Susie M. Price v. Macon County Greyhound Park, Inc.
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ALABAMA COURT OF CIVIL APPEALS
OCTOBER TERM, 2010-2011
2090881
Susie M. P r i c e
v.
Macon County Greyhound Park, Inc.
Appeal from Macon C i r c u i t
(CV-07-151)
Court
BRYAN, J u d g e .
Susie
M.
Price,
the p l a i n t i f f
below,
appeals
from
a
summary j u d g m e n t i n f a v o r o f Macon C o u n t y G r e y h o u n d P a r k , I n c .
("the
P a r k " ) , t h e d e f e n d a n t b e l o w . We a f f i r m .
On November 29, 2 0 0 7 , P r i c e s u e d t h e P a r k , a l l e g i n g t h a t ,
2090881
on
April
9,
premises,
2007,
she was
she h a d f a l l e n
Park's asphalt
those
while
an i n v i t e e on t h e P a r k ' s
as a r e s u l t o f some d e b r i s
d r i v e w a y and had s u f f e r e d
allegations,
she
stated
claims
injuries.
of
on t h e
B a s e d on
negligence
and
wantonness. Answering, t h e Park d e n i e d l i a b i l i t y and a s s e r t e d
as
an a f f i r m a t i v e d e f e n s e
Price to f a l l
that
the debris
that
had
caused
was open a n d o b v i o u s .
On J u l y 17, 2009, t h e P a r k moved f o r a summary j u d g m e n t .
The
Park a s s e r t e d
with
respect
said,
to Price's
( 1 ) the evidence
actual
that
t h a t i t was e n t i t l e d t o a summary j u d g m e n t
or constructive
had caused
Price
negligence
claim
because,
d i d not e s t a b l i s h that
notice
the Park
t h e Park had
of the presence of the debris
to f a l l
before
she f e l l
and ( 2 ) t h e
e v i d e n c e e s t a b l i s h e d t h a t t h e p r e s e n c e o f t h e d e b r i s was open
and
obvious.
summary
The
Park
asserted
judgment
with
respect
that
i t was
to Price's
entitled
to a
wantonness
claim
because, the Park s a i d , the evidence d i d not e s t a b l i s h
the
Park had a c t e d
or f a i l e d
to act with
knowledge
that
of the
c o n d i t i o n s and w i t h a c o n s c i o u s n e s s t h a t i t s a c t i n g o r f a i l i n g
to a c t would l i k e l y
or probably r e s u l t i n Price's i n j u r y .
O p p o s i n g t h e summary-judgment m o t i o n , P r i c e a s s e r t e d ( 1 )
2
2090881
that
the evidence d i d e s t a b l i s h t h a t
the Park had
actual
or
c o n s t r u c t i v e n o t i c e of the presence
of the debris before
she
fell,
not
the
(2)
that
the
evidence
p r e s e n c e o f t h e d e b r i s was
did
establish
that
open and o b v i o u s , and ( 3 ) t h a t
evidence d i d e s t a b l i s h that
t h e Park had
acted or f a i l e d
the
to
a c t w i t h k n o w l e d g e o f t h e c o n d i t i o n s and w i t h a c o n s c i o u s n e s s
that
i t s acting
result
in
or
failing
Price's
opposition
to
deposition
to act would l i k e l y
i n j u r y . As
the
Park's
evidentiary
motion,
or
probably
support
for
her
relied
on
her
Price
t e s t i m o n y and t h e a f f i d a v i t o f h e r h u s b a n d .
Price,
who
was
approximately
57
years
old
when
a c c i d e n t o c c u r r e d , t e s t i f i e d as f o l l o w s . From 2004 u n t i l
9,
the
April
2007, she p l a y e d b i n g o a t t h e P a r k s e v e n d a y s a week.
April
9,
2007,
she
drove
herself
Satterwhite
and P a t r i c i a R u s h i n g ,
at
i n the daytime.
the Park
the v a l e t - p a r k i n g
a r e a , and
and
two
friends,
t o the Park.
