US Laws, Codes, Statutes & Cases

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[Laws in effect as of January 24, 2002]
[Document not affected by Public Laws enacted between
  January 24, 2002 and December 19, 2002]
[CITE: 42USC7401]

 
                 TITLE 42--THE PUBLIC HEALTH AND WELFARE
 
            CHAPTER 85--AIR POLLUTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL
 
                  SUBCHAPTER I--PROGRAMS AND ACTIVITIES
 
              Part A--Air Quality and Emission Limitations
 
Sec. 7401. Congressional findings and declaration of purpose


(a) Findings

    The Congress finds--
        (1) that the predominant part of the Nation's population is 
    located in its rapidly expanding metropolitan and other urban areas, 
    which generally cross the boundary lines of local jurisdictions and 
    often extend into two or more States;
        (2) that the growth in the amount and complexity of air 
    pollution brought about by urbanization, industrial development, and 
    the increasing use of motor vehicles, has resulted in mounting 
    dangers to the public health and welfare, including injury to 
    agricultural crops and livestock, damage to and the deterioration of 
    property, and hazards to air and ground transportation;
        (3) that air pollution prevention (that is, the reduction or 
    elimination, through any measures, of the amount of pollutants 
    produced or created at the source) and air pollution control at its 
    source is the primary responsibility of States and local 
    governments; and
        (4) that Federal financial assistance and leadership is 
    essential for the development of cooperative Federal, State, 
    regional, and local programs to prevent and control air pollution.

(b) Declaration

    The purposes of this subchapter are--
        (1) to protect and enhance the quality of the Nation's air 
    resources so as to promote the public health and welfare and the 
    productive capacity of its population;
        (2) to initiate and accelerate a national research and 
    development program to achieve the prevention and control of air 
    pollution;
        (3) to provide technical and financial assistance to State and 
    local governments in connection with the development and execution 
    of their air pollution prevention and control programs; and
        (4) to encourage and assist the development and operation of 
    regional air pollution prevention and control programs.

(c) Pollution prevention

    A primary goal of this chapter is to encourage or otherwise promote 
reasonable Federal, State, and local governmental actions, consistent 
with the provisions of this chapter, for pollution prevention.

(July 14, 1955, ch. 360, title I, Sec. 101, formerly Sec. 1, as added 
Pub. L. 88-206, Sec. 1, Dec. 17, 1963, 77 Stat. 392; renumbered Sec. 101 
and amended Pub. L. 89-272, title I, Sec. 101(2), (3), Oct. 20, 1965, 79 
Stat. 992; Pub. L. 90-148, Sec. 2, Nov. 21, 1967, 81 Stat. 485; Pub. L. 
101-549, title I, Sec. 108(k), Nov. 15, 1990, 104 Stat. 2468.)

                          Codification

    Section was formerly classified to section 1857 of this title.


                            Prior Provisions

    Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in a 
prior section 1857 of this title, act of July 14, 1955, ch. 360, Sec. 1, 
69 Stat. 322, prior to the general amendment of this chapter by Pub. L. 
88-206.


                               Amendments

    1990--Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 101-549, Sec. 108(k)(1), amended par. 
(3) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (3) read as follows: ``that the 
prevention and control of air pollution at its source is the primary 
responsibility of States and local governments; and''.
    Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 101-549, Sec. 108(k)(2), inserted 
``prevention and'' after ``pollution''.
    Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 101-549, Sec. 108(k)(3), added subsec. (c).
    1967--Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 90-148 inserted ``and enhance the 
quality of'' after ``to protect''.
    1965--Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 89-272 substituted ``this title'' for 
``this Act'', which for purposes of codification has been changed to 
``this subchapter''.


