Arthur Haynes v. Ron Coleman

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REL: 4/10/09 Notice: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the advance sheets of Southern Reporter. Readers are requested to notify the Reporter of Decisions, Alabama Appellate Courts, 300 Dexter Avenue, Montgomery, Alabama 36104-3741 ((334) 229-0649), of any typographical or other errors, in order that corrections may be made before the opinion is printed in Southern Reporter. ALABAMA COURT OF CIVIL APPEALS OCTOBER TERM, 2008 -2009 _________________________ 2070959 _________________________ Arthur Haynes v. Ron Coleman Appeal from Mobile Circuit Court (CV-07-900949) BRYAN, Judge. Arthur Haynes appeals from a judgment dismissing his claims against Ron Coleman alleging malicious prosecution and abuse of process. We affirm. 2070959 Haynes was employed as a public-school teacher in Mobile County. The Board of School Commissioners of Mobile County terminated Haynes's employment, pursuant to § 16-24-9, Ala. Code 1975, a part of the Teacher Tenure Act, § 16-24-1 et seq., Ala. Code 1975. Pursuant to § 16-24-10, Ala. Code 1975, Haynes appealed his dismissal to a hearing officer, and, following a hearing, the hearing officer reinstated Haynes's employment. Haynes subsequently sued Coleman, alleging claims of malicious claims. an prosecution and abuse of process, among other The complaint, as amended, alleged that Coleman was employee of the Mobile County public-school system.1 Haynes's complaint alleged, in pertinent part, that Coleman had "impart[ed] false information to investigators, co-workers, and supervisors, knowing or having reasonable grounds to believe that the information imparted was false and that it would lead to administrative actions or proceedings being held against [Haynes]." Coleman moved to dismiss all Haynes's claims on the 1 The record on appeal is unclear regarding the position Coleman held in the school system. The summons and complaint were served on Coleman "c/o Blount High School." 2 2070959 ground that the applicable statute of limitations barred each of those claims. With the exception of the claims of malicious prosecution and abuse of process, the trial court dismissed Haynes's claims on the ground that they were timebarred. Regarding the claims of malicious prosecution and abuse of process, Coleman filed a Rule 12(b)(6), Ala. R. Civ. P., motion to dismiss on the ground that those claims could not be based on an administrative proceeding. The trial court granted the motion to dismiss dismissing those two claims. and entered a judgment Haynes appealed to supreme court, and that court transferred the appeal to this court, pursuant to § 12-2-7(6), Ala. Code 1975. "'The appropriate standard of review of a trial court's [ruling on] a motion to dismiss is whether "when the allegations of the complaint are viewed most strongly in the pleader's favor, it appears that the pleader could prove any set of circumstances that would entitle [the pleader] to relief." Nance v. Matthews, 622 So. 2d 297, 299 (Ala. 1993); Raley v. Citibanc of Alabama/Andalusia, 474 So. 2d 640, 641 (Ala. 1985). This Court does not consider whether the plaintiff will ultimately prevail, but only whether the plaintiff may possibly prevail. Nance, 622 So. 2d at 299. A "dismissal is proper only when it appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of the claim that would entitle the plaintiff to relief." Nance, 622 So. 2d at 299; Garrett v. Hadden, 495 So. 2d 616, 617 (Ala. 1986); Hill v. Kraft, Inc., 496 So. 2d 768, 769 (Ala. 1986).'" 3 2070959 Liberty Nat'l Life Ins. Co. v. University of Alabama Health Servs. Found., P.C., 881 So. 2d 1013, 1017 (Ala. 2003) (quoting Lyons v. River Road Constr., Inc., 858 So. 2d 257, 260 (Ala. 2003)). On appeal, Haynes first argues that the trial court erred in dismissing his malicious-prosecution claim because, he says, a malicious-prosecution claim may be based on an administrative proceeding initiated pursuant to the Teacher Tenure Act. "The elements of malicious prosecution are: (1) a judicial proceeding initiated by the defendant, (2) the lack of probable cause, (3) malice, (4) termination in favor of the plaintiff, and (5) damage." Cutts v. American United Life Ins. Co., 505 So. 2d 1211, 1214 (Ala. 1987). Our research reveals no Alabama case recognizing a malicious-prosecution claim premised on an administrative proceeding. Heretofore, it appears that claims of malicious prosecution in Alabama have been based on judicial proceedings only. Haynes argues that this court should recognize a malicious-prosecution claim based on a administrative proceeding. Several jurisdictions have decided that a malicious-prosecution claim may be based on an administrative proceeding under certain circumstances. 