On
Patrice
They a r r i v e d
P r i c e stopped her automobile
in
she
of
and
her
f r i e n d s got
out
P r i c e ' s a u t o m o b i l e and w a l k e d f r o m h e r a u t o m o b i l e t o t h e f r o n t
e n t r a n c e o f t h e P a r k ' s b u i l d i n g . The
area outside
the
front
entrance of the Park's b u i l d i n g i s not w e l l l i g h t e d . Moreover,
Price
was
aware
that
a portion
3
of
the
Park's
building
was
2090881
being
remodeled
or
constructed.
Consequently,
Price
was
c a r e f u l t o l o o k a t t h e g r o u n d t o make s u r e she d i d n o t s t e p on
anything
as
she w a l k e d
entrance. Walking
she
from
her automobile
to the
front
from h e r automobile t o t h e f r o n t e n t r a n c e ,
d i d n o t see a n y t h i n g
someone t o t r i p a n d f a l l .
on
t h e ground
that
would
After entering the b u i l d i n g ,
cause
Price,
S a t t e r w h i t e , and Rushing p l a y e d b i n g o f o r a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h r e e
hours
and
then
exited
the front
entrance
of
the
b u i l d i n g a t a p p r o x i m a t e l y 8:30 p.m. when i t was d a r k
Park's
outside.
They w a l k e d f r o m t h e f r o n t e n t r a n c e t o t h e v a l e t - p a r k i n g a r e a ,
a l o n g t h e same r o u t e t h e y h a d e a r l i e r w a l k e d when t h e y e n t e r e d
the f r o n t e n t r a n c e from t h e v a l e t - p a r k i n g a r e a , and g o t i n t o
Price's
automobile.
Price
d i d n o t have
any p r o b l e m
walking
from t h e f r o n t e n t r a n c e t o h e r automobile i n t h e v a l e t - p a r k i n g
area.
After
getting
inside
her automobile,
Price
could not
f i n d h e r c e l l u l a r t e l e p h o n e , a n d S a t t e r w h i t e went b a c k
the Park's b u i l d i n g
parking
distance
t o s e e i f she c o u l d f i n d
attendant t o l d
forward
to
inside
i t . The v a l e t -
Price
t o move h e r a u t o m o b i l e
wait
f o r Satterwhite
so
a short
that
her
automobile would not b l o c k t r a f f i c . P r i c e drove her automobile
a
short
distance
forward,
parked,
4
and found
her
cellular
2090881
telephone
her
before
Satterwhite
r e t u r n e d . P r i c e then got out o f
a u t o m o b i l e t o go i n s i d e t o t e l l
Satterwhite
t h a t she h a d
found her c e l l u l a r telephone. P r i c e walked from her automobile
toward the f r o n t entrance;
h o w e v e r , she t r i p p e d a n d f e l l
the a s p h a l t driveway b e f o r e
she r e a c h e d t h e s i d e w a l k
of the f r o n t entrance.
some
debris
that
on
i n front
W h i l e she was on t h e g r o u n d , she saw
1
she t h o u g h t
consisted
of gravel
or
loose
p i e c e s o f a s p h a l t . The r o u t e she was w a l k i n g when she f e l l was
a few f e e t from the route
day
between
Although
area
she h a d a l r e a d y w a l k e d t w i c e
the v a l e t - p a r k i n g area
the route
s h e was w a l k i n g
t h a t was n o t w e l l
lighted,
and t h e f r o n t
when she f e l l
P r i c e was w a l k i n g
that
entrance.
was i n an
normally
when she f e l l
i n s t e a d o f l o o k i n g a t t h e ground "because [ s h e ]
had
done
already
that
one
time
already
a f t e r n o o n , " " [ s ] o I w o u l d n ' t be e x p e c t i n g
the ground." F i n a l l y ,
1
...
anything
the
t o be on
P r i c e t e s t i f i e d as f o l l o w s :
Price's principal brief states:
"While i t i s true
t h e r e was t r a s h
a r r i v e d and e x i t e d
parking area, t h i s
P r i c e f e l l a n d was
t h a t Ms. S a t t e r w h i t e noted t h a t
around the entrance
when
they
t h e main e n t r a n c e f r o m t h e v a l e t
was n o t t h e same p l a c e where Ms.
a l i t t l e f u r t h e r down."
