§ 2151. — Congressional findings and declaration of policy.
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From the U.S. Code Online via GPO Access
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[Laws in effect as of January 24, 2002]
[Document not affected by Public Laws enacted between
January 24, 2002 and December 19, 2002]
[CITE: 22USC2151]
TITLE 22--FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
CHAPTER 32--FOREIGN ASSISTANCE
SUBCHAPTER I--INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Part I--Declaration of Policy; Development Assistance Authorizations
Sec. 2151. Congressional findings and declaration of policy
(a) United States development cooperation policy
The Congress finds that fundamental political, economic, and
technological changes have resulted in the interdependence of nations.
The Congress declares that the individual liberties, economic
prosperity, and security of the people of the United States are best
sustained and enhanced in a community of nations which respect
individual civil and economic rights and freedoms and which work
together to use wisely the world's limited resources in an open and
equitable international economic system. Furthermore, the Congress
reaffirms the traditional humanitarian ideals of the American people and
renews its commitment to assist people in developing countries to
eliminate hunger, poverty, illness, and ignorance.
Therefore, the Congress declares that a principal objective of the
foreign policy of the United States is the encouragement and sustained
support of the people of developing countries in their efforts to
acquire the knowledge and resources essential to development and to
build the economic, political, and social institutions which will
improve the quality of their lives.
United States development cooperation policy should emphasize five
principal goals:
(1) the alleviation of the worst physical manifestations of
poverty among the world's poor majority;
(2) the promotion of conditions enabling developing countries to
achieve self-sustaining economic growth with equitable distribution
of benefits;
(3) the encouragement of development processes in which
individual civil and economic rights are respected and enhanced;
(4) the integration of the developing countries into an open and
equitable international economic system; and
(5) the promotion of good governance through combating
corruption and improving transparency and accountability.
The Congress declares that pursuit of these goals requires that
development concerns be fully reflected in United States foreign policy
and that United States development resources be effectively and
efficiently utilized.
(b) Coordination of development-related activities
Under the policy guidance of the Secretary of State, the agency
primarily responsible for administering subchapter I of this chapter
should have the responsibility for coordinating all United States
development-related activities.
(Pub. L. 87-195, pt. I, Sec. 101, formerly Sec. 102, Sept. 4, 1961, 75
Stat. 424; Pub. L. 87-565, pt. I, Sec. 101, Aug. 1, 1962, 76 Stat. 255;
Pub. L. 88-205, pt. I, Sec. 101(c), Dec. 16, 1963, 77 Stat. 379; Pub. L.
89-171, pt. I, Sec. 101, Sept. 6, 1965, 79 Stat. 653; Pub. L. 89-583,
pt. I, Sec. 101, Sept. 19, 1966, 80 Stat. 796; Pub. L. 90-137, pt. I,
Sec. 101, Nov. 14, 1967, 81 Stat. 445; Pub. L. 93-189, Sec. 2(2), Dec.
17, 1973, 87 Stat. 714; Pub. L. 94-161, title III, Sec. 301, Dec. 20,
1975, 89 Stat. 855; Pub. L. 95-88, title I, Secs. 101, 113(b), Aug. 3,
1977, 91 Stat. 533, 538; renumbered and amended Pub. L. 95-424, title I,
Sec. 101, Oct. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 937; Pub. L. 106-309, title II,
Sec. 203(a), Oct. 17, 2000, 114 Stat. 1091.)
References to Subchapter I Deemed To Include Certain Parts of Subchapter
II
References to subchapter I of this chapter are deemed to include
parts IV (Sec. 2346 et seq.), VI (Sec. 2348 et seq.), and VIII
(Sec. 2349aa et seq.) of subchapter II of this chapter, and references
to subchapter II are deemed to exclude such parts. See section 202(b) of
Pub. L. 92-226, set out as a note under section 2346 of this title, and
sections 2348c and 2349aa-5 of this title.
Amendments
2000--Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 106-309 substituted ``five principal
goals'' for ``four principal goals'' in introductory provisions of third
paragraph and added par. (5).
1978--Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 95-424, in setting forth a new
declaration of policy generally substituted four principal goals of
development cooperation policy, they being (1) the alleviation of the
worst manifestations of poverty, (2) self-sustained economic growth, (3)
respect for civil and economic rights, and (4) the integration of the
developing countries into an open and equitable economic system, for
former seven pars. relating to: (1) primary responsibility for
development being in the less developed countries themselves; (2) the
active involvement of many countries; (3) the encouragement of regional
cooperation; (5) assistance being of such nature as to help United
States balance of payments; (6) furnishing of assistance in such manner
as to promote efficiency, and (7) the furnishing of agricultural
commodities, etc., to complement assistance under this subchapter.
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 95-424 substituted provisions relating to the
responsibility of the agency primarily responsible for administering the
program for coordination of all development related activities, for
former seven criteria for restructuring relationships with less
developed countries, those criteria being: (1) sharing of technical
expertise; (2) focusing on critical problems affecting the majority of
the people; (3) use of the private sector; (4) development goals as the
responsibility of each sovereign nation; (5) priority to undertakings
directly improving the lives of the poorest people; (6) private
investment in development programs; and (7) responsibility for
coordination of activities with the agency having primary responsibility
for administering this part.
Subsecs. (c) to (e). Pub. L. 95-424 struck out subsecs. (c) to (e).
1977--Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 95-88, Sec. 113(b)(1), inserted
``environment and natural resources'' to enumeration of fundamental
needs of the people of less developed countries which development
assistance must be used in meeting.
Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 95-88, Sec. 113(b)(2), inserted
``environment and natural resources;'' after ``population planning and
health;''.
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 95-88, Sec. 101(a), substituted provisions
under which the President developed the criteria and factors to be used
in assessing the commitment and progress of countries in meeting the
objectives set forth in subsec. (c) and transmitted a report by Jan. 31,
1978, to the Speaker of the House and to the Committee on Foreign
Relations of the Senate for provisions under which the President had
established the criteria without Congressional involvement.
Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 95-88, Sec. 101(b), added subsec. (e).
1975--Subsecs. (c), (d). Pub. L. 94-161 added subsecs. (c) and (d).
1973--Pub. L. 93-189 designated existing provisions as subsec. (a)
and added subsec. (b).
1967--Pub. L. 90-137, in providing a new statement of policy,
reaffirming basic foreign assistance principles, and recognizing new
problems and need for new priorities, substituted five pars. concerned
with (1) freedom, security, prosperity, aggression, subversion,
ignorance, want, despair, and national security; (2) economic
cooperation and trade among countries, etc. (a reenactment of former
sixth par. less provision for resort to international law procedures in
adjudication of issues among friendly countries in support of such
economic cooperation, etc.); (3) seven principles pertaining to: self-
help efforts and responsibility of the country, multilateral basis of
involvement and cooperation, regional cooperation, food production and
voluntary family planning, balance of payments, maximum dollar
effectiveness, and coordination of overall assistance; (4) Permanent
Peace in the Middle East; and (5) suspension of assistance after
severance of diplomatic relations for former sixteen pars. relating to:
(1) dignity and interdependence of man, and freedom; (2) resources
development, living standards improvement, and aspirations for justice,
education, etc., now covered in par. (1); (4) free economic institutions
and flow of private investment capital; (5) investment guaranties; (6)
economic cooperation and trade among countries, etc., as described for
par. (2); (7) long-range continuity and disposal of surplus property and
agricultural crops; (8) world peace, national security, and dangers of
international communism; (9) countries sharing United States views on
world crisis; (10) loan guarantees and related technical assistance and
development program; (11) regional organizations for mutual assistance;
(12) prohibition of assistance for short-term emergency purposes; (13)
common undertaking of countries to meet goals; (14) discretionary
assistance by the President to South Vietnam to gain victory in the war
against communism and return to homeland of Americans from that
struggle; (15) damage or destruction by mob action of United States
property and termination of assistance, now covered in section 2370(j)
of this title; and (16) use of United States Armed Forces, now covered
in section 2409 of this title.
1966--Pub. L. 89-583 provided for termination of assistance to any
foreign country which does not take appropriate measures to provide
compensation for damage or destruction by mob action of United States
property within such country and declared that furnishing assistance
shall not be construed as creating a new commitment or as affecting any
existing commitment to use armed forces of the United States for the
defense of any foreign country.
1965--Pub. L. 89-171 added expressions of the sense of Congress that
in furnishing assistance under this subchapter excess personal property
shall be utilized wherever practicable in lieu of the procurement of new
items for United States-assisted projects and programs and that
assistance under this chapter and other statutes should be terminated to
any country permitting damage to or destruction of U.S. property within
such country by mob action or by failing to take adequate preventive
measures.
1963--Pub. L. 88-205 declared that institution of full investment
guaranty programs with all recipient countries would be regarded as a
significant measure of self-help by such countries improving investment
climate, that assistance to maintain freedom from communism ``shall''
rather than ``should'' emphasize long-range development, that in the
administration of programs of assistance, every precaution be taken to
assure that assistance is not diverted to any short-term emergency
purpose or any purpose not essential to long-range economic development,
that other industrialized free-world countries increase their
contributions and assistance to more equitably share the burden, and the
President should in his discretion, extend or withhold assistance from
South Vietnam to further victory and the return home of Americans
involved in the struggle there.
1962--Pub. L. 87-565 declared distinctions made by foreign nations
between American citizens because of race, color, or religion, relating
to rights available to such citizens, to be repugnant to our principals,
required in the administration of these funds, that consideration be
given those countries sharing our world views and which do not divert
their resources to military or propaganda efforts, supported by the
Soviet Union or Communist China, against the United States or countries
receiving aid under this chapter, that the highest emphasis be given to
programs for loans or loan guarantees for use by organizations in making
low-interest loans to individuals in friendly countries for the purchase
of small farms, purchase of homes, aiding or establishing small
businesses, purchase of tools and equipment for an occupation or trade,
or to obtain practical education in vocational skills, and to programs
of technical assistance and development, each assisted country should be
encouraged to recognize needs of the people in the preparation of
national development programs, and declared that friendly nations are to
be invited, where possible, to join in missions to consult with
countries receiving assistance on the possibilities of joint action to
assure effective development of economic development plans and effective
use of assistance provided them, and that the President may request
international financial institutions to assist in establishing such
missions.
Effective Date of 1979 Amendment
Pub. L. 96-53, title V, Sec. 512, Aug. 14, 1979, 93 Stat. 380,
provided that:
``(a) Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section and in
section 503(b) [set out as an Effective Date of 1979 Amendment note
under section 2385a of this title] this Act [see Short Title of 1979
Amendments note below] shall take effect on October 1, 1979.
``(b) Sections 114(b) [not classified to the Code], 123 [amending a
provision set out as a note below], 501 [not classified to the Code],
and 509 [set out as a note below] of this Act shall take effect on the
date of enactment of this Act [Aug. 14, 1979].''
Effective Date of 1978 Amendment
Section 605 of Pub. L. 95-424 provided that: ``The amendments made
by this Act [see Short Title of 1978 Amendment note below] shall take
effect on October 1, 1978.''
Short Title of 2002 Amendments
Pub. L. 107-246, Sec. 1, Oct. 23, 2002, 116 Stat. 1511, provided
that: ``This Act [amending sections 2295 and 2295b of this title and
enacting provisions set out as notes under section 2295 of this title]
may be cited as the `Russian Democracy Act of 2002'.''
Pub. L. 107-228, div. A, title VI, Sec. 661, Sept. 30, 2002, 116
Stat. 1405, provided that: ``This subtitle [subtitle E (Secs. 661-665)
of title VI of div. A of Pub. L. 107-228, enacting section 2151n-2 of
this title, amending sections 2151n and 2304 of this title, and enacting
provisions set out as notes under sections 2151n and 2151n-2 of this
title] may be cited as the `Freedom Investment Act of 2002'.''
Pub. L. 107-228, div. B, title X, Sec. 1001, Sept. 30, 2002, 116
Stat. 1425, provided that: ``This division [see Tables for
classification] may be cited as the `Security Assistance Act of 2002'.''
Short Title of 2000 Amendments
Pub. L. 106-570, Sec. 1, Dec. 27, 2000, 114 Stat. 3038, provided
that: ``This Act [enacting section 2151b-1 of this title and enacting
provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 2151b-1,
2517, 2656, and 6901 of this title, section 1701 of Title 50, War and
National Defense, and preceding section 28101 of Title 49,
Transportation] may be cited as the `Assistance for International
Malaria Control Act'.''
Pub. L. 106-570, title I, Sec. 101, Dec. 27, 2000, 114 Stat. 3039,
provided that: ``This title [enacting section 2151b-1 of this title and
provisions set out as a note under section 2151b-1 of this title] may be
cited as the `International Malaria Control Act of 2000'.''
Pub. L. 106-373, Sec. 1, Oct. 27, 2000, 114 Stat. 1427, provided
that: ``This Act [amending sections 2220a to 2220c and 2220e of this
title] may be cited as the `Famine Prevention and Freedom From Hunger
Improvement Act of 2000'.''
Pub. L. 106-309, Sec. 1, Oct. 17, 2000, 114 Stat. 1078, provided
that: ``This Act [enacting sections 2152a to 2152c and 2462 of this
title, amending this section and sections 287e-1, 2151-1, 2151f, 2151i,
2151aa, and 2395 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes
under this section and sections 2151f, 2151i, 2152b, 2152c, 2462, and
2517 of this title and section 402 of Title 10, Armed Forces] may be
cited as the `Microenterprise for Self-Reliance and International Anti-
Corruption Act of 2000'.''