4 2070959 See Melvin v. Pence, 130 F.2d 423, 425-27 (D.C. Cir. 1942); National Surety Co. v. Page, 58 F.2d 145, 148 (4th Cir. 1932); Hillside Assocs. v. Stravato, 642 A.2d 664, 666-69 (R.I. 1994); Lindenman v. Umscheid, 255 Kan. 610, 633, 875 P.2d 964, 979 (1994); DeLaurentis v. City of New Haven, 220 Conn. 225, 248-49, 597 A.2d 807, 819 (1991); American Credit Card Tel. Co. v. National Pay Tel. Corp., 504 So. 2d 486, 489 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1987); Groat v. Town Bd. of Glenville, 73 A.D.2d 426, 428-30, 426 N.Y.S.2d 339, 340-41 (1980); McGuire v. Armitage, 184 Mont. 407, 410-11, 603 P.2d 253, 255 (1979); Donovan v. Barnes, 274 Or. 701, 703-06, 548 P.2d 980, 982-83 (1976); Cassidy v. Cain, 145 Ind. App. 581, 588-89, 251 N.E.2d 852, 856-57 (1969); Kauffman v. A.H. Robins Co., 223 Tenn. 515, 520-27, 448 S.W.2d 400, 402-05 (1969); Carver v. Lykes, 262 N.C. 345, 352-54, 137 S.E.2d 139, 145-46 (1964); Hardy v. Vial, 48 Cal. 2d 577, 580-81, 311 P.2d 494, 495-96 (1957); Rainier's Dairies v. Raritan Valley Farms, Inc., 19 N.J. 552, 564-66, 117 A.2d 889, 895-96 (1955); and Dixie Broad. Corp. v. Rivers, 209 Ga. 98, 105-06, 70 S.E.2d 734, 740-41 (1952). We decline to decide whether a malicious-prosecution claim in Alabama may be based on an administrative proceeding 5 2070959 because, even if we were to recognize such a claim, Coleman did not initiate the administrative proceeding in this case. As noted, a malicious-prosecution action must be based on a proceeding "initiated by the defendant." Cutts, 505 So. 2d at 1214. We find Davis v. Board of Education of St. Louis, 963 S.W.2d 679 (Mo. Ct. App. 1998), to be instructive regarding whether Coleman initiated the administrative proceeding in this case. In Davis, pursuant to Missouri state law, a superintendent of a public-school system suspended a teacher and filed education. charges against Id. at 683. that teacher to a board of Following a hearing, the board of education reinstated the teacher's employment. Id. The teacher subsequently sued, among others, two public-school employees, alleging malicious prosecution. Id. at 684. Before the superintendent filed charges against the teacher, the two school employees had interviewed students, had taken the students' statements, had given those statements to the superintendent, and had made superintendent. a recommendation to the Id. at 686-87. In Davis, the Missouri Court of Appeals discussed whether the two school-employee defendants 6 had initiated the 2070959 administrative proceeding against the teacher: "What constitutes initiation, institution or instigation of charges in an agency setting depends on how charges are brought to the agency for adjudication. ... ".... "... [W]hen an agency official has sole authority to initiate the action, persons who have provided information to that official are not held to have initiated or taken an 'active part' in initiating the action. The general rule is that an individual who merely provides facts concerning the conduct of another to an officer possessing the authority to issue charges is not liable for malicious prosecution. See e.g., Lindenman[ v. Umscheid, 255 Kan. 610, 633,] 875 P.2d [964,] 979 [(1994)]. In Lindenman the Kansas Supreme Court held that a county board of health employee who inspected a day care center and filed a report with the board did not initiate the board's ex parte suspension of the day care center's license and cannot be considered an 'active part' of the board's subsequent revocation action against the day care center. Id. The board filed the revocation action when the day care center refused to stipulate to the accuracy of the inspection report, a condition for lifting the suspension. Id. at 969. Likewise, in Werner v. Hearst Publications, Inc., 65 Cal. App. 2d 667, 151 P.2d 308, 312 (1944), individuals who sent a letter to an investigator for a state bar association complaining about an attorney did not institute the show cause proceeding against the attorney, where the local bar association committee made an independent investigation and one of its members signed the complaint initiating the proceeding. This holding was reaffirmed in Stanwyck v. Horne, 146 Cal. App. 3d 450, 194 Cal. Rptr. 228, 234 (1983)." 