Sec. 53a-52. Conviction; sentencing. Section 53a-52 is repealed.
(1969, P.A. 828, S. 53; 1971, P.A. 871, S. 129.)
PART IV*
HOMICIDE
*Annotations to former section 53-9:
Necessity of stating degree of crime in indictment; 38 C. 399; 47 C. 117; of alleging deliberation and premeditation
where it alleges first degree. 50 C. 198. Unlawful homicide perpetrated in commission of rape is in the first degree; 72 C.
729; so in commission of robbery or in attempt to rob. 110 C. 307; id., 559; 123 C. 670; 126 C. 59; 132 C. 44. Homicide
caused by driving automobile recklessly. 82 C. 671; 83 C. 437; 109 C. 491. What mental capacity necessary for first degree
murder; 57 C. 509; charge as to defense of insanity; 87 C. 7; 96 C. 242; burden of proof; id., 639; when court need not
charge as to it. 87 C. 285. Actual malice must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt. 43 C. 518; 64 C. 305; 78 C. 25. Malice
is implied, if homicide is willful, deliberate and premeditated; 46 C. 336; 109 C. 138; but not in the case of sufficient
provocation or uncontrollable passion. 74 C. 181. Malice is implied where an unlawful homicide is unattended by extenuating circumstances. 110 C. 307; id., 559. What constitutes malice; 64 C. 305; 74 C. 181; 128 C. 44; charge as to it; 79 C.
590; 84 C. 472; 87 C. 5; 98 C. 463; 103 C. 484; 106 C. 351; rebutted by reasonable belief that victim committed adultery
with accused's wife; 74 C. 177; 87 C. 5; 92 C. 71; evidence of statements by accused and feeling towards victim; 74 C.
177; 83 C. 261; 84 C. 472; 87 C. 5; 88 C. 177; malice presumed from circumstances of atrocity. 84 C. 152. Theft as motive.
79 C. 590; 90 C. 126. Intoxication admissible on question of deliberation; 40 C. 143; 41 C. 587; 49 C. 382; where indulged
in to nerve person to carry out preconceived plan; 48 C. 97; as bearing on malice; 64 C. 305; as a defense. 83 C. 165; 87
C. 291; 88 C. 208. Self-defense; 57 C. 313; 79 C. 590; 83 C. 261; 106 C. 455; 105 C. 349; or defense of home; 57 C. 313;
88 C. 360. Suicide of victim as a defense; her statements as to intent. 77 C. 267. Alibi. 84 C. 152; 98 C. 466. Charge as to
corpus delicti. 81 C. 22. See note re 152 C. 15, infra. Burden and amount of proof; reasonable doubt; 77 C. 267; 79 C. 590;
81 C. 22; 87 C. 573; 109 C. 139; as to malice. 78 C. 25. Homicide in general; nature and definition of degrees. 72 C. 729;
74 C. 180. When court should charge as to excuse, justification or extenuation. 84 C. 470; 87 C. 285; 98 C. 463; 103 C.
484. Murder in second degree; 87 C. 5; 128 C. 44; 131 C. 60; in case of poisoning; 19 C. 393. What facts will reduce crime
to manslaughter. 74 C. 180; 78 C. 18; 79 C. 590; 87 C. 585. Under indictment for murder accused cannot be found guilty
of any crime except murder in first or second degree or manslaughter. 132 C. 41. Bad prison food no justification. 38 C.
127. Effect of plea of not guilty; 87 C. 285; of plea of guilty; 78 C. 18; 88 C. 208. Confession or admissions by accused;
18 C. 180; 78 C. 18; 92 C. 65 et seq.; 103 C. 478; declarations before grand jury. 56 C. 413. Momentary absence of accused
from trial. 82 C. 59. Evidence equivalent to that of two witnesses; for jury to determine. 78 C. 18; 90 C. 126; 93 C. 246;
103 C. 467; 106 C. 714. Appeal as supersedeas; 82 C. 59; if decided before time set for execution by reprieve, supreme
court need not set another day. 81 C. 22. Clothes of victim as evidence; 82 C. 59; so empty cartridge shells found in
accused's room. 74 C. 649. Where four indicted together, charge that state had not made out a case as to three upheld. 87
C. 285. Abandonment of enterprise by one before murder. 47 C. 139; 97 C. 329; 110 C. 309. Evidence of other unconnected
crimes generally inadmissible; when such evidence is admissible. 92 C. 530; 97 C. 266; 103 C. 480; 120 C. 631. When
separate trials should be given persons jointly accused. 92 C. 62; 97 C. 323; 98 C. 461; 147 C. 194. Time required for
deliberation. 93 C. 246; 110 C. 561; 120 C. 629. Degree of murder is for jury; power of court to set aside. Id., 244; 106 C.
705. Admissibility of dying declarations. 90 C. 387; 93 C. 337. Mental tests of accused; expert testimony as to insanity;
reading medical textbooks. 96 C. 250. Conspiracy to steal; homicide in perpetration; abandonment of enterprise by some
of conspirators. 97 C. 329. Change of venue; alibi; testimony of accomplice. 98 C. 466; 105 C. 333. When witnesses should
be segregated. 103 C. 473. Premeditation is necessary for first degree murder. 106 C. 352. As to use and effect of verdict
of not guilty on ground of insanity, see 39 C. 595; 96 C. 243. Possession of a deadly weapon as bearing on existence of
malice. 109 C. 138; 110 C. 308. An inference of guilt may be drawn from failure of accused to take stand and deny facts
within his knowledge which tend to prove his guilt; 109 C. 144, 496; 108 C. 463; but failure of accused to take stand must
not be commented on. Id. In prosecution for homicide by reckless operation of an automobile, conduct of accused in
leaving victims lying in road without stopping, unexplained, supports an inference of guilt. 109 C. 494. Rule concerning
responsibility of conspirators to commit an unlawful act for a homicide by one of them in carrying it out. 126 C. 59; 132
C. 44, 45. Has not changed common-law definition of murder but provides more severe penalty when certain features are
present. 128 C. 44. Actual intent to kill not necessary in second degree murder. 131 C. 60. Jury may determine case under
original charge by finding accused guilty of a lesser offense where such a conviction is warranted and is the only one
warranted upon the evidence. 137 C. 114. Unskillful or improper treatment of wound by surgeons does not relieve defendant
of responsibility for his crime. Id. Distinction between murder and manslaughter is the presence of malice in the one and
its absence in the other. Court's charge held sufficient. 139 C. 89. Charge on intoxication and alcoholic psychosis sustained.
Id., 317. A killing in an attempted robbery is murder in the first degree even though killing itself is accidental. Id., 475.
Cited. 141 C. 656; 143 C. 167; 145 C. 60; 154 C. 272, 286. A wilful, deliberate and premeditated killing is murder in the
first degree. 142 C. 117. Court refuses to adopt "Durham" rule. 146 C. 137. Assault with intent to rob within perpetration
or attempted perpetration of a robbery. Id., 227. Even if there is a confession, there must be extrinsic corroborative evidence
which will, when taken in connection with the confession, establish the corpus delicti in the mind of the trier beyond a
reasonable doubt. 147 C. 95. Standard to determine sanity or mental capacity of the defendant to commit murder. Id.
Adoption of Wigmore definition of "corpus delicti". Previous definitions overruled. 152 C. 15. Charge re what constitutes
malice upheld. 152 C. 81. History discussed; claim that guilty plea to second degree murder should have been taken before
three judges, that jury should have determined degree of homicide and that sentence should have been imposed by three
judges, disallowed. 153 C. 320 et seq. Absence of element of wilful, deliberate and premeditated murder in indictment for
murder in first degree justifies jury verdict of guilty of murder in second degree. 154 C. 624. Malice aforethought defined.
Id., 627. Court should have permitted defendant to change his plea where it appeared trial court's concern that defendant
be exposed to possible electrocution if found guilty on trial for first degree murder was prime basis for denial; defendant
must decide risk. 157 C. 492. Length of time necessary to form specific intent may be long or short. 158 C. 341. Voluntary
drunkenness, while no excuse for crime, may make person mentally incapable of intent of premeditation which is element
of murder in first degree. Id. Preconviction bail in capital cases is governed by section 8 of article first of constitution as
well as Sec. 54-53. Cited. 159 C. 264. Evidence produced by state was adequate to show defendants were in danger of
being convicted of capital offense under this section, hence bail could be denied under exception provided in section 8 of
article I of state constitution. Id., 285. Cited. Id., 347. Cited. 161 C. 219. Cited. 166 C. 630. Trial judges direction to jury
not coercive in context of circumstances in which given. 167 C. 408.
Where accused pleaded guilty to second degree murder, fact that court in imposing sentence did not consist of a presiding
judge and two other judges and that no witnesses were heard and that the degree of crime was not determined by a majority
of the judges did not invalidate the conviction. 20 CS 127. Cited. 26 CS 175.
Annotations to former section 53-10:
Failure of deceased to exercise due care not a defense. 110 C. 61. Act of accused need not be immediate cause of the
death. Id., 62. Cited. 139 C. 401; 141 C. 656; 150 C. 459; 152 C. 344; 154 C. 272, 275. Not retroactive. 142 C. 29.
Constitutionality of statute re recommendation for life imprisonment. 145 C. 60. Death penalty does not constitute cruel
and unusual punishment in violation of eighth amendment to U. S. constitution and court will not vitiate legislative determination of punishment for crimes. 158 C. 341. Preconviction bail in capital cases is to be governed by Sec. 54-53 in light
of section 8 of article first of state constitution. 159 C. 264. Cited. 161 C. 219. Cited. 169 C. 13.
Annotations to former section 53-11:
Court had authority to impose consecutive life sentences for two second degree murders. 152 C. 600-602. Cited. 154
C. 622, 624.
Cited. 25 CS 473.
Annotation to former section 53-13:
The intentional inflicting of a wound from which death ensues within a year and a day may be either murder or manslaughter. 44 C. 540. If blow produces condition which results in death, this sufficient; reasonable doubt. 87 C. 573. By reckless
driving of automobile. 82 C. 671; 83 C. 457; 109 C. 491. One who engages with others in a common purpose to carry on
an activity in a reckless manner or with wanton disregard for the safety of others is guilty of involuntary manslaughter,
even though he is not present when the homicide occurs. 138 C. 281. Distinction between murder and manslaughter is the
presence of malice in the one and its absence in the other. 139 C. 89. Cited. 153 C. 325. Cited. 163 C. 305.
Cited. 22 CS 175; id., 497, 499; 23 CS 248; 25 CS 473; 26 CS 216; 27 CS 73. Sentence of not less than five nor more
than ten years in state prison confirmed by review division where defendant had in jealousy killed woman with whom he
lived after observing her with another man. Id., 353. Sentence of not less than five nor more than ten years should stand
where defendant entered a fight between his two companions, knocked victim to the ground and stabbed him with his
knife. Id., 370.
Annotations to former section 53-17:
What constitutes "gross negligence". 120 C. 234. Cited. 130 C. 147. Contributory negligence no defense to gross or
wilful misconduct or gross negligence. 154 C. 23. Age of accused not a criterion in determination of his gross or wilful
misconduct or his gross negligence. Id. Statute does not require actual contact between accused's vehicle and deceased or
vehicle in which deceased was riding. Id.
Cited. 25 CS 84; 26 CS 36; 27 CS 232.
Annotations to chapter 952, part IV:
Unconstitutionally broad discretion. 164 C. 162. Cited. 184 C. 597, 598.
Sec. 53a-54a et seq. cited. 45 CA 591.
Cited. 40 CS 498, 501.
Secs. 53a-53 and 53a-54. Homicide defined. Murder defined; affirmative defenses; evidence of mental condition; classification. Sections 53a-53 and 53a-54 are
repealed.
(1969, P.A. 828, S. 54, 55; 1971, P.A. 871, S. 129; P.A. 73-137, S. 15.)
Sec. 53a-54a. Murder. (a) A person is guilty of murder when, with intent to cause
the death of another person, he causes the death of such person or of a third person or
causes a suicide by force, duress or deception; except that in any prosecution under this
subsection, it shall be an affirmative defense that the defendant committed the proscribed
act or acts under the influence of extreme emotional disturbance for which there was a
reasonable explanation or excuse, the reasonableness of which is to be determined from
the viewpoint of a person in the defendant's situation under the circumstances as the
defendant believed them to be, provided nothing contained in this subsection shall constitute a defense to a prosecution for, or preclude a conviction of, manslaughter in the
first degree or any other crime.
(b) Evidence that the defendant suffered from a mental disease, mental defect or
other mental abnormality is admissible, in a prosecution under subsection (a) of this
section, on the question of whether the defendant acted with intent to cause the death
of another person.
(c) Murder is punishable as a class A felony in accordance with subdivision (2) of
section 53a-35a unless it is a capital felony or murder under section 53a-54d.
(P.A. 73-137, S. 2; P.A. 80-442, S. 15, 28; P.A. 83-486, S. 4; P.A. 92-260, S. 26.)
History: P.A. 80-442 amended Subsec. (c) to specify punishment in accordance with Sec. 53a-35a(2), deleting reference
to death penalty imposed as provided by Sec. 53a-46a for capital felony, effective July 1, 1981; P.A. 83-486 amended
Subsec. (a) by replacing "acted" with "committed the proscribed act or acts"; P.A. 92-260 amended Subsec. (c) to add
exception for murder under Sec. 53a-54d.
See Sec. 53a-54b re capital felony.
See Sec. 53a-54c re felony murder.
Cited. 171 C. 241. Cited. 173 C. 414, 415. Cited. 176 C. 508, 509; 177 C. 1, 2, 8-10. Cited. 178 C. 450, 452, 460; Id.,
626, 627. Cited. 179 C. 1, 2; Id., 431, 432. Cited. 180 C. 141, 142. Constitutionally permissible for a jury to find a defendant
indicted for murder guilty of homicide in a lesser degree where the evidence supports such a finding although the state of
mind required is different. Id., 382, 383. Cited. Id., 589, 590. Cited. 181 C. 406, 412. Cited. 182 C. 66; Id., 388-390; Id.,
497, 498; Id., 603, 604, 606. Cited. 185 C. 163, 164. Cited. 186 C. 261, 262; Id., 476, 477. Cited. 188 C. 626, 629, 642.
Cited. 189 C. 303, 304, 308; Id., 346, 347. 190 C. 639, 642. Cited. 191 C. 233, 235; Id., 545, 546. Cited. 194 C. 408-411.