Pub. L. 106-309, title I, Sec. 101, Oct. 17, 2000, 114 Stat. 1079,
provided that: ``This title [enacting sections 2152a and 2152b of this
title, amending section 2151f of this title, and enacting provisions set
out as notes under sections 2151f and 2152b of this title] may be cited
as the `Microenterprise for Self-Reliance Act of 2000'.''
Pub. L. 106-309, title II, Sec. 201, Oct. 17, 2000, 114 Stat. 1090,
provided that: ``This title [enacting section 2152c of this title,
amending this section and sections 2151-1 and 2151aa of this title, and
enacting provisions set out as notes under section 2152c of this title]
may be cited as the `International Anti-Corruption and Good Governance
Act of 2000'.''
Pub. L. 106-309, title IV, Sec. 401(a), Oct. 17, 2000, 114 Stat.
1096, provided that: ``This section [amending section 2151i of this
title and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 2151i of
this title] may be cited as the `Support for Overseas Cooperative
Development Act'.''
Pub. L. 106-280, Sec. 1(a), Oct. 6, 2000, 114 Stat. 845, provided
that: ``This Act [enacting part IX (Sec. 2349bb et seq.) of subchapter
II of this chapter and sections 2305, 2347f, and 2347g of this title,
amending sections 2302, 2318, 2321h, 2321j, 2349aa-4, 2415, 2776, 2778,
2797, and 6723 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes
under sections 2305, 2797, and 2797b of this title] may be cited as the
`Security Assistance Act of 2000'.''
Pub. L. 106-264, title II, Sec. 201, Aug. 19, 2000, 114 Stat. 758,
provided that: ``This title [amending section 2151b of this title and
enacting provisions set out as a note under section 2151b of this title]
may be cited as the `International Tuberculosis Control Act of 2000'.''
Short Title of 1999 Amendments
Pub. L. 106-158, Sec. 1, Dec. 9, 1999, 113 Stat. 1745, provided
that: ``This Act [enacting section 4727a of Title 15, Commerce and
Trade, amending sections 2191a, 2193, 2195, and 2421 of this title and
section 4727 of Title 15, and enacting provisions set out as a note
under section 2191a of this title] may be cited as the `Export
Enhancement Act of 1999'.''
Pub. L. 106-113, div. B, Sec. 1000(a)(2) [title V, Sec. 596(a)],
Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1535, 1501A-123, provided that: ``This section
[enacting part XII of subchapter I of this chapter and amending sections
5812 and 5814 of this title] may be cited as the `Silk Road Strategy Act
of 1999'.''
Pub. L. 106-113, div. B, Sec. 1000(a)(7) [div. B, title XII,
Sec. 1201], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A-497, provided that:
``This title [amending sections 2321h, 2321j, 2367, 2753, 2761, 2762,
2776, and 2779a of this title and section 301 of Title 13, Census, and
enacting provisions set out as notes under section 2551 of this title,
sections 1 and 301 of Title 13, and section 2099 of Title 50, Appendix,
War and National Defense] may be cited as the `Security Assistance Act
of 1999'.''
Pub. L. 106-87, Sec. 1, Nov. 3, 1999, 113 Stat. 1301, provided that:
``This Act [amending section 2152 of this title and provisions set out
as a note under section 2152 of this title] may be cited as the `Torture
Victims Relief Reauthorization Act of 1999'.''
Short Title of 1996 Amendment
Pub. L. 104-319, Sec. 1, Oct. 19, 1996, 110 Stat. 3864, provided
that: ``This Act [amending sections 277b, 2151n, and 2304 of this title,
enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and section 2452
of this title, and amending provisions set out as notes under sections
1157 and 1255 of Title 8, Aliens and Nationality] may be cited as the
`Human Rights, Refugee, and Other Foreign Relations Provisions Act of
1996'.''
Short Title of 1994 Amendments
Pub. L. 103-447, Sec. 1, Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4691, provided
that: ``This Act [amending sections 2291, 2291a, 2291e, 2291f, 2291h to
2291k of this title, section 635 of Title 12, Banks and Banking, section
981 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, section 1616a of Title
19, Customs Duties, and section 881 of Title 21, Food and Drugs,
repealing section 2291-2 of this title, enacting provisions set out as
notes under this section, sections 1928 and 2420 of this title, and
section 1182 of Title 8, Aliens and Nationality, amending provisions set
out as a note under section 5311 of Title 31, Money and Finance, and
repealing provisions set out as notes under this section, sections 2291,
2291h, and 2420 of this title, section 701 of Title 41, Public
Contracts, and section 1902 of Title 46, Appendix, Shipping] may be
cited as the `International Narcotics Control Corrections Act of
1994'.''
Pub. L. 103-392, Sec. 1, Oct. 22, 1994, 108 Stat. 4098, provided
that: ``This Act [enacting section 2151t-1 of this title, amending
sections 2191, 2195, and 2421 of this title and sections 4052 and 4728
of Title 15, Commerce and Trade, and enacting provisions set out as a
note under section 4701 of Title 15] may be cited as the `Jobs Through
Trade Expansion Act of 1994'.''
Short Title of 1992 Amendments
Pub. L. 102-583, Sec. 1, Nov. 2, 1992, 106 Stat. 4914, provided that
Pub. L. 102-583 could be cited as the ``International Narcotics Control
Act of 1992'', prior to repeal by Pub. L. 103-447, title I, Sec. 103(a),
Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4693.
Pub. L. 102-549, Sec. 1, Oct. 28, 1992, 106 Stat. 3651, provided
that: ``This Act [enacting sections 2077, 2200b, 2421a to 2421e, and
2430 to 2430i of this title and section 4723a of Title 15, Commerce and
Trade, amending sections 2191, 2191a, 2194, 2195, 2197 to 2199, 2200a,
2421, and 5401 of this title, section 5314 of Title 5, Government
Organization and Employees, section 1738i of Title 7, Agriculture, and
sections 635q to 635s of Title 12, Banks and Banking, repealing section
2296 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under this
section and sections 262s-2, 2296, 2421, and 2421a of this title, and
amending provisions set out as a note under this section] may be cited
as the `Jobs Through Exports Act of 1992'.''
Pub. L. 102-549, title VI, Sec. 601, Oct. 28, 1992, 106 Stat. 3664,
provided that: ``This title [enacting sections 2077 and 2430 to 2430i of
this title, amending section 1738i of Title 7, Agriculture, repealing
section 2296 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as a note
under section 2296 of this title] may be cited as the `Enterprise for
the Americas Act of 1992'.''
Short Title of 1990 Amendment
Pub. L. 101-623, Sec. 1(a), Nov. 21, 1990, 104 Stat. 3350, provided
that: ``This Act [enacting section 2151x-1 of this title and section
3196 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, amending sections
2291c, 2321k, 2346c, and 2360 of this title and section 635 of Title 12,
Banks and Banking, and enacting provisions set out as notes under
sections 2291, 2291h, and 2360 of this title] may be cited as the
`International Narcotics Control Act of 1990'.''
Short Title of 1989 Amendments
Pub. L. 101-240, Sec. 1(a), Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2492, provided
that: ``This Act [enacting sections 262m-7, 262p-4g to 262p-4k, 262r to
262r-2, 262s-1, 262t, 283z-5 to 283z-8, 286e-12, 286kk, and 2281 to 2286
of this title and section 3904a of Title 12, Banks and Banking, amending
sections 262d, 262m-7, 262p-1, 262p-5, 262s-2, 282b, 283b, 283cc, 284b,
285b, 286b, 286e-9, 286k-1, 286s, 290g-2, 290i-3, and 290k-5 of this
title and sections 635 and 635i-3 of Title 12, transferring former
section 262q of this title to section 262s of this title, and former
section 4722 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade, to section 262s-2 of this
title, repealing sections 262i, 262m-6, 276c-3, 283i, 286b-1, and 286b-2
of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under this section,
sections 262d, 283z-6, and 2291 of this title, and sections 635, 3901,
and 3904a of Title 12, amending provisions set out as a note under
section 262l of this title, and repealing provisions set out as notes
under sections 262g-2 and 283 of this title] may be cited as the
`International Development and Finance Act of 1989'.''
Pub. L. 101-240, title VII, Sec. 701, Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2521,
provided that: ``This title [enacting sections 2281 to 2286 of this
title] may be cited as the `Global Environmental Protection Assistance
Act of 1989'.''
Pub. L. 101-231, Sec. 1(a), Dec. 13, 1989, 103 Stat. 1954, provided
that: ``This Act [enacting section 2321k of this title, amending
sections 2291, 2291a, 2708, and 2795 of this title and sections 2492 and
2495 of Title 19, Customs Duties, and enacting provisions set out as
notes under sections 2291 and 2708 of this title] may be cited as the
`International Narcotics Control Act of 1989'.''
Pub. L. 101-222, Sec. 1(a), Dec. 12, 1989, 103 Stat. 1892, provided
that: ``This Act [amending sections 1732, 2364, 2371, 2753, 2776, 2778,
and 2780 of this title and section 2405 of Title 50, Appendix, War and
National Defense, and enacting provisions set out as a note under
section 2371 of this title] may be cited as the `Anti-Terrorism and Arms
Export Amendments Act of 1989'.''
Short Title of 1988 Amendments
Pub. L. 100-690, title IV, Sec. 4001, Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4261,
provided that title IV of Pub. L. 100-690 could be cited as the
``International Narcotics Control Act of 1988'', prior to repeal by Pub.
L. 103-447, title I, Sec. 103(b), Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4693.
Pub. L. 100-461, title V, Sec. 555 [H.R. 5263, title I, Sec. 101,
and S. 2757, title I, Sec. 101], Oct. 1, 1988, 102 Stat. 2268-36,
provided that: ``This title [amending sections 2191, 2194, 2194b, 2195,
2197, 2199, and 2200a of this title] may be cited as the `Overseas
Private Investment Corporation Amendments Act of 1988'.''
Short Title of 1986 Amendments
Pub. L. 99-570, title II, Sec. 2001, Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3207-
60, provided that title II of Pub. L. 99-570 could be cited as the
``International Narcotics Control Act of 1986'', prior to repeal by Pub.
L. 103-447, title I, Sec. 103(c), Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4694.
Pub. L. 99-529, Sec. 1, Oct. 24, 1986, 100 Stat. 3010, provided
that: ``This Act [enacting section 2151p-1 of this title, amending
sections 290f, 2151b, 2151p, 2151q, 2222, 2291a, 2427, and 3929 of this
title, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 290f of
this title] may be cited as the `Special Foreign Assistance Act of
1986'.''
Short Title of 1985 Amendments
Pub. L. 99-204, Sec. 1, Dec. 23, 1985, 99 Stat. 1669, provided that:
``This Act [enacting sections 2191a and 2194b of this title, amending
sections 2191, 2194, 2195, and 2197 to 2200a of this title and section
709 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, repealing section 2200b
of this title, enacting provisions set out as a note under section 2191a
of this title, and repealing provisions set out as a note under section
2200a of this title] may be cited as the `Overseas Private Investment
Corporation Amendments Act of 1985'.''
Pub. L. 99-83, Sec. 1(a), Aug. 8, 1985, 99 Stat. 190, provided that:
``This Act [enacting sections 2227, 2271 to 2276, 2291b, 2346 to 2346c,
2347c, 2347d, 2349aa-7 to 2349aa-9, 2511, 2521a, and 2770a of this
title, section 469j of Title 16, Conservation, and sections 1356b and
1515a of former Title 49, Transportation, amending sections 290f, 290h-
8, 290h-9, 2151-1, 2151a to 2151d, 2151f, 2151h, 2151s, 2151u, 2151x,
2151z, 2174, 2182, 2182a, 2184, 2201, 2222, 2291, 2291a, 2292a, 2304,
2311, 2312, 2314, 2321h, 2321i, 2346b, 2347a, 2348a, 2349aa-2, 2349aa-4,
2354, 2361, 2364, 2370, 2371, 2375, 2394, 2394-1, 2396, 2411, 2413,
2420, 2421, 2427, 2429a, 2501, 2502, 2504, 2506, 2510, 2522, 2523, 2752,
2753, 2761, 2763 to 2767, 2771, 2776, 2778, 2791, 2792, 2794, and 2795
of this title, sections 1431, 1721, 1722, 1727a, and 1736b of Title 7,
Agriculture, section 7307 of Title 10, Armed Forces, and sections 1356,
1471, and 1515 of former Title 49, repealing sections 2293, 2294, 2346
to 2346c, 2346e to 2346i, and 2349aa-6 of this title, enacting
provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 2151-1,
2151b, 2151u, 2291, 2346, 2374, 2429a, 2506, 2511, 2751, and 2778 of
this title, section 4011 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade, and section
1515 of former Title 49, amending provisions set out as notes under
sections 2370 and 2501 of this title, and repealing provisions set out
as a note under section 2293 of this title] may be cited as the
`International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1985'.''
Pub. L. 99-83, title VI, Sec. 601, Aug. 8, 1985, 99 Stat. 228,
provided that: ``This title [enacting section 2291b of this title,
amending sections 2151x, 2291, and 2291a of this title, and enacting
provisions set out as a note under section 2291 of this title] may be
cited as the `International Narcotics Control Act of 1985'.''
Short Title of 1983 Amendments
Pub. L. 98-164, title VII, Sec. 701, Nov. 22, 1983, 97 Stat. 1045,
provided that: ``This title [enacting section 2151q of this title and
amending section 2452 of this title] may be cited as the `International
Environment Protection Act of 1983'.''
