e s , d e s i g n e d to p u n i s h d i r e c t contempt, a r e u t i l i z e d t o fill the need f o r immediate penal v i n d i c a t i o n of the d i g n i t y of the court. H a r r i s v. U n i t e d S t a t e s , 382 U.S. 162, 86 S.Ct. 352, 15 L.Ed.2d 240 ( 1 9 6 5 ) . We a g r e e with the h o l d i n g of the Court of C r i m i n a l A p p e a l s , h o w e v e r , t h a t f a i l u r e t o a p p e a r as a w i t n e s s p u r s u a n t t o an "on c a l l " s u b p o e n a i s p u n i s h a b l e as c o n s t r u c t i v e c o n t e m p t o f the c o u r t . ' "293 A l a . a t 141-42, 300 So. 2d a t 413 (emphasis i n o r i g i n a l ; footnote omitted). " I n an o p i n i o n i s s u e d b y t h e c l e r k o f t h e A l a b a m a Supreme C o u r t , i t was s t a t e d : ' I n A l a b a m a , d i s o b e d i e n c e t o t h e o r d e r o f a c o u r t i s an i n d i r e c t contempt, whereas, contempt committed w i t h i n the p r e s e n c e o r so n e a r t h e c o u r t as t o i n t e r r u p t i t s p r o c e e d i n g s i s a d i r e c t contempt.' O p i n i o n o f the C l e r k , 345 So. 2d 1338, 1339 ( A l a . 1 9 7 7 ) . "Furthermore, i n d e c i d i n g w h e t h e r an a c t i o n s h o u l d be c o n s i d e r e d d i r e c t o r c o n s t r u c t i v e , t h i s Court i s r e q u i r e d to f o l l o w the presumption s e t f o r t h b y t h e A l a b a m a Supreme C o u r t i n I n t e r n a t i o n a l B r o t h e r h o o d o f E l e c t r i c a l W o r k e r s , L o c a l 136 v. D a v i s C o n s t r u c t o r s & E n g i n e e r s , I n c . , 334 So. 2d 892 ( A l a . 1 9 7 6 ) . I n D a v i s , t h e C o u r t h e l d : 10 2110913 "'Where t h e r e i s d o u b t as to the c h a r a c t e r of the a l l e g e d contempt, t h a t i s , whether i t i s d i r e c t , or c o n s t r u c t i v e , the d o u b t s h o u l d be r e s o l v e d i n f a v o r o f i t s b e i n g c o n s t r u c t i v e , e s p e c i a l l y where t h e contempt charged i s a c r i m i n a l contempt.' "334 So. 2d a t 896. " B e c a u s e t h e c o n t e m p t o f c o u r t c h a r g e was b a s e d on t h e a p p e l l a n t ' s f a i l u r e t o a p p e a r a t h i s c l i e n t ' s sentencing hearing, the t r i a l judge s h o u l d have c h a r g e d him w i t h c o n s t r u c t i v e c o n t e m p t and f o l l o w e d t h e g u i d e l i n e s s e t f o r t h i n R u l e 33.3, A l a . R. C r i m . P., so as t o a f f o r d t h e a p p e l l a n t h i s r i g h t t o due p r o c e s s o f l a w , as g u a r a n t e e d by t h e A l a b a m a and Federal c o n s t i t u t i o n s . [3] "'The U n i t e d S t a t e s Supreme C o u r t has h e l d t h a t i n d i r e c t contempt, not committed i n open c o u r t , r e q u i r e s t h a t t h e a c c u s e d be a f f o r d e d due p r o c e s s o f law; that i s , n o t i c e o f t h e c h a r g e and an o p p o r t u n i t y t o be h e a r d b e f o r e t h e c o u r t . H a r r i s v. U n i t e d S t a t e s , [382 U.S. 162, 86 S.Ct. 352, 15 L.Ed.2d 240 (1965)1; Cooke v. United S t a t e s , 267 U.S. 517, 45 S.Ct. 390, 69 L.Ed. 767 ( 1 9 2 5 ) . T h i s q u e s t i o n has a l s o b e e n s p o k e n t o i n A l a b a m a . I n Ex [ p l a r t e B a n k h e a d , 200 A l a . 102, 75 So. 478 (1917), the Court h e l d t h a t i n order to punish f o r c o n s t r u c t i v e contempt the o f f e n d i n g p a r t y should have n o t i c e of the nature and R u l e 33.3 a d d r e s s e s t h e p r o c e d u r e t o be f o l l o w e d i n a l l contempt cases a r i s i n g from c r i m i n a l p r o c e e d i n g s except direct-contempt cases that are resolved by summary d i s p o s i t i o n , w h i c h a r e a d d r e s s e d i n R u l e 33.2, A l a . R. C r i m . P. R u l e 3 3 . 3 ( a ) , A l a . R. C r i m . P., s t a t e s , i n p e r t i n e n t p a r t , t h a t "no p e r s o n s h a l l be f o u n d i n c o n t e m p t w i t h o u t a h e a r i n g h e l d a f t e r a c i t a t i o n of the charge i s g i v e n . " 3 11 2110913 c h a r a c t e r o f t h e c h a r g e a n d be g i v e n an o p p o r t u n i t y t o a n s w e r . The C o u r t made i t s most t h o r o u g h a n a l y s i s o f a c o n s t r u c t i v e c o n t e m p t p r o c e e d i n g i n H u n t e r v. S t a t e , 251 Ala. 11, 37 So. 2d 276 ( 1 9 4 8 ) , a n d a g a i n h e l d t h a t t h e a c c u s e d i s e n t i t l e d t o due p r o c e s s t h a t r e q u i r e s t h a t he be a d v i s e d o f the charges and have a reasonable o p p o r t u n i t y t o meet them. R e s p o n d e n t i n t h i s c a s e was e n t i t l e d t o f a i r n o t i c e o f the charge a g a i n s t him.' "Tarpley, 699 300 So. 2d a t 4 1 3 . " So. 2d a t 1301-03. The f a i l u r e o f an a t t o r n e y t o a p p e a r f o r a d u l y scheduled h e a r i n g o r t r i a l c a n c o n s t i t u t e an a c t o f c o n t e m p t a n d s u b j e c t the a t t o r n e y t o s a n c t i o n s . See, e . g . , Ex p a r t e B a k e r , We a g r e e w i t h t h e r e a s o n i n g of the Court of C r i m i n a l h o w e v e r , t h a t an a t t o r n e y ' s failure hearing that generally subjects t o appear a t a attorney to a Appeals, scheduled finding c o n s t r u c t i v e c o n t e m p t , n o t d i r e c t c o n t e m p t . See Q u i c k , Accordingly, the procedures should been have Sheffield Sheffield followed i n contempt. We set forth before i n Rule the t r i a l reverse supra. supra. 70A(a) court t h e judgment of (c) found finding i n c o n t e m p t , a n d we remand t h e c a u s e t o t h e t r i a l court f o rf u r t h e r proceedings, i f a n y , t h a t may be i n i t i a t e d . REVERSED AND REMANDED. Thompson, P . J . , and P i t t m a n , concur. 12 Thomas, a n d Moore, J J . ,

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