Cited. Id., 416, 419. Cited. Id., 483. Cited. Id., 530, 560. Cited. 195 C. 475, 476. Cited. 196 C. 667, 676. Cited. 197 C. 60,
61. Cited. Id., 180, 181. Cited. Id., 337, 340. Cited. Id., 436, 438, 460. Cited. Id., 507, 509, 522. Cited. 198 C. 124, 126.
Cited. Id., 209, 210. Cited. Id., 397, 398. Cited. Id., 542, 543. Cited. Id., 560. Cited. Id., 573, 574. Cited. Id., 644, 646.
Cited. 199 C. 102. Cited. Id., 155, 159. Cited. Id., 163, 164, 166, 178, 179. Cited. Id., 631, 633. Cited. Id., 718, 720. Cited.
200 C. 553, 558. Cited. 201 C. 174, 175. Cited. Id., 190, 191, 198. Cited. Id., 276, 280. Cited. Id., 368, 369. Cited. Id., 605,
606. Cited. 202 C. 18, 19. Cited. Id., 75. Cited. Id., 86, 91. Cited. Id., 316, 317. Cited. 203 C. 212, 213. Cited. Id., 641,
642. Cited. 204 C. 240, 242, 257. Cited. 205 C. 279, 280, 282. Cited. Id., 298, 300. Cited. Id., 507, 508. Cited. Id., 616,
619. Cited. 206 C. 182, 183. Cited. Id., 213, 214. Cited. Id., 323, 325. Cited. Id., 346, 348, 349. Cited. Id., 512, 513. Cited.
Id., 678. Cited. 207 C. 374, 377. Cited. Id., 646-648. Cited. 208 C. 125, 127, 145. Cited. 209 C. 225, 229, 239. Cited. Id.,
290, 292. Cited. Id., 622, 623. Cited. 210 C. 78, 81, 106. Cited. Id., 304, 305. Cited. Id., 519, 521. Cited. Id., 631, 632.
Cited. Id., 652, 654, 696. Cited. 211 C. 215, 216. Cited. Id., 289, 292, 296, 316. Cited. Id., 441, 442. Cited. 212 C. 325,
326. Cited. Id., 387, 388. Cited. Id., 612, 613. Cited. 213 C. 97, 98. Cited. Id., 243, 244, 255. Cited. Id., 388, 389. Cited.
Id., 405, 406. Cited. Id., 579, 580. Cited. Id., 593, 594. Cited. Id., 708, 721. Cited. 214 C. 57, 59. Cited. Id., 77, 78, 82.
Cited. Id., 118. Cited. Id., 454, 457. Cited. Id., 476, 477. Cited. Id., 493, 495. Cited. Id., 616, 617. Cited. 215 C. 231, 232,
253. Cited. Id., 277, 278, 281. Cited. 215 C. 570, 579, 580. Cited. Id., 646-648. Cited. Id., 695, 697. Cited. Id., 739, 742.
Cited. 216 C. 139, 140, 142, 148, 149. Cited. Id., 188, 189. Cited. Id., 282, 296. Cited. Id., 301, 302. Cited. Id., 585, 602.
Cited. Id., 699, 710, 718. Cited. 218 C. 349, 350. Cited. Id., 486, 488. Cited. Id., 714, 717. Cited. 219 C. 16, 20. Cited. Id.,
596, 597. Cited. Id., 721, 722. Cited. 220 C. 169, 171. Cited. Id., 270, 272. Cited. Id., 285, 287. Cited. Id., 602-604, 606.
Cited. Id., 765, 767, 771, 774. Cited. 221 C. 58, 59. Cited. Id., 93, 94. Cited. Id., 109, 111, 112. Cited. 222 C. 506, 510.
Cited. 223 C. 273, 274. Cited. Id., 674, 675, 678. Cited. 224 C. 63, 64. Cited Id., 168, 171. Cited. Id., 372, 373, 378. Cited.
225 C. 55, 56, 74. Cited. Id., 114, 116, 120. Cited. Id., 524-526. Cited. Id., 609, 610. Cited. 226 C. 20, 28. Cited. Id., 237,
238. Cited. Id., 497, 499. Cited. 227 C. 231, 233. Cited. Id., 301, 302, 309-311, 316, 318-320. Cited. Id., 417, 419. Cited.
Id., 456, 457, 476. Cited. Id., 566, 567. Cited. 228 C. 62, 76. Cited. Id., 118, 128. Cited. Id., 281, 282, 303. Cited. Id., 412,
414. Cited. 229 C. 125, 127. Cited. Id., 193, 194. Cited. Id., 328, 333. Cited. Id., 691, 694, 701. Cited. 231 C. 43, 45. Cited.
Id., 115, 116. Cited. Id., 235, 237. Cited. 233 C. 44, 51. Cited. Id., 215, 216. Cited. 234 C. 139, 142. Cited. Id., 324, 334,
339, 350. Cited. Id., 381, 382. Cited. Id., 683, 684. Cited. 235 C. 206, 209. Cited. Id., 274, 275, 322. Cited. Id., 397, 398.
Cited. Id., 413, 414. Cited. Id., 473, 474. Cited. 236 C. 189, 196. Failure of trial court to instruct jury on extreme emotional
disturbance was error; judgment of appellate court affirming judgment of trial court in State v. Person, 36 CA 448 reversed,
Id., 342, 351. Affirmative defense of extreme emotional disturbance cited. Id. Cited. Id., 514, 516, 517. Cited. 237 C. 58,
59. Cited. Id., 339, 340. Cited. Id., 364, 368. Cited. Id., 518. Cited. Id., 694. Under appropriate circumstances defendant
can simultaneously intend to cause death of, and serious physical injury to, the same person; judgment of appellate court
in State v. Williams, 39 CA 18 reversed. Id., 748. Cited. 238 C. 389. Cited. Id., 588. Cited. 239 C. 56. Cited. Id., 481. Cited.
240 C. 210. Cited. Id., 727. Cited. Id., 743. Cited. 241 C. 322. Cited. Id., 502. Cited. Id., 702. Cited. 242 C. 605. Cited.
Id., 666. Cited. 247 C. 318. Evidence that defendant merely solicited a murder by mailing a coded letter from the correctional
facility where he was incarcerated, without any accompanying or following act of perpetration was insufficient to support
a conviction for attempted murder. 262 C. 295.
Cited. 7 CA 180, 181, 184. Cited. Id., 223, 224. Cited. Id., 470, 472. Cited. 10 CA 357. Cited. 12 CA 32, 33. Cited. Id.,
217. Cited. 17 CA 502, 504; judgment reversed, see 213 C. 579 et seq. Cited. Id., 602, 623. Cited. 19 CA 111, 144; judgment
reversed, see 215 C. 538 et seq. Cited. Id., 440-442. Cited. Id., 609, 612. Cited. Id., 674, 675, 682. Cited. 22 CA 669, 670.
Cited. 24 CA 115, 116. Cited. Id., 244, 245. Cited. Id., 692, 693. Cited. 25 CA 104, 106. Cited. Id., 433, 444. Cited. Id.,
456, 461. Cited. 26 CA 259, 260, 262, 265. Cited. 27 CA 1-3. Cited. Id., 520, 521. Cited. 28 CA 416. Cited. Id., 548, 549,
556. Cited. Id., 425, 426. Cited. Id., 608, 609, 611. Cited. Id., 771, 772, 774. Cited. 29 CA 386, 388. Cited. Id., 452, 453.
Cited. Id., 499, 501, 504. Cited. 30 CA 677, 679, 681. Cited. 32 CA 170, 172. Cited. 33 CA 90, 92. Cited. Id., 763. Cited.
34 CA 103, 104. Cited. Id., 317, 318. Cited. 35 CA 438, 439, 444, 447. Cited. Id., 541, 543. Cited. Id., 762, 763. Cited. 36
CA 250, 251. Cited. Id., 345, 346. Cited. Id., 364, 365, 370, 371. Cited. Id., 448, 449; judgment reversed, see 236 C. 342
et seq. Cited. Id., 473, 474. Cited. Id., 506, 507. Cited. Id., 516, 517. Cited. Id., 556, 558. Cited. 37 CA 749, 750, 754.
Cited. 38 CA 371, 374. Cited. Id., 434, 435. Cited. 39 CA 18, 19, 23; judgment reversed, see 237 C. 748 et seq. Cited. Id.,
242-244, 252. Cited. Id., 224-226, 236. Cited. Id., 632, 633. Cited. 40 CA 151, 163. Cited. Id., 318, 322. Cited. Id., 387,
388. Cited. 41 CA 604, 613. Cited. Id., 809. Cited. 42 CA 348. Cited. Id., 555. Cited. 43 CA 61. Cited. Id., 549. Cited. 44
CA 6. Cited. Id., 70. Cited. Id., 231. Cited. Id., 476. Cited. Id., 790. Cited. 45 CA 148. Cited. Id., 207. Cited. Id., 261.
Cited. Id., 584. Cited. 46 CA 216. Cited. Id., 285. Cited. Id., 578. Cited. Id., 640. Cited. Id., 684. Cited. Id., 734. Evidence
was sufficient beyond a reasonable doubt to conclude that defendant intended to cause victim's death. 55 CA 469. It is
possible to commit attempted murder without creating risk of any physical injury to another person. 56 CA 592. Failure
of trial court to inform defendant of intent requirement under statute not plain error. 65 CA 234.
Cited. 40 CS 38. Cited. Id., 498, 500. Cited. 42 CS 10, 11. Cited. Id., 426, 427, 432. Cited. 43 CS 367, 370.
Subsec. (a):
Cited. 172 C. 65, 69. "Extreme emotional disturbance" guidelines. 177 C. 1, 3, 4, 7. Cited. Id., 487, 489, 491, 512.
Cited. 180 C. 171, 173, 177. Cited. 181 C. 268; Id., 284, 285; Id., 406, 408. Cited. 182 C. 66, 68; Id., 142, 168; Id., 388,
395; Id., 585, 587, 592; part of ruling in State v. Jacobowitz, in which court had ruled that a defendant was entitled on
remand to a direction of acquittal with respect to a count improperly added to other charges of which the defendant had
had proper notice overruled, see 224 C. 1 et seq.; Id., 603, 607. Cited. 184 C. 121, 122, 125. Cited. 186 C. 414, 415, 419,
422, 423; id., 574-576, 585, 586. Cited. 187 C. 6, 8. Cited. 189 C. 303, 304, 306. Cited. 190 C. 219, 233. Cited. 191 C.
27, 28. Cited. 192 C. 700. Cited. 193 C. 474, 475. Cited. Id., 646, 667. Cited. 194 C. 376, 380, 383, 387. Cited. Id., 392,
393. Cited. Id., 416, 418. Cited. Id., 530, 559. Cited. 195 C. 166, 167, 170. Cited. Id., 232, 233. Cited. Id., 651, 652, 655.
Cited. 196 C. 557, 558. Cited. 197 C. 106-108. Cited. Id., 595, 596. Cited. 198 C. 53, 62. Cited. Id., 77, 79. Cited. 199 C.
102, 104. Cited. 200 C. 224, 225. Cited. Id., 553-555, 560. Cited. Id., 607, 608. Cited. Id., 642, 643, 650. Cited. Id., 743,
744. Charge on this defense was inadequate under the circumstances. 201 C. 174-176, 179, 180. Cited. Id., 244, 245. Cited.
Id., 368, 372, 373. Cited. Id., 534, 535. Cited. 202 C. 259, 260. Cited. Id., 429, 430. Cited. 204 C. 207, 208. Cited. Id., 259,
260. Cited. 205 C. 370, 371. Cited. Id., 578. Cited. Id., 723, 724. Cited. 206 C. 229, 231, 239. Cited. Id., 300, 301. Cited.
Id., 391, 392. Cited. 207 C. 374, 385. Cited. 208 C. 125, 128. Cited. Id., 455, 456. Cited. 209 C. 596, 597. Cited. 210 C.
481, 483. Cited. Id., 619-621. Cited. 211 C. 441, 442. Cited. 212 C. 258, 259. Cited. Id., 351, 352. Cited. Id., 593, 594.
Cited. 213 C. 708, 710, 711. Cited. 214 C. 122, 123. Cited. Id., 146, 147, 149. Cited. Id., 161, 162. Cited. Id., 344, 347.
Cited. Id., 540, 541. Cited. 215 C. 739, 740, 743. Cited. 216 C. 492, 493. Cited. Id., 585-587, 593. Cited. Id., 699, 701,
702, 708, 717. Cited. 217 C. 243, 244. Interpretation of section not to require reasonableness of a defendant's extreme
emotional disturbance to be determined solely from his subjective viewpoint. Id., 648, 649, 651-655, 657, 658. Cited. 218
C. 349, 351, 383. Cited. Id., 486, 488. Cited. Id., 714, 716. Cited. Id., 747, 748. Cited. Id., 766-768. Cited. 219 C. 16, 17,
19. Cited. Id., 234, 235. Cited. Id., 295, 296. Cited. 220 C. 285, 298. Cited. Id., 385, 388. Cited. Id., 408. Cited. 221 C.
128, 129. Cited. Id., 430, 431. Cited. 222 C. 1, 2. Cited. Id., 506, 508. Cited. Id., 718-720, 725, 726. Cited. 223 C. 41, 42,
44. Cited. Id., 127, 128. Cited. Id., 207, 209. Cited. Id., 273, 274. Cited. Id., 384-386. Cited. Id., 411, 412. Cited. Id., 535,
537. Cited. Id., 635, 637. Cited. 224 C. 196, 197. Cited. Id., 325, 326. Cited. 225 C. 114, 116, 118, 122, 127. Cited. Id.,
609, 610, 627. Cited. 226 C. 237, 253. Cited. 227 C. 301, 309. Cited. Id., 389, 391. Cited. Id., 448, 449. Cited. 228 C. 62,
63. Cited. Id., 118, 119. Cited. Id., 384, 385. Cited. 229 C. 328, 329. Cited. 230 C. 183, 223. Cited. 231 C. 43, 45. Cited.
232 C. 537, 538. Cited. 233 C. 1, 2. Cited. Id., 106, 108. Cited. Id., 174, 189. Cited. Id., 517. Cited. Id., 813, 815. Cited.
235 C. 206, 209, 251. Cited. Id., 397, 398. Cited. Id., 413, 414. Cited. 236 C. 189, 191, 202. Cited. Id., 342, 343, 345, 356.