Pub. L. 98-151, Sec. 101(b)(2), Nov. 14, 1983, 97 Stat. 968,
provided in part that: ``Section 101(b)(2) of this joint resolution
[enacting sections 2151f, and 2349aa to 2349aa-6 of this title, amending
sections 2304, 2346a, 2403, and 2771 of this title, and enacting
provisions set out as a note under section 2349aa of this title] may be
cited as the `International Security and Development Assistance
Authorizations Act of 1983'.''
Short Title of 1981 Amendments
Pub. L. 97-113, Sec. 1, Dec. 29, 1981, 95 Stat. 1519, provided that:
``This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the
`International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1981'.''
Pub. L. 97-65, Sec. 1, Oct. 16, 1981, 95 Stat. 1021, provided that:
``This Act [enacting sections 2194a and 2200b of this title, amending
sections 2191, 2193, 2194, 2195, 2197, 2198, 2199, and 2200a of this
title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 2193 and
2200a of this title] may be cited as the `Overseas Private Investment
Corporation Amendments Act of 1981'.''
Short Title of 1980 Amendments
Pub. L. 96-533, Sec. 1, Dec. 16, 1980, 94 Stat. 3131, provided:
``This Act [enacting sections 290h to 290h-9, 2226, 2346a, 2346b, 2769,
and 2778a of this title, amending sections 2151a to 2151d, 2151n, 2151s,
2151u, 2151v, 2174, 2221, 2222, 2291a, 2292, 2292a, 2292l, 2304, 2311,
2312, 2318, 2321h to 2321j, 2346, 2347a, 2348a, 2354, 2364, 2367, 2370,
2384, 2394, 2399d, 2403, 2411, 2421, 2427, 2502, 2514, 2753, 2761 to
2765, 2771, 2776 to 2779, 2791, 2794, and 3510 of this title, sections
1712 and 1733 of Title 7, Agriculture, sections 5041 and 5045 of Title
42, The Public Health and Welfare, and section 2405 of Title 50,
Appendix, War and National Defense, repealing sections 2151q, 2346c to
2346e, and 2348b of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes
under this section and sections 290h, 2151a, 2291a, 2293, 2370, and 3401
of this title, section 1522 of Title 8, Aliens and Nationality, and
section 2667 of Title 10, Armed Forces, and repealing a provision set
out as a note under section 2293 of this title] may be cited as the
`International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1980'.''
Pub. L. 96-257, Sec. 1, May 31, 1980, 94 Stat. 422, provided: ``That
this Act [enacting section 2346e of this title] may be cited as the
`Special Central American Assistance Act of 1979'.''
Short Title of 1979 Amendments
Pub. L. 96-92, Sec. 1, Oct. 29, 1979, 93 Stat. 701, provided that:
``This Act [enacting sections 2346d, 2767, and 2768 of this title,
amending sections 2261, 2291, 2291a, 2304, 2312, 2318, 2321h to 2321j,
2346 to 2346c, 2347a, 2348, 2348a, 2403, 2753, 2761, 2765, 2771, 2773,
2776, 2778, 2792, and 2794 of this title, and enacting provisions set
out as notes under this section and sections 2321h, 2346c, 2771, 2776,
and 3302 of this title] may be cited as the `International Security
Assistance Act of 1979'.''
Pub. L. 96-53, Sec. 1, Aug. 14, 1979, 93 Stat. 359, provided that:
``This Act [enacting sections 2151x, 2151y, 2374, and 3501 to 3513 of
this title, and sections 1736g of Title 7, Agriculture, amending
sections 2151-1, 2151a to 2151d, 2151i, 2151k, 2151n, 2151p, 2151q,
2151s, 2151u, 2151v, 2174, 2182, 2182a, 2183, 2220b, 2222, 2292a, 2292l,
2304, 2357, 2361, 2385a, 2395, 2399c, 2421, 2427, 2502, and 2506 of this
title, sections 5314 to 5316 and 5924 of Title 5, Government
Organization and Employees, and sections 1703, 1704, 1722, 1726, 1727,
1727a, 1727b, 1727d to 1727f, 1731, and 1734 of Title 7, and enacting
provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 2151n,
2151y, 2312, 2385a, and 3201 of this title] may be cited as the
`International Development Cooperation Act of 1979'.''
Short Title of 1978 Amendments
Section 1 of Pub. L. 95-424 provided that: ``This Act [enacting
sections 2151-1, 2151t, 2151u, 2151v, 2151w, 2201, 2292l, 2335a, 2393a,
2394-1, 2394-1a and 2395a of this title, amending this section and
sections 2151a, 2151a-1, 2151b, 2151c, 2151d, 2151e, 2151g, 2151h,
2151k, 2151n, 2151p, 2151q, 2151r, 2174, 2181, 2182, 2182a, 2183, 2213,
2220a, 2220d, 2221, 2222, 2292, 2292a, 2292i, 2292k, 2351, 2357, 2358,
2361, 2370, 2381a, 2384, 2394, 2395, 2396, 2397, 2399c, 2403, 2421, and
2427 of this title and sections 1703, 1706, 1727c, and 1727d of Title 7,
Agriculture, repealing sections 2151f, 2151l, 2151m, 2151o, 2161, 2162,
2164, 2167, 2168, 2171, 2172, 2175, 2176, 2177, 2178, 2180, 2180a, 2211,
2212, 2213, 2216, 2217, 2217a, 2219, 2219a, 2220, 2224, 2271, 2281,
2292d, 2292g, 2368, 2369, 2408, 2410, 2415, 2416, 2417, 2418, and 2425
of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this
section and sections 2151v, 2151u, 2222, 2292d, and 2395 of this title
and section 1711 of Title 7] may be cited as the `International
Development and Food Assistance Act of 1978'.''
Pub. L. 95-384, Sec. 1, Sept. 26, 1978, 92 Stat. 730, provided that:
``This Act [enacting sections 2348 to 2348c, 2373, 2417, 2428b, and 2766
of this title, amending sections 1754, 2261, 2291, 2291a, 2304, 2312,
2321b, 2321h to 2321j, 2346 to 2346c, 2347a, 2347b, 2360, 2372, 2413,
2429, 2429a, 2751, 2761, 2762, 2765, 2771, and 2776 of this title and
section 2403 of Title 50, Appendix, War and National Defense, repealing
sections 2441 to 2443 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as
notes under this section and sections 287c, 1754, 2291, 2311, 2346,
2346a, 2370, and 2751 of this title] may be cited as the `International
Security Assistance Act of 1978'.''
Pub. L. 95-268, Sec. 1, Apr. 24, 1978, 92 Stat. 213, provided that:
``This Act [enacting section 2200 of this title and amending sections
2191, 2194, 2195, 2197, 2199, and 2200a of this title] may be cited as
the `Overseas Private Investment Corporation Amendments Act of 1978'.''
Short Title of 1977 Amendments
Pub. L. 95-92, Sec. 1, Aug. 4, 1977, 91 Stat. 614, provided that:
``This Act [enacting sections 2294, 2346b, 2372, and 2429a of this
title, amending sections 2261, 2291a, 2312, 2321h to 2321j, 2346, 2346a,
2347a, 2370, 2391, 2429, 2443, 2753, 2771, 2778, and 2792 of this title,
and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections
2346, 2370, 2406, 2431, and 2751 of this title] may be cited as the
`International Security Assistance Act of 1977'.''
Section 1 of Pub. L. 95-88 provided that: ``This Act [enacting
sections 2151o to 2151s, 2292k, and 2429b of this title and sections
1712, 1713, 1714, and 1727 to 1727f of Title 7, Agriculture, amending
this section and sections 2151a, 2151b, 2151c, 2151d, 2151g, 2151h,
2151i, 2151k, 2151l, 2151m, 2151n, 2174, 2181, 2182, 2182a, 2183, 2222,
2225, 2292a, 2292h, 2357, 2370, 2384, 2385, 2386, 2399c, 2421, and 2427
of this title, section 5315 of Title 5, Government Organization and
Employees, and sections 1427, 1431, 1692, 1702, 1703, 1706, 1711, 1721,
1722, 1723, 1726, 1731, and 1736b of Title 7, repealing section 2424 of
this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section
and sections 2151b, 2151i, 2174, 2357, and 2384 of this title and
sections 1702, 1708, and 1722 of Title 7] may be cited as the
`International Development and Food Assistance Act of 1977'.''
Short Title of 1976 Amendment
Pub. L. 94-329, Sec. 1, June 30, 1976, 90 Stat. 729, provided:
``That this Act [enacting sections 2292h, 2292i, 2321j, 2347, 2347a,
2347b, 2371, 2394a, 2428, 2429, 2755, 2765, 2778, and 2779 of this
title, amending sections 2183, 2222, 2261, 2291, 2291a, 2292f, 2304,
2312, 2314, 2318, 2321b, 2321h, 2321i, 2346a, 2370, 2382, 2383, 2384,
2386, 2392, 2394, 2396, 2403, 2415, 2416, 2417, 2441, 2443, 2751, 2751
note, 2752, 2753, 2761, 2762, 2763, 2771, 2776, 2791, 2792, and 2794 of
this title, repealing sections 2321a, 2415 note, 2431, 2431 notes, 2432,
2432 note, 2433, 2433 note, 2434, and 2435, and enacting provisions set
out as notes under this section and sections 2291, 2292, 2314, 2321a,
2321b, 2347, 2352, 2370, 2428, 2431, 2441, 2751, 2753, 2763, 2776, and
2778 of this title] may be cited as the `International Security
Assistance and Arms Export Control Act of 1976'.''
Short Title of 1975 Amendment
Section 1 of Pub. L. 94-161 provided: ``That this Act [redesignating
as sections 2292c to 2292e former sections 2262, 2399-1a, and 2399-1b of
this title, enacting sections 2151a-1, 2151d, 2151e, 2151n, 2220a to
2220e, 2292 to 2292b, 2292f, and 2425 to 2427 of this title and sections
1691a, 1711, 1726, and 1736f of Title 7, Agriculture, amending this
section and sections 2151a, 2151b, 2151c, 2151h, 2151i, 2151k, 2169,
2174, 2181 to 2183, 2221, 2222, 2225, 2293, 2357 and 2421 of this title
and sections 1691, 1703, 1706, 1709, 1721, 1736, 1736a, and 1736b of
Title 7, repealing sections 2151d, 2151e, 2201, 2292, and 2399 of this
title, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 2220a of
this title and as a note under section 1691a of Title 7] may be cited as
the `International Development and Food Assistance Act of 1975'.''
Short Title of 1974 Amendments
Pub. L. 93-559, Sec. 1, Dec. 30, 1974, 88 Stat. 1795, provided:
``That this Act [enacting sections 2151m, 2175a, 2182a, 2225, 2293,
2304, 2321h, 2321i, 2419 to 2424, 2435, and 2441 to 2443 of this title,
amending sections 278, 2151a to 2151c, 2163, 2181, 2183, 2219a, 2222,
2261, 2312, 2318, 2321b, 2321f, 2346a, 2360, 2364, 2370, 2394, 2399,
2413, 2415, 2416, 2753, 2763, 2764, 2771, 2773, 2775, and 2776 of this
title, repealing sections 2151j and 2200 of this title, enacting
provisions set out as notes under sections 2166, 2175, 2311, 2370, 2399,
2406, 2415, 2431 to 2433, 2551, and 2764 of this title, and repealing
provisions set out as a note under this section] may be cited as the
`Foreign Assistance Act of 1974'.''
Pub. L. 93-390, Sec. 1, Aug. 27, 1974, 88 Stat. 763, provided:
``That this Act [amending sections 2191, 2194, 2195, 2197, 2199, 2200
and 2200a of this title] may be cited as the `Overseas Private
Investment Corporation Amendments Act of 1974'.''
Pub. L. 93-333, Sec. 1, July 8, 1974, 88 Stat. 290, provided: ``That
this Act [enacting section 2292c of this title, amending section 2292d
of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this
section and section 2395 of this title] may be cited as the `Foreign
Disaster Assistance Act of 1974'.''
Short Title of 1973 Amendment
Section 1 of Pub. L. 93-189 provided: ``That this Act [enacting
sections 2151a to 2151l, 2303, 2399-1a, 2399-1b, 2399c, 2399d, 2431 to
2434 and 2794 of this title, amending this section and sections 285n,
1934, 2163, 2171, 2174, 2181, 2183, 2195, 2199, 2200, 2212, 2219a, 2221,
2222, 2261, 2291, 2291a, 2311, 2312, 2314, 2318, 2321b, 2321f, 2346a,
2367, 2370, 2385, 2394, and section 2397 of this title, repealing
sections 2314a, 2319 to 2321, 2321e, 2321g, and 2346a, of this title,
and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections
1942, 2163, 2220, 2415, and 2431 of this title] may be cited as the
`Foreign Assistance Act of 1973'.''
Short Title of 1972 Amendment
Pub. L. 92-226, Sec. 1, Feb. 7, 1972, 86 Stat. 20, provided: ``That
this Act [enacting sections 2180a, 2291, 2292, 2321d to 2321g, 2346 to
2346b, and 2413 to 2418 of this title, amending sections 276, 290f,
1476, 1928b, 2162, 2163, 2169, 2172, 2174, 2181, 2183, 2198, 2199, 2200,
2212, 2219a, 2222, 2261, 2312, 2314, 2318, 2319, 2321b, 2370, 2384,
2394, 2397, 2403, 2411, 2684, 2771, 2773, and 2791 of this title and
section 5314 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees,
repealing sections 2165 and 2241 to 2243 of this title, and enacting
provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 287e, 2411,
2417, and 2680 of this title] may be cited as the `Foreign Assistance
Act of 1971'.''