7 2070959 963 S.W.2d at 686. The court in Davis then concluded that the teacher had not established a malicious-prosecution claim against the two school employees because those employees had not instigated the proceedings against the teacher: "Under the above cases, [the two school employees'] actions in interviewing the students, taking their statements, passing on the statements to [the superintendent], and making a recommendation based thereon do not constitute instigation of the charges [against the teacher]. [The superintendent] was the only one who had legal authority to issue the charges [under state law]. ... Thus, as a matter of law, [the two school employees] could not have instigated the proceedings." 963 S.W.2d at 686-87. See also Vandall v. Trinity Hosps., 676 N.W.2d 88, 96 (N.D. 2004) (stating that a physician had failed to state a claim against a colleague for wrongful use of civil proceedings when, under North Dakota state law, an investigative panel, not a person making a report or complaint to the panel, is the entity that initiates administrative proceedings against a physician). In this case, the administrative proceeding regarding Haynes's dismissal was initiated pursuant to § 16-24-9, Ala. Code 1975, which provides, in pertinent part: "(a) An employment contract with a teacher on continuing service 8 2070959 status may be cancelled only in the following manner: The superintendent shall give written notice to the employing board and the teacher of the superintendent's intention to recommend a cancellation as provided in Section 16-24-8[, Ala. Code 1975]." The remainder of § 16-24-9 and § 16-24-10, Ala. Code establish 1975, the procedure concerning teacher dismissals after the superintendent initiates the dismissal proceeding. Haynes's complaint alleges the role that Coleman played in allegedly instigating the proceedings: "Coleman and others maliciously caused the prosecution, via administrative proceedings against [Haynes] by imparting false information to investigators, co-workers, and supervisors, knowing or having reasonable grounds to believe that the information imparted was false and that it would lead to administrative actions or proceedings being held against [Haynes]." Like the two school employees in Davis, Coleman allegedly provided information that later led to the superintendent's initiating the administrative proceeding against Haynes. Under § 16-24-9(a), as under Missouri law in Davis, the superintendent initiates proceedings to terminate a teacher's employment. 9 Because 2070959 Coleman did not initiate the administrative proceeding against Haynes, even if such a proceeding could support a maliciousprosecution action, Haynes's malicious-prosecution claim must fail. Accordingly, the trial court did not err in dismissing the malicious-prosecution claim against Coleman.2 Next, Haynes argues that the trial court erred in dismissing his abuse-of-process claim because, he says, that claim may be based on an administrative proceeding under the Teacher Tenure Act. that an We have found no Alabama case indicating abuse-of-process action administrative proceeding. may be premised on an Although no Alabama case has directly addressed whether an administrative proceeding may give rise to an abuse-of-process claim, we note that, in the context of an abuse-of-process claim, our supreme court has stated: "Legal process has been defined in Black's Law Dictionary (6th ed. 1990) as 'a summons, writ, warrant, mandate, or other process issuing from a court.'" 2 Preskitt The court in Davis declined to hold that a maliciousprosecution action in Missouri could be premised on an administrative proceeding because, even if that holding were adopted, the teacher in that case, like Haynes in this case, had failed to established the elements of a maliciousprosecution action. 10 2070959 v. Lyons, 865 So. 2d 424, 430 (Ala. 2003) (emphasis added). Haynes argues that Alabama should now recognize an abuse-ofprocess claim based on the "process" present in administrative proceedings. In making this argument, Haynes argues that the same reasons for permitting a malicious-prosecution claim to be based permitting on an an administrative abuse-of-process administrative proceeding. proceeding claim to be also based support on an See cases cited supra regarding jurisdictions permitting a malicious-prosecution claim to be based on an administrative proceeding. We decline to address whether an abuse-of-process claim may be founded on an administrative proceeding, because, even if we were to recognize such a claim, Haynes has failed to plead the necessary elements of his abuse-of-process claim. "The elements of the tort of abuse of process are 1) the existence of an ulterior purpose, 2) a wrongful process, and 3) malice." 