(Emphasis added.)
5
same
2090881
"Q.
[BY THE PARK'S COUNSEL:] A l l r i g h t . Do you know
w h e t h e r o r n o t Macon C o u n t y G r e y h o u n d P a r k knew t h a t
t h i s p i e c e o f g r a v e l t h a t you f e l l on was o u t t h e r e
p r i o r t o t h e t i m e t h a t you f e l l on i t ?
"A.
I don't t h i n k
"Q.
so.
Okay.
"A. They u s u a l l y had
off.
p e o p l e out
there
cleaning
that
"Q. A l l r i g h t . And so do you b e l i e v e t h a t i f Macon
C o u n t y G r e y h o u n d P a r k knew t h a t t h i s g r a v e l was
out
t h e r e t h a t t h e y w o u l d have c l e a n e d i t up?
"A.
Yes, s i r . "
The
a f f i d a v i t of P r i c e ' s husband s t a t e d :
"My name i s J . V i c t o r P r i c e and I am o v e r t h e
age o f 19 y e a r s and a r e s i d e n t c i t i z e n o f t h e S t a t e
o f A l a b a m a . Over t h e p a s t s e v e r a l y e a r s , I have b e e n
a f r e q u e n t v i s i t o r t o Macon C o u n t y G r e y h o u n d P a r k i n
Shorter,
Alabama.
I
know o f
my
own
personal
k n o w l e d g e t h a t t h e c a s i n o a t Macon C o u n t y G r e y h o u n d
P a r k was
undergoing extensive
construction
and
r e n o v a t i o n i n 2007, i n c l u d i n g t h e d a t e o f A p r i l 9,
2007. D u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d o f t i m e , i t was n o t u n u s u a l
t o see l o o s e g r a v e l , r o c k s and c l u m p e d a s p h a l t i n
t h e a r e a where t h e a s p h a l t p a r k i n g l o t a b u t s t h e
concrete
apron near the
main e n t r a n c e
to
the
casino."
Following
granting
without
the
a hearing,
the
trial
summary-judgment m o t i o n
stating
court
on
i t s rationale for that
entered
an
order
18,
2010,
Price
timely
February
ruling.
a p p e a l e d t o t h e supreme c o u r t , w h i c h t r a n s f e r r e d t h e a p p e a l t o
6
2090881
this
c o u r t p u r s u a n t t o ยง 1 2 - 2 - 7 ( 6 ) , A l a . Code
1975.
"We r e v i e w a summary j u d g m e n t de novo. A m e r i c a n
L i b e r t y I n s . Co. v. AmSouth Bank, 825 So. 2d
786
(Ala.
2002).
"'We
a p p l y t h e same s t a n d a r d o f r e v i e w t h e
t r i a l c o u r t used i n d e t e r m i n i n g whether the
evidence p r e s e n t e d to the
trial
court
c r e a t e d a genuine i s s u e of m a t e r i a l f a c t .
Once a p a r t y m o v i n g f o r a summary j u d g m e n t
establishes
that
no
genuine
issue
of
m a t e r i a l f a c t e x i s t s , the burden s h i f t s t o
the
nonmovant
to
present
substantial
evidence
creating
a
genuine
issue
of
material f a c t . "Substantial evidence" i s
" e v i d e n c e o f s u c h w e i g h t and q u a l i t y t h a t
fair-minded
persons i n the e x e r c i s e
of
i m p a r t i a l j u d g m e n t can r e a s o n a b l y i n f e r t h e
e x i s t e n c e o f t h e f a c t s o u g h t t o be p r o v e d . "
I n r e v i e w i n g a summary j u d g m e n t , we v i e w
t h e e v i d e n c e i n t h e l i g h t most f a v o r a b l e t o
t h e nonmovant and e n t e r t a i n s u c h r e a s o n a b l e
i n f e r e n c e s as t h e j u r y w o u l d have b e e n f r e e
t o draw.'
"Nationwide
Prop.
&
Cas.
Ins.
Co.[
v.
DPF
A r c h i t e c t s , P . C . ] , 792 So. 2d [369] a t 372 [ ( A l a .
