Sec. 53a-46c. Applicability of death penalty provisions in effect on and after
October 1, 1980. The provisions of sections 53a-46a and 53a-46b in effect on and after
October 1, 1980, shall be applicable to any person who is convicted of or pleads guilty
to a capital felony under subdivisions (1) to (6), inclusive, of section 53a-54b on or after
June 13, 1983.
(P.A. 83-327, S. 1, 2; P.A. 92-260, S. 24.)
History: P.A. 92-260 replaced "on October 1, 1980" with "on and after October 1, 1980".
Does not violate prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment nor infringe on rights to due process. 230 C. 183, 185,
236. Death penalty statutes cited. Id. Cited. 238 C. 389. Capital sentencing statutes cited. Id. Death penalty statutes cited. Id.
Cited. 9 CA 686, 720.
Sec. 53a-46d. Victim impact statement read in court prior to imposition of
sentence for crime punishable by death. A victim impact statement prepared with the
assistance of a victim advocate to be placed in court files in accordance with subdivision
(2) of subsection (a) of section 54-220 may be read in court prior to imposition of
sentence upon a defendant found guilty of a crime punishable by death.
(P.A. 00-200, S. 6; P.A. 03-179, S. 2; 03-278, S. 104.)
History: P.A. 03-179 replaced "prepared by" with "prepared with the assistance of" and made a technical change; P.A.
03-278 made a technical change, effective July 9, 2003.
Sec. 53a-47. Disposition of person found not guilty by reason of mental disease
or defect. Confinement and examination. Release. Section 53a-47 is repealed.
(1969, P.A. 828, S. 47; P.A. 75-476, S. 5, 6; P.A. 78-280, S. 1, 2, 115, 127; P.A. 81-301, S. 2; P.A. 83-486, S. 2; P.A.
85-506, S. 31, 32.)
PART III*
INCHOATE OFFENSES
*Annotations to former section 54-197:
To constitute conspiracy there need be no formal agreement between the parties; conspiracy may be established by
proof of separate acts of individual conspirators with common purpose. 129 C. 540. Principles stated which prevent a
charge of conspiracy against certain participants in unlawful acts. 132 C. 335. Conspiracy is a distinct offense, entirely
independent of the unlawful act which is its purpose. 134 C. 183. Conspiracy may be inferred from activities of accused
persons. 138 C. 292. Where a prima facie case is made out, court is entitled to take into consideration the fact that defendant
failed to testify. 139 C. 229. Declaratory judgment that a violation would exist. 142 C. 53. Cited. 145 C. 124; 150 C. 230;
152 C. 167. No formal agreement need be proven; it is enough if there is a mutual purpose to do the forbidden act. 147 C.
296. Information charging a conspiracy may properly allege acts done in furtherance of the conspiracy. Information charged
that defendants conspired to commit larceny and in pursuance of the conspiracy stole copper wire worth $2000. Since
larceny statute made theft of property worth more than $50 a felony, effect of the information was to charge a conspiracy
to commit a felony. Not necessary for state to prove that the unlawful object of the conspiracy was ever successfully
accomplished or that any larceny was ever committed in any amount. Confessions made by two conspirators were not
admissible to prove guilt of third conspirator. Since court made that clear in instructions to jury, third conspirator could
not complain of admission of confessions in evidence. 149 C. 640. Fact that one or more persons jointly charged with the
commission of a crime pleaded guilty is not admissible, on trial of another person so charged, to establish that the crime
was committed. A plea of guilty is, in effect, a confession of guilt which, having been made by one of those charged with
the crime, can be no more than hearsay as to another who is so charged. The state must prove the whole case against any
accused. 150 C. 195. Where one of alleged coconspirators is acquitted, this does not necessarily make fatal convictions of
other coconspirators. 151 C. 592. Crime of conspiracy at common law is unlawful combination and accomplishment of
objectives of conspiracy is not material. 157 C. 330. Once defendant had been proved to be member of conspiracy, declarations of coconspirators in furtherance of conspiracy could be used against him. 158 C. 412. Warrant authorizing search
for "...paraphernalia which could be used to violate Sec. 54-197" was general warrant and therefore was illegal and did not
meet constitutional requirement that search warrant particularly describe things to be seized. 160 C. 28, 33-37. Admission of
evidence that defendant denied he knew coconspirators was reversible error when interrogation was made in absence of
defendant's counsel. 159 C. 608. Essence of crime of conspiracy is unlawful combination coupled with act done and not
accomplishment of act. 160 C. 140, 149. Common law conspiracy deemed a separate and distinct crime. 162 C. 215. Cited.