2d 947, 950 (Ala. 1998). use of C.C. & J., Inc. v. Hagood, 711 So. "The tort of abuse of process differs from the tort of malicious prosecution; the tort of abuse of process is concerned with 'the wrongful use of process after it has been issued,' while the tort of malicious 11 2070959 prosecution process.'" is concerned with 'the wrongful issuance of Shoney's, Inc. v. Barnett, 773 So. 2d 1015, 1024 (Ala. Civ. App. 1999) (quoting Hagood, 711 So. 2d at 950). "'"[T]he [ulterior motive] must culminate in an actual abuse of the process by perverting it to a use to obtain a result which the process was not intended by law to effect...."' Dempsey v. Denman, 442 So. 2d 63, 65 (Ala. 1983) (quoting 72 C.J.S. Process § 120, pp. 1190-91 (1951)) (emphasis added). '"If the action is confined to its regular and legitimate function in relation to the cause of action stated in the complaint there is no abuse ...."' Dempsey, 442 So. 2d at 65 (quoting 1 Am. Jur. 2d Abuse of Process § 13 (1962)) (emphasis added)." Willis v. Parker, 814 So. 2d 857, 865 (Ala. 2001). Haynes's abuse-of-process claim alleged, in pertinent part: "Coleman ... maliciously abused legal process, causing [Haynes] to endure suspension of his employment and termination proceedings; to endure the stress of a hearing to reinstate his employment, and as a consequence thereof, [Haynes] has been caused to suffer damages in the form of substantial financial loss; metal anguish, and emotional distress and well as damage to his personal and professional reputation." The complaint contains no factual allegations regarding how Coleman abused superintendent, not the administrative Coleman, initiated process after the that process. A defendant cannot be held liable for abuse of process unless he 12 2070959 or she "somehow acted outside the boundaries of legitimate procedure after [the initiation of the proceeding]." 711 So. 2d at 951. Hagood, The complaint does not allege how Coleman "'"pervert[ed the process] to a use to obtain a result which the process was not intended by law to effect."'" Willis, 814 So. 2d at 865 (emphasis omitted). Therefore, Haynes has failed to allege an abuse-of-process claim upon which relief can be granted. Further, Haynes's abuse-of-process claim fails because Haynes has not alleged that Coleman possessed an ulterior purpose even if he did "use" the administrative process. "As our supreme court has explained, a defendant cannot be liable for the tort of abuse of process '"[i]f the action is confined to its regular and legitimate function in relation to the cause of action stated in the complaint."' Duncan [v. Kent], 370 So. 2d [288] at 290 [(Ala. 1979)] (quoting 1 Am. Jur. 2d Abuse of Process, § 13 (1962)). However, liability attaches '"if the suit is brought, not to recover on the cause of action stated in the complaint, but for a collateral purpose."' Id. For example, if a creditor, who was legally entitled to garnish a debtor's wages, garnished the debtor's exempt wages solely for the purpose of coercing the debtor to pay the entire debt, the creditor would be liable for abuse of process. See Dickerson v. Schwabacher, 177 Ala. 371, 376, 58 So. 986, 988 (1912) (giving this hypothetical in a discussion of the tort of abuse of process). 'Thus, if a defendant prosecutes an innocent plaintiff for a crime without reasonable grounds to believe him guilty, it is 13 2070959 malicious prosecution; if he prosecutes him with such grounds to extort payment of a debt, it is abuse of process.' William L. Prosser, Handbook of the Law of Torts, § 121, at 857 (4th ed. 1971)." Shoney's, Inc. v. Barnett, 773 So. 2d at 1025. Because Haynes has not alleged that Coleman acted with an ulterior purpose, Haynes's abuse-of-process claim fails for this additional reason. For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the trial court. AFFIRMED. Thompson, P.J., and Pittman, J., concur. Moore, J., concurs in the result in part and dissents in part, with writing, which Thomas, J., joins. 14 2070959 MOORE, Judge, concurring in the result in part and dissenting in part. I concur in the result with regard to the majority opinion's affirmance of the abuse-of-process claim. In Preskitt v. Lyons, 865 So. 2d 424 (Ala. 2003), our supreme court noted that "legal process" is defined as "'a summons, writ, warrant, mandate, or other process issuing from a court.'" 