Cited. Id., 388, 390. Cited. 237 C. 518. Cited. 238 C. 253. Cited. Id., 313. Cited. 239 C. 481. Cited. 240 C. 210. Cited. Id.,
395. Cited. 241 C. 1. Cited. Id., 322. Cited. Id., 502. Cited. Id., 665. Cited. 242 C. 409. Cited. Id., 485. Cited. 243 C. 205.
Term "death" as used in Penal Code includes irreversible cessation of functioning of brain. 244 C. 761. Section incorporates
the doctrine of transferred intent and holds both a principal and an accomplice liable for death of an unintended victim.
253 C. 354. Re jury charge on extreme emotional disturbance, it was proper for trial court to refuse to instruct jury to
consider defendant's unique mental and emotional characteristics and impact of those characteristics on defendant since
the statute incorporates a standard that is objective as to its overview, but subjective as to the defendant's belief. 261 C.
336. Defendant was entitled to a jury instruction on the lesser included offense of manslaughter as set forth in section 53a-55(a)(1). 262 C. 453.
Cited. 7 CA 180, 182. Cited. Id., 367, 370. Cited. Id., 457-459. Cited. 8 CA 496, 497, 504-506. Cited. Id., 147, 148;
judgment reversed, see 206 C. 278 et seq. Cited. Id., 169, 171; judgment reversed, see 205 C. 370, 385. Cited. 10 CA 697,
699. Cited. 11 CA 80, 89. Cited. Id., 628, 630. Cited. 20 CA 27, 28. Cited. 21 CA 801. Cited. 22 CA 199, 201. Cited. Id.,
507, 508. Cited. Id., 521, 522. Cited. 23 CA 692, 693. Cited. 24 CA 624, 625, 627. Cited. Id., 692, 693. Cited. 25 CA 433,
434. Cited. 26 CA 242-245. Cited. Id., 259, 260. Cited. 27 CA 73, 74, 92. Cited. Id., 403, 404. Cited. Id., 643, 644. Cited.
28 CA 231, 238. Cited. Id., 416. Cited. Id., 469. Cited. 29 CA 499, 501. Cited. 29 CA 573, 574. Cited. 30 CA 406, 407;
judgment reversed, see 228 C. 335 et seq. Cited. 31 CA 385, 386. Cited. 32 CA 438-440. Cited. Id., 687, 689. Cited. Id.,
759, 761. Cited. 33 CA 90, 92. Cited. Id., 122, 123. Cited. Id., 782, 783. Cited. 34 CA 58, 59, 93; judgment reversed, see
232 C. 537 et seq. Cited. Id., 96, 97; judgment reversed, see 232 C. 537 et seq. Cited. Id., 317, 318, 321. Cited. Id., 368,
369; see also 233 C. 517 et seq. Cited. 35 CA 138, 139, 153. Cited. Id., 374, 375; judgment reversed, see 235 C. 413 et
seq. Cited. Id., 541, 543. Cited. 36 CA 336, 337. Cited. Id., 364, 365. Cited. Id., 417, 418. Cited. Id., 516, 517. Cited. Id.,
805, 806. Cited. Id., 831, 832. Cited. 37 CA 252, 253; judgment reversed, see 236 C. 388 et seq. Cited. Id., 404, 405, 414.
Cited. Id., 574, 575. Cited. Id., 749, 753. Cited. 38 CA 371, 374. Cited. 39 CA 18, 19, 24; judgment reversed, see 237 C.
748 et seq. Cited. Id., 224, 238. Cited. 40 CA 47, 48. Cited. Id., 60, 61. Cited. Id., 374, 376. Cited. Id., 387, 388. Cited.
Id., 470, 471. Cited. 41 CA 361, 362, 365-367. Cited. Id., 495. Cited. Id., 515, 517. Cited. 42 CA 348. Cited. Id., 555.
Cited. 43 CA 252. Cited. Id., 830. Cited. 44 CA 6. Cited. Id., 198. Cited. Id., 231. Cited. Id., 338. Cited. Id., 790. Cited.
45 CA 148. Cited. Id., 207. Cited. Id., 297. Cited. 46 CA 216. Cited. Id., 285. Cited. Id., 600. Cited. Id., 640. Cited. Id.,
684. Statute sets forth a standard that is objective in its overview, but subjective as to defendant's belief. 48 CA 784. Trial
court's instruction re extreme emotional disturbance defense was proper. 55 CA 469. Cited. 57 CA 734.
Subsection must be read without the word "affirmative". The state must prove beyond a reasonable doubt all of the
elements of the offense charged without imposing any burden on the defendant. 33 CS 28, 81. Unborn not included in
definition of "person". 40 CS 498, 499. Cited re ineffective counsel claim. 46 CS 344.
Subsec. (b):
Cited. 182 C. 603, 606. Evidence of mental capacity admissible when defendant is charged with commission of crime
under which state must prove defendant acted recklessly. 195 C. 232, 240, 241. Cited. 218 C. 349, 351, 379.
Cited. 17 CA 602, 623. Cited. 44 CA 70.
Subsec. (c):
Cited. 180 C. 171, 173. Cited. 181 C. 151, 153. Cited. 193 C. 144, 151, 153. Cited. Id., 350, 352. Cited. 194 C. 376,
380, 383. Cited. Id., 392, 393. Cited. Id., 416, 418. Cited. Id., 530, 559, 560. Cited. 196 C. 655, 661, 662. Cited. 200 C.
721, 722. Cited. 201 C. 244, 245. Cited. Id., 395, 396, 401. Cited. 205 C. 616, 619. Cited. Id., 638-640. Cited. 214 C. 378,
385. Cited. 216 C. 282, 285, 294, 295. Cited. 218 C. 486, 488.
Cited erroneously as Sec. 53a-54(c). 41 CA 530, 532.
Sec. 53a-54b. Capital felony. A person is guilty of a capital felony who is convicted of any of the following: (1) Murder of a member of the Division of State Police
within the Department of Public Safety or of any local police department, a chief inspector or inspector in the Division of Criminal Justice, a state marshal who is exercising
authority granted under any provision of the general statutes, a judicial marshal in performance of the duties of a judicial marshal, a constable who performs criminal law
enforcement duties, a special policeman appointed under section 29-18, a conservation
officer or special conservation officer appointed by the Commissioner of Environmental
Protection under the provisions of section 26-5, an employee of the Department of
Correction or a person providing services on behalf of said department when such employee or person is acting within the scope of such employee's or person's employment
or duties in a correctional institution or facility and the actor is confined in such institution or facility, or any firefighter, while such victim was acting within the scope of such
victim's duties; (2) murder committed by a defendant who is hired to commit the same
for pecuniary gain or murder committed by one who is hired by the defendant to commit
the same for pecuniary gain; (3) murder committed by one who has previously been
convicted of intentional murder or of murder committed in the course of commission
of a felony; (4) murder committed by one who was, at the time of commission of the
murder, under sentence of life imprisonment; (5) murder by a kidnapper of a kidnapped
person during the course of the kidnapping or before such person is able to return or be
returned to safety; (6) murder committed in the course of the commission of sexual
assault in the first degree; (7) murder of two or more persons at the same time or in the
course of a single transaction; or (8) murder of a person under sixteen years of age.
(P.A. 73-137, S. 3; P.A. 77-604, S. 39, 84; 77-614, S. 486, 610; P.A. 80-335; P.A. 85-144; P.A. 92-260, S. 27; P.A.
95-16, S. 4; P.A. 98-126, S. 1; P.A. 00-99, S. 120, 154; P.A. 01-84, S. 10, 26; 01-151, S. 3, 5.)
History: P.A. 77-604 substituted "chief inspector or inspector in the division of criminal justice" for "county detective"
in Subdiv. (1); P.A. 77-614 made state police department a division within the department of public safety, effective January
1, 1979; P.A. 80-335 added Subdivs. (7) and (8) making murder in course of committing sexual assault in first degree and
murder of two or more persons at same time a capital felony; P.A. 85-144 amended Subdiv. (6) by adding "economic"
and deleting the proviso that the seller was not, at the time of such sale, a drug-dependent person; P.A. 92-260 made
technical changes in Subdivs. (1) and (3); P.A. 95-16 added Subdiv. (9) re murder of a person under sixteen years of age;
P.A. 98-126 amended Subdiv. (1) to replace "an official of the Department of Correction authorized by the Commissioner
of Correction to make arrests in a correctional institution or facility" with "an employee of the Department of Correction
or a person providing services on behalf of said department when such employee or person is acting within the scope of
his employment or duties in a correctional institution or facility and the actor is confined in such institution or facility";
P.A. 00-99 amended Subdiv. (1) to replace reference to sheriff and deputy sheriff with provision re state marshal exercising
statutory authority and judicial marshal in performance of duties, effective December 1, 2000; P.A. 01-84 replaced "fireman" with "firefighter" and made other technical changes for purposes of gender neutrality, effective July 1, 2001; P.A.
01-151 amended Subdiv. (1) to include the murder of a conservation officer or special conservation officer appointed by
the Commissioner of Environmental Protection under the provisions of Sec. 26-5, deleted former Subdiv. (6) re the illegal
sale, for economic gain, of cocaine, heroin or methadone to a person who dies as a direct result of the use of such cocaine,
heroin or methadone, redesignating existing Subdivs. (7), (8) and (9) as Subdivs. (6), (7) and (8), and made technical
changes for purposes of gender neutrality, effective July 1, 2001.
See Sec. 53a-54a re murder.
See Sec. 53a-54c re felony murder.
Cited. 194 C. 416, 418. Cited. 198 C. 92, 110. Cited. 199 C. 163, 174, 177, 178. Cited. 201 C. 276, 288. Cited. 211 C.
289, 296. Cited. 215 C. 570, 581. Cited. 216 C. 699, 710. Cited. 218 C. 486, 488. Cited. 230 C. 183, 188, 201, 236. Cited.
234 C. 324, 340, 341. Cited. Id., 735, 738. Cited. 235 C. 206. Cited. 237 C. 332, 334. Cited. 238 C. 389. Cited. Id., 828.
Cited. 240 C. 727. Cited. 241 C. 702. Cited. 242 C. 409. Murder in the course of kidnapping does not require ransom;
murder in the course of sexual assault includes murder to prevent victim from becoming a witness; denial of a bill of
particulars on aggravating factors did not deny fair hearing; meaning of "heinous" and "depraved" discussed; "heinous,
cruel or depraved" as a unitary rather than three separate factors discussed; statute complies with the eighth and fourteenth
amendments; statutory construction and precedent support conclusion that the burden of persuasion applies to both elements
of mitigation; proportionality review still available in this case despite repeal of requirement. 251 C. 285.
Cited. 32 CA 38, 40. Cited. 36 CA 364-366, 370, 377, 378. Cited. 42 CA 348. Cited. 43 CA 549. Cited. 45 CA 207.
Cited 42 CS 426, 427.
Subdiv. (1):
Cited. 234 C. 324, 341, 342. Conviction for felony murder under Sec. 53a-54c cannot serve as the predicate murder
for the crime of capital felony under this section; term "murder" in capital felony statute may be applied only to intentional
murder. 241 C. 702. In order to satisfy the element that police officer had been "acting within the scope of his duties", the
state was only required to prove that police officer was acting in the good faith discharge of his official duties when he
stopped defendant and attempted to subdue him. 264 C. 1.
Cited. 41 CA 604, 617.
Subdiv. (2):
Capital felony murder discussed. 199 C. 163, 164, 173, 174, 176, 178. Cited. 203 C. 420-422, 424. Cited. 215 C. 570,
576-578, 581-583. Cited. 234 C. 324, 341, 342. Cited. 242 C. 409.
Cited. 19 CA 111, 144; judgment reversed, see 215 C. 538 et seq. Cited. 41 CA 604, 617.
Subdiv. (3):
Cited. 234 C. 324-326, 329, 331, 334, 336, 338, 339, 341, 343, 347, 349, 350. Cited. 238 C. 828.
Cited. 41 CA 604, 616, 617. Cited. 45 CA 390.
Subdiv. (4):
Cited. 234 C. 324, 341, 342.
Subdiv. (5):
Cited. 197 C. 436, 439, 461. Cited. 213 C. 388, 390. Cited. 230 C. 183, 194, 195, 200-202, 228. Cited. 234 C. 324,
341, 342. Cited. 238 C. 389. Cited. 242 C. 409. Provision does not require that kidnapping be accompanied by a demand
for ransom. 249 C. 645. Trial court properly instructed jury that its verdict of guilty on charge of intentional murder would
provide the predicate for criminal liability under subsection. 263 C. 478.
Cited. 36 CA 364, 378. Cited. 41 CA 604, 617.
Subdiv. (6):
Cited. 230 C. 183, 201. Cited. 233 C. 174, 189. Cited. 234 C. 324, 341, 342. Cited. 238 C. 828. State need only prove
that the murder in a kidnap-murder or sexual-assault murder was aggravated in order to establish the aggravating factor.
269 C. 213.
Cited. 41 CA 604, 617.
Subdiv. (7):
Cited. 205 C. 298, 299. Cited. 230 C. 183, 194, 229. Cited. 234 C. 324, 341, 342. Cited. 237 C. 694. Cited. 238 C. 389.
Cited. 242 C. 409. Double jeopardy clause not violated where defendant convicted for two counts of capital felony. Evidence
indicated that the murders occurred in two sets, at distinctly separate times. 260 C. 339.
Cited. 41 CA 604, 617.
Subdiv. (8):
Cited. 198 C. 92, 110. Cited. 206 C. 213, 214. Cited. 207 C. 374, 377. Cited. 208 C. 125, 127, 145. Cited. 209 C. 225,
230, 239. Cited. 212 C. 258, 259. Cited. 213 C. 708, 711. Cited. 216 C. 699, 701. Cited. 218 C. 349-351. Cited. 221 C.
430, 431. Cited. 229 C. 125, 127. Cited. 230 C. 183, 194, 195. Cited. 233 C. 813, 815. Cited. 234 C. 324, 341, 342. Cited.
235 C. 206, 209. Only an intentional murder can be a predicate murder to capital felony charge under this section. 238 C.