2001)]
(citations
omitted),
quoted
i n American
L i b e r t y I n s . Co., 825 So. 2d a t
790."
Potter
v.
First
Real
Estate
Co.,
844
So.
2d
540,
545
(Ala.
2002).
P r i c e f i r s t argues t h a t the t r i a l c o u r t e r r e d i n g r a n t i n g
the
Park's
negligence
summary-judgment
claim
because,
motion
she
with
says,
respect
(1)
the
to
evidence
e s t a b l i s h e d t h a t t h e P a r k had a c t u a l o r c o n s t r u c t i v e n o t i c e
7
her
of
2090881
the presence o f the d e b r i s t h a t caused her to f a l l b e f o r e
fell
of
and
(2) t h e e v i d e n c e d i d n o t e s t a b l i s h t h a t t h e
t h a t d e b r i s was
There
Park's
Inc.,
i s no
premises.
514
open and
So. 2d 1280,
presence
obvious.
dispute that
In
she
Price
P e r r y v.
Macon
was
an
County
invitee
Greyhound
on
the
Park,
1281-82 ( A l a . 1 9 8 7 ) , t h e supreme c o u r t
stated:
"As an i n v i t e e on t h e p r e m i s e s , t h e p l a i n t i f f i s
owed by t h e d e f e n d a n t s a d u t y t o e x e r c i s e o r d i n a r y
and r e a s o n a b l e c a r e t o keep t h e p r e m i s e s
in a
r e a s o n a b l y s a f e c o n d i t i o n . G r a y v. M o b i l e G r e y h o u n d
P a r k , L t d . , 370 So. 2d 1384
( A l a . 1979) ( q u o t i n g ,
T i c e v. T i c e , 361 So. 2d 1051, 1052 ( A l a . 1 9 7 8 ) ) .
The
owner o f t h e p r e m i s e s , h o w e v e r , i s n o t
an
i n s u r e r o f t h e s a f e t y o f h i s i n v i t e e s , and t h e f a c t
t h a t t h e p l a i n t i f f f e l l and was i n j u r e d r a i s e s no
presumption
of
n e g l i g e n c e . Delchamps,
Inc.
v.
S t e w a r t , 47 A l a . App. 406, 255 So. 2d 586, c e r t .
den., 287 A l a . 729, 255 So. 2d 592 ( 1 9 7 1 ) ; G r e a t
A t l a n t i c & P a c i f i c Tea Co. v. B e n n e t t , 267 A l a . 538,
103 So. 2d 177 ( 1 9 5 8 ) . The p l a i n t i f f has t h e b u r d e n
of p r o v i n g t h a t the d e f e n d a n t b r e a c h e d i t s d u t y t o
e x e r c i s e o r d i n a r y and r e a s o n a b l e c a r e and f a i l e d t o
keep i t s p r e m i s e s i n a r e a s o n a b l y good c o n d i t i o n .
The l a w d o e s n o t p l a c e upon t h e d e f e n d a n t t h e d u t y
to
take
extraordinary
care
to
keep
a
floor
c o m p l e t e l y d r y or f r e e from d e b r i s . Wal-Mart S t o r e s ,
I n c . v. W h i t e , 476 So. 2d 614 ( A l a . 1 9 8 5 ) ; T e r r e l l
v. Warehouse G r o c e r i e s , 364 So. 2d 675 ( A l a . 1 9 7 8 ) .
As
stated
i n Mobile
Greyhound
Park,
Ltd., a
racetrack
i s under
no
duty
to
keep
a
floor
c o m p l e t e l y dry or c o m p l e t e l y f r e e of l i t t e r or other
o b s t r u c t i o n s . 370 So. 2d a t 1388-89. As t h e C o u r t
s t a t e d i n t h a t case:
8
2090881
" ' A t s u c h p l a c e s o f amusement as r a c e
t r a c k s , dog t r a c k s , b a l l p a r k s , s t a d i u m s
and t h e l i k e , an a c c u m u l a t i o n o f d e b r i s
upon t h e w a l k w a y s d u r i n g t h e c o u r s e o f an
event i s not u n l i k e the b u i l d - u p of r a i n
water
on
a storekeeper's floor
during
s t o r m s . I n b o t h c a s e s , t h e a c c u m u l a t i o n may
a d v e r s e l y a f f e c t f o o t t r a f f i c -- a f a c t
w i t h w h i c h t h e i n v i t e e i s o r s h o u l d be
aware.'