865 So. 2d at 430 (quoting Black's Law Dictionary (6th ed. 1990)) (emphasis added). In light of this language, I conclude that this court cannot expand an abuse-of-process claim to an administrative proceeding. See also Stolz v. Wong Commc'ns Ltd. P'ship, 25 Cal. App. 4th 1811, 1823, 31 Cal. Rptr. 2d 229, 236-37 (1994) ("We have located no authority extending the tort of abuse of process to administrative proceedings. Application of the tort to administrative proceedings would not serve the purpose of the tort, which is to preserve the integrity of the court."); Moore v. Western Forge Corp., 192 P.3d 427, 439 (Colo. Ct. App. 2007) ("The vast majority of jurisdictions decline to recognize abuse of process in nonjudicial proceedings.") (citing Stolz, supra; Kirchner v. Greene, 294 Ill. App. 3d 672, 229 Ill. Dec. 171, 691 N.E.2d 107 (1998); Gordon v. Community First State Bank, 15 2070959 255 Neb. 637, 651, 587 N.W.2d 343, 353 (1998); McCarthy v. KFC Corp., 607 F.Supp. 343 (W.D. Ky. 1985); Stagemeyer v. County of Dawson, 192 F.Supp.2d 998, 1010 (D. Neb. 2002); O'Hayre v. Board of Educ. of Jefferson County, 109 F.Supp.2d 1284, 129697 (D. Colo. 2000); and Char v. Matson Terminals, Inc., 817 F.Supp. 850, 858-59 (D. Haw. 1992)). I respectfully dissent, however, from the majority opinion's affirmance of the trial court's judgment dismissing Arthur Haynes's malicious-prosecution claim. Although, as noted by the main opinion, Alabama courts have not previously determined whether a malicious-prosecution claim may be based on an administrative proceeding, ___ So. 3d ___, I believe, based on the following analysis, that our supreme court would recognize the test set out in 3 Restatement (Second) of the Law of Torts § 680 (1977), which provides: "One who takes an active part in the initiation, continuation or procurement of civil proceedings against another before an administrative board that has power to take action adversely affecting the legally protected interests of the other, is subject to liability for any special harm caused thereby, if "(a) he acts without probable cause to believe that the charge or claim on which the proceedings are based may be well founded, and primarily for a purpose other than that of securing appropriate action by 16 2070959 the board, and "(b) except where they are ex parte, the proceedings have terminated in favor of the person against whom they are brought." Under current Alabama law, "[t]he elements of malicious prosecution are: (1) a judicial proceeding initiated by the defendant, (2) the lack of probable cause, (3) malice, (4) termination in favor of the plaintiff, and (5) damage." Cutts v. American United Life Ins. Co., 505 So. 2d 1211, 1214 (Ala. 1987). Many administrative proceedings bear all the hallmarks of a traditional judicial proceeding in which a person's legally-protected interest may be adversely affected only when such due-process requirements as notice and an opportunity to be heard, the right to procure evidence and cross-examine witnesses, and the right to appeal have been afforded to that person. Those proceedings so closely resemble judicial proceedings that they may be considered "quasi-judicial" in nature. See Hillside Assocs. v. Stravato, 642 A.2d 664 (R.I. 1994). In Melvin v. Pence, 130 F.2d 423, 426 (D.C. Cir. 1942), the leading case on the subject, the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia stated: 17 2070959 "Much of the jurisdiction formerly residing in the courts has been transferred to administrative tribunals, and much new jurisdiction involving private rights and penal consequences has been vested in them. In a broad sense their creation involves the emergence of a new system of courts, not less significant than the evolution of chancery. The same harmful consequences may flow from the groundless and malicious institution of proceedings in them as does from judicial proceedings similarly begun. When one's livelihood depends upon a public license, it makes little difference to him whether it is taken away by a court or by an administrative body or official. Nor should his right to redress the injury depend upon the technical form of the proceeding by which it is inflicted. The administrative process is also a legal process, and its abuse in the same way with the same injury should receive the same penalty." I agree with the foregoing language to the extent that it holds that alleging malicious-prosecution malicious claims instigation of encompass claims quasi-judicial administrative proceedings designed to terminate a person's legally protected interest. As many other jurisdictions have already recognized, extending the cause of action to such administrative proceedings only recognizes and protects their intended quasi-judicial nature without unduly enlarging the scope of the tort remedy. See Stravato, supra. Pursuant to Ala. Code 1975, § 16-24-1 et seq. ("the Teacher Tenure Act"), a