                    Effective Date of 1990 Amendment

    Section 711(b) of Pub. L. 101-549 provided that:
    ``(1) Except as otherwise expressly provided, the amendments made by 
this Act [see Tables for classification] shall be effective on the date 
of enactment of this Act [Nov. 15, 1990].
    ``(2) The Administrator's authority to assess civil penalties under 
section 205(c) of the Clean Air Act [42 U.S.C. 7524(c)], as amended by 
this Act, shall apply to violations that occur or continue on or after 
the date of enactment of this Act. Civil penalties for violations that 
occur prior to such date and do not continue after such date shall be 
assessed in accordance with the provisions of the Clean Air Act [42 
U.S.C. 7401 et seq.] in effect immediately prior to the date of 
enactment of this Act.
    ``(3) The civil penalties prescribed under sections 205(a) and 
211(d)(1) of the Clean Air Act [42 U.S.C. 7524(a), 7545(d)(1)], as 
amended by this Act, shall apply to violations that occur on or after 
the date of enactment of this Act. Violations that occur prior to such 
date shall be subject to the civil penalty provisions prescribed in 
sections 205(a) and 211(d) of the Clean Air Act in effect immediately 
prior to the enactment of this Act. The injunctive authority prescribed 
under section 211(d)(2) of the Clean Air Act, as amended by this Act, 
shall apply to violations that occur or continue on or after the date of 
enactment of this Act.
    ``(4) For purposes of paragraphs (2) and (3), where the date of a 
violation cannot be determined it will be assumed to be the date on 
which the violation is discovered.''


   Effective Date of 1977 Amendment; Pending Actions; Continuation of 
      Rules, Contracts, Authorizations, Etc.; Implementation Plans

    Section 406 of Pub. L. 95-95, as amended by Pub. L. 95-190, 
Sec. 14(b)(6), Nov. 16, 1977, 91 Stat. 1405, provided that:
    ``(a) No suit, action, or other proceeding lawfully commenced by or 
against the Administrator or any other officer or employee of the United 
States in his official capacity or in relation to the discharge of his 
official duties under the Clean Air Act [this chapter], as in effect 
immediately prior to the date of enactment of this Act [Aug. 7, 1977] 
shall abate by reason of the taking effect of the amendments made by 
this Act [see Short Title of 1977 Amendment note below]. The court may, 
on its own motion or that of any party made at any time within twelve 
months after such taking effect, allow the same to be maintained by or 
against the Administrator or such officer or employee.
    ``(b) All rules, regulations, orders, determinations, contracts, 
certifications, authorizations, delegations, or other actions duly 
issued, made, or taken by or pursuant to the Clean Air Act [this 
chapter], as in effect immediately prior to the date of enactment of 
this Act [Aug. 7, 1977], and pertaining to any functions, powers, 
requirements, and duties under the Clean Air Act, as in effect 
immediately prior to the date of enactment of this Act, and not 
suspended by the Administrator or the courts, shall continue in full 
force and effect after the date of enactment of this Act until modified 
or rescinded in accordance with the Clean Air Act as amended by this Act 
[see Short Title of 1977 Amendment note below].
    ``(c) Nothing in this Act [see Short Title of 1977 Amendment note 
below] nor any action taken pursuant to this Act shall in any way affect 
any requirement of an approved implementation plan in effect under 
section 110 of the Clean Air Act [section 7410 of this title] or any 
other provision of the Act in effect under the Clean Air Act before the 
date of enactment of this section [Aug. 7, 1977] until modified or 
rescinded in accordance with the Clean Air Act [this chapter] as amended 
by this Act [see Short Title of 1977 Amendment note below].
    ``(d)(1) Except as otherwise expressly provided, the amendments made 
by this Act [see Short Title of 1977 Amendment note below] shall be 
effective on date of enactment [Aug. 7, 1977].
    ``(2) Except as otherwise expressly provided, each State required to 
revise its applicable implementation plan by reason of any amendment 
made by this Act [see Short Title of 1977 Amendment note below] shall 
adopt and submit to the Administrator of the Environmental Protection 
Administration such plan revision before the later of the date--
        ``(A) one year after the date of enactment of this Act [Aug. 7, 
    1977], or
        ``(B) nine months after the date of promulgation by the 
    Administrator of the Environmental Protection Administration of any 
    regulations under an amendment made by this Act which are necessary 
    for the approval of such plan revision.''