"370 So. 2d a t 1388-89. The C o u r t f u r t h e r s t a t e d
t h a t a s t o r e k e e p e r i s u n d e r no d u t y t o keep h i s
f l o o r c o m p l e t e l y d r y , and, i n a l i k e manner t h e
owners and o p e r a t o r s o f p u b l i c amusement f a c i l i t i e s
a r e n o t u n d e r a d u t y t o keep t h e i r f l o o r s c o m p l e t e l y
clean. Id.
"The p l a i n t i f f ' s b u r d e n o f p r o o f i n a p r e m i s e s
l i a b i l i t y c a s e i s t o p r o v e t h a t t h e d e f e n d a n t knew
t h e r e was
some d e f e c t i n t h e c o n d i t i o n o f t h e
p r e m i s e s , w h i c h can be p r o v e d i n one o f two ways.
The f i r s t i s by s h o w i n g t h a t t h e d e f e n d a n t
had
a c t u a l k n o w l e d g e o f t h e d e f e c t and t h e s e c o n d i s by
showing the d e f e n d a n t had i m p l i e d knowledge o f i t .
"
"In o r d e r t o p r o v e the d e f e n d a n t had i m p l i e d
k n o w l e d g e , t h e p l a i n t i f f must p r e s e n t e v i d e n c e t h a t
the f o r e i g n s u b s t a n c e , r e g a r d l e s s of i t s n a t u r e , had
b e e n on t h e f l o o r f o r a s u f f i c i e n t p e r i o d o f t i m e t o
r a i s e the p r e s u m p t i o n t h a t t h e d e f e n d a n t had n o t i c e
o f i t s p r e s e n c e . See, e.g., M a y - B i l t , I n c . v. Deese,
281 A l a . 579, 206 So. 2d 590 (1968) ( h o l d i n g t h a t
t h e p r e s e n c e o f a b e a n t h a t was g r e e n , h a r d and
f r e s h d i d n o t s u p p o r t a r e a s o n a b l e i n f e r e n c e as t o
t h e l e n g t h o f t i m e t h e b e a n h a d b e e n on t h e f l o o r ) ;
W i n n - D i x i e S t o r e No. 1501 v. Brown, 394 So. 2d 49
( A l a . C i v . App. 1981) ( i n w h i c h t h e c o u r t h e l d t h a t
t h e p l a i n t i f f o f f e r e d no e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e d e f e n d a n t
h a d a c t u a l n o t i c e o f t h e f o r e i g n s u b s t a n c e on t h e
9
2090881
f l o o r , o r t h a t t h e d e f e n d a n t had i m p l i e d k n o w l e d g e
b e c a u s e i t was t h e p l a i n t i f f ' s own t e s t i m o n y
that
t h e v e g e t a b l e m a t t e r on t h e f l o o r ' a p p e a r e d f r e s h
and
green')."
In
the
evidence
fell,
case
from
the
now
before
which
Park
us,
Price
i t can
actual
had
be
notice
did
not
inferred that,
of
the
not
that
present
any
evidence
the p a r t i c u l a r
present
where
she
debris
fell
from which
that
for
a
any
Price
of
the
Moreover, P r i c e
i t can
caused her
sufficient
before
presence
p a r t i c u l a r d e b r i s t h a t caused P r i c e to f a l l .
did
present
to
be
inferred
fall
length
had
of
been
time
to
r a i s e t h e p r e s u m p t i o n t h a t t h e P a r k had n o t i c e o f i t s p r e s e n c e
t h e r e . N e i t h e r P r i c e n o r any o t h e r w i t n e s s
particular
debris
fell.
testimony
2
The
was
present
of
where
Price's
Price
husband
u n u s u a l t o see l o o s e g r a v e l , r o c k s and
area
where t h e
asphalt
parking
near the main e n t r a n c e t o the
P a r k ' s b u i l d i n g was
being
t e s t i f i e d that that
fell
that
she
" i t was
not
clumped a s p h a l t i n the
l o t abuts the
casino" while
remodeled or
before
concrete
apron
a p o r t i o n of
constructed
does
e s t a b l i s h t h a t the p a r t i c u l a r d e b r i s t h a t caused P r i c e to
had
been p r e s e n t
2
S e e n o t e 1,
where
she
fell
supra.
