Fourth Amendment--Search and Seizure Share | Search and Seizure History and Scope of the Amendment History Scope of the Amendment The Interest Protected Arrests and Other Detentions Searches and Inspections in Noncriminal Cases Searches and Seizures Pursuant to Warrant Issuance by Neutral Magistrate Probable Cause Particularity First Amendment Bearing on Probable Cause and Particularity Property Subject to Seizure Execution of Warrants Valid Searches and Seizures Without Warrants Detention Short of Arrest: Stop-and-Frisk Search Incident to Arrest Vehicular Searches Vessel Searches Consent Searches Border Searches "Open Fields" "Plain View" Public Schools Government Offices Prisons and Regulation of Probation Drug Testing Electronic Surveillance and the Fourth Amendment The Olmstead Case Federal Communications Act Nontelephonic Electronic Surveillance The Berger and Katz Cases Warrantless "National Security" Electronic Surveillance Enforcing the Fourth Amendment: The Exclusionary Rule Alternatives to the Exclusionary Rule Development of the Exclusionary Rule The Foundations of the Exclusionary Rule Narrowing Application of the Exclusionary Rule Operation of the Rule: Standing