828. Cited. 241 C. 322. Cited. Id., 702. Cited. 242 C. 93. Proper construction to be given to term "in the course of a single
transaction" is that there need only be some nexus between murders, that the murders be connected by a common purpose
or plan in order to be "in the course of a single transaction". Does not require murders to be at the same time in order to
constitute "in the course of a single transaction". Temporal relationship between murders is not an absolute prerequisite
to prosecution under subsection. 254 C. 578. Read together, Sec. 53a-54(a) and this subdiv. provide that conviction of
intentional murder under doctrine of transferred intent may be the predicate for conviction of capital felony under this
subdiv. when victim is under sixteen, regardless of defendant's subjective state of mind. 265 C. 35. Knowledge of the
victim's age is not an element of this subdiv. Id. To limit applicability of subdiv. to cases in which state can prove that
defendant knew or reasonably should have known the age of his victim would be both impracticable and inconsistent with
the legislative intent. Id.
Cited. 36 CA 364, 365, 377, 380. Cited. 38 CA 581, 582. Cited. 41 CA 604, 617.
Sec. 53a-54c. Felony murder. A person is guilty of murder when, acting either
alone or with one or more persons, he commits or attempts to commit robbery, burglary,
kidnapping, sexual assault in the first degree, aggravated sexual assault in the first degree, sexual assault in the third degree, sexual assault in the third degree with a firearm,
escape in the first degree, or escape in the second degree and, in the course of and in
furtherance of such crime or of flight therefrom, he, or another participant, if any, causes
the death of a person other than one of the participants, except that in any prosecution
under this section, in which the defendant was not the only participant in the underlying
crime, it shall be an affirmative defense that the defendant: (1) Did not commit the
homicidal act or in any way solicit, request, command, importune, cause or aid the
commission thereof; and (2) was not armed with a deadly weapon, or any dangerous
instrument; and (3) had no reasonable ground to believe that any other participant was
armed with such a weapon or instrument; and (4) had no reasonable ground to believe
that any other participant intended to engage in conduct likely to result in death or serious
physical injury.
(P.A. 74-186, S. 11, 12; P.A. 76-336, S. 21; P.A. 79-570, S. 2; P.A. 92-260, S. 28.)
History: P.A. 76-336 replaced rape in first degree, deviate sexual intercourse in first degree and sexual contact in first
degree with sexual assault in first degree, sexual assault in first degree with firearm, sexual assault in third degree and
sexual assault in third degree with firearm; P.A. 79-570 removed murder resulting from commission of or attempt to
commit arson from purview of section; P.A. 92-260 replaced obsolete reference to offense of "sexual assault in the first
degree with a firearm" with revised name of "aggravated sexual assault in the first degree"; (Revisor's note: In 1995 the
indicators (A), (B), (C) and (D) were changed editorially by the Revisors to (1), (2), (3) and (4) respectively for consistency
with statutory usage).
See Sec. 53a-54a re murder.
See Sec. 53a-54b re capital felony.
Cited. 171 C. 683, 687. Cited. 176 C. 257, 258. Cited. 177 C. 677, 679. Cited. 178 C. 116, 118. Cited. 179 C. 78-80.
Court did not err in refusing to instruct jury on lesser offenses of first degree burglary and first degree robbery since element
of causation, which differentiates felony murder from the lesser offenses, was not sufficiently in dispute. 180 C. 599, 601,
602, 604. Cited. 181 C. 151, 153; id., 187, 188. Cited. 182 C. 419, 420; id., 580. Cited (1975 revision). 183 C. 299, 300,
311. Cited. 186 C. 1, 2, 7. Cited. 188 C. 542, 543, 545, 550. Cited. 189 C. 346, 347. Cited. 191 C. 636, 638-641, 644; id.,
659-663. Cited. 193 C. 70, 72, 75. Cited. Id., 144, 145, 151. Cited. Id., 350, 352. Cited. 194 C. 223, 224. Cited. Id., 279,
285. Cited. Id., 416, 419. Cited. Id., 530, 559, 565. Cited. 195 C. 505, 506. Manslaughter is not a lesser included crime
otherwise of felony murder. 196 C. 421, 423, 429. Cited. 197 C. 396, 397, 401. Cited. Id., 436, 438, 460. Cited. Id., 588,
591. Cited. 198 C. 92, 110. Cited. Id., 255, 256, 269. Cited. Id., 386, 387. Cited. Id., 397, 399. Cited. Id., 435, 436. Cited.
Id., 506, 507, 515. Cited. Id., 517, 518, 537. Cited. Id., 638. Cited. Id., 644, 646. Cited. 199 C. 110, 111. Cited. 200 C. 323,
324, 336. Cited. Id., 721. Cited. 201 C. 34, 35, 37. Cited. Id., 395, 396, 399, 401, 416-418. Cited. Id., 462, 464, 465. Cited.
202 C. 18, 19, 21, 24, 26. Cited. Id., 39, 40. Cited. 203 C. 4-6. Cited. Id., 212, 213, 217, 239, 243. Cited. 204 C. 377-379,
385, 387. Cited. 205 C. 298, 300. Cited. Id., 485, 486. Cited. Id., 507, 508. Cited. Id., 616, 619. Cited. Id., 638-640. Cited.
206 C. 157, 158. Cited. Id., 657, 667. Cited. 207 C. 1, 2, 12, 13. Cited. 208 C. 52, 54. Cited. 209 C. 34, 35. Cited. Id., 75,
76, 78. Cited. Id., 290-292. Cited. Id., 564, 565. Cited. Id., 636, 637. Cited. 210 C. 78, 81. Cited. Id., 652, 654, 696, 697.
Cited. Id., 751, 752. Cited. 211 C. 289, 296. Cited. 212 C. 387, 389. Cited. 213 C. 388, 389. Cited. 214 C. 132, 133. Cited.
Id., 454, 457. Cited. Id., 493-495, 501. Cited. 215 C. 695, 698. Cited. 216 C. 282-285, 293, 295-297. Cited. Id., 367, 368.
Cited. Id., 699, 700, 708, 710, 715, 717-719, 726. Cited. 218 C. 85, 87. Cited. Id., 151, 152. Cited. Id., 309, 310. Cited.
Id., 447, 448. Cited. Id., 486, 488. Cited. 219 C. 743, 744. Cited. 220 C. 1, 2. Cited. Id., 385, 386, 388. Cited. Id., 417, 418,
420, 426, 428, 429, 431. Cited. 221 C. 315, 316. Cited. Id., 635-637. Cited. Id., 643, 644, 666, 668. Cited. Id., 685, 687.
Cited. 222 C. 117, 119. Cited. 223 C. 299, 301. Cited. Id., 595, 596. Cited. Id., 635, 637. Cited. Id., 834-836. Cited. 225
C. 270, 271, 277. Cited. Id., 347, 348, 350-352. Cited. 227 C. 101, 102. Cited. 229 C. 691, 694. Cited. 230 C. 88, 90. Cited.
Id., 183, 201, 224. Cited. Id., 351, 352, 354, 362. Cited. 233 C. 44, 52. Cited. 234 C. 97, 98. Cited. 235 C. 595, 596. Cited.
Id., 748, 749. Cited. Id., 802-804. Cited. 237 C. 390, 392. Cited. Id., 518. Cited. Id., 694. Cited. 238 C. 389. Cited. Id.,
828. Cited. 240 C. 727. Cited. 241 C. 1. Cited. Id., 322. Conviction for felony murder under this section cannot serve as
predicate for the crime of capital felony under Sec. 53a-54b(1). Id., 702. Cited. 242 C. 93. Cited. Id., 125. Cited. Id., 409.
Cited. Id., 666. Cited. 247 C. 662. It is inconsistent with purpose of this statute to allow defendant who causes a death in
the course of a felony to claim self-defense because victim attempted to thwart the felony. 254 C. 184. The defense of self-defense does not apply to charge of felony murder as a matter of law. Id., 202.
Cited. 11 CA 80, 89. Cited. 12 CA 385. Cited. 24 CA 723. Cited. 27 CA 794, 795. Cited. 29 CA 573, 574. Cited. Id.,
771, 772. Cited. 30 CA 381, 383. Cited 31 CA 771, 773; judgment reversed, see 230 C. 88-90, 92, 94. Cited. 32 CA 38,
40. Cited. Id., 431-433. Cited. 33 CA 90, 92. Cited. 35 CA 762, 766. Cited. 36 CA 364, 365, 370, 375. Cited. Id., 506,
507. Cited. Id., 556, 558. Cited. 38 CA 581, 582. Cited. 41 CA 515-517. Self-defense not available as a defense to charge
of felony murder. 42 CA 348. Cited. Id., 472. Cited. 43 CA 61. Cited. 45 CA 32. Cited. Id., 187. Cited. Id., 390. Cited. Id.,
658. Reaffirmed prior holding that self-defense not a valid defense to charge of felony murder. 51 CA 798. Court rejects
defendant's argument that killing of victim who resisted a robbery attempt by walking away is not committed "in the course
of and in furtherance of" the attempted robbery because the attempted robbery had ceased. 64 CA 596.
Cited. 36 CS 141. Cited. 41 CS 385-387. Cited 42 CS 426, 427.
Sec. 53a-54d. Arson murder. A person is guilty of murder when, acting either
alone or with one or more persons, he commits arson and, in the course of such arson,
causes the death of a person. Notwithstanding any other provision of the general statutes,
any person convicted of murder under this section shall be punished by life imprisonment
and shall not be eligible for parole.
(P.A. 79-570, S. 1.)
Cited. 191 C. 636, 644. Does not violate defendant's right to due process and equal protection. 196 C. 655-665. Cited.
Id., 667, 668, 670, 675. "... when two or more persons are the victims of a single episode there are as many offenses as
there are victims." 198 C. 92-94, 103, 110. Cited. 204 C. 377, 386. Cited. 210 C. 22. Cited. Id., 519, 526. Cited. 211 C.
258, 283, 284. Cited. Id., 289, 296. Cited. 213 C. 161, 162. Cited. 214 C. 378, 385. Cited. 216 C. 699, 710. Cited. 237 C.
694. Cited. 238 C. 828. Cited. 240 C. 727. Cited. 241 C. 702.
Cited. 41 CA 476, 478, 479.
Cited. 42 CS 426, 427.
Sec. 53a-55. Manslaughter in the first degree: Class B felony. (a) A person is
guilty of manslaughter in the first degree when: (1) With intent to cause serious physical
injury to another person, he causes the death of such person or of a third person; or (2)
with intent to cause the death of another person, he causes the death of such person
or of a third person under circumstances which do not constitute murder because he
committed the proscribed act or acts under the influence of extreme emotional disturbance, as provided in subsection (a) of section 53a-54a, except that the fact that homicide
was committed under the influence of extreme emotional disturbance constitutes a mitigating circumstance reducing murder to manslaughter in the first degree and need not
be proved in any prosecution initiated under this subsection; or (3) under circumstances
evincing an extreme indifference to human life, he recklessly engages in conduct which
creates a grave risk of death to another person, and thereby causes the death of another
person.
(b) Manslaughter in the first degree is a class B felony.
(1969, P.A. 828, S. 56; P.A. 73-137, S. 9; P.A. 83-486, S. 5.)
History: P.A. 73-137 substituted reference to Sec. 53a-54a for reference to Sec. 53a-54 in Subdiv. (2); P.A. 83-486
amended Subsec. (a)(2) by replacing "acts" with "committed the proscribed act or acts".
Cited. 168 C. 610. Cited. 169 C. 309, 322. Cited. 170 C. 81. Cited. 180 C. 171, 177. Cited. 181 C. 406, 412. Cited. 182
C. 66, 68, 77. Cited. 188 C. 542, 544. Cited. 190 C. 639, 650. Cited. 192 C. 85, 87. Cited. 193 C. 632, 640. Cited. Id., 646,
666, 668. Cited. Id., 695, 697, 704, 730. Manslaughter is not a lesser included offense of felony murder. 196 C. 421, 428.
Cited. 200 C. 553, 558. Cited. 201 C. 174, 187. Cited. 202 C. 429, 430. Cited. 210 C. 78, 106. Cited. Id., 652, 654. Cited.
211 C. 591, 592. Cited. 213 C. 38, 40. Cited. 215 C. 695, 697. Cited. 216 C. 699, 701, 708-710. Cited. 217 C. 498-500.
Cited. 223 C. 273, 274. Cited. 225 C. 559, 561. Cited. 226 C. 237. 250. Cited. 233 C. 174-176, 189, 192. Cited. 234 C.
139, 161. Cited. 236 C. 342, 351.
Cited. 7 CA 223, 224, 233. Cited. 8 CA 307. Cited. 15 CA 74, 76, 82; judgment reversed, see 211 C. 591. et seq. Cited.
16 CA 223. Cited. 24 CA 115, 117. Cited. 37 CA 722, 728. Cited. 40 CA 189, 191. Cited. Id., 374, 376. Cited. 41 CA 565,
566. Cited. Id., 604, 613. Cited. 42 CA 348. Cited. 44 CA 62. Cited. 46 CA 216.
Cited. 33 CS 28.
Subsec. (a):
Subdiv. (1): It is incumbent upon the state to prove a specific intent to cause serious physical injury as intent to achieve
a result is an element of the crime charged. 165 C. 400, 403. Cited. 174 C. 89, 90, 95-98. Cited. 176 C. 107, 108. Subdiv.
(3): The conduct proscribed does not require infliction of a physical blow. 176 C. 227-229, 231-233, 236. Subdiv. (1)
cited. 177 C. 538, 539. Subdiv. (3) cited. 179 C. 381, 382. Subdivs. (1) and (3); Manslaughter is a lesser included offense
of murder although the state of mind required is different. 180 C. 382, 403, 408, 409. Subdiv. (1) cited. 181 C. 187, 200;
id., 406, 408, 417. Subdiv. (2) cited. 182 C. 66, 71. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 66, 72, 73. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id. Subdiv. (1) cited.
182 C. 403, 404; 183 C. 394, 395; 185 C. 63, 65. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id. Cited. 188 C. 237, 238. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 653,
654. Subdiv. (2) cited. 189 C. 303, 308, 309. Subdiv. (1): Attempt to commit is not cognizable. Id., 303-310. Subdiv. (1)
cited. 190 C. 219, 220; id., 576, 577. Cited. Id., 639, 650-652. Subdiv. (3) cited. 193 C. 632-634, 639, 643. Cited. 646,
667, 668. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id., 646, 668. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id., 646, 669. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 695, 729. Subdiv. (2) cited.
Id., 695, 729, 731. Subdiv. (1) cited. 194 C. 119, 120, 127. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id., 279-281, 294. Cited. Id., 376, 377. Subdiv.