                      Short Title of 1999 Amendment

    Pub. L. 106-40, Sec. 1, Aug. 5, 1999, 113 Stat. 207, provided that: 
``This Act [amending section 7412 of this title and enacting provisions 
set out as notes under section 7412 of this title] may be cited as the 
`Chemical Safety Information, Site Security and Fuels Regulatory Relief 
Act'.''


                      Short Title of 1998 Amendment

    Pub. L. 105-286, Sec. 1, Oct. 27, 1998, 112 Stat. 2773, provided 
that: ``This Act [amending section 7511b of this title and enacting 
provisions set out as a note under section 7511b of this title] may be 
cited as the `Border Smog Reduction Act of 1998'.''


                      Short Title of 1990 Amendment

    Pub. L. 101-549, Nov. 15, 1990, 104 Stat. 2399, is popularly known 
as the ``Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990''. See Tables for 
classification.


                      Short Title of 1981 Amendment

    Pub. L. 97-23, Sec. 1, July 17, 1981, 95 Stat. 139, provided: ``That 
this Act [amending sections 7410 and 7413 of this title] may be cited as 
the `Steel Industry Compliance Extension Act of 1981'.''


                      Short Title of 1977 Amendment

    Pub. L. 95-95, Sec. 1, Aug. 7, 1977, 91 Stat. 685, provided that: 
``This Act [enacting sections 4362, 7419 to 7428, 7450 to 7459, 7470 to 
7479, 7491, 7501 to 7508, 7548, 7549, 7551, 7617 to 7625, and 7626 of 
this title, amending sections 7403, 7405, 7407 to 7415, 7417, 7418, 7521 
to 7525, 7541, 7543, 7544, 7545, 7550, 7571, 7601 to 7605, 7607, 7612, 
7613, and 7616 of this title, repealing section 1857c-10 of this title, 
and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section, sections 
7403, 7422, 7470, 7479, 7502, 7521, 7548, and 7621 of this title, and 
section 792 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade] may be cited as the `Clean 
Air Act Amendments of 1977'.''


                      Short Title of 1970 Amendment

    Pub. L. 91-604, Sec. 1, Dec. 31, 1970, 84 Stat. 1676, provided: 
``That this Act [amending this chapter generally] may be cited as the 
`Clean Air Amendments of 1970'.''


                      Short Title of 1967 Amendment

    Section 1 of Pub. L. 90-148 provided: ``That this Act [amending this 
chapter generally] may be cited as the `Air Quality Act of 1967'.''


                      Short Title of 1966 Amendment

    Pub. L. 89-675, Sec. 1, Oct. 15, 1966, 80 Stat. 954, provided: 
``That this Act [amending sections 7405 and 7616 of this title and 
repealing section 1857f-8 of this title] may be cited as the `Clean Air 
Act Amendments of 1966'.''


                               Short Title

    Section 317, formerly section 14, of act July 14, 1955, as added by 
section 1 of Pub. L. 88-206, renumbered section 307 by section 101(4) of 
Pub. L. 89-272, renumbered section 310 by section 2 of Pub. L. 90-148, 
and renumbered section 317 by Pub. L. 91-604, Sec. 12(a), Dec. 31, 1970, 
84 Stat. 1705, provided that: ``This Act [enacting this chapter] may be 
cited as the `Clean Air Act'.''
    Section 201 of title II of act July 14, 1955, as added by Pub. L. 
89-272, title I, Sec. 101(8), Oct. 20, 1965, 79 Stat. 992, and amended 
by Pub. L. 90-148, Sec. 2, Nov. 21, 1967, 81 Stat. 499, provided that: 
``This title [enacting subchapter II of this chapter] may be cited as 
the `National Emission Standards Act'.'' Prior to its amendment by Pub. 
L. 90-148, title II of act June 14, 1955, was known as the ``Motor 
Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act''.
    Section 401 of title IV of act July 14, 1955, as added Dec. 31, 
1970, Pub. L. 91-604, Sec. 14, 84 Stat. 1709, provided that: ``This 
title [enacting subchapter IV of this chapter] may be cited as the 
`Noise Pollution and Abatement Act of 1970'.''