10
for a
sufficient
length
the
not
fall
of
2090881
time before
Price f e l l
t o r a i s e the presumption t h a t the Park
had
notice of i t s presence. Accordingly,
not
e r r i n granting
respect
the Park's
to Price's negligence
Park's
summary-judgment
wantonness c l a i m .
with
claim.
court erred i n granting
motion
with
Essary,
992 So. 2d 5, 9
I n Ex p a r t e
2 0 0 7 ) , t h e supreme c o u r t
court d i d
summary-judgment m o t i o n
P r i c e next argues t h a t the t r i a l
the
the t r i a l
respect
to her
(Ala.
stated:
"'Wantonness' h a s b e e n d e f i n e d b y t h i s C o u r t as
t h e c o n s c i o u s d o i n g o f some a c t o r t h e o m i s s i o n o f
some d u t y w h i l e k n o w i n g o f t h e e x i s t i n g c o n d i t i o n s
and b e i n g c o n s c i o u s t h a t , f r o m d o i n g o r o m i t t i n g t o
do an a c t , i n j u r y w i l l l i k e l y o r p r o b a b l y
result.
Bozeman v . C e n t r a l Bank o f t h e S o u t h , 646 So. 2d 601
(Ala.
1 9 9 4 ) . To c o n s t i t u t e w a n t o n n e s s , i t i s n o t
n e c e s s a r y t h a t t h e a c t o r know t h a t a p e r s o n i s
w i t h i n t h e zone made d a n g e r o u s b y h i s c o n d u c t ; i t i s
enough t h a t he knows t h a t a s t r o n g
possibility
e x i s t s t h a t o t h e r s may r i g h t f u l l y come w i t h i n t h a t
z o n e . J o s e p h v. S t a g g s , 519 So. 2d 952, 954 ( A l a .
1988). A l s o , i t i s not e s s e n t i a l t h a t the a c t o r
s h o u l d have e n t e r t a i n e d a s p e c i f i c d e s i g n o r i n t e n t
to i n j u r e the p l a i n t i f f , only that the actor i s
'conscious'
that i n j u r y w i l l l i k e l y or probably
r e s u l t from h i s a c t i o n s . I d . 'Conscious' has been
d e f i n e d as ' " p e r c e i v i n g , a p p r e h e n d i n g , o r n o t i c i n g
w i t h a degree of c o n t r o l l e d thought or o b s e r v a t i o n :
c a p a b l e o f o r marked by t h o u g h t , w i l l , d e s i g n , o r
perception"';
'"having
an a w a r e n e s s o f o n e ' s own
e x i s t e n c e , s e n s a t i o n s , and t h o u g h t s , and o f one's
environment;
capable
of
complex
response
to
e n v i r o n m e n t ; d e l i b e r a t e . " ' B e r r y v. F i f e , 590 So. 2d
884,
885
( A l a . 1991)
(quoting
Webster's
New
C o l l e g i a t e D i c t i o n a r y 239 (1981) a n d The A m e r i c a n
11
2090881
Heritage
Dictionary of
(1969), r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . "
the
In
us, P r i c e
t h e case
now
evidence from which
before
English
Language
2 83
d i d not present
any
i t c a n be i n f e r r e d t h a t t h e P a r k knew o f
the e x i s t i n g c o n d i t i o n s , i . e . , the presence of the p a r t i c u l a r
debris
fell.
the
that
caused
Consequently,
Park's
wantonness
Price
to f a l l
the t r i a l
summary-judgment
i n t h e l o c a t i o n where she
court
motion
d i d not e r r i n granting
with
respect
to
Price's
claim.
AFFIRMED.
Thompson,
concur.
P . J . , and
Pittman,
12
Thomas,
a n d Moore, J J . ,
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