(1) cited. Id., 408, 412. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id., Subdiv. (1) cited. 196 C. 519, 520, 526. Cited. 198 C. 53, 54. Cited. Id., 209,
210. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id., 220, 221. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 273, 274. Cited. Id., 454, 458, 459. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id., 454,
459. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 454, 459, 461, 462. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id., 454, 459, 462, 463. Subdiv. (2) cited. 199 C. 155,
158, 159, 161. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 155, 159. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 383, 384. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id.,
417, 419, 446. Subdiv. (2) cited. 200 C. 224, 225. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 453, 454; Id., 453, 458; 201 C. 534, 556, 558, 559.
Subdiv. (3) cited. Id., 534, 556, 558, 559. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 598, 601. Subdiv. (3) cited. 202 C. 520, 523, 524. Subdiv.
(1) cited. Id., 520, 526. Subdiv. (3): Not unconstitutionally vague as applied to defendant. Id., 629, 631, 635, 641-643.
Subdiv. (1) cited. 203 C. 466, 467; 204 C. 120, 121. Subdiv. (2) cited. 205 C. 279-281. Subdiv. (1) cited. 206 C. 278, 279.
Subdiv. (1) cited. 207 C. 276, 278. Subdiv. (1) cited. 209 C. 133, 135. Subdiv. (1) cited. 211 C. 441-444. Subdiv. (1) cited.
212 C. 612, 613. Subdiv. (2) cited. 213 C. 500, 502. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 579, 580. Subdiv. (3) cited. 214 C. 57, 61, 66.
Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 57, 65. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id., 77, 85, 87. Subdiv. (1) cited. 216 C. 220, 221. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id.,
699, 701, 708, 709, 715, 717. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 699, 708, 709. Subdiv. (1) cited. 217 C. 498, 501, 503. Subdiv. (3)
cited. Id., 498-503. Subdiv. (2) cited. 218 C. 766, 769. Subdiv. (1) cited. 219 C. 16, 21. Subdiv. (3) cited. 220 C. 169, 172.
Subdiv. (2) cited. Id., 285, 288, 298, 299. Subdiv. (3) cited. 222 C. 444, 447, 448. Cited. 223 C. 273, 274. Subdiv. (1) cited.
224 C. 546, 547. Subdiv. (1) cited. 225 C. 55, 63, 69. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id., 55, 63, 68, 69. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id., 55, 64.
Subdiv. (1) cited. 227 C. 456, 476. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id., 456, 476. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id., 566, 567, 570, 575. Subdiv. (3)
cited. Id., 611, 612. Subdiv. (1) cited. 228 C. 118, 127. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 147, 148. Subdiv. (3)
cited. Id., 147, 148. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 281, 303. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id. Subdiv. (3) cited. 229 C. 193, 194. Subdiv. (1)
cited. Id., 397, 399. Subdiv. (2) cited. 230 C. 183, 223. Subdiv. (1) cited. 231 C. 115, 137. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id. Subdiv
(2) cited. Id., 115, 139. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 484, 486. Subdiv. (1) cited. 233 C. 106, 118. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id. Subdiv.
(3) cited. Id., 174, 175, 189, 190. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 174, 189. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 215, 223.
Subdiv. (3) cited. Id. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 517. Subdiv. (3) cited. 235 C. 413, 414. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 473, 474. Subdiv.
(3) cited. Id., 595, 596. Cited. 236 C. 189, 198. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 342, 344. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id.,
342, 344, 345. Subdiv. (3) cited. 238 C. 253. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 313. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id. Subdiv. (1) cited. 240 C.
395. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 727. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 743. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id., 799. Subdiv. (3) cited. 241 C. 502. Motion
to dismiss on grounds that Subdiv. (3) is unconstitutionally vague because legislature failed to define phrases "extreme
indifference to human life" and "grave risk of death" and defendant was not given "fair warning" and statute is susceptible
to "arbitrary enforcement" fails to meet burden of proof because person of ordinary intelligence would have had fair
warning that defendant's actions were proscribed and was properly denied by trial court. 257 C. 544. Based on established
principles concerning how evidence is construed, and the inferences reasonably drawn therefrom, evidence was sufficient
to support trial court's verdict of manslaughter in the first degree with a firearm. Id. Defendant who was convicted of
murder pursuant to Sec. 53a-54a(a) was entitled to a jury instruction on the lesser included offense of manslaughter as set
forth in subdiv. (1). 262 C. 453.
Subdiv. (3): To be guilty of violating this statute "a person must have the general intent to engage in the proscribed
conduct." 5 CA 571-573, 576-578. Subdiv. (1) cited. 7 CA 457, 458, 560. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 656. Subdiv. (1) cited. 8
CA 273, 274. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id. Subdiv. (1) cited. 9 CA 147, 148; judgment reversed, see 206 C. 278 et seq. Subdiv.
(3) cited. 11 CA 425, 427; Id., 628, 630, 631. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 628-631; 13 CA 175, 176. Subdiv. (1) cited. 17 CA
502, 504; judgment reversed, see 213 C. 579 et seq. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id., 602, 604, 605. Subdiv. (3) cited. 18 CA 423,
424. Subdiv. (1) cited. 19 CA 576, 577. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 609, 610, 612. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 674, 682. Subdiv. (3)
cited. 20 CA 410, 411. Subdiv. (3) cited. 21 CA 138, 145. Subdiv. (3) cited. 22 CA 265, 266. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 321,
322. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 340, 341, 344, 350. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id., 507, 508. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 521, 522. Subdiv. (1)
cited. Id., 669, 670. Subdiv. (3) cited. 23 CA 431, 432. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 502-505. Subdiv. (1) cited. 24 CA 115, 117.
Subdiv. (3) cited. Id., 586. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 586, 587. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 692, 694, 695. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id., 692,
695. Subdiv. (2) cited. 25 CA 456, 457, 460-462. Cited. Id., 456, 461. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 456, 467. Subdiv. (3) cited.
Id. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id., 734, 735. Subdiv. (3) cited. 26 CA 165, 166. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 242, 243. Cited. Id., 259, 261.
Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 259, 266-268, 278. Subdiv. (1) cited. 27 CA 1-3, 5, 10. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 520, 521. Subdiv. (1)
cited. Id., 643, 644. Subdiv. (3) cited. 28 CA 34, 35, 37, 41. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 81, 82, 87-89. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id.,
231, 233. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 771, 773. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id., 771-775, 777, 778. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id., 825-827, 829-
831. Cited. 29 CA 68, 69; judgment reversed, see 227 C. 566 et seq. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 162, 163; judgment reversed,
see 229 C. 397 et seq. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id., 394, 396. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id., 452, 453. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 533, 534.
Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 754, 755, 758. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id., 773, 774. Subdiv. (1) cited. 30 CA 26, 27. Subdiv. (1) cited.
Id., 232, 234. Subdiv. (1) cited. 31 CA 385, 386. Subdiv. (3) cited. 32 CA 687, 688, 695-697. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 687,
695. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id., 854-856. Subdiv. (1) cited. 33 CA 116, 117. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 782, 783, 791, 792. Subdiv.
(1) cited. 34 CA 236, 238. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 368, 369; see also 233 C. 517 et seq. Subdiv. (3) cited. 35 CA 138, 139,
141. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id., 374, 375; judgment reversed, see 235 C. 413 et seq. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 438, 439, 444, 446.
Subdiv. (3) cited. Id., 438, 444. Cited. 37 CA 180, 181. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 180, 184, 185. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id. Cited.
Id., 404, 414. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 473, 474. Cited. Id., 722, 723. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id., 722, 728, 729. Cited. 38 CA 801,
802. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id., 815, 818. Subdiv. (1) cited. 39 CA 224, 240, 242. Subdiv. (1) cited Id., 242, 253. Subdiv. (3)
cited. 40 CA 151, 152, 164. Subdiv. (1) cited. 41 CA 831, 832. Subdiv. (1) cited. 42 CA 41. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 382.
Subdiv. (3) cited. 43 CA 252. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 488. Cited. 44 CA 790. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id., 731. Subdiv. (1) cited.
46 CA 216. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id. Evidence presented at trial concerning a healthy one-year-old left
in defendant's care was sufficient to support conviction. 47 CA 188. Subdiv. (1): Criminal liability as an accessory to
manslaughter in the first degree has long been recognized under this state's jurisprudence. 49 CA 121. To be guilty under
this subsection, it must be established that defendant must have had the general intent to engage in the proscribed conduct.
56 CA 742. Subdiv. (3): Action of defendant in entering house, after car chase, obtaining loaded shotgun, walking 100
feet to edge of driveway and shooting victim showed an extreme indifference to human life. 61 CA 463.
Subdiv. (3) cited. 44 CS 417.
Subsec. (b):
Cited. 211 C. 591, 612.
Sec. 53a-55a. Manslaughter in the first degree with a firearm: Class B felony:
Five years not suspendable. (a) A person is guilty of manslaughter in the first degree
with a firearm when he commits manslaughter in the first degree as provided in section
53a-55, and in the commission of such offense he uses, or is armed with and threatens
the use of or displays or represents by his words or conduct that he possesses a pistol,
revolver, shotgun, machine gun, rifle or other firearm. No person shall be found guilty
of manslaughter in the first degree and manslaughter in the first degree with a firearm
upon the same transaction but such person may be charged and prosecuted for both such
offenses upon the same information.
(b) Manslaughter in the first degree with a firearm is a class B felony and any person
found guilty under this section shall be sentenced to a term of imprisonment in accordance with subdivision (4) of section 53a-35a of which five years of the sentence imposed
may not be suspended or reduced by the court.
(P.A. 75-380, S. 3; July Sp. Sess. P.A. 94-2, S. 1.)
History: July Sp. Sess. P.A. 94-2 amended Subsec. (b) to add provision that any person found guilty under this section
shall be sentenced to a term of imprisonment in accordance with Sec. 53a-35a(4) and increase the nonsuspendable sentence
from one year to five years.
Cited. 190 C. 639, 640, 650, 653. Cited. 192 C. 85, 87. Cited. 193 C. 695, 730, 731. Cited. 198 C. 77, 78. Cited. Id.,
454, 455, 458, 475. Cited. 201 C. 174, 187. Cited. 216 C. 699, 710. Cited. 225 C. 559, 561.
Cited. 10 CA 357. Cited. 11 CA 425, 427. Cited. 17 CA 97, 98. Cited. 21 CA 801. Cited. 23 CA 502-505. Cited. 25
CA 734, 735. Cited. 26 CA 259, 260, 262, 265, 278. Cited. 33 CA 116, 117. Cited. 37 CA 722, 723, 728. Cited. 39 CA
224, 226, 236. Cited. Id., 242, 244, 252.
Subsec. (a):
Court's instructions on intent as element of manslaughter unconstitutional since they could be interpreted as creating
a conclusive or burden-shifting presumption. 180 C. 171, 173, 177. Cited. 195 C. 160, 161. Cited. 199 C. 383, 384. Cited.
203 C. 466, 467. Cited. 206 C. 346, 348, 350. Cited. 216 C. 282, 295. Cited. 33 CA 116, 117.
Cited. 26 CA 259, 260. Subdiv. (1) cited. 27 CA 263, 265. Cited. 37 CA 722, 723. Cited. 39 CA 224, 238.
Subsec. (b):
Cited. 206 C. 346, 358. Cited. 207 C. 412, 416.
Cited. 7 CA 223, 235.
Sec. 53a-56. Manslaughter in the second degree: Class C felony. (a) A person
is guilty of manslaughter in the second degree when: (1) He recklessly causes the death
of another person; or (2) he intentionally causes or aids another person, other than by
force, duress or deception, to commit suicide.
(b) Manslaughter in the second degree is a class C felony.
(1969, P.A. 828, S. 57.)
Cited. 169 C. 309, 322. Cited. 181 C. 406, 412. Cited. 188 C. 542, 544, 545. Cited. 195 C. 232, 234. Manslaughter is
not a lesser included offense of felony murder. 196 C. 421, 428. Cited. 199 C. 631, 633. Cited. 201 C. 174, 187. Cited.
202 C. 629, 632. Cited. 210 C. 78, 106. Cited. 212 C. 593, 607. Cited. 213 C. 579, 583. Cited. 216 C. 699, 710. Cited. 217
C. 498, 500. Cited. 226 C. 237, 250. Cited. 227 C. 566, 570. Cited. 236 C. 342, 344.
Cited. 7 CA 180, 181, 183. Cited. 11 CA 425, 426, 428. Cited. 19 CA 674, 682. Cited. 21 CA 654, 655. Cited. 24 CA
586, 588. Cited. 26 CA 448, 454. Cited. 32 CA 687, 695. Cited. Id., 759, 761, 764. Cited. 37 CA 722, 729. Cited. 42 CA
348. Cited re evidence sufficient to sustain conviction. 51 CA 814.
Subsec. (a):
Subdiv. (1) cited. 174 C. 89, 90, 95. Subdiv. (1): Manslaughter is a lesser included offense of murder although the state
of mind required is different. 180 C. 382, 403, 408. Subdiv. (1) cited. 185 C. 63, 66. Cited. 187 C. 6, 29. Subdiv. (1) cited.
193 C. 632, 640. Subdiv. (1) cited. 194 C. 119, 127. Subdiv. (1) cited. 195 C. 232, 237. Subdiv. (1) cited. 199 C. 155, 159.
Subdiv. (1) cited. 202 C. 629, 635, 660. Subdiv. (1) cited. 206 C. 657, 667. Subdiv. (1) cited. 212 C. 593, 608. Cited. 213
C. 579, 585. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 579, 585, 586. Subdiv. (1) cited. 214 C. 57, 61, 66. Subdiv. (1) cited. 219 C. 16, 18, 21.
Cited. Id., 16, 22. Subdiv. (1) cited. 222 C. 444, 447. Subdiv. (1) cited. 225 C. 55, 63, 64, 69. Cited. 226 C. 20, 21. Subdiv.
(1) cited. Id., 20, 22, 31. Subdiv. (1) cited. 228 C. 118, 127. Cited. Id., 147, 149, 152, 155. Subdiv. (1) cited. 231 C. 115,
137. Subdiv. (1) cited. 238 C. 253.
Cited. 5 CA 157, 158. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 338. Cited. 7 CA 180, 183. Subdiv. (1) cited. 11 CA 628-632. Cited. 17
CA 502, 511; judgment reversed, see 213 C. 579 et seq. Subdiv. (1) cited. 20 CA 430, 431. Cited. 24 CA 586, 588. Cited.