                            Savings Provision

    Section 711(a) of Pub. L. 101-549 provided that: ``Except as 
otherwise expressly provided in this Act [see Tables for 
classification], no suit, action, or other proceeding lawfully commenced 
by the Administrator or any other officer or employee of the United 
States in his official capacity or in relation to the discharge of his 
official duties under the Clean Air Act [42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.], as in 
effect immediately prior to the date of enactment of this Act [Nov. 15, 
1990], shall abate by reason of the taking effect of the amendments made 
by this Act.''

                          Transfer of Functions

    Reorg. Plan No. 3 of 1970, Sec. 2(a)(3), eff. Dec. 2, 1970, 35 F.R. 
15623, 84 Stat. 2086, transferred to Administrator of Environmental 
Protection Agency functions vested by law in Secretary of Health, 
Education, and Welfare or in Department of Health, Education, and 
Welfare which are administered through Environmental Health Service, 
including functions exercised by National Air Pollution Control 
Administration, and Environmental Control Administration's Bureau of 
Solid Waste Management, Bureau of Water Hygiene, and Bureau of 
Radiological Health, except insofar as functions carried out by Bureau 
of Radiological Health pertain to regulation of radiation from consumer 
products, including electronic product radiation, radiation as used in 
healing arts, occupational exposure to radiation, and research, 
technical assistance, and training related to radiation from consumer 
products, radiation as used in healing arts, and occupational exposure 
to radiation.


                       Impact on Small Communities

    Section 810 of Pub. L. 101-549 provided that: ``Before implementing 
a provision of this Act [see Tables for classification], the 
Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency shall consult with 
the Small Communities Coordinator of the Environmental Protection Agency 
to determine the impact of such provision on small communities, 
including the estimated cost of compliance with such provision.''


                     Radon Assessment and Mitigation

    Pub. L. 99-499, title I, Sec. 118(k), Oct. 17, 1986, 100 Stat. 1659, 
as amended by Pub. L. 105-362, title V, Sec. 501(i), Nov. 10, 1998, 112 
Stat. 3284, provided that:
    ``(1) National assessment of radon gas.--No later than one year 
after the enactment of this Act [Oct. 17, 1986], the Administrator shall 
submit to the Congress a report which shall, to the extent possible--
        ``(A) identify the locations in the United States where radon is 
    found in structures where people normally live or work, including 
    educational institutions;
        ``(B) assess the levels of radon gas that are present in such 
    structures;
        ``(C) determine the level of radon gas and radon daughters which 
    poses a threat to human health and assess for each location 
    identified under subparagraph (A) the extent of the threat to human 
    health;
        ``(D) determine methods of reducing or eliminating the threat to 
    human health of radon gas and radon daughters; and
        ``(E) include guidance and public information materials based on 
    the findings or research of mitigating radon.
    ``(2) Radon mitigation demonstration program.--
        ``(A) Demonstration program.--The Administrator shall conduct a 
    demonstration program to test methods and technologies of reducing 
    or eliminating radon gas and radon daughters where it poses a threat 
    to human health. The Administrator shall take into consideration any 
    demonstration program underway in the Reading Prong of Pennsylvania, 
    New Jersey, and New York and at other sites prior to enactment. The 
    demonstration program under this section shall be conducted in the 
    Reading Prong, and at such other sites as the Administrator 
    considers appropriate.
        ``(B) Liability.--Liability, if any, for persons undertaking 
    activities pursuant to the radon mitigation demonstration program 
    authorized under this subsection shall be determined under 
    principles of existing law.
    ``(3) Construction of section.--Nothing in this subsection shall be 
construed to authorize the Administrator to carry out any regulatory 
program or any activity other than research, development, and related 
reporting, information dissemination, and coordination activities 
specified in this subsection. Nothing in paragraph (1) or (2) shall be 
construed to limit the authority of the Administrator or of any other 
agency or instrumentality of the United States under any other authority 
of law.''