teacher in "continuing service" has a 18 2070959 legally protected interest in continued employment. Ala. Code 1975, § 16-24-2. Alabama Code 1975, § 16-24-9, affords notice and an opportunity to be heard to tenured teachers before their employment contracts may be canceled. Further, Ala. Code 1975, 16-24-10, allows the teacher to request a posttermination hearing before a hearing officer. The hearing officer must, upon the request of the teacher, issue subpoenas for witnesses and documentary evidence. Ala. Code 1975, § 1624-10(a). After the hearing, the hearing officer must render a written decision. Id. The teacher may request a review of the hearing officer's decision by the Court of Civil Appeals. Ala. Code 1975, § 16-24-10(b). The administrative proceedings provided for in §§ 16-24-9 and 16-24-10 undoubtedly are quasijudicial in nature. Any malicious instigation of administrative proceedings to procure the cancellation of a tenured teacher's employment contract without good cause should be actionable. The main opinion does not appear to disagree with that conclusion, but it decides that the trial court properly dismissed Haynes's defendant below, complaint did not because "initiate" 19 Ron the Coleman, the administrative 2070959 proceeding against Haynes. ___ So. 3d at ___. Our supreme court has held: "If a defendant merely gives the district attorney's office information regarding an alleged crime, leaving the decision to prosecute entirely to the uncontrolled discretion of the district attorney, who thereafter makes his own independent investigation and thereupon takes the information before the grand jury which returns indictments against the suspects, the defendant, in a malicious prosecution action, is not regarded as having instigated the criminal proceeding." Alabama Power Co. v. Neighbors, 402 So. 2d 958, 962 (Ala. 1981). However, "if one 'corruptly or oppressively brings about the indictment or prosecution of another maliciously and without probable cause ... by [method of] fraud, perjury, subornation, or by the willful suppression of known material facts, the intentional thwarting of a fair investigation,' [Alabama Power Co. v. Neighbors, 402 So. 2d 958, 965 (Ala. 1981)], [he proceeding or] she against the is the initiator malicious of the prosecution judicial plaintiff." Shoney's, Inc. v. Barnett, 773 So. 2d 1015, 1023 (Ala. Civ. App. 1999). Thus, although the district attorney ultimately must make the decision to prosecute in a criminal case, a person who gives false information to the police or to the district attorney that results in a prosecution could be 20 2070959 deemed the initiator of the judicial proceeding. It follows concerning the that, in dismissal an of administrative a teacher, Id. proceeding although the superintendent ultimately must make the decision to recommend to the local school board that a teacher's employment contract be canceled, § 16-24-9, if a person gives false information that brings about that recommendation, that person may be deemed the initiator of the administrative proceeding. In support of his malicious-prosecution claim, Haynes alleged that Coleman had "impart[ed] false information to investigators, co-workers, and supervisors, knowing or having reasonable grounds to believe that the information imparted was false." I believe that those allegations, if true, are sufficient to state that Coleman initiated the administrative proceeding against Haynes and that he did so with malice and without probable cause. In his complaint, Haynes further alleged that the hearing officer ultimately issued administrative proceeding. a ruling in his favor in the Construing that allegation most strongly in Haynes's favor, see Liberty Nat'l Life Ins. Co. v. University of Alabama Health Servs. Found., P.C., 881 So. 2d 21 2070959 1013, 1017 (Ala. 2003) (quoting Lyons v. River Road Constr., Inc., 858 So. 2d 257, 260 (Ala. 2003)), I conclude that Haynes appropriately alleged that the administrative proceeding was terminated in his favor, one of the essential elements of a malicious-prosecution claim. Haynes also alleges that, as a result of the prosecution of the administrative proceeding against him, he suffered "shame, humiliation, mental distress, and injury and damage to his reputation in the community." Those allegations satisfy the final element of a maliciousprosecution claim under Alabama law. court erred in dismissing that I believe the trial count of containing the malicious-prosecution claim. respectfully dissent. Thomas, J., concurs. 22 the complaint Therefore, I

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