Short Title of 1971 Amendment
Pub. L. 91-652, Sec. 1, Jan. 5, 1971, 84 Stat. 1942, provided:
``That this Act [enacting section 2411 of this title, amending sections
2261 and 2242 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes
under sections 2261, 2302, and 2411 of this title] may be cited as the
`Special Foreign Assistance Act of 1971'.''
Short Title of 1969 Amendment
Pub. L. 91-175, Sec. 1, Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 805, provided that:
``This Act [enacting sections 290f, 2179, 2180, 2194 to 2200a and 2321a
of this title, amending sections 2162, 2163, 2172, 2174, 2181 to 2183,
2191 to 2193, 2212, 2219a, 2221, 2222, 2242, 2261, 2312, 2318, 2360,
2362, 2370, 2384, 2394, 2396, 2397 and 2402 of this title, section 846
of former Title 31, Money and Finance, and sections 3343, 3581, 3582 and
5314 to 5316 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, and
enacting provision set out as a note under this section], may be cited
as the `Foreign Assistance Act of 1969'.''
Short Title of 1968 Amendment
Pub. L. 90-554, Sec. 1, Oct. 8, 1968, 82 Stat. 960, provided: ``That
this Act [enacting sections 2381a, 2399b, and 2410 of this title and
section 617 of Title 16, Conservation, amending sections 2161, 2162,
2171, 2172, 2174, 2181, 2184, 2212, 2218, 2219a, 2222, 2242, 2261, 2312,
2318-2320, 2354, 2357, 2370, 2381, 2385, 2396, and 2397 of this title,
and enacting provisions set out as a note under this section] may be
cited as the `Foreign Assistance Act of 1968'.''
Short Title of 1967 Amendment
Section 1 of Pub. L. 90-137 provided: ``That this Act [enacting
sections 2167 to 2169, 2178, 2219, 2219a, 2220, 2224, 2243, 2302, 2341
to 2345, and 2409 of this title, amending this section and sections 276,
276c-1, 1928b to 1928d, 1934, 2161, 2162, 2165, 2171, 2172, 2174, 2181
to 2184, 2192, 2211, 2212, 2218, 2221, 2222, 2241, 2242, 2261, 2271,
2301, 2302, 2311, 2312, 2314, 2318 to 2321, 2341 to 2345, 2351, 2358,
2360, 2361, 2364, 2384 to 2386, 2389, 2392, 2394 to 2397, 2399a, and
2403 of this title, repealing sections 2217b and 2317(a) of this title,
and enacting provision set out as a note under section 2395 of this
title] may be cited as the `Foreign Assistance Act of 1967'.''
Short Title of 1966 Amendment
Section 1 of Pub. L. 89-583 provided: ``That this Act [enacting
sections 2217 to 2217b, 2218, 2281, and 2322 of this title and amending
this section and sections 2161, 2162, 2165, 2171, 2172, 2174, 2181,
2182, 2184, 2211, 2212, 2221, 2222, 2241, 2242, 2261, 2312, 2314, 2316,
2318, 2320, 2351, 2354, 2358, 2360, 2362, 2364, 2370, 2382, 2384, 2394,
2395, and 2397 of this title] may be cited as the `Foreign Assistance
Act of 1966'.''
Short Title of 1965 Amendment
Section 1 of Pub. L. 89-171 provided: ``That this Act [enacting
sections 2166, 2399, 2399a and 2408 of this title, and amending this
section and sections 2165, 2172, 2174, 2181 to 2184, 2212, 2221, 2222,
2242, 2261, 2311 to 2313, 2315 to 2320, 2355, 2362, 2363, 2370, 2382,
2384 to 2386, 2390, 2391, 2395 to 2398, 2403, and 2404 of this title,
section 1707 of Title 7, Agriculture, and provisions set out as a note
under this section] may be cited as the `Foreign Assistance Act of
1965'.''
Short Title of 1964 Amendment
Pub. L. 88-633, Sec. 1, Oct. 7, 1964, 78 Stat. 1009, provided:
``That this Act [enacting sections 2177, 2321, and 2407 of this title,
amending sections 276, 1754, 2161, 2172, 2174, 2176, 2181, 2184, 2192,
2212, 2222, 2242, 2261, 2311, 2312, 2315, 2317, 2318, 2320, 2351, 2362,
2370, 2385, 2386, and 2397 of this title, and enacting provisions set
out as a note under this section] may be cited as the `Foreign
Assistance Act of 1964'.''
Short Title of 1963 Amendment
Section 1 of Pub. L. 88-205 provided that: ``This Act [enacting
sections 816, 1138a, 2216, 2320, 2398, and 2684 of this title, amending
sections 961, 1136, 1139, 1251, 1928a, 1943, 2161, 2162, 2172, 2174,
2181, 2182, 2184, 2201, 2211 to 2213, 2222, 2242, 2261, 2312, 2313,
2318, 2319, 2351, 2361, 2362, 2370, 2381, 2384, 2386, 2391, 2395 to
2397, 2403, and 2404 of this title, sections 1701, 1705, 1706, and 1722
of Title 7, Agriculture, and section 1861 of Title 19, Customs Duties,
enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and section 1942
of this title, and section 1706 of Title 7, and repealing provisions set
out as notes under this section and section 2301 of this title], may be
cited as the `Foreign Assistance Act of 1963'.''
Short Title of 1962 Amendment
Section 1 of Pub. L. 87-565 provided: ``That this Act [enacting
sections 2211 to 2213 of this title, amending this section and sections
276, 2161, 2171, 2172, 2181, 2182, 2184, 2192, 2222, 2242, 2261, 2271,
2314, 2315, 2318, 2360, 2361, 2368, 2370, 2381, 2384, 2385, 2389, 2394,
2395, 2397, 2402 to 2404, 2452, and 2669 of this title, repealing
section 2173 of this title, enacting provisions set out as a note under
section 2452 of this title, and repealing Part IV of the Foreign
Assistance Act of 1961] may be cited as the `Foreign Assistance Act of
1962'.''
Short Title
Section 1 of Pub. L. 87-195, as added by Pub. L. 87-329, title I,
Sec. 111, Sept. 30, 1961, 75 Stat. 719, provided: ``That this Act
[enacting this chapter and sections 1613d and 1945 of this title,
amending sections 276, 279a, 1041, 1112, 1136, 1148, 1157, 1754, 1783,
1925, 1951 and 1964 of this title, section 1704 of Title 7, Agriculture,
and sections 1651 and 1701 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare,
enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections
276, 1613d, and 1925 of this title, and repealing sections 1750, 1750a,
1750b to 1753a, 1755 to 1759, 1760, 1761 to 1765, 1766a to 1766c, 1767a,
1768, 1781, 1782, 1784 to 1795, 1797, 1811, 1812 to 1817, 1841, 1851,
1852, 1854, 1870, 1871 to 1876, 1891 to 1896, 1897, 1920, 1921, 1923,
1924, 1926, 1927, 1929, 1931, 1933, 1935, 1936, 1939 to 1940a, 1941,
2051 to 2053, 2071 and 2072 of this title, Reorganization Plan No. 7 of
1953, and provisions set out as notes under sections 1753, 1783, 1922,
1928b, 1939 and 1951 of this title] may be cited as `The Foreign
Assistance Act of 1961'.''
Section 101 of Pub. L. 87-195 which provided that this subchapter
should be cited as the ``Act for International Development of 1961'' was
repealed by section 101(b) of Pub. L. 88-205.
Pub. L. 87-195, pt. V, Sec. 801, as added by Pub. L. 105-214,
Sec. 1, July 29, 1998, 112 Stat. 885, provided that: ``This part [part V
(Secs. 801-813) of Pub. L. 87-195, enacting subchapter IV of this
chapter] may be cited as the `Tropical Forest Conservation Act of
1998'.''
Repeals
Section 642 of Pub. L. 87-195, as amended by Pub. L. 89-171, pt.
III, Sec. 303(a), Sept. 6, 1965, 79 Stat. 661, provided that:
``(a) There are hereby repealed--
``(1) Reorganization Plan Numbered 7 of 1953 [formerly set out
as a note under section 1785 of this title].
``(2) the Mutual Security Act of 1954, as amended [section 1750
et seq. of this title] (except sections 402, 405(a), 405(c), 405(d),
408, 414, 417, 451(c), 502(a), 502(b), 514, 523(d), and 536
[sections 1922, 1925(a), 1925(c), 1925(d), 1928, 1934, 1937,
1951(c), 1754(a), (b), 1766, 1783(d) and 1796 of this title]);
``(3) section 12 of the Mutual Security Act of 1955 [formerly
set out as a note under section 1811 of this title];
``(4) sections 12, 13, and 14 of the Mutual Security Act of 1956
[section 1870 of this title and notes formerly set out under
sections 1753 and 1939 of this title];
``(5) section 503 of the Mutual Security Act of 1958 [section
1750a of this title];
``(6) section 108 of the Mutual Security Appropriation Act, 1959
[formerly set out as a note under section 1922 of this title];
``(7) section 501(a), chapter VI, and sections 702 and 703 of
the Mutual Security Act of 1959, as amended [sections 1941, and 2051
to 2053 of this title and notes formerly set out under sections
1928b and 1951 of this title]; and
``(8) section 604 and chapter VII of the Mutual Security Act of
1960 [sections 2071 and 2072 of this title and note formerly set out
under section 1783 of this title].
``(b) References in law to the Acts, or provisions of such Acts,
repealed by subsection (a) of this section shall hereafter be deemed to
be references to this Act [see Short Title note for the Foreign
Assistance Act of 1961 above] or appropriate provisions of this Act.
``(c) The repeal of the Acts listed in subsection (a) of this
section shall not be deemed to affect amendments contained in such Acts
to Acts not named in that subsection.''
United States Agency for International Development Deemed Agency
Primarily Responsible for Administering This Subchapter
Any reference in this chapter to the agency primarily responsible
for administering this subchapter, or to the Administrator of such
agency, deemed reference to the United States Agency for International
Development or to the Administrator of that agency, as appropriate, see
section 1-200(a) of Ex. Ord. No. 12163, Sept. 29, 1979, 44 F.R. 56673,
as amended, set out as a note under section 2381 of this title.
Assistance for Zimbabwe
Pub. L. 107-115, title V, Sec. 560, Jan. 10, 2002, 115 Stat. 2162,
provided that: ``The Secretary of the Treasury shall instruct the United
States executive director to each international financial institution to
vote against any extension by the respective institution of any loans,
to the Government of Zimbabwe, except to meet basic human needs or to
promote democracy, unless the Secretary of State determines and
certifies to the Committees on Appropriations that the rule of law has
been restored in Zimbabwe, including respect for ownership and title to
property, freedom of speech and association.''
Pub. L. 107-99, Dec. 21, 2001, 115 Stat. 962, provided that:
``SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.
``This Act may be cited as the `Zimbabwe Democracy and Economic
Recovery Act of 2001'.
``SEC. 2. STATEMENT OF POLICY.
``It is the policy of the United States to support the people of
Zimbabwe in their struggle to effect peaceful, democratic change,
achieve broad-based and equitable economic growth, and restore the rule
of law.
``SEC. 3. DEFINITIONS.
``In this Act:
``(1) International financial institutions.--The term
`international financial institutions' means the multilateral
development banks and the International Monetary Fund.
``(2) Multilateral development banks.--The term `multilateral
development banks' means the International Bank for Reconstruction
and Development, the International Development Association, the
International Finance Corporation, the Inter-American Development
Bank, the Asian Development Bank, the Inter-American Investment
Corporation, the African Development Bank, the African Development
Fund, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, and the
Multilateral Investment Guaranty Agency.
``SEC. 4. SUPPORT FOR DEMOCRATIC TRANSITION AND ECONOMIC RECOVERY.
``(a) Findings.--Congress makes the following findings:
``(1) Through economic mismanagement, undemocratic practices,
and the costly deployment of troops to the Democratic Republic of
the Congo, the Government of Zimbabwe has rendered itself ineligible
to participate in International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development and International Monetary Fund programs, which would
otherwise be providing substantial resources to assist in the
recovery and modernization of Zimbabwe's economy. The people of
Zimbabwe have thus been denied the economic and democratic benefits
envisioned by the donors to such programs, including the United
States.
``(2) In September 1999 the IMF suspended its support under a
`Stand By Arrangement', approved the previous month, for economic
adjustment and reform in Zimbabwe.
``(3) In October 1999, the International Development Association
(in this section referred to as the `IDA') suspended all structural
adjustment loans, credits, and guarantees to the Government of
Zimbabwe.
``(4) In May 2000, the IDA suspended all other new lending to
the Government of Zimbabwe.
``(5) In September 2000, the IDA suspended disbursement of funds
for ongoing projects under previously-approved loans, credits, and
guarantees to the Government of Zimbabwe.
``(b) Support for Democratic Transition and Economic Recovery.--
``(1) Bilateral debt relief.--Upon receipt by the appropriate
congressional committees of a certification described in subsection
(d), the Secretary of the Treasury shall undertake a review of the
feasibility of restructuring, rescheduling, or eliminating the
sovereign debt of Zimbabwe held by any agency of the United States
Government.