25 CA 456, 467. Subdiv. (1) cited. 26 CA 448, 449, 458. Subdiv. (1) cited. 28 CA 771, 773. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 825,
830. Cited. 30 CA 95, 96, 99, 101; judgment reversed, see 228 C. 147 et seq. Subdiv. (1) cited. 32 CA 854, 855. Subdiv.
(1) cited. 37 CA 722, 729. Subdiv. (1) cited. 38 CA 815, 818. Subdiv. (1) cited. 40 CA 47, 48.
Subsec. (b):
Cited. 202 C. 629, 638.
Sec. 53a-56a. Manslaughter in the second degree with a firearm: Class C felony: One year not suspendable. (a) A person is guilty of manslaughter in the second
degree with a firearm when he commits manslaughter in the second degree as provided
in section 53a-56, and in the commission of such offense he uses or is armed with and
threatens the use of or displays or represents by his words or conduct that he possesses
a pistol, revolver, shotgun, rifle, machine gun or other firearm. No person shall be found
guilty of manslaughter in the second degree and manslaughter in the second degree with
a firearm upon the same transaction but such person may be charged and prosecuted
for both such offenses upon the same information.
(b) Manslaughter in the second degree with a firearm is a class C felony for which
one year of the sentence imposed may not be suspended or reduced by the court.
(P.A. 75-380, S. 4.)
Cited. 199 C. 631, 633, 636, 643. Cited. 201 C. 174, 187. Cited. 207 C. 191, 192. Cited. 216 C. 699, 710. Cited. 227
C. 456, 476. Cited. 228 C. 281, 303.
Cited. 10 CA 697-699.
Subsec. (a):
Cited. 216 C. 282, 295.
Subsec. (b):
Cited. 207 C. 412, 416.
Sec. 53a-56b. Manslaughter in the second degree with a motor vehicle: Class
C felony. (a) A person is guilty of manslaughter in the second degree with a motor
vehicle when, while operating a motor vehicle under the influence of intoxicating liquor
or any drug or both, he causes the death of another person as a consequence of the effect
of such liquor or drug.
(b) Manslaughter in the second degree with a motor vehicle is a class C felony and
the court shall suspend the motor vehicle operator's license or nonresident operating
privilege of any person found guilty under this section for one year.
(P.A. 82-403, S. 1; P.A. 83-534, S. 8; P.A. 85-147, S. 1.)
History: P.A. 83-534 amended Subsec. (b) to require the court to suspend the motor vehicle operator's license or
nonresident operating privilege of any person found guilty for one year; P.A. 85-147 deleted "while intoxicated" from the
title of the offense and a provision that defined "intoxication" to include intoxication by alcohol or by drug or both, and
replaced elements of offense of "when, in consequence of his intoxication while operating a motor vehicle, he causes the
death of another person" with "when, while operating a motor vehicle under the influence of intoxicating liquor or any
drug or both, he causes the death of another person as a consequence of the effect of such liquor or drug".
See Sec. 14-111g re motor vehicle operator's retraining program.
Cited. 193 C. 632, 640. Cited. 213 C. 74, 76, 80. Cited. 216 C. 699, 710. Cited. 219 C. 752, 757. Cited. 229 C. 228,
230. There is no language in section to indicate expressly that legislature intended that a person convicted of second degree
manslaughter with a motor vehicle could not also be convicted of first degree manslaughter. 263 C. 390.
Cited. 5 CA 378, 379. Cited. 9 CA 686, 730. Cited. 11 CA 122, 123, 125-128, 130, 132. Cited. Id., 473, 481. Cited.
12 CA 129, 130. Cited. Id., 294, 295, 297, 298, 300-303. Cited. 16 CA 358, 360-363, 365, 366. Cited. 18 CA 223-225.
Cited. 21 CA 138, 139, 144, 145. Cited. 22 CA 108, 109. Cited. 23 CA 215, 216. Cited. Id., 720, 722. Cited. 29 CA 825,
831, 834. Cited. 34 CA 557, 564. Cited. Id., 655, 664. Cited. 36 CA 710, 713. Cited. 40 CA 359, 360.
Subsec. (a):
Cited. 11 CA 122-124, 126. Sec. 53a-57 not a lesser included offense. Id., 473, 474, 481. Cited. 20 CA 495, 496. Cited.
21 CA 138, 139, 141, 143, 144. Cited. 29 CA 825, 831, 834.
Sec. 53a-57. Misconduct with a motor vehicle: Class D felony. (a) A person is
guilty of misconduct with a motor vehicle when, with criminal negligence in the operation of a motor vehicle, he causes the death of another person.
(b) Misconduct with a motor vehicle is a class D felony.
(1969, P.A. 828, S. 58; P.A. 76-16; P.A. 82-403, S. 3.)
History: P.A. 76-16 defined "intoxication" for purposes of section; P.A. 82-403 amended Subsec. (a) by deleting the
provision that a person is guilty of misconduct with a motor vehicle when he causes the death of another person "in
consequence of his intoxication while operating a motor vehicle" and by deleting the definition of "intoxication".
See Sec. 14-111g re motor vehicle operator's retraining program.
Cited. 174 C. 112, 113, 116. Cited. Id., 118. Cited. 176 C. 445, 446; id., 451, 454, 455, 459. Cited. 188 C. 620, 621.
Cited. 202 C. 629, 638-640. Cited. 207 C. 336, 337. Cited. 216 C. 699, 710. Cited. 222 C. 444, 449. Cited. 229 C. 228, 230.
Cited. 3 CA 137, 138. Violation of Sec. 14-222a, negligent homicide with a motor vehicle, is a lesser included offense
of misconduct with a motor vehicle. 9 CA 686-689, 695, 710, 721, 723. Not a lesser included offense of Sec. 53a-56b(a).
11 CA 473, 474, 481, 482. Cited. 15 CA 392, 393. Cited. 16 CA 497, 507. Cited. 21 CA 138, 144. Cited. 22 CA 108, 111.
Cited. 23 CA 720. Cited. 28 CA 283, 284, 289. Cited. 29 CA 825, 826, 831, 833-835, 837, 839. Cited. 30 CA 428, 429.
Cited. 34 CA 655, 665. Conviction upheld where defendant became aware that his ability to operate a motor vehicle was
impaired, yet continued to operate the motor vehicle. 64 CA 631.
Cited. 35 CS 519, 521. Cited. 36 CS 527, 529.
Subsec. (a):
Cited. 176 C. 451, 452, 454.
Cited. 3 CA 137, 138. Cited. 11 CA 473, 474. Cited. 20 CA 495, 497. Cited. 23 CA 720, 723. Cited. 29 CA 825, 826,
832. This subsec. and Sec. 14-223(b) contain multiple elements that are dissimilar, and the clear language of the statutes
themselves is sufficient for conclusion that they do not impose two punishments for the same act. 84 CA 351.
Sec. 53a-58. Criminally negligent homicide: Class A misdemeanor. (a) A person is guilty of criminally negligent homicide when, with criminal negligence, he causes
the death of another person, except where the defendant caused such death by a motor
vehicle.
(b) Criminally negligent homicide is a class A misdemeanor.
(1969, P.A. 828, S. 59.)
Cited. 174 C. 89, 95. Criminally negligent homicide is a lesser included offense of murder although the state of mind
required is different. 180 C. 382, 403, 408. Cited. 181 C. 406, 412. Cited. 185 C. 63, 76, 78. Cited. 187 C. 6, 29. Cited.
195 C. 232, 242. Cited. 202 C. 520, 521, 525. Cited. Id., 629, 640, 641. Cited. 204 C. 410, 411, 426. Cited. Id., 429, 433.
Cited. 212 C. 593, 607, 608. Cited. 213 C. 579, 590, 592. Cited. 216 C. 699, 710. Cited. 223 C. 273, 275. Cited. 226 C.
237, 250. Cited. 227 C. 456, 476. Cited. 228 C. 118, 127. Trial court improperly refused to instruct jury on this lesser
included offense. Judgment of appellate court in State v. Ray, 30 CA 95, reversed. Id., 147, 149, 155. Cited. Id., 281, 303.
Cited. 238 C. 253.
Cited. 17 CA 502, 519; judgment reversed, see 213 C. 579 et seq. Cited. 24 CA 586, 588. Cited. 26 CA 448, 454. Cited.
28 CA 388, 389. Cited. Id., 771, 773. Cited. 30 CA 95, 99, 101, 103; judgment reversed, see 228 C. 147 et seq. Cited. Id.,
232, 243. Cited. 32 CA 687, 695. Cited. 35 CA 438, 444.
Cited. 40 CS 498, 501.
Subsec. (a):
Cited. 201 C. 174, 187-189. Cited. 202 C. 629, 639. Cited. 213 C. 579, 590. Cited. 214 C. 57, 61, 68. Cited. 223 C.
273, 275. Cited. 228 C. 147, 149. Cited. 231 C. 115, 137.
Cited. 24 CA 586, 588. Cited. 34 CA 368, 382; see also 233 C. 517 et seq.
Sec. 53a-58a. Negligent homicide with a motor vehicle. Section 53a-58a is repealed.
(P.A. 73-639, S. 5; P.A. 81-26, S. 2.)
See Sec. 14-222a re negligent homicide with a motor vehicle.
PART V*
ASSAULT AND RELATED OFFENSES
*Annotations to former section 53-11:
Court had authority to impose consecutive life sentences for two second degree murders. 152 C. 600-602. Cited. 154
C. 622, 624.
Cited. 25 CS 473.
Annotations to former section 53-12:
Person charged with assault with intent to murder may be convicted of assault with intent to kill. 8 C. 498; 9 C. 260;
19 C. 392; 90 C. 383. A man who is assailed under such circumstances as to authorize a reasonable belief that the assault
is with design to take his life is justified in killing his assailant. 32 C. 83; 105 C. 349; 106 C. 455. Evidence of threats by
third party against party assaulted, inadmissible. 53 C. 536; but see 63 C. 47. Assault with intent to murder may be prosecuted
by information of state's attorney. 60 C. 92. What constitutes; ill-will towards victim; malice and intent. 84 C. 470; 106
C. 351. Specific intent necessary; insanity as a defense. 84 C. 81. Malice aforethought required, but intent need not be
premeditated. 106 C. 351. Definition of malice aforethought. Id. Reputation of deceased for violence, where accused claims
self-defense, is admissible only when such reputation was known to accused; and only when hostile demonstrations of
deceased would not have warranted extreme defensive measures except when considered in light of such knowledge. Id.,
456. Reputation may never be shown by proof of specific acts of violence; id., 457; nor to establish probability that deceased
was the aggressor. Id., 459. Cited. 140 C. 398; 149 C. 656; 154 C. 41, 42; id., 302, 303, 156 C. 341. Evidence of other
subsequent criminal acts committed by defendants against person whom they are charged with assaulting may be received
in evidence as admission by conduct. 159 C. 169. Cited. 167 C. 539. Cited. 178 C. 534, 536.
Annotations to former section 53-14:
Facts of assault held to justify inference of intention to maim and disfigure. 95 C. 145. General verdict of guilty where
information is under this statute and also charges aggravated assault under Sec. 53-16. Id. Failure to charge that verdict of
simple or aggravated assault was possible held no error when verdict of robbery by violence returned: lesser crime necessarily included in verdict as returned. 105 C. 765. There is a distinction between force used by a robber in removing property
from the person and the violence which aggravates a simple robbery and makes it robbery with violence. The latter force
may be exercised at any time, so long as it forms a part of the transaction in which the robbery is committed. 143 C. 368.
Cited. 140 C. 613; 149 C. 694; 152 C. 628; 153 C. 584; 155 C. 593. Plaintiff's plea of guilty entered knowingly, voluntarily
and on advice of counsel was waiver of defective bench warrant on which he was arrested as it was consent to jurisdiction
of the court. 157 C. 143. Jury could reasonably find violent intent required by this section where defendant committed
robbery with gun. History of section reviewed. 157 C. 464. Pretrial lineup identification of defendant by storeowner he
had robbed two hours before was proper evidence. 159 C. 143. Cited. 160 C. 37. Cited. 160 C. 85. Cited. Id., 519. Cited.
165 C. 104. Cited. 169 C. 38.
Cited. 22 CS 493; 23 CS 82; 24 CS 120; 305; 386; 26 CS 53; 77. Brutality of defendant in repeatedly clubbing his
victim with a tire iron justified sentence of court below as the least protection to which society is entitled. 27 CS 340.
Where seventeen-year-old defendant had robbed a grocery store and violently attacked its seventy-three-year-old proprietor, sentence of indefinite term at Connecticut Reformatory was affirmed as defendant had prior extensive juvenile record.
Id., 360. Cited. 28 CS 15; id., 196.
Annotation to former section 53-15:
Cited. 162 C. 6.
Annotations to former section 53-16:
Razor may be found to be a deadly or dangerous weapon. 95 C. 145; and so may a sawed-off billiard cue. 106 C. 352.
Accused entitled to instruction as to simple assault, when. 131 C. 135. Cited. 140 C. 398; 154 C. 41, 42; id., 302, 303.
Elements of crime discussed. 146 C. 527. Defendant who rushed three men to scene of assault, himself wrestled with police
officers and otherwise resisted their authority could reasonably have been found by trial jury to have abetted his son in
committing aggravated assault on one of the officers. 155 C. 531. Intent is a question of fact, determination of which should
stand unless conclusion drawn by trier is unreasonable. 157 C. 351. Subsequent assaults by defendant on his wife and
officers called in to protect her were admissible evidence where defense was self-defense and accidental injury. 158 C.
149. Cited. 165 C. 61. Cited. 167 C. 539.
Cited. 22 CS 208; 24 CS 355; 27 CS 430.
Razor found deadly and dangerous within meaning of statute. 4 Conn. Cir. Ct. 446, 448. Fact that assault was not
directed against actual victim does not excuse or mitigate crime. Id. Cited. 6 Conn. Cir. Ct. 652.
Annotation to former section 53-19:
Cited. 169 C. 38.
Annotations to former section 53-174:
An assault with "intent to drown and suffocate" not within this statute. 5 C. 330. A breach of the peace under this section
may be committed without assault or battery. 29 C. 72. Assailing party with scurrilous and abusive language is a "mocking"
under this section. 34 C. 279. Effect of provision concerning libelous publications. 90 C. 98. Elements necessary where
offense is tumultuous behavior. 75 C. 205. Interrupting a school under former statute. 26 C. 607; 28 C. 232; 82 C. 321.
Does not define breach of peace but merely specifies certain ways of committing it; it may be committed in other ways.