163 C. 231.
Cited. 8 CS 330; 22 CS 173; 27 CS 130, 131. Person convicted of violating act cannot be sent to Kentucky hospital by
petitioning review division of superior court. 25 CS 7. Cited. 27 CS 380; 28 CS 240. Conspiracy common law crime, when.
Id., 344. Cited. 29 CS 333. Cited. 30 CS 211.
Crime of conspiracy is a separate offense and does not merge in the act which is executed in furtherance of the conspiracy.
3 Conn. Cir. Ct. 50, 51. Cited. 6 Conn. Cir. Ct. 548.
Annotations to former section 54-198:
Must be specific intent to commit crime and same overt act adopted to effectuate such intent. 141 C. 731. Cited. 143
C. 368; 156 C. 391.
Cited. 19 CS 267.
Sec. 53a-48. Conspiracy. Renunciation. (a) A person is guilty of conspiracy
when, with intent that conduct constituting a crime be performed, he agrees with one
or more persons to engage in or cause the performance of such conduct, and any one
of them commits an overt act in pursuance of such conspiracy.
(b) It shall be a defense to a charge of conspiracy that the actor, after conspiring to
commit a crime, thwarted the success of the conspiracy, under circumstances manifesting a complete and voluntary renunciation of his criminal purpose.
(1969, P.A. 828, S. 48, 49; 1971, P.A. 871, S. 16.)
History: 1971 act amended Subsec. (b) to remove reference to "affirmative" defense.
See Sec. 53a-50 re effect of motivation on renunciation.
Cited. 169 C. 377, 380. Cited. Id., 517, 518. Cited. Id., 642, 643, 645. Generally may prosecute and sentence defendant
for both conspiracy to commit offense and offense itself; Wharton's rule: An agreement by two persons to commit crime
which necessarily requires participation of two persons cannot be prosecuted as conspiracy; rule currently valid only as
presumption of legislative intent (dissent noted); exception to rule when more persons than required participate. 171 C.
105. Abuse of conspiracy charge to bring in otherwise improper evidence. Id. Cited. Id., 524, 528. Cited. 172 C. 74, 75.
Cited. 174 C. 135, 136. Cited. Id., 338, 339, 344. Cited. Id., 376. Cited. 176 C. 131, 132. Cited. 177 C. 370, 371. Cited.
178 C. 67, 68; id., 163, 164; id., 649, 650. A defendant is entitled to a theory of defense instruction as a matter of law when
evidence under this section is before jury. Id., 704, 708. Cited. 180 C. 481, 482. Cited. 182 C. 262, 263; id., 595, 600.
Cited. 184 C. 369, 370, 377, 378. Cited. 186 C. 426, 427; id., 648, 649; id., 696, 707. Cited. 187 C. 109, 111; id., 264, 265;
id., 513, 514. Cited. 188 C. 515, 516, 529; id., 542, 543; id., 671, 675. Cited. 189 C. 201, 202; id., 337, 339. Cited. 190 C.
259, 260. Cited. 191 C. 360, 362. Cited. 194 C. 18, 20. Cited. Id., 361, 362. Cited. 195 C. 128, 129. Cited. Id., 183, 185.
Cited. Id., 598, 604. Cited. 196 C. 115, 116. Cited. Id., 567, 568. Cited. 197 C. 201, 203. Cited. Id., 326, 327. Cited. Id.,
413, 415. Cited. Id., 644, 656. "There is no such thing as a conspiracy to commit a crime which is defined in terms of
recklessly or negligently causing a result," therefore conspiracy to commit arson in the third degree in violation of this
statute and Sec. 53a-113 is not crime cognizable under state law. 199 C. 1-3, 5. Cited. Id., 14, 16. Cited. 200 C. 113, 114.
Cited. Id., 310, 311, 314. Cited. 201 C. 489, 490, 496, 497, 501. Cited. 202 C. 520, 526, 527, 529. Cited. 204 C. 240, 241,
250, 257, 258. Cited. Id., 630, 636, 637. Cited. 207 C. 323, 324. Cited. 209 C. 1, 6. Cited. 210 C. 435, 438, 439. Cited.
211 C. 289, 293. Cited. 212 C. 195, 196, 199-203. Cited. Id., 387, 389. Cited. Id., 593, 594. Cited. 213 C. 233-235.
Conspiracy charge against a defendant is barred after acquittal of sole alleged coconspirator. Conspiracy statute as "bilateral" in nature discussed. Id., 243, 250. Cited. Id., 422, 424. Cited. Id., 708, 711, 721. Cited. 215 C. 716, 718. Cited. Id.,
739, 743. Cited. 216 C. 801. Cited. 218 C. 349-351. Cited. Id., 432, 433, 435. Cited. 220 C. 602, 604, 606. Cited. Id., 765,
767, 771. Cited. 221 C. 447, 449. Cited. Id., 595, 598. Cited. 223 C. 243, 245, 248, 263. Cited. Id., 384, 386. Cited. 224
C. 322, 323. Cited. 225 C. 270, 271. Cited. Id., 347, 349. Cited. 227 C. 1, 3. Cited. Id., 32, 35. Cited. Id., 207, 210, 211.