``(2) Multilateral debt relief and other financial assistance.--
It is the sense of Congress that, upon receipt by the appropriate
congressional committees of a certification described in subsection
(d), the Secretary of the Treasury should--
``(A) direct the United States executive director of each
multilateral development bank to propose that the bank should
undertake a review of the feasibility of restructuring,
rescheduling, or eliminating the sovereign debt of Zimbabwe held
by that bank; and
``(B) direct the United States executive director of each
international financial institution to which the United States
is a member to propose to undertake financial and technical
support for Zimbabwe, especially support that is intended to
promote Zimbabwe's economic recovery and development, the
stabilization of the Zimbabwean dollar, and the viability of
Zimbabwe's democratic institutions.
``(c) Multilateral Financing Restriction.--Until the President makes
the certification described in subsection (d), and except as may be
required to meet basic human needs or for good governance, the Secretary
of the Treasury shall instruct the United States executive director to
each international financial institution to oppose and vote against--
``(1) any extension by the respective institution of any loan,
credit, or guarantee to the Government of Zimbabwe; or
``(2) any cancellation or reduction of indebtedness owed by the
Government of Zimbabwe to the United States or any international
financial institution.
``(d) Presidential Certification That Certain Conditions Are
Satisfied.--A certification under this subsection is a certification
transmitted to the appropriate congressional committees of a
determination made by the President that the following conditions are
satisfied:
``(1) Restoration of the rule of law.--The rule of law has been
restored in Zimbabwe, including respect for ownership and title to
property, freedom of speech and association, and an end to the
lawlessness, violence, and intimidation sponsored, condoned, or
tolerated by the Government of Zimbabwe, the ruling party, and their
supporters or entities.
``(2) Election or pre-election conditions.--Either of the
following two conditions is satisfied:
``(A) Presidential election.--Zimbabwe has held a
presidential election that is widely accepted as free and fair
by independent international monitors, and the president-elect
is free to assume the duties of the office.
``(B) Pre-election conditions.--In the event the
certification is made before the presidential election takes
place, the Government of Zimbabwe has sufficiently improved the
pre-election environment to a degree consistent with accepted
international standards for security and freedom of movement and
association.
``(3) Commitment to equitable, legal, and transparent land
reform.--The Government of Zimbabwe has demonstrated a commitment to
an equitable, legal, and transparent land reform program consistent
with agreements reached at the International Donors' Conference on
Land Reform and Resettlement in Zimbabwe held in Harare, Zimbabwe,
in September 1998.
``(4) Fulfillment of agreement ending war in democratic republic
of congo.--The Government of Zimbabwe is making a good faith effort
to fulfill the terms of the Lusaka, Zambia, agreement on ending the
war in the Democratic Republic of Congo.
``(5) Military and national police subordinate to civilian
government.--The Zimbabwean Armed Forces, the National Police of
Zimbabwe, and other state security forces are responsible to and
serve the elected civilian government.
``(e) Waiver.--The President may waive the provisions of subsection
(b)(1) or subsection (c), if the President determines that it is in the
national interest of the United States to do so.
``SEC. 5. SUPPORT FOR DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS, THE FREE PRESS AND
INDEPENDENT MEDIA, AND THE RULE OF LAW.
``(a) In General.--The President is authorized to provide assistance
under part I [22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.] and chapter 4 of part II [22
U.S.C. 2346 et seq.] of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 to--
``(1) support an independent and free press and electronic media
in Zimbabwe;
``(2) support equitable, legal, and transparent mechanisms of
land reform in Zimbabwe, including the payment of costs related to
the acquisition of land and the resettlement of individuals,
consistent with the International Donors' Conference on Land Reform
and Resettlement in Zimbabwe held in Harare, Zimbabwe, in September
1998, or any subsequent agreement relating thereto; and
``(3) provide for democracy and governance programs in Zimbabwe.
``(b) Funding.--Of the funds authorized to be appropriated to carry
out part I [22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.] and chapter 4 of part II [22 U.S.C.
2346 et seq.] of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 for fiscal year
2002--
``(1) $20,000,000 is authorized to be available to provide the
assistance described in subsection (a)(2); and
``(2) $6,000,000 is authorized to be available to provide the
assistance described in subsection (a)(3).
``(c) Supersedes Other Laws.--The authority in this section
supersedes any other provision of law.
``SEC. 6. SENSE OF CONGRESS ON THE ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN AGAINST
INDIVIDUALS RESPONSIBLE FOR VIOLENCE AND THE BREAKDOWN OF THE
RULE OF LAW IN ZIMBABWE.
``It is the sense of Congress that the President should begin
immediate consultation with the governments of European Union member
states, Canada, and other appropriate foreign countries on ways in which
to--
``(1) identify and share information regarding individuals
responsible for the deliberate breakdown of the rule of law,
politically motivated violence, and intimidation in Zimbabwe;
``(2) identify assets of those individuals held outside
Zimbabwe;
``(3) implement travel and economic sanctions against those
individuals and their associates and families; and
``(4) provide for the eventual removal or amendment of those
sanctions.''
Report on Relations With Vietnam
Pub. L. 105-277, div. G, subdiv. B, title XXVIII, Sec. 2805, Oct.
21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681-846, as amended by Pub. L. 106-113, div. B,
Sec. 1000(a)(7) [div. A, title II, Sec. 209(c)], Nov. 29, 1999, 113
Stat. 1536, 1501A-423, provided that: ``In order to provide Congress
with the necessary information by which to evaluate the relationship
between the United States and Vietnam, the Secretary of State shall
submit a report to the appropriate congressional committees [Committee
on International Relations of House of Representatives and Committee on
Foreign Relations of Senate], not later than 90 days after the date of
enactment of this Act [Oct. 21, 1998] and every 180 days thereafter
during the period ending September 30, 2001, on the extent to which--
``(1) the Government of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam is
cooperating with the United States in providing the fullest possible
accounting of all unresolved cases of prisoners of war (POWs) or
persons missing-in-action (MIAs) through the provision of records
and the unilateral and joint recovery and repatriation of American
remains;
``(2) the Government of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam has
made progress toward the release of all political and religious
prisoners, including Catholic, Protestant, and Buddhist clergy;
``(3) the Government of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam is
cooperating with requests by the United States to obtain full and
free access to persons of humanitarian interest to the United States
for interviews under the Orderly Departure (ODP) and Resettlement
Opportunities for Vietnamese Refugees (ROVR) programs, and in
providing exit visas for such persons;
``(4) the Government of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam has
taken vigorous action to end extortion, bribery, and other corrupt
practices in connection with such exit visas; and
``(5) the Government of the United States is making vigorous
efforts to interview and resettle former reeducation camp victims,
their immediate families including unmarried sons and daughters,
former United States Government employees, and other persons
eligible for the ODP program, and to give such persons the full
benefit of all applicable United States laws including sections 599D
and 599E of the Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related
Programs Appropriations Act of 1990 (Public Law 101-167) [8 U.S.C.
1157 note, 1255 note].''
Iraq Liberation
Pub. L. 105-338, Oct. 31, 1998, 112 Stat. 3178, provided that:
``SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.
``This Act may be cited as the `Iraq Liberation Act of 1998'.
``SEC. 2. FINDINGS.
``The Congress makes the following findings:
``(1) On September 22, 1980, Iraq invaded Iran, starting an 8
year war in which Iraq employed chemical weapons against Iranian
troops and ballistic missiles against Iranian cities.
``(2) In February 1988, Iraq forcibly relocated Kurdish
civilians from their home villages in the Anfal campaign, killing an
estimated 50,000 to 180,000 Kurds.
``(3) On March 16, 1988, Iraq used chemical weapons against
Iraqi Kurdish civilian opponents in the town of Halabja, killing an
estimated 5,000 Kurds and causing numerous birth defects that affect
the town today.
``(4) On August 2, 1990, Iraq invaded and began a 7 month
occupation of Kuwait, killing and committing numerous abuses against
Kuwaiti civilians, and setting Kuwait's oil wells ablaze upon
retreat.
``(5) Hostilities in Operation Desert Storm ended on February
28, 1991, and Iraq subsequently accepted the ceasefire conditions
specified in United Nations Security Council Resolution 687 (April
3, 1991) requiring Iraq, among other things, to disclose fully and
permit the dismantlement of its weapons of mass destruction programs
and submit to long-term monitoring and verification of such
dismantlement.
``(6) In April 1993, Iraq orchestrated a failed plot to
assassinate former President George Bush during his April 14-16,
1993, visit to Kuwait.
``(7) In October 1994, Iraq moved 80,000 troops to areas near
the border with Kuwait, posing an imminent threat of a renewed
invasion of or attack against Kuwait.
``(8) On August 31, 1996, Iraq suppressed many of its opponents
by helping one Kurdish faction capture Irbil, the seat of the
Kurdish regional government.
``(9) Since March 1996, Iraq has systematically sought to deny
weapons inspectors from the United Nations Special Commission on
Iraq (UNSCOM) access to key facilities and documents, has on several
occasions endangered the safe operation of UNSCOM helicopters
transporting UNSCOM personnel in Iraq, and has persisted in a
pattern of deception and concealment regarding the history of its
weapons of mass destruction programs.
``(10) On August 5, 1998, Iraq ceased all cooperation with
UNSCOM, and subsequently threatened to end long-term monitoring
activities by the International Atomic Energy Agency and UNSCOM.
``(11) On August 14, 1998, President Clinton signed Public Law
105-235 [112 Stat. 1538], which declared that `the Government of
Iraq is in material and unacceptable breach of its international
obligations' and urged the President `to take appropriate action, in
accordance with the Constitution and relevant laws of the United
States, to bring Iraq into compliance with its international
obligations.'.
``(12) On May 1, 1998, President Clinton signed Public Law 105-
174 [see Tables for classification], which made $5,000,000 available
for assistance to the Iraqi democratic opposition for such
activities as organization, training, communication and
dissemination of information, developing and implementing agreements
among opposition groups, compiling information to support the
indictment of Iraqi officials for war crimes, and for related
purposes.
``SEC. 3. SENSE OF THE CONGRESS REGARDING UNITED STATES POLICY TOWARD
IRAQ.
``It should be the policy of the United States to support efforts to
remove the regime headed by Saddam Hussein from power in Iraq and to
promote the emergence of a democratic government to replace that regime.
``SEC. 4. ASSISTANCE TO SUPPORT A TRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY IN IRAQ.
``(a) Authority To Provide Assistance.--The President may provide to
the Iraqi democratic opposition organizations designated in accordance
with section 5 the following assistance:
``(1) Broadcasting assistance.--(A) Grant assistance to such
organizations for radio and television broadcasting by such
organizations to Iraq.
``(B) There is authorized to be appropriated to the United
States Information Agency $2,000,000 for fiscal year 1999 to carry
out this paragraph.
``(2) Military assistance.--(A) The President is authorized to
direct the drawdown of defense articles from the stocks of the
Department of Defense, defense services of the Department of
Defense, and military education and training for such organizations.
``(B) The aggregate value (as defined in section 644(m) of the
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [22 U.S.C. 2403(m)]) of assistance
provided under this paragraph may not exceed $97,000,000.
``(b) Humanitarian Assistance.--The Congress urges the President to
use existing authorities under the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [22
U.S.C. 2151 et seq.] to provide humanitarian assistance to individuals
living in areas of Iraq controlled by organizations designated in
accordance with section 5, with emphasis on addressing the needs of
individuals who have fled to such areas from areas under the control of
the Saddam Hussein regime.
``(c) Restriction on Assistance.--No assistance under this section
shall be provided to any group within an organization designated in
accordance with section 5 which group is, at the time the assistance is
to be provided, engaged in military cooperation with the Saddam Hussein
regime.
``(d) Notification Requirement.--The President shall notify the
congressional committees specified in section 634A of the Foreign
Assistance Act of 1961 [22 U.S.C. 2394-1] at least 15 days in advance of
each obligation of assistance under this section in accordance with the
procedures applicable to reprogramming notifications under section 634A.
``(e) Reimbursement Relating to Military Assistance.--
``(1) In general.--Defense articles, defense services, and
military education and training provided under subsection (a)(2)
shall be made available without reimbursement to the Department of
Defense except to the extent that funds are appropriated pursuant to
paragraph (2).
``(2) Authorization of appropriations.--There are authorized to
be appropriated to the President for each of the fiscal years 1998
and 1999 such sums as may be necessary to reimburse the applicable
appropriation, fund, or account for the value (as defined in section
644(m) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [22 U.S.C. 2403(m)]) of
defense articles, defense services, or military education and
training provided under subsection (a)(2).
``(f) Availability of Funds.--(1) Amounts authorized to be
appropriated under this section are authorized to remain available until
expended.
``(2) Amounts authorized to be appropriated under this section are
in addition to amounts otherwise available for the purposes described in
this section.
``(g) Authority To Provide Assistance.--Activities under this
section (including activities of the nature described in subsection (b))
may be undertaken notwithstanding any other provision of law.
``SEC. 5. DESIGNATION OF IRAQI DEMOCRATIC OPPOSITION ORGANIZATION.
``(a) Initial Designation.--Not later than 90 days after the date of
the enactment of this Act [Oct. 31, 1998], the President shall designate
one or more Iraqi democratic opposition organizations that the President
determines satisfy the criteria set forth in subsection (c) as eligible
to receive assistance under section 4.
``(b) Designation of Additional Organizations.--At any time
subsequent to the initial designation pursuant to subsection (a), the
President may designate one or more additional Iraqi democratic
opposition organizations that the President determines satisfy the
criteria set forth in subsection (c) as eligible to receive assistance
under section 4.
``(c) Criteria for Designation.--In designating an organization
pursuant to this section, the President shall consider only
organizations that--
``(1) include a broad spectrum of Iraqi individuals, groups, or
both, opposed to the Saddam Hussein regime; and
``(2) are committed to democratic values, to respect for human
rights, to peaceful relations with Iraq's neighbors, to maintaining
Iraq's territorial integrity, and to fostering cooperation among
democratic opponents of the Saddam Hussein regime.