126 C. 5. Not necessary that information contain an allegation that publications were maliciously made if there is no
mention of privilege. 148 C. 208. Not necessary to prove a breach of the peace to support a conviction of libel. Id. Cited.
97 C. 138; 124 C. 557; 145 C. 124; 147 C. 704; 148 C. 77; 153 C. 208; 157 C. 226. Cited. 162 C. 383. Cited. 165 C. 288,
291, 294.
Annotations to former statute prohibiting acts calculated to intimidate: To threaten and use means to intimidate a
company against its will to abstain from keeping in its employ workmen of its own choice is within the prohibition of the
statute. 55 C. 70, 71; 92 C. 168. Statute as applied to strike. 77 C. 237; 79 C. 13; id., 416. Necessary allegations of
information; intimidation need not result. 80 C. 614; 81 C. 696. Notice by bricklayers' union to contractors and employers
that members would not work if nonunion men were employed held no violation of this statute on particular facts. 92 C.
168. Does not require proof of assault and battery. No specific intent is essential. It is sufficient that the acts intentionally
committed cause serious disquietude on the part of those in the vicinity. 140 C. 586. Cited. 142 C. 605.
Cited. 5 CS 507; 22 CS 361; 23 CS 294; id., 344; id., 455; 24 CS 354; 25 CS 483; 27 CS 128. "Peace" defined: It is
not the law that there is no breach of the peace unless public repose is disturbed. Numerous abusive and indecent telephone
calls held breach of the peace. (Now see Sec. 53a-183.) Where minor defendant was committed to reformatory for violation
of this section, there should have been presentence investigation and report as defendant could have been detained therein
for as much as two years. 26 CS 504, 505. Petitioner by habeas corpus petition challenged her commitment for indefinite
term for breach of peace, when section 17-360 provides maximum sentence of one year for this misdemeanor and sentence
ordered modified. 28 CS 9.
Cited. 2 Conn. Cir. Ct. 200; id., 611; 3 Conn. Cir. Ct. 224, 227; 4 Conn. Cir. Ct. 68; id., 90; id., 413, 416; id., 476, 477;
id., 538. Abusive and threatening language uttered over telephone constituted violation. 2 Conn. Cir. Ct. 288. (Now see
Sec. 53-174a.) Defendant's contention that conduct involving one or two persons and occurring in an isolated place could
not constitute breach of the peace was without merit. Id., 648. Time is not an essential element of crime of breach of peace
unless date is material to the defense. Id., 649. Mere presence of defendant as inactive companion would not make him an
accessory to breach of peace. 3 Conn. Cir. Ct. 138. Breach of peace may be found if alleged offensive act is of such a
character that it naturally tends to cause serious disquietude on part of those in vicinity where act is likely to exercise its
malignity. Id., 423. "Provokes contention" does not require that blows be struck. Id., 550, 552. Statute provides its own
definition of "mocking". Id. Although defendant did not take part in assault, he is guilty under statute because everyone
is party to an offense who directly or indirectly counsels or procures any person to commit the offense or do any act forming
a part thereof. Id., 610, 613. Defendant properly charged with breach of peace when he violated curfew imposed by mayor
of New Haven when riotous conditions existed in the city. 5 Conn. Cir. Ct. 22. Right to constitutional procedural safeguards
applicable to charges of misdemeanor. Id., 178. Evidence of defendant magazine salesman's forcible amorous assault on
complainant housewife in her home warranted his conviction of crime of breach of peace by assault. Id., 186. Statute does
not define crime of breach of peace but merely specifies certain ways of committing it and defendant garage owners
threatened assault on complaining witness in his shop warranted his conviction under it. Id., 298. Constitutionality of this
statute properly raised by demurrer upon ground it is unconstitutionally vague. Demurrer overruled as language used in
statute is plain and unambiguous and legislative intent clearly expressed. Id., 384. Cited. Id., 311; 517. Section does not
define crime of breach of peace but merely specifies certain ways of committing it. It may be committed in ways other
than those specified. Offensive acts must be of such character that they tend naturally to cause serious disquietude on part
of those in vicinity. Id., 583. Evidence of prior altercation between defendant and victim's son which led immediately to
attack on the father admissible on question of motive. Id., 607. There was sufficient evidence on which trial court found
defendant had committed assault and battery and appeal court cannot retry case. 6 Conn. Cir. Ct. 14. Defendant in resisting
an unlawful arrest was not guilty of breach of peace. Id., 42. Cited. Id., 90, 402, 403, 404, 405, 431.
Annotations to former section 53-207:
Cited. 23 CS 427, 428, 429.
Annotations to former section 54-117:
Averment "against statute" does not vitiate and may be rejected as surplusage. 3 D. 103. Assault with intent to kill, a
high crime and misdemeanor at common law. 3 C. 114; 5 C. 330. High crime and misdemeanor is an immoral and unlawful
act, not strictly a felony. 6 C. 217; id., 476. Nuisance does not constitute. 6 C. 418; but see 7 C. 431. Solicitation to commit
adultery a high crime and misdemeanor at common law. 7 C. 270. Escape from prison without prison breach or violence
an offense at common law. Id., 452. Attempt to steal offense at common law. 30 C. 500. Conspiracy a crime at common
law; and punishable under this statute. 69 C. 725; 75 C. 210; 77 C. 227; 86 C. 434; 124 C. 562; 126 C. 84; 127 C. 604. High
crime, felony, misdemeanor, defined. 86 C. 434; id., 627. Conspiracy to commit assault is high crime and misdemeanor. 86
C. 434. Conspiracy to commit crime is not merged in crime itself. 99 C. 114. Definition of merger; when merger exists;
is a doctrine of very limited application. 108 C. 215. Identity of offenses. Id., 214. Cited. 162 C. 2.
Cited. 29 CS 305. Obstructing justice offense restricted in application. 29 CS 305.
Sec. 53a-59. Assault in the first degree: Class B felony: Nonsuspendable sentences. (a) A person is guilty of assault in the first degree when: (1) With intent to cause
serious physical injury to another person, he causes such injury to such person or to a
third person by means of a deadly weapon or a dangerous instrument; or (2) with intent
to disfigure another person seriously and permanently, or to destroy, amputate or disable
permanently a member or organ of his body, he causes such injury to such person or to
a third person; or (3) under circumstances evincing an extreme indifference to human
life he recklessly engages in conduct which creates a risk of death to another person,
and thereby causes serious physical injury to another person; or (4) with intent to cause
serious physical injury to another person and while aided by two or more other persons
actually present, he causes such injury to such person or to a third person; or (5) with
intent to cause physical injury to another person, he causes such injury to such person
or to a third person by means of the discharge of a firearm.
(b) Assault in the first degree is a class B felony provided (1) any person found guilty
under subdivision (1) of subsection (a) shall be sentenced to a term of imprisonment of
which five years of the sentence imposed may not be suspended or reduced by the court
and (2) any person found guilty under subsection (a) shall be sentenced to a term of
imprisonment of which ten years of the sentence imposed may not be suspended or
reduced by the court if the victim of the offense is a person under ten years of age or if
the victim of the offense is a witness, as defined in section 53a-146, and the actor knew
the victim was a witness.
(1969, P.A. 828, S. 60; P.A. 80-442, S. 16, 28; P.A. 92-87, S. 1; July Sp. Sess. P.A. 94-2, S. 3; P.A. 95-142, S. 12; P.A.
99-240, S. 13.)
History: P.A. 80-442 added proviso in Subsec. (b) requiring at least five years' imprisonment for person found guilty
under Subsec. (a)(1), effective July 1, 1981; P.A. 92-87 amended Subsec. (a) by adding Subdiv. (4) re causing serious
physical injury to another person while aided by two or more other persons actually present; July Sp. Sess. P.A. 94-2
amended Subsec. (a) by adding Subdiv. (5) re causing physical injury to another person or to a third person by means of
the discharge of a firearm; P.A. 95-142 amended Subsec. (b) by adding Subdiv. (2) requiring the defendant to be sentenced
to a term of imprisonment of which ten years of the sentence imposed may not be suspended or reduced by the court if the
victim is under ten years of age; P.A. 99-240 amended Subsec. (b) to make the nonsuspendable sentence of Subdiv. (2)
applicable if the victim of the offense is a witness, as defined in Sec. 53a-146, and the actor knew the victim was a witness.
Cited. 171 C. 264. Whether physical injury sustained by victim was "serious" was question of fact for the jury. 175 C.
204, 207. Cited. 191 C. 142. Cited. 193 C. 333, 334. Cited. 196 C. 18, 21. Cited. 200 C. 607, 608. Cited. 203 C. 484, 486,
488. Cited. 207 C. 233, 234. Cited. 209 C. 34, 38. Cited. 211 C. 441, 449. Cited. 215 C. 739, 743. Cited. 221 C. 402, 405.
Cited. 227 C. 301, 302, 312. Cited. 239 C. 467. Cited. 240 C. 743. Cited. 242 C. 125. Cited. Id., 389.
Cited. 3 CA 607, 623. Cited. 5 CA 590, 594, 595. Cited. 8 CA 545, 548. Cited. 11 CA 621, 623, 625. Cited. Id., 699,
700, 703, 706. Cited. 13 CA 139, 140. Cited. 14 CA 244, 245. Cited. Id., 309, 320. Cited. 17 CA 200, 201. Cited. 19 CA
654, 656. Cited. 20 CA 437, 438. Cited. Id., 521, 522. Cited. 21 CA 557, 565. Cited. 25 CA 171, 172. Cited. 34 CA 103,
116. Cited. 35 CA 107, 109, 110. Cited. Id., 609, 615. Cited. Id., 762, 763, 766. Cited. 36 CA 336, 337. Cited. 37 CA 180,
185. Cited. 38 CA 20, 21. Cited. Id., 777, 779. Cited. 39 CA 333, 336. Cited. Id., 645, 646. Cited. 42 CA 624. Cited. 43
CA 549. Cited. 44 CA 6. Cited. 46 CA 691. Assault statute provides for intent to be transferred and does not require that
defendant be aware of the presence of unintended victim. 84 CA 263.
Cited. 39 CS 347, 348.
Subsec. (a):
Subdiv. (1) cited. 169 C. 428, 429, 431. Cited. 172 C. 94, 95. Cited. Id., 275. Cited. 173 C. 254-256. Evidence victim
suffered various broken facial bones and spent eleven days in hospital was sufficient to show the "serious physical injury"
required for conviction. Id., 389. Cited. 174. C. 16, 17. Cited. Id., 604, 605. Subdiv. (3) cited. 175 C. 204, 205, 207; 176
C. 138, 139. Subdiv. (1) cited. 178 C. 116, 118; id., 448-450; 180 C. 481, 482; id., 557, 560. Subdiv. (1) cited. 182 C. 449,
451, 460, 467; id., 501. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id., 585, 586, 588, 594; part of ruling in State v. Jacobowitz, in which court had
ruled that a defendant was entitled on remand to a direction of acquittal with respect to a count improperly added to other
charges of which the defendant had had proper notice overruled, see 224 C. 1 et seq.; Subdiv. (1) cited. 183 C. 29, 30.
Subdiv. (3) cited. 184 C. 400, 402-404. Subdiv. (1) cited. 185 C. 63, 65. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 372,
373; 186 C. 1, 2, 7; id., 17, 18, 25; id., 654-657, 663, 664, 673; 187 C. 199, 200, 201, 214 (Diss. Op.); id., 681, 683; 189
C. 61; id., 303, 306, 310; 190 C. 219, 233. Subdiv. (3) cited. 191 C. 12, 13. Subdiv. (1) cited. 193 C. 48, 51. Subdiv. (3)
cited. Id. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 474, 475. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id., 632-634, 639, 643. Subdiv. (1) cited. 194 C. 89, 90. Subdiv.
(3) cited. Id., 119, 126. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 119, 127. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 408, 412. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id. Subdiv. (1)
cited. 195 C. 475, 476. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 651, 652, 655. Subdiv. (1) cited. 196 C. 395, 401. Cited. 197 C. 602, 603.
Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 602, 618, 619. Subdiv. (1) cited. 198 C. 23, 24. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 23, 31. Subdiv. (1) cited. 199
C. 155, 159. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id. Cited. Id., 322, 327. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id., 322, 327, 328. Subdiv.
(1) cited. Id., 322, 327, 329. Subdiv. (1) cited. 200 C. 642, 643, 650; 202 C. 259, 260; Id., 463, 464, 488. Subdiv. (3): Not
unconstitutionally vague as applied to defendant. Id., 629, 631, 635. Subdiv. (1) cited. 204 C. 207, 208. Subdiv. (3) cited.
Id., 523, 524. Subdiv. (1) cited. 205 C. 370, 371; Id., 673, 675. Subdiv. (3) cited. 208 C. 38-41. Subdiv. (1) cited. 209 C.
322, 323. Subdiv. (1) cited. 210 C. 619, 621. Subdiv. (3) cited. 211 C. 1, 2. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 441, 443-445. Subdiv.
(1) cited. 212 C. 50, 52. Subdiv. (1) cited. 213 C. 97, 98. Subdiv. (1) cited. 214 C. 122, 123; Id., 344, 347. Cited. Id., 717,
720. Subdiv. (1) cited. 216 C. 188, 189; Id., 492, 493. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id., 585, 586, 592, 593, 602. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id.,
647, 649; 217 C. 243, 244, 248, 250. Subdiv. (3) cited. 218 C. 747, 748. Subdiv. (1) cited. 219 C. 16, 21. Cited. Id., 363,
365. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 363, 365, 367-370. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id. Subdiv. (1) cited. 220 C. 385, 388; Id., 408, 409; 221
C. 402, 403, 405; Id., 915. Subdiv. (1) cited. 222 C. 117, 119. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id., 444, 447, 448. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id.,
718, 720. Subdiv. (1) cited. 225 C. 450, 452, 455. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 524-526. Cited. 227 C. 301, 311, 312. Subdiv.
(1) cited. Id., 301, 312, 315, 316, 318-320. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id. Assault statute cited. Id. Subdiv. (1)
cited. Id., 518, 519. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 711, 713. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 751, 752. Subdiv. (3) cited.
Id., 751-753. Subdiv. (1) cited. 228 C. 147, 149. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 234, 235. Subdiv. (1) cited.
Id., 335, 336. Subdiv. (1) cited. 229 C. 125, 127. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id., 178, 179. Subdiv. (3) cited. 230 C. 608, 610. Subdiv.