                        Spill Control Technology

    Pub. L. 99-499, title I, Sec. 118(n), Oct. 17, 1986, 100 Stat. 1660, 
provided that:
    ``(1) Establishment of program.--Within 180 days of enactment of 
this subsection [Oct. 17, 1986], the Secretary of the United States 
Department of Energy is directed to carry out a program of testing and 
evaluation of technologies which may be utilized in responding to 
liquefied gaseous and other hazardous substance spills at the Liquefied 
Gaseous Fuels Spill Test Facility that threaten public health or the 
environment.
    ``(2) Technology transfer.--In carrying out the program established 
under this subsection, the Secretary shall conduct a technology transfer 
program that, at a minimum--
        ``(A) documents and archives spill control technology;
        ``(B) investigates and analyzes significant hazardous spill 
    incidents;
        ``(C) develops and provides generic emergency action plans;
        ``(D) documents and archives spill test results;
        ``(E) develops emergency action plans to respond to spills;
        ``(F) conducts training of spill response personnel; and
        ``(G) establishes safety standards for personnel engaged in 
    spill response activities.
    ``(3) Contracts and grants.--The Secretary is directed to enter into 
contracts and grants with a nonprofit organization in Albany County, 
Wyoming, that is capable of providing the necessary technical support 
and which is involved in environmental activities related to such 
hazardous substance related emergencies.
    ``(4) Use of site.--The Secretary shall arrange for the use of the 
Liquefied Gaseous Fuels Spill Test Facility to carry out the provisions 
of this subsection.''