``(d) Notification Requirement.--At least 15 days in advance of
designating an Iraqi democratic opposition organization pursuant to this
section, the President shall notify the congressional committees
specified in section 634A of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [22
U.S.C. 2394-1] of his proposed designation in accordance with the
procedures applicable to reprogramming notifications under section 634A.
``SEC. 6. WAR CRIMES TRIBUNAL FOR IRAQ.
``Consistent with section 301 of the Foreign Relations Authorization
Act, Fiscal Years 1992 and 1993 (Public Law 102-138 [105 Stat. 707]),
House Concurrent Resolution 137, 105th Congress (approved by the House
of Representatives on November 13, 1997), and Senate Concurrent
Resolution 78, 105th Congress (approved by the Senate on March 13,
1998), the Congress urges the President to call upon the United Nations
to establish an international criminal tribunal for the purpose of
indicting, prosecuting, and imprisoning Saddam Hussein and other Iraqi
officials who are responsible for crimes against humanity, genocide, and
other criminal violations of international law.
``SEC. 7. ASSISTANCE FOR IRAQ UPON REPLACEMENT OF SADDAM HUSSEIN REGIME.
``It is the sense of the Congress that once the Saddam Hussein
regime is removed from power in Iraq, the United States should support
Iraq's transition to democracy by providing immediate and substantial
humanitarian assistance to the Iraqi people, by providing democracy
transition assistance to Iraqi parties and movements with democratic
goals, and by convening Iraq's foreign creditors to develop a
multilateral response to Iraq's foreign debt incurred by Saddam
Hussein's regime.
``SEC. 8. RULE OF CONSTRUCTION.
``Nothing in this Act shall be construed to authorize or otherwise
speak to the use of United States Armed Forces (except as provided in
section 4(a)(2)) in carrying out this Act.''
Designations Under the Iraq Liberation Act of 1998
Determination of President of the United States, No. 03-05, Dec. 7,
2002, 67 F.R. 78121, provided:
Memorandum for the Secretary of State
Pursuant to the authority vested in me as President of the United
States, including under section 5 of the Iraq Liberation Act of 1998
(Public Law 105-338) (''the Act'') [set out in a note above], I hereby
determine that each of the following groups is a democratic opposition
organization and that each satisfies the criteria set forth in section
5(c) of the Act: the Assyrian Democratic Movement; the Iraqi Free
Officers and Civilians Movement; the Iraqi National Front; the Iraqi
National Movement; the Iraqi Turkmen Front; and the Islamic Accord of
Iraq. I hereby designate each of these organizations as eligible to
receive assistance under section 4 of the Act.
You are authorized and directed to report this determination and
designation to the Congress and to arrange for its publication in the
Federal Register.
George W. Bush.
Determination of President of the United States, No. 99-13, Feb. 4,
1999, 64 F.R. 6781, provided:
Memorandum for the Secretary of State
Pursuant to the authority vested in me as President of the United
States, including under section 5 of the Iraq Liberation Act of 1998
(Public Law 105-338) (the ``Act'') [set out in a note above], I hereby
determine that each of the following groups is a democratic opposition
organization and that each satisfies the criteria set forth in section
5(c) of the Act: the Iraqi National Accord, the Iraqi National Congress,
the Islamic Movement of Iraqi Kurdistan, the Kurdistan Democratic Party,
the Movement for Constitutional Monarchy, the Patriotic Union of
Kurdistan, and the Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq. I
hereby designate each of these organizations as eligible to receive
assistance under section 4 of the Act.
You are authorized and directed to report this determination and
designation to the Congress and arrange for its publication in the
Federal Register.
William J. Clinton.
Assistance for Mauritania
Pub. L. 104-319, title II, Sec. 202, Oct. 19, 1996, 110 Stat. 3866,
provided that:
``(a) Prohibition.--The President should not provide economic
assistance, military assistance or arms transfers to the Government of
Mauritania unless the President certifies to the Congress that such
Government has taken appropriate action to eliminate chattel slavery in
Mauritania, including--
``(1) the enactment of anti-slavery laws that provide
appropriate punishment for violators of such laws; and
``(2) the rigorous enforcement of such laws.
``(b) Definitions.--For purposes of this section, the following
definitions apply:
``(1) Economic assistance.--The term `economic assistance' means
any assistance under part I of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961
(22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.), except that such term does not include
humanitarian assistance.
``(2) Military assistance or arms transfers.--The term `military
assistance or arms transfers' means--
``(A) assistance under chapter 2 of part II of the Foreign
Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2311 et seq.; relating to
military assistance), including the transfer of excess defense
articles under sections 516 through 519 of that Act (22 U.S.C.
2321j through 2321m);
``(B) assistance under chapter 5 of part II of the Foreign
Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2347 et seq.; relating to
international military education and training);
``(C) assistance under the `Foreign Military Financing
Program' under section 23 of the Arms Export Control Act (22
U.S.C. 2763); or
``(D) the transfer of defense articles, defense services, or
design and construction services under the Arms Export Control
Act (22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.), including defense articles and
defense services licensed or approved for export under section
38 of that Act (22 U.S.C. 2778).''
Authority for Anticrime Assistance
Pub. L. 103-447, title I, Sec. 106, Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4694,
provided that:
``(a) Policy.--International criminal activities, including
international narcotics trafficking, money laundering, smuggling, and
corruption, endanger political and economic stability and democratic
development, and assistance for the prevention and suppression of
international criminal activities should be a priority for the United
States.
``(b) Authority.--
``(1) In general.--For fiscal year 1995, the President is
authorized to furnish assistance to any country or international
organization, on such terms and conditions as he may determine, for
the prevention and suppression of international criminal activities.
``(2) Waiver of prohibition of police training.--Section 660 of
the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2420) shall not apply
with respect to assistance furnished under paragraph (1).''
[Functions of President under section 106 of Pub. L. 103-447, set
out above, delegated to Secretary of State by Memorandum of President of
the United States, Apr. 4, 1995, 60 F.R. 19153.]
African Conflict Resolution
Pub. L. 103-381, Oct. 19, 1994, 108 Stat. 3513, provided that:
``SECTION. 1. SHORT TITLE.
``This Act may be cited as the `African Conflict Resolution Act'.
``SEC. 2. FINDINGS AND STATEMENT OF POLICY.
``(a) Findings.--The Congress makes the following findings:
``(1) It is in the national interest of the United States to
help build African capability in conflict resolution. A relatively
small investment of assistance in promoting African conflict
resolution--
``(A) would reduce the enormous human suffering which is
caused by wars in Africa;
``(B) would help the United States avoid huge future
expenditures necessitated by Somalia-like humanitarian
disasters; and
``(C) would reduce the need for United Nations intervention
as African institutions develop the ability to resolve African
conflicts.
``(2) Africa, to a greater extent than any other continent, is
afflicted by war. Africa has been marred by more than 20 major civil
wars since 1960. Rwanda, Somalia, Angola, Sudan, Liberia, and
Burundi are among those countries that have recently suffered
serious armed conflict.
``(3) In the last decade alone, between 2,000,000 and 4,000,000
Africans have died because of war. There were 5,200,000 refugees and
13,100,000 displaced people in Africa in 1993.
``(4) Millions more Africans are currently at risk of war-
related death. Looming or ongoing conflicts in Zaire, Angola, Sudan,
Rwanda, and other countries threaten Africa's future.
``(5) War has caused untold economic and social damage to the
countries of Africa. Food production is impossible in conflict
areas, and famine often results. Widespread conflict has condemned
many of Africa's children to lives of misery and, in certain cases,
has threatened the existence of traditional African cultures.
``(6) Conflict and instability in Africa, particularly in large,
potentially rich countries such as Angola, Sudan, and Zaire, deprive
the global economy of resources and opportunities for trade and
investment. Peace in these countries could make a significant
contribution to global economic growth, while creating new
opportunities for United States businesses.
``(7) Excessive military expenditures threaten political and
economic stability in Africa while diverting scarce resources from
development needs. Demobilization and other measures to reduce the
size of African armies, and civilian control of the military under
the rule of law are in the interest of international security and
economic development.
``(8) Conflict prevention, mediation, and demobilization are
prerequisites to the success of development assistance programs.
Nutrition and education programs, for example, cannot succeed in a
nation at war. Billions of dollars of development assistance have
been virtually wasted in war-ravaged countries such as Liberia,
Somalia, and Sudan.
``(9) Africans have a long tradition of informal mediation. This
tradition should be built upon to create effective institutions
through which Africans can resolve African conflicts.
``(10) The effectiveness of U.S. support for conflict resolution
programs requires coordination and collaboration with multilateral
institutions and other bilateral donors.
``(11) African institutions are playing an active role in
conflict resolution and mediation utilizing the experience of elder
statesmen. Groups such as the All African Council of Churches have
assisted in defusing conflicts. The Economic Community of West
African States (ECOWAS) has sought to address the conflict in
Liberia by deploying an African peacekeeping force. The Southern
African states have been working to prevent a crisis in Lesotho. The
Intergovernmental Authority on Desertification and Drought (IGADD)
has been engaged in attempting to resolve the conflict in Sudan.
``(12) The Organization of African Unity, under the leadership
of Secretary General Salim Salim, has established a conflict
resolution mechanism and has been active in mediation and conflict
resolution in several African countries.
``(b) United States Policy.--The Congress declares, therefore, that
a key goal for United States foreign policy should be to help
institutionalize conflict resolution capability in Africa.
``SEC. 3. IMPROVING THE CONFLICT RESOLUTION CAPABILITIES OF THE
ORGANIZATION OF AFRICAN UNITY.
``(a) Authorization of Assistance.--The President is authorized to
provide assistance to strengthen the conflict resolution capability of
the Organization of African Unity, as follows:
``(1) Funds may be provided to the Organization of African Unity
for use in supporting its conflict resolution capability, including
providing technical assistance.
``(2) Funds may be used for expenses of sending individuals with
expertise in conflict resolution to work with the Organization of
African Unity.
``(b) Funding.--Of the foreign assistance funds that are allocated
for sub-Saharan Africa, not less than $1,500,000 for each of the fiscal
years 1995 through 1998 should be used to carry out subsection (a).
``SEC. 4. IMPROVING CONFLICT RESOLUTION CAPABILITIES OF MULTILATERAL
SUBREGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS IN AFRICA.
``(a) Authorization of Assistance.--The President is authorized to
provide assistance to strengthen the conflict resolution capabilities of
subregional organizations established by countries in sub-Saharan
Africa, as follows:
``(1) Funds may be provided to such organizations for use in
supporting their conflict resolution capability, including providing
technical assistance.
``(2) Funds may be used for the expenses of sending individuals
with expertise in conflict resolution to work with such
organizations.
``(b) Funding.--Of the foreign assistance funds that are allocated
for sub-Saharan Africa, such sums as may be necessary for each of the
fiscal years 1995 through 1998 may be used to carry out subsection (a).
``SEC. 5. IMPROVING CONFLICT RESOLUTION CAPABILITIES OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL
ORGANIZATIONS.
``(a) Authorization of Assistance.--The President is authorized to
provide assistance to nongovernmental organizations that are engaged in
mediation and reconciliation efforts in sub-Saharan Africa.
``(b) Funding.--Of the foreign assistance funds that are allocated
for sub-Saharan Africa, such sums as may be necessary for each of the
fiscal years 1995 and 1996 should be used to carry out subsection (a).
``SEC. 6. AFRICAN DEMOBILIZATION AND RETRAINING PROGRAM.
``(a) Authorization of Assistance.--In order to facilitate
reductions in the size of the armed forces of countries of sub-Saharan
Africa, the President is authorized to--
``(1) provide assistance for the encampment and related
activities for the purpose of demobilization of such forces; and
``(2) provide assistance for the reintegration of demobilized
military personnel into civilian society through activities such as
retraining for civilian occupations, creation of income-generating
opportunities, their reintegration into agricultural activities, and
the transportation to the home areas of such personnel.
``(b) Funding.--Of the foreign assistance funds that are allocated
for sub-Saharan Africa, $25,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 1995
and 1996 should be used for the assistance described in subsection (a),
if conditions permit.
``(c) Civilian Involvement.--The President is also authorized to
promote civilian involvement in the planning and organization of
demobilization and reintegration activities.
``SEC. 7. TRAINING FOR AFRICANS IN CONFLICT RESOLUTION AND PEACEKEEPING.
``(a) Authorization.--The President is authorized to establish a
program to provide education and training in conflict resolution and
peacekeeping for civilian and military personnel of countries in sub-
Saharan Africa.
``(b) Funding.--Of the funds made available under chapter 5 of part
II of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [22 U.S.C. 2347 et seq.], such
sums as may be necessary for each of the fiscal years 1995 and 1996
should be used for the purposes of subsection (a).
``SEC. 8. PLAN FOR UNITED STATES SUPPORT FOR CONFLICT RESOLUTION AND
DEMOBILIZATION IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA.
``(a) In General.--Pursuant to the provisions of sections 3 through
7, the President should develop an integrated long-term plan, which
incorporates local perspectives, to provide support for the enhancement
of conflict resolution capabilities and demobilization activities in
sub-Saharan Africa.
``(b) Contents of Plan.--Such plan should include:
``(1) The type, purpose, amount, and duration of assistance that
is planned to be provided to conflict resolution units in sub-
Saharan Africa.