(1) cited. 231 C. 235, 237. Subdiv. (1) cited. 233 C. 502, 513. Subdiv. (1) cited. 235 C. 473, 474. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id.,
746. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 748, 750, 751. Subdiv. (1) cited. 237 C. 694. Subdiv. (1): Under appropriate circumstances a
defendant can simultaneously intend to cause death of, and serious physical injury to, same person; judgment of appellate
court in State v. Williams, 39 CA 18 reversed. Id., 748. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id. Subdiv. (1) cited. 239
C. 467. Subdiv. (4) cited. Id. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 481. Subdiv. (1) cited. 240 C. 395. Subdiv. (1) cited. 241 C. 665. Subdiv.
(1) cited. Id., 802. Subdiv. (3) cited. 242 C. 143. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 389. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 485. Subdiv. (3) cited.
Id., 723. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 745. Subdiv. (3): Criminal conduct can arise by an omission to act when there is a legal
duty to do so and defendant who had established a familial relationship with victim's mother and her children, had assumed
responsibility for the welfare of the children and had taken care of the children as though he were their father, had a legal
duty to protect victim from abuse and breach of that duty exposed defendant to criminal liability. 245 C. 209. Subdiv. (5)
cited. 247 C. 662. Defendant was not without fair warning and his due process rights were not denied by court's holding
construing a common law duty to act under section. 260 C. 93. Evidence that child abuse victim had sustained obvious
injuries was sufficient to support defendant's conviction based on his failure to act. Id. Re double jeopardy claim, defendant
failed to meet his burden of proving that his conviction with regard to different injuries arose out of the same act. Id. This
section and Sec. 53-21 do not stand in relationship to each other as greater and lesser included offenses and are not the
same offense for double jeopardy purposes. Id.
Subdiv. (1) cited. 1 CA 609, 616. Cited. 3 CA 166, 167. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id., 607, 608. Subdiv. (1) cited. 5 CA 40,
42, 50. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id., 590, 593. Subdiv. (1) cited. 6 CA 124, 125, 140, 141. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id., 124, 138, 140.
Cited. Id., 124, 138, 141. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id., 124, 140, 141. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 469. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 476, 477.
Subdiv. (1) cited. 7 CA 309, 310. Subdiv. (1) cited. 8 CA 119, 120. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 176, 177. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id.,
545, 547-549. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 545, 548, 549; Id., 631, 632. Subdiv. (3) cited. 9 CA 79, 80. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id.,
169, 170; judgment reversed, see 205 C. 370, 385. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 330, 331. Subdiv. (3) cited. 10 CA 103, 104.
Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 176, 177; Id., 302, 303; Id., 462-464; Id., 643, 645. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id., 643-645, 651. Subdiv. (1)
cited. 11 CA 499; Id., 621, 622, 625. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id., 699-702. Subdiv. (1) cited. 12 CA 217; Id., 655, 656; 13 CA
12; Id., 120, 121; Id., 237, 238. Id., 237, 238; Id., 687, 688; Id., 824. Subdiv. (3) cited. 14 CA 1, 2. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id.,
140; Id., 309, 310. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id., 493, 494, 496. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 511, 512; 15 CA 34, 35, 47. Subdiv. (1)
cited. Id., 416, 417. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 531, 532, 534. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 704, 706, 710, 711, 712, 715. Subdiv. (1)
cited. 16 CA 184, 186. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id., 206, 207. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 346, 347. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 390, 391.
Subdiv. (2) cited. Id. Cited. 17 CA 391, 394. Subdiv. (1) cited. 18 CA 477, 478. Subdiv. (1) cited. 19 CA 174, 175. Subdiv.
(1) cited. Id., 618, 619. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 654, 656. Subdiv. (1) cited. 20 CA 27, 28. Subdiv. (1) cited. 21 CA 688, 689,
716; 22 CA 199, 201. Subdiv. (1) cited. 22 CA 340, 341. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id., 610-613. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 610-611;
23 CA 28, 29; Id., 315, 316; Id., 663, 664; Id., 692, 693; 24 CA 152, 153; Id., 264, 266; Id., 316, 318; Id., 556, 559; Id.,
563, 567-569; Id., 624, 625, 627; 25 CA 171, 173, 175. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id., 171, 173, 175; Id., 243, 245. Subdiv. (2)
cited. Id., 275, 276, 278, 279. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 433, 434; Id., 578, 579, 582; Id., 619-621. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id. Subdiv.
(1) cited. 26 CA 52, 53; Id., 114, 116, 124; Id., 145, 146. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id., 331, 332, 337, 340. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id.,
367, 368; Id., 433, 434, 436; Id., 641, 642, 647, 653, 654; 27 CA 73, 74, 92, 93. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id., 73, 93. Cited. Id.,
322-324. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 322, 324, 330. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id., 322-327, 330, 332, 333. Subdiv.
(1) cited. Id., 654, 655, 665. Subdiv. (1) cited. 28 CA 34, 35. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id., 290, 291, 302, 304. Subdiv. (1) cited.
Id., 290, 301, 302. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id., 402, 404, 413. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 548, 549. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id., 825, 829,
830. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 833, 834; judgment reversed, see 227 C. 518 et seq. Subdiv. (1) cited. 29 CA 59, 60, 62-64.
Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 262, 263. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 704, 705. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 744, 745. Subdiv. (1) cited. 30 CA
9, 10. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 26, 28, 29, 31, 33, 35. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 68, 69. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 232, 234, 237, 239.
Subdiv. (3) cited. Id., 359, 360. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 406, 407; judgment reversed, see 228 C. 335 et seq. Subdiv. (2) cited.
Id., 606, 607, 610, 611. Subdiv. (1) cited. 31 CA 58, 59. Subdiv. (1) cited. 32 CA 553, 559. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id. Subdiv.
(1) cited. 33 CA 60, 61. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 122, 123. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 743, 748B; judgment reversed, see 233 C.
502 et seq. Subdiv. (1) cited. 34 CA 103, 104. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 223, 224, 226, 231. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 261, 262,
271. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 610, 611. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 691, 692. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id., 807, 808, 812. Subdiv. (1) cited.
35 CA 51, 53. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id., 51, 52, 59, 61, 63. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 138, 139. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id., 279, 280.
Subdiv. (2) cited. Id., 609, 616. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 699, 700. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 740, 743.
Subdiv. (1) cited. 36 CA 41, 42. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 473, 474. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 483, 484. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 506,
507. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 576, 577. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 695, 697. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 805, 807.
Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 831, 852. Subdiv. (3) cited. 37 CA 21, 22. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id., 180-182, 184. Subdiv. (1) cited.
Id., 464, 466. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id., 749, 752. Cited. 38 CA 20, 21. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id., 777, 786. Subdiv. (3) cited. 39
CA 18, 19; judgment reversed, see 237 C. 748 et seq. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 18, 19, 23, 24. Subdiv. (4) cited. Id., 333, 335.
Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 563, 564. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 645, 646. Subdiv. (4) cited. Id. Subdiv. (1)
cited. 40 CA 60, 61. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 387, 388, 395. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 483, 484. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 515-517.
Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 624, 625. Subdiv. (1) cited. 41 CA 515, 517. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 565, 566. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id.,
831, 832. Subdiv. (4) cited. 42 CA 307. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 371. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id. Subdiv. (1) cited. 43 CA 205.
Subdiv. (3) cited. Id. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 488. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 578. Cited. 44 CA 6. Subdiv. (1) cited. id. Subdiv.
(1) cited. id., 26. Cited. Id., 231. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 476. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 499. Subdiv. (1)
cited. 45 CA 270. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 591. Subdiv. (1) cited. 46 CA 684. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 734. Subdiv. (3) cited.
Id. Offenses described in Subdivs. (1) and (4) are two separate offenses for purposes of double jeopardy. 53 CA 581. To
secure conviction for assault in the first degree under Subdiv. (1), state must establish beyond a reasonable doubt that
defendant intended to cause serious physical injury to another person, did, in fact, cause serious physical injury to that
person and caused that injury by means of a dangerous instrument. 70 CA 232. There was sufficient evidence from which
jury reasonably could have found victim had suffered serious and permanent disfigurement and that defendant intended
to cause such serious and permanent disfigurement where defendant butted victim's face with his head, bit her face, struck
her on the head with a hairdryer, kicked her and attempted to choke her, resulting in scars to victim's face. 74 CA 633.
Defendant's actions in shaking infant with such violence as to cause injuries consistent with "shaken baby syndrome" was
a gross deviation from the standard of conduct a reasonable person would observe and evinced extreme indifference to
human life. Id., 736. Subdiv. (2): Fact that the wounds actually inflicted by defendant were relatively minor does not mean
that there was insufficient evidence to find that he intended to inflict serious injury. 78 CA 646.
Subsec. (b):
Cited. 219 C. 363, 365. Cited. 221 C. 402, 405.
Cited. 8 CA 545, 548.
Subdiv. (1) cited. 39 CS 347, 353.
Sec. 53a-59a. Assault of an elderly, blind, disabled, pregnant or mentally retarded person in the first degree: Class B felony: Five years not suspendable. (a)
A person is guilty of assault of an elderly, blind, disabled, pregnant or mentally retarded
person in the first degree, when such person commits assault in the first degree under
section 53a-59(a)(2), 53a-59(a)(3) or 53a-59(a)(5) and (1) the victim of such assault
has attained at least sixty years of age, is blind or physically disabled, as defined in
section 1-1f, or is pregnant, or (2) the victim of such assault is a person with mental
retardation, as defined in section 1-1g, and the actor is not a person with mental retardation.
(b) No person shall be found guilty of assault in the first degree and assault of an
elderly, blind, disabled, pregnant or mentally retarded person in the first degree upon
the same incident of assault but such person may be charged and prosecuted for both
such offenses upon the same information.
(c) In any prosecution for an offense under this section based on the victim being
pregnant it shall be an affirmative defense that the actor, at the time such actor engaged
in the conduct constituting the offense, did not know the victim was pregnant. In any
prosecution for an offense under this section based on the victim being a person with
mental retardation, it shall be an affirmative defense that the actor, at the time such actor
engaged in the conduct constituting the offense, did not know the victim was a person
with mental retardation.
(d) Assault of an elderly, blind, disabled, pregnant or mentally retarded person in
the first degree is a class B felony and any person found guilty under this section shall
be sentenced to a term of imprisonment of which five years of the sentence imposed
may not be suspended or reduced by the court.
(P.A. 77-422, S. 1; P.A. 80-442, S. 17, 28; July Sp. Sess. P.A. 94-2, S. 4; P.A. 99-122, S. 1; 99-186, S. 14.)
History: P.A. 80-442 added proviso in Subsec. (c) requiring five years' imprisonment for persons found guilty under
section provisions, effective July 1, 1981; July Sp. Sess. P.A. 94-2 amended Subsec. (a) to add reference to Sec. 53a-59(a)(5); P.A. 99-122 changed the name of the offense from "assault of a victim sixty or older in the first degree" to "assault
of an elderly, blind, disabled or mentally retarded person in the first degree", where appearing, amended Subsec. (a) to
add Subdiv. (2) to include within the offense an assault where the victim is a person with mental retardation and the actor
is not a person with mental retardation, and added new Subsec. (c) to establish an affirmative defense in a prosecution
based on the victim being a person with mental retardation that the actor did not know the victim was a person with mental
retardation, relettering former Subsec. (c) as Subsec. (d); P.A. 99-186 changed the name of the offense from "assault of a
victim sixty or older in the first degree" to "assault of an elderly, blind, disabled or pregnant person in the first degree"
where appearing, amended Subsec. (a) to include within the offense an assault where the victim is pregnant and added
new Subsec. (c) to establish an affirmative defense in a prosecution based on the victim being pregnant that the actor did
not know the victim was pregnant, relettering former Subsec. (c) as Subsec. (d); (Revisor's note: In 2005, the Revisors
recodified new Subsec. (c) to reflect the separate affirmative defenses established by P.A. 99-122 and P.A. 99-186).
See Secs. 53a-321 to 53a-323, inclusive, re abuse of elderly, blind, disabled or mentally retarded person.
Cited. 180 C. 557, 560. Cited. 211 C. 1, 2. Cited. 230 C. 608, 610.
Cited. 5 CA 590, 594, 595. Cited. 14 CA 1, 2. Cited. 20 CA 467. Cited. Id., 521, 522. Cited. 35 CA 609, 615, 616.
Subsec. (a):
Cited. 235 C. 502, 517.
Cited. 28 CA 402, 403. Cited. 40 CA 387, 388.
Subsec. (b):
Cited. 216 C. 282, 295.
Subsec. (c):
Cited. 207 C. 412, 416.
Sec. 53a-59b. Assault of an employee of the Department of Correction in the
first degree: Class B felony. (a) A person is guilty of assault of an employee of the
Department of Correction in the first degree when he is in the custody of the Commissioner of Correction or confined in any institution or facility of the Department of Correction and commits assault in the first degree under section 53a-59 and the victim of such
assault is an employee of the Department of Correction acting in the performance of
his duties.
(b) No person shall be found guilty of assault in the first degree and assault of an
employee of the Department of Correction in the first degree upon the same incident of
assault but such person may be charged and prosecuted for both such offenses upon the
same information.
(c) Assault of an employee of the Department of Correction in the first degree is a
class B felony. If any person is sentenced to a term of imprisonment for a violation of
this section which occurred while such person was confined in an institution or facility
of the Department of Correction, such term of imprisonment shall run consecutively to
the term for which the person was serving at the time of the assault.
(P.A. 93-246, S. 2.)
See Sec. 53a-167c re assault of an employee of the Department of Correction, employee or member of the Board of
Pardons and Paroles or probation officer.
Sec. 53a-59c. Assault of a pregnant woman resulting in termination of pregnancy: Class A felony. (a) A person is guilty of assault of a pregnant woman resulting
in termination of pregnancy when such person commits assault in the first degree as
provided under subdivision (1) of subsection (a) of section 53a-59 and (1) the victim
of such assault is pregnant, and (2) such assault results in the termination of pregnancy
that does not result in a live birth.
(b) In any prosecution for an offense under this section, it shall be an affirmative
defense that the actor, at the time such actor engaged in the conduct constituting the
offense, did not know that the victim was pregnant.
(c) Assault of a pregnant woman resulting in termination of pregnancy is a class A
felony.
(P.A. 03-21, S. 1.)
Sec. 53a-60. Assault in the second degree: Class D felony. (a) A person is guilty
of assault in the second degree when: (1) With intent to cause serious physical injury
to another person, he causes such injury to such person or to a third person; or (2) with