                Radon Gas and Indoor Air Quality Research

    Pub. L. 99-499, title IV, Oct. 17, 1986, 100 Stat. 1758, provided 
that:
``SEC. 401. SHORT TITLE.
    ``This title may be cited as the `Radon Gas and Indoor Air Quality 
Research Act of 1986'.
``SEC. 402. FINDINGS.
    ``The Congress finds that:
        ``(1) High levels of radon gas pose a serious health threat in 
    structures in certain areas of the country.
        ``(2) Various scientific studies have suggested that exposure to 
    radon, including exposure to naturally occurring radon and indoor 
    air pollutants, poses a public health risk.
        ``(3) Existing Federal radon and indoor air pollutant research 
    programs are fragmented and underfunded.
        ``(4) An adequate information base concerning exposure to radon 
    and indoor air pollutants should be developed by the appropriate 
    Federal agencies.
``SEC. 403. RADON GAS AND INDOOR AIR QUALITY RESEARCH PROGRAM.
    ``(a) Design of Program.--The Administrator of the Environmental 
Protection Agency shall establish a research program with respect to 
radon gas and indoor air quality. Such program shall be designed to--
        ``(1) gather data and information on all aspects of indoor air 
    quality in order to contribute to the understanding of health 
    problems associated with the existence of air pollutants in the 
    indoor environment;
        ``(2) coordinate Federal, State, local, and private research and 
    development efforts relating to the improvement of indoor air 
    quality; and
        ``(3) assess appropriate Federal Government actions to mitigate 
    the environmental and health risks associated with indoor air 
    quality problems.
    ``(b) Program Requirements.--The research program required under 
this section shall include--
        ``(1) research and development concerning the identification, 
    characterization, and monitoring of the sources and levels of indoor 
    air pollution, including radon, which includes research and 
    development relating to--
            ``(A) the measurement of various pollutant concentrations 
        and their strengths and sources,
            ``(B) high-risk building types, and
            ``(C) instruments for indoor air quality data collection;
        ``(2) research relating to the effects of indoor air pollution 
    and radon on human health;
        ``(3) research and development relating to control technologies 
    or other mitigation measures to prevent or abate indoor air 
    pollution (including the development, evaluation, and testing of 
    individual and generic control devices and systems);
        ``(4) demonstration of methods for reducing or eliminating 
    indoor air pollution and radon, including sealing, venting, and 
    other methods that the Administrator determines may be effective;
        ``(5) research, to be carried out in conjunction with the 
    Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, for the purpose of 
    developing--
            ``(A) methods for assessing the potential for radon 
        contamination of new construction, including (but not limited 
        to) consideration of the moisture content of soil, porosity of 
        soil, and radon content of soil; and
            ``(B) design measures to avoid indoor air pollution; and
        ``(6) the dissemination of information to assure the public 
    availability of the findings of the activities under this section.
    ``(c) Advisory Committees.--The Administrator shall establish a 
committee comprised of individuals representing Federal agencies 
concerned with various aspects of indoor air quality and an advisory 
group comprised of individuals representing the States, the scientific 
community, industry, and public interest organizations to assist him in 
carrying out the research program for radon gas and indoor air quality.
    ``(d) Implementation Plan.--Not later than 90 days after the 
enactment of this Act [Oct. 17, 1986], the Administrator shall submit to 
the Congress a plan for implementation of the research program under 
this section. Such plan shall also be submitted to the EPA Science 
Advisory Board, which shall, within a reasonable period of time, submit 
its comments on such plan to Congress.
    ``(e) Report.--Not later than 2 years after the enactment of this 
Act [Oct. 17, 1986], the Administrator shall submit to Congress a report 
respecting his activities under this section and making such 
recommendations as appropriate.
``SEC. 404. CONSTRUCTION OF TITLE.
    ``Nothing in this title shall be construed to authorize the 
Administrator to carry out any regulatory program or any activity other 
than research, development, and related reporting, information 
dissemination, and coordination activities specified in this title. 
Nothing in this title shall be construed to limit the authority of the 
Administrator or of any other agency or instrumentality of the United 
States under any other authority of law.
``SEC. 405. AUTHORIZATIONS.
    ``There are authorized to be appropriated to carry out the 
activities under this title and under section 118(k) of the Superfund 
Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (relating to radon gas 
assessment and demonstration program) [section 118(k) of Pub. L. 99-499, 
set out as a note above] not to exceed $5,000,000 for each of the fiscal 
years 1987, 1988, and 1989. Of such sums appropriated in fiscal years 
1987 and 1988, two-fifths shall be reserved for the implementation of 
section 118(k)(2).''


                  Study of Odors and Odorous Emissions

    Pub. L. 95-95, title IV, Sec. 403(b), Aug. 7, 1977, 91 Stat. 792, 
directed Administrator of Environmental Protection Agency to conduct a 
study and report to Congress not later than Jan. 1, 1979, on effects on 
public health and welfare of odors and odorous emissions, source of such 
emissions, technology or other measures available for control of such 
emissions and costs of such technology or measures, and costs and 
benefits of alternative measures or strategies to abate such emissions.