``(2) The type and amount of assistance that is planned to be
provided for the demobilization of military personnel of countries
of sub-Saharan Africa, including--
``(A) a list of which countries will receive such assistance
and an explanation of why such countries were chosen for such
assistance; and
``(B) a list of other countries and international
organizations that are providing assistance for such
demobilization.
``(3) The type and amount of assistance that is planned to be
provided to nongovernmental organizations that are engaged in
mediation and reconciliation efforts in sub-Saharan Africa.
``(4) A description of proposed training programs for Africans
in conflict resolution and peacekeeping under section 7, including a
list of prospective participants and plans to expand such programs.
``(5) The mechanisms to be used to coordinate interagency
efforts to administer the plan.
``(6) Efforts to seek the participation of other countries and
international organizations to achieve the objectives of the plan.
``(c) Report.--Not later than 180 days after the date of the
enactment of this Act [Oct. 19, 1994], the President shall submit to the
appropriate congressional committees a report containing a description
of the plan developed under this section.
``SEC. 9. REPORTING REQUIREMENT.
``(a) Requirement.--The President shall submit to the appropriate
congressional committees a report describing the efforts and progress
made in carrying out the provisions of this Act.
``(b) Date of Submission.--The first report submitted under
subsection (a) shall be submitted no later than 180 days after the date
of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 19, 1994], and shall be submitted
annually thereafter.
``SEC. 10. CONSULTATION REQUIREMENT.
``The President shall consult with the appropriate congressional
committees prior to providing assistance under sections 3 through 7.
``SEC. 11. APPROPRIATE CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEES DEFINED.
``For purposes of this Act, the term `appropriate congressional
committees' means the Committee on Foreign Affairs [now Committee on
International Relations] and the Committee on Appropriations of the
House of Representatives and the Committee on Foreign Relations and the
Committee on Appropriations of the Senate.''
[Functions of President under sections 8 and 9 of Pub. L. 103-381,
set out above, delegated to Administrator of the Agency for
International Development by Memorandum of President of the United
States, June 6, 1995, 60 F.R. 30771.]
Waiver of Restrictions for Narcotics-Related Economic Assistance
Pub. L. 104-164, title I, Sec. 133, July 21, 1996, 110 Stat. 1430,
provided that: ``For each of the fiscal years 1996 and 1997, narcotics-
related assistance under part I of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961
(22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.) may be provided notwithstanding any other
provision of law that restricts assistance to foreign countries (other
than section 490(e) or section 502B of that Act (22 U.S.C. 2291j(e) and
2304)) if, at least 15 days before obligating funds for such assistance,
the President notifies the appropriate congressional committees (as
defined in section 481(e) of that Act (22 U.S.C. 2291(e))) in accordance
with the procedures applicable to reprogramming notifications under
section 634A of that Act (22 U.S.C. 2394-1).''
Similar Provisions
Similar provisions were contained in the following prior acts:
Pub. L. 103-447, title I, Sec. 105, Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4694.
Pub. L. 102-583, Sec. 8, Nov. 2, 1992, 106 Stat. 4933, prior to
repeal by Pub. L. 103-447, title I, Sec. 103(a), Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat.
4693.
``Appropriate Congressional Committees'' Defined for Purposes of Pub. L.
102-583
Pub. L. 102-583, Sec. 11(b), Nov. 2, 1992, 106 Stat. 4935, provided
that as used in Pub. L. 102-583, the term ``appropriate congressional
committees'' had the definition given that term by section 481(e)(6) of
the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2291(e)(6)), prior to
repeal by Pub. L. 103-447, title I, Sec. 103(a), Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat.
4693.
Impact on Employment in United States
Pub. L. 102-549, title VIII, Sec. 801, Oct. 28, 1992, 106 Stat.
3671, provided that: ``No funds made available to carry out any
provision of this Act [see Short Title of 1992 Amendments note above] or
the amendments made by this Act may be obligated or expended for any
financial incentive to a business enterprise currently located in the
United States for the purpose of inducing such an enterprise to relocate
outside the United States, if such incentive or inducement is likely to
reduce the number of employees in the United States because United
States production is being replaced by such enterprise outside the
United States.''
Internationally Recognized Worker Rights
Pub. L. 102-549, title VIII, Sec. 802, Oct. 28, 1992, 106 Stat.
3671, provided that: ``No funds made available to carry out any
provision of this Act [see Short Title of 1992 Amendments note above] or
the amendments made by this Act may be obligated or expended for any
project or activity that contributes to the violation of internationally
recognized workers rights, as defined in section 502(a)(4) of the Trade
Act of 1974 [19 U.S.C. 2462(a)(4)], of workers in the recipient country,
including any designated zone in that country.''
Horn of Africa Recovery and Food Security
Pub. L. 102-274, Apr. 21, 1992, 106 Stat. 115, known as the Horn of
Africa Recovery and Food Security Act, provided findings of Congress
concerning the Horn of Africa (the region comprised of Ethiopia,
Somalia, Sudan, and Djibouti), stated policy regarding individual
countries, authorized a relief and rehabilitation program, provided for
a peace initiative and a food security and recovery strategy, prohibited
security assistance to Ethiopia, Somalia, or Sudan for fiscal year 1992
or 1993 absent a certification by the President, required the President
to submit a report to Congress on the efforts and progress in carrying
out Pub. L. 102-274 not later than 180 days after Apr. 21, 1992, and
required additional reports.
Peace Process in Liberia
Pub. L. 102-270, Apr. 16, 1992, 106 Stat. 106, as amended by Pub. L.
104-107, title V, Sec. 573(a), Feb. 12, 1996, 110 Stat. 749, provided:
That (a) the Congress--
``(1) strongly supports the peace process for Liberia initiated
by the Yamoussoukro peace accord;
``(2) urges all parties to abide by the terms of the
Yamoussoukro agreement;
``(3) commends and congratulates the governments of the Economic
Community of West African States (ECOWAS) for their leadership in
seeking peace in Liberia; and
``(4) extends particularly praise to President Babangida of
Nigeria, President Houphouet-Boigny of Cote d'Ivoire, and President
Diouf of Senegal for their efforts to resolve this conflict.
``(b) Authorization of Limited Assistance.--The President is
authorized to provide--
``(1) nonpartisan election and democracy-building assistance to
support democratic institutions in Liberia, and
``(2) assistance for the resettlement of refugees, the
demobilization and retraining of troops, and the provision of other
appropriate assistance:
Provided, That the President determines and so certifies to the
Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Appropriations of
the Senate and the Committee on Foreign Affairs [now Committee on
International Relations] and the Committee on Appropriations of the
House of Representatives that Liberia has made significant progress
toward democratization and that the provision of such assistance will
assist that country in making further progress and is otherwise in the
national interest of the United States. A separate determination and
certification shall be required for each fiscal year in which such
assistance is to be provided.''
Suspension of Certain Programs and Activities Relating to the People's
Republic of China
Pub. L. 101-246, title IX, Sec. 902, Feb. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 83, as
amended by Pub. L. 102-549, title II, Sec. 202(e), Oct. 28, 1992, 106
Stat. 3658, provided that:
``(a) Suspensions.--
``(1) Overseas private investment corporation.--The Overseas
Private Investment Corporation shall continue to suspend the
issuance of any new insurance, reinsurance, guarantees, financing,
or other financial support with respect to the People's Republic of
China, unless the President makes a report under subsection (b)(1)
or (2) of this section.
``(2) Trade and development agency.--The President shall suspend
the obligation of funds under the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961
[see Short Title note above] for any new activities of the Trade and
Development Agency with respect to the People's Republic of China,
unless the President makes a report under subsection (b)(1) or (2)
of this section.
``(3) Munitions export licenses.--(A) The issuance of licenses
under section 38 of the Arms Export Control Act [22 U.S.C. 2778] for
the export to the People's Republic of China of any defense article
on the United States Munitions List, including helicopters and
helicopter parts, shall continue to be suspended, subject to
subparagraph (B), unless the President makes a report under
subsection (b)(1) or (2) of this section.
``(B) The suspension set forth in subparagraph (A) shall not
apply to systems and components designed specifically for inclusion
in civil products and controlled as defense articles only for
purposes of export to a controlled country, unless the President
determines that the intended recipient of such items is the military
or security forces of the People's Republic of China.
``(4) Crime control and detection instruments and equipment.--
The issuance of any license under section 6(k) of the Export
Administration Act of 1979 [50 App. U.S.C. 2405(k)] for the export
to the People's Republic of China of any crime control or detection
instruments or equipment shall be suspended, unless the President
makes a report under subsection (b)(1) or (2) of this section.
``(5) Export of satellites for launch by the people's republic
of china.--Exports of any satellite of United States origin that is
intended for launch from a launch vehicle owned by the People's
Republic of China shall remain suspended, unless the President makes
a report under subsection (b)(1) or (2) of this section.
``(6) Nuclear cooperation with the people's republic of china.--
(A) Any--
``(i) application for a license under the Export
Administration Act of 1979 [50 App. U.S.C. 2401 et seq.] for the
export to the People's Republic of China for use in a nuclear
production or utilization facility of any goods or technology
which, as determined under section 309(c) of the Nuclear Non-
Proliferation Act of 1978 [42 U.S.C. 2139a(c)], could be of
significance for nuclear explosive purposes, or which, in the
judgment of the President, is likely to be diverted for use in
such a facility, for any nuclear explosive device, or for
research on or development of any nuclear explosive device,
shall be suspended,
``(ii) application for a license for the export to the
People's Republic of China of any nuclear material, facilities,
or components subject to the Agreement shall be suspended,
``(iii) approval for the transfer or retransfer to the
People's Republic of China of any nuclear material, facilities,
or components subject to the Agreement shall not be given, and
``(iv) specific authorization for assistance in any
activities with respect to the People's Republic of China
relating to the use of nuclear energy under section 57b.(2) of
the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 [42 U.S.C. 2077(b)(2)] shall not
be given,
until the conditions specified in subparagraph (B) are met.
``(B) Subparagraph (A) applies until--
``(i) the President certifies to the Congress that the
People's Republic of China has provided clear and unequivocal
assurances to the United States that it is not assisting and
will not assist any nonnuclear-weapon state, either directly or
indirectly, in acquiring nuclear explosive devices or the
materials and components for such devices;
``(ii) the President makes the certifications and submits
the report required by Public Law 99-183 [Dec. 16, 1985, 99
Stat. 1174]; and
``(iii) the President makes a report under subsection (b)(1)
or (2) of this section.
``(C) For purposes of this paragraph, the term `Agreement' means
the Agreement for Cooperation Between the Government of the United
States of America and the Government of the People's Republic of
China Concerning Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy (done on July 23,
1985).
``(7) Liberalization of export controls.--(A) The President
shall negotiate with the governments participating in the group
known as the Coordinating Committee (COCOM) to suspend, on a
multilateral basis, any liberalization by the Coordinating Committee
of controls on exports of goods and technology to the People's
Republic of China under section 5 of the Export Administration Act
of 1979 [50 App. U.S.C. 2404], including--
``(i) the implementation of bulk licenses for exports to the
People's Republic of China; and
``(ii) the raising of the performance levels of goods or
technology below which no authority or permission to export to
the People's Republic of China would be required.
``(B) The President shall oppose any liberalization by the
Coordinating Committee of controls which is described in
subparagraph (A)(ii), until the end of the 6-month period beginning
on the date of enactment of this Act [Feb. 16, 1990] or until the
President makes a report under subsection (b)(1) or (2) of this
section, whichever occurs first.
``(b) Termination of Suspensions.--A report referred to in
subsection (a) is a report by the President to the Congress either--
``(1) that the Government of the People's Republic of China has
made progress on a program of political reform throughout the
country, including Tibet, which includes--
``(A) lifting of martial law;
``(B) halting of executions and other reprisals against
individuals for the nonviolent expression of their political
beliefs;
``(C) release of political prisoners;
``(D) increased respect for internationally recognized human
rights, including freedom of expression, the press, assembly,
and association; and
``(E) permitting a freer flow of information, including an
end to the jamming of Voice of America and greater access for
foreign journalists; or
``(2) that it is in the national interest of the United States
to terminate a suspension under subsection (a)(1), (2), (3), (4), or
(5), to terminate a suspension or disapproval under subsection
(a)(6), or to terminate the opposition required by subsection
(a)(7), as the case may be.
``(c) Reporting Requirement.--Sixty days after the date of enactment
of this Act [Feb. 16, 1990], the President shall submit to the Congress
a report on--
``(1) any steps taken by the Government of China to achieve the
objectives described in subsection (b)(1);
``(2) the effect of multilateral sanctions on political and
economic developments in China and on China's international economic
relations;
``(3) the impact of the President's actions described in section
901(a)(9) [Pub. L. 101-246, title IX, Feb. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 80]
and of the suspensions under subsection (a) of this section on--
``(A) political and economic developments in China;
``(B) the standard of living of the Chinese people;
``(C) relations between the United States and China; and
``(D) the actions taken by China to promote a settlement in
Cambodia which will ensure Cambodian independence, facilitate an
act of self-determination by the Cambodian people, and prevent
the Khmer Rouge from returning to exclusive power;
``(4) the status of programs and activities suspended under
subsection (a); and
``(5) the additional measures taken by the President under
section 901(c) if repression in China deepens.''
[Certification of President under section 902(a)(6)(B)(i) of Pub. L.
101-246, set out above, provided in Determination of President of the
United States, No. 98-10, Jan. 12, 1998, 63 F.R. 3447.]
Limitation on Assistance to Panamanian Defense Force
Pub. L. 100-456, div. A, title XIII, Sec. 1302, Sept. 29, 1988, 102
Stat. 2060, provided that:
``(a) Limitation.--The President may not use any funds appropriated
to or for the use of any department, agency, or other entity of the
United States for the purpose of providing assistance to the Panamanian
Defense Force. The limitation in the preceding sentence shall cease to
apply upon the submission by the President to Congress of a
certification by the President--
``(1) that no armed forces of the Soviet Union, the Republic of
Cuba, or the Republic of Nicaragua are present in the Republic of
Panama (other than military attaches accredited to the Republic of
Panama); and
``(2) that General Manuel Noriega has relinquished command of
the Panamanian Defense Force and no longer holds any official
position of leadership (either military or civilian) in the Republic
of Panama.
``(b) Clarification.--Subsection (a) does not prohibit the President
from obligating or expending any funds necessary for--
``(1) the defense of the Panama Canal,
``(2) the collection of intelligence,
``(3) the maintenance of United States Armed Forces in the
Republic of Panama, or
``(4) the protection of United States interests in the Republic
of Panama.
``(c) Report.--Not later than 30 days after the date of the
enactment of this Act [Sept. 29, 1988], the President shall submit to
Congress a detailed report, in both classified and unclassified form,
indicating--
``(1) whether (and to what extent) military, paramilitary, or
intelligence personnel of the Soviet Union, Cuba, or Nicaragua are
present in the Republic of Panama; and
``(2) whether (and to what extent) the Panamanian Defense Force
has coordinated with, cooperated with, supported, or received
support from, any such personnel.''
Codification of Policy Prohibiting Negotiations With the Palestine
Liberation Organization
Pub. L. 99-83, title XIII, Sec. 1302, Aug. 8, 1985, 99 Stat. 280, as
amended by Pub. L. 101-246, title I, Sec. 108, Feb. 16, 1990, 104 Stat.
21, provided that:
``(a) United States Policy.--The United States in 1975 declared in a
memorandum of agreement with Israel, and has reaffirmed since, that `The
United States will continue to adhere to its present policy with respect
to the Palestine Liberation Organization, whereby it will not recognize
or negotiate with the Palestine Liberation Organization so long as the
Palestine Liberation Organization does not recognize Israel's right to
exist and does not accept Security Council Resolutions 242 and 338.'.
``(b) Reaffirmation and Codification of Policy.--The United States
hereby reaffirms that policy. In accordance with that policy, no officer
or employee of the United States Government and no agent or other
individual acting on behalf of the United States Government shall
negotiate with the Palestine Liberation Organization or any
representatives thereof (except in emergency or humanitarian situations)
unless and until the Palestine Liberation Organization recognizes
Israel's right to exist, accepts United Nations Security Council
Resolutions 242 and 338, and renounces the use of terrorism, except that
no funds authorized to be appropriated by this or any other Act may be
obligated or made available for the conduct of the current dialogue on
the Middle East peace process with any representative of the Palestine
Liberation Organization if the President knows and advises the Congress
that that representative directly participated in the planning or
execution of a particular terrorist activity which resulted in the death
or kidnapping of a United States citizen.''
Obligation or Expenditure of Funds for Planning, etc., Mining of the
Ports or Territorial Waters of Nicaragua
Pub. L. 98-369, div. B, title IX, Sec. 2907, July 18, 1984, 98 Stat.
1210, provided that: ``It is the sense of the Congress that no funds
heretofore or hereafter appropriated in any Act of Congress shall be
obligated or expended for the purpose of planning, directing, executing,
or supporting the mining of the ports or territorial waters of
Nicaragua.''
Prohibition on Certain Assistance to the Khmer Rouge in Kampuchea
Pub. L. 98-164, title X, Sec. 1005, Nov. 22, 1983, 97 Stat. 1058,
provided that:
``(a) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, none of the funds
authorized to be appropriated by this Act or any other Act may be
obligated or expended for the purpose or with the effect of promoting,
sustaining, or augmenting, directly or indirectly, the capacity of the
Khmer Rouge or any of its members to conduct military or paramilitary
operations in Kampuchea or elsewhere in Indochina.
``(b) All funds appropriated before the date of enactment of this
section [Nov. 22, 1983] which were obligated but not expended for
activities having the purpose or effect described in subsection (a)
shall be deobligated and shall be deposited in the Treasury of the
United States as miscellaneous receipts.
``(c) This section shall not be construed as limiting the provision
of food, medicine, or other humanitarian assistance to the Kampuchean
people.''
Termination of Nonrecurring Activities Under Foreign Assistance Act of
1961 and Removal From Law
Pub. L. 97-113, title VII, Sec. 734(c), Dec. 29, 1981, 95 Stat.
1561, provided that: ``Except as otherwise explicitly provided by their
terms, amendments to the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [see Short Title
note above] and the Arms Export Control Act [see Short Title note set
out under section 2751 of this title] which are applicable only to a
single fiscal or calendar year or which require reports or other actions
on a nonrecurring basis shall be deemed to have expired and shall be
removed from law upon the expiration of the applicable time periods for
the fulfillment of the required actions.''
Assistance for Panama
Pub. L. 101-167, title V, Sec. 561, Nov. 21, 1989, 103 Stat. 1239,
provided that:
``(a) Unless the President certifies to Congress that--
``(1) the Government of Panama has demonstrated substantial
progress in assuring civilian control of the armed forces and that
the Panama Defense Forces and its leaders have been removed from
nonmilitary activities and institutions;
``(2) an impartial investigation into allegations of illegal
actions by members of the Panama Defense Force is being conducted;
``(3) a satisfactory agreement has been reached between the
governing authorities and representatives of the opposition forces
on conditions for free and fair elections; and
``(4) freedom of the press and other constitutional guarantees,
including due process of law, are being restored to the Panamanian
people;
then no United States assistance (including any such assistance
appropriated and previously obligated) shall be obligated or expended
for programs, projects, or activities which assist or lend support for
the Noriega regime, or ministries of government under the control of the
Noriega regime, or any successor regime that does not meet the criteria
specified in subsection (a) of this section in this fiscal year and any
fiscal year thereafter, and none of the funds appropriated or otherwise
made available in this Act, or any other Act, shall be used to finance
any participation of the United States in joint military exercises
conducted in Panama during the fiscal year 1990.
``(b) It is the sense of the Congress that if the conditions
described in paragraphs (1) through (4) of subsection (a) have been
certified as having been met, then not only will United States
assistance be restored, but increased levels of such assistance should
be considered for Panama.
``(c) For purposes of this section, the term `United States
assistance' means assistance of any kind which is provided by grant,
sale, loan, lease, credit, guaranty, or insurance, or by any other
means, by any agency or instrumentality of the United States Government,
including--
``(1) assistance under the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [see
Short Title note above] (including programs under title IV of
chapter 2 of part I of such Act [22 U.S.C. 2191 et seq.]);
``(2) sales, credits, and guarantees under the Arms Export
Control Act [see Short Title note set out under section 2751 of this
title];
``(3) sales under title I [7 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.] or III [7
U.S.C. 1727 et seq.] and donations under title II [7 U.S.C. 1721 et
seq.] of the Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of
1954 of nonfood commodities;
``(4) other financing programs of the Commodity Credit
Corporation for export sales of nonfood commodities;
``(5) financing under the Export-Import Bank Act of 1945 [12
U.S.C. 635 et seq.]; and
``(6) assistance provided by the Central Intelligence Agency or
assistance provided by any other entity or component of the United
States Government if such assistance is carried out in connection
with, or for purposes of conducting, intelligence or intelligence-
related activities except that this shall not include activities
undertaken solely to collect necessary intelligence;
except that the term `United States assistance' does not include (A)
assistance under chapter 1 of part I of the Foreign Assistance Act of
1961 [22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.] insofar as such assistance is provided
through private and voluntary organizations or other nongovernmental
agencies, (B) assistance which involves the donations of food or
medicine, (C) disaster relief assistance (including any assistance under
chapter 9 of part I of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [22 U.S.C.
2292 et seq.]), (D) assistance for refugees, (E) assistance under the
Inter-American Foundation Act [22 U.S.C. 290f], (F) assistance necessary
for the purpose of continuing participant training programs (including
scholarships) already being supported as of the date of any prohibition
of assistance otherwise applicable to Panama, or (G) assistance made
available for termination costs arising from the requirements of this
section.
``(d) The Secretary of the Treasury shall instruct the United States
Executive Directors to the International Financial Institutions (the
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the International
Finance Corporation, and the Inter-American Development Bank) to vote
against any loan to Panama, unless the President has certified in
advance that the conditions set forth in subsection (a) of this section
have been met.''
Similar provisions were contained in the following prior
appropriation acts:
Pub. L. 100-461, title V, Sec. 564, Oct. 1, 1988, 102 Stat. 2268-40.
Pub. L. 100-202, Sec. 101(e) [title V, Sec. 570], Dec. 22, 1987, 101
Stat. 1329-131, 1329-174.
Pub. L. 96-92, Sec. 28, Oct. 29, 1979, 93 Stat. 711. [Repealed by
Pub. L. 97-113, title VII, Sec. 734(a)(11), Dec. 29, 1981, 95 Stat.
1560.]
Final Accounting of Americans Missing in Action in Vietnam
Pub. L. 95-426, title VII, Sec. 705, Oct. 7, 1978, 92 Stat. 992, as
amended by Pub. L. 97-241, title V, Sec. 505(a)(2), (b)(2), Aug. 24,
1982, 96 Stat. 299, provided that: ``The President shall continue to
take all possible steps to obtain a final accounting of all Americans
missing in action in Vietnam.'' Similar provisions were contained in the
following acts:
Pub. L. 95-105, title V, Sec. 505, Aug. 17, 1977, 91 Stat. 858, as
amended by Pub. L. 97-241, title V, Sec. 505(a)(3), (b)(2), Aug. 24,
1982, 96 Stat. 299.
Pub. L. 95-88, title I, Sec. 132, Aug. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 544, as
amended by Pub. L. 97-113, title VII, Sec. 734(a)(6), Dec. 29, 1981, 95
Stat. 1560.
Plan for Increased Minority Business Participation in Foreign Assistance
Activities; Minority Resource Center Section as Implementing
Administrative Unit; Functions, Duties, Etc., of Center
Section 133 of Pub. L. 95-88, as amended by Pub. L. 96-53, title I,
Sec. 123, Aug. 14, 1979, 93 Stat. 366; Pub. L. 97-113, title VII,
Sec. 734(a)(6), Dec. 29, 1981, 95 Stat. 1560, provided that:
``(a) The Administrator of the agency primarily responsible for
administering part I of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [this
subchapter] shall prepare and transmit to the Congress, not later than
30 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Aug. 3, 1977], a
detailed plan for the establishment of a section on minority business
within such agency.
``(b) Such plan shall include, but shall not be limited to--
``(1) a description of where the section on minority business
will be located in such agency's organizational structure and what
relevant lines of authority will be established;
``(2) a listing of the specific responsibilities that will be
assigned to the section on minority business to enable it to
increase, in a rational and effective manner, participation of
minority business enterprises in activities funded by such agency;
``(3) a design for a time-phase system for bringing about
expanded minority business enterprise participation, including
specific recommendations for percentage allocations of contracts by
such agency to minority business enterprises;
``(4) a proposed reporting system that will permit objective
measuring of the degree of participation of minority business
enterprises in comparison to the total activities funded by such
agency;
``(5) a detailed projection of the administrative budgetary
impact of the establishment of the section on minority business; and
``(6) a detailed set of objective criteria upon which
determinations will be made as to the qualifications of minority
business enterprises to receive contracts funded by such agency.
``(c)(1) Upon the enactment of the International Development
Cooperation Act of 1979 [Aug. 14, 1979], the section on minority
business established pursuant to subsection (a) shall be redesignated as
the Minority Resource Center (hereafter in this section referred to as
the `Center') which shall be responsible for increasing the
participation of economically and socially disadvantaged business
enterprises in contract, procurement, grant, and research and
development activities funded by the agency primarily responsible for
administering part I of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [this
subchapter] (hereafter in this section referred to as the `agency').
``(2) The Center shall--
``(A) establish, maintain, and disseminate information to, and
otherwise serve as an information clearinghouse for, economically
and socially disadvantaged business enterprises regarding business
opportunities in development assistance programs funded by the
agency;
``(B) design and conduct programs to encourage, promote, and
assist economically and socially disadvantaged business enterprises
to secure direct contracts, host country contracts, operation
expatriate contracts, indefinite quantity contracts, subcontracts,
projects, grants, and research and development contracts in order
for such enterprises to participate in such development assistance
programs;
``(C) conduct market research, planning, economic and business
analyses, and feasibility studies to identify business opportunities
in such development assistance programs;
``(D) develop support mechanisms which will enable socially and
economically disadvantaged businesses to take advantage of business
opportunities in such development assistance programs; and
``(E) enter into such contracts (to such extent or in such
amounts as are provided in appropriation Acts), cooperative
agreements, or other transactions as may be necessary in the conduct
of its functions under this section.
``(3) The Administrator of the agency and the Secretary of State
shall provide the Center with such relevant information, including
procurement schedules, bids, and specifications with respect to
development assistance programs funded by the agency, as may be
requested by the Center in connection with the performance of its
functions under this section.
``(4) There shall be a Director of the Center who shall be the chief
executive officer of the Center. The Director shall be appointed by the
Administrator of the agency.
``(5)(A) For the purposes of this section, the term `economically
and socially disadvantaged enterprise' means a business--
``(i) which is at least 51 percent owned by one o