  List of Chemical Contaminants From Environmental Pollution Found in 
                              Human Tissue

    Pub. L. 95-95, title IV, Sec. 403(c), Aug. 7, 1977, 91 Stat. 792, 
directed Administrator of EPA, not later than twelve months after Aug. 
7, 1977, to publish throughout the United States a list of all known 
chemical contaminants resulting from environmental pollution which have 
been found in human tissue including blood, urine, breast milk, and all 
other human tissue, such list to be prepared for the United States and 
to indicate approximate number of cases, range of levels found, and mean 
levels found, directed Administrator, not later than eighteen months 
after Aug. 7, 1977, to publish in same manner an explanation of what is 
known about the manner in which chemicals entered the environment and 
thereafter human tissue, and directed Administrator, in consultation 
with National Institutes of Health, the National Center for Health 
Statistics, and the National Center for Health Services Research and 
Development, to, if feasible, conduct an epidemiological study to 
demonstrate the relationship between levels of chemicals in the 
environment and in human tissue, such study to be made in appropriate 
regions or areas of the United States in order to determine any 
different results in such regions or areas, and the results of such 
study to be reported, as soon as practicable, to appropriate committee 
of Congress.


                      Study on Regional Air Quality

    Pub. L. 95-95, title IV, Sec. 403(d), Aug. 7, 1977, 91 Stat. 793, 
directed Administrator of EPA to conduct a study of air quality in 
various areas throughout the country including the gulf coast region, 
such study to include analysis of liquid and solid aerosols and other 
fine particulate matter and contribution of such substances to 
visibility and public health problems in such areas, with Administrator 
to use environmental health experts from the National Institutes of 
Health and other outside agencies and organizations.


                         Railroad Emission Study

    Pub. L. 95-95, title IV, Sec. 404, Aug. 7, 1977, 91 Stat. 793, as 
amended by H. Res. 549, Mar. 25, 1980, directed Administrator of EPA to 
conduct a study and investigation of emissions of air pollutants from 
railroad locomotives, locomotive engines, and secondary power sources on 
railroad rolling stock, in order to determine extent to which such 
emissions affect air quality in air quality control regions throughout 
the United States, technological feasibility and current state of 
technology for controlling such emissions, and status and effect of 
current and proposed State and local regulations affecting such 
emissions, and within one hundred and eighty days after commencing such 
study and investigation, Administrator to submit a report of such study 
and investigation, together with recommendations for appropriate 
legislation, to Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works and 
House Committee on Energy and Commerce.


   Study and Report Concerning Economic Approaches to Controlling Air 
                                Pollution

    Pub. L. 95-95, title IV, Sec. 405, Aug. 7, 1977, 91 Stat. 794, 
directed Administrator, in conjunction with Council of Economic 
Advisors, to undertake a study and assessment of economic measures for 
control of air pollution which could strengthen effectiveness of 
existing methods of controlling air pollution, provide incentives to 
abate air pollution greater than that required by Clean Air Act, and 
serve as primary incentive for controlling air pollution problems not 
addressed by Clean Air Act, and directed that not later than 2 years 
after Aug. 7, 1977, Administrator and Council conclude study and submit 
a report to President and Congress.


              National Industrial Pollution Control Council

    For provisions relating to establishment of National Industrial 
Pollution Control Council, see Ex. Ord. No. 11523, Apr. 9, 1970, 35 F.R. 
5993, set out as a note under section 4321 of this title.


           Federal Compliance With Pollution Control Standards

    For provisions relating to responsibility of head of each Executive 
agency for compliance with applicable pollution control standards, see 
Ex. Ord. No. 12088, Oct. 13, 1978, 43 F.R. 47707, set out as a note 
under section 4321 of this title.

                        Executive Order No. 10779

    Ex. Ord. No. 10779, Aug. 21, 1958, 23 F.R. 6487, which related to 
cooperation of Federal agencies with State and local authorities, was 
superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 11282, May 26, 1966, 31 F.R. 7663, formerly 
set out under section 7418 of this title.

                        Executive Order No. 11507

    Ex. Ord. No. 11507, Feb. 4, 1970, 35 F.R. 2573, which provided for 
prevention, control, and abatement of air pollution at Federal 
facilities, was superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 11752, Dec. 17, 1973, 38 F.R. 
34793, formerly set out as a note under section 4331 of this title.

                  Section Referred to in Other Sections

    This section is referred to in sections 7471, 7476 of this title.