Cited. 235 C. 397, 398. Cited. Id., 679, 682, 683. Cited. Id., 748, 750. Cited. 236 C. 176, 178. Cited. Id., 514, 517. Cited.
237 C. 518. Cited. 238 C. 380. Cited. 239 C. 56. Cited. Id., 481. Cited. 240 C. 210. Cited. Id., 708. Cited. 241 C. 322.
Cited. 242 C. 93.
Cited. 1 CA 524. Cited. 3 CA 503. Cited. 5 CA 347, 348. Cited. Id., 491, 492, 494. Cited. Id., 599, 600, 604. Cited. 8
CA 119, 120. Cited. Id., 478, 480, 481, 490. Cited. Id., 667, 671. Cited. 9 CA 548, 549. Cited. 10 CA 130, 131. Cited. Id.,
147, 148. Cited. Id., 447, 448, 451, 453, 455. Cited. 11 CA 397-399. Cited. Id., 621, 623. Cited. 14 CA 205, 207. Cited.
Id., 445-447. Cited. Id., 605, 607. Cited. Id., 807. Cited. 15 CA 122, 123, 125. Cited. 15 CA 328, 329. Cited. Id., 539, 540.
Cited. 16 CA 18, 20, 33. Cited. Id., 601, 602. Cited. 17 CA 247, 248. Cited. Id., 648, 650. Cited. 19 CA 554, 555, 562-
564. Cited. Id., 640, 641. Cited. 21 CA 299, 301, 309, 311, 313. Cited. Id., 386, 387, 392, 403. Cited. Id., 519, 520. Cited.
22 CA 449, 450. Cited. Id., 567, 569, 577. Cited. 23 CA 502, 506. Cited. Id., 615, 617. Cited. Id., 667, 670. Cited. 24 CA
316, 318. Cited. Id., 493, 494. Cited. 26 CA 94, 100. Cited. Id., 667, 668. Cited. Id., 779, 780. Cited. 27 CA 596, 597.
Cited. 28 CA 34, 35. Cited. Id., 126, 128, 134. Cited. Id., 416, 420. Cited. 29 CA 359, 361. Cited. Id., 843, 844. Cited. 30
CA 190-192. Cited. Id., 232, 241. Cited. Id., 550, 558. Cited. Id., 654, 655. Cited. Id., 712, 713. Cited. 32 CA 224, 226.
Cited. 33 CA 253, 254. Cited. Id., 409, 410. Cited. 34 CA 751, 753. Cited. 35 CA 714, 716, 717. Cited. Id., 839, 841-843,
846, 848, 849. Cited. 36 CA 59, 60. Cited. Id., 190, 200. Cited. Id., 454, 455. Cited. Id., 556-558, 570, 571. Cited. Id.,
631, 632. Cited. Id., 672, 673. Cited. Id., 753, 755, 764. Cited. Id., 774, 775. Cited. 37 CA 219. Cited. Id., 456, 458;
judgment reversed, see 236 C. 176 et seq. Cited. 38 CA 481, 483. Cited. Id., 536, 538. Cited. Id., 581, 582. Cited. Id., 777,
778, 800. Cited. Id., 868, 869. Cited. 39 CA 224, 226. Cited. Id., 333, 336, 342. Cited. Id., 526, 540. Cited. Id., 550, 553.
Cited. 40 CA 515, 520. Cited. Id., 789, 791. Cited. 41 CA 47, 49. Cited. Id., 147, 148. Cited. Id., 495, 498. Cited. 42 CA
472. Cited. Id., 500. Cited. Id., 555. Cited. Id., 687. Cited. 43 CA 142. Cited. Id., 252. Cited. Id., 555. Cited. 44 CA 338.
Cited. 45 CA 110. Cited. Id., 282. Cited. Id., 455. Cited. 46 CA 684. Cited. Id., 791. Elements of crime of conspiracy under
sec. discussed. 63 CA 82. Statute is bilateral in nature in that conspiracy requires a showing that two or more coconspirators
intended to engage in or cause conduct that constitutes a crime. 64 CA 384. Conviction and sentencing for multiple
conspiracy offenses based on a single agreement is double jeopardy violation. 65 CA 788. Elements of crime of conspiracy
discussed. 70 CA 393. There was sufficient evidence to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant knowingly entered
into a conspiracy to possess a narcotic substance with intent to sell. 75 CA 223.
Cited. 29 CS 344. Cited. 30 CS 211. Overt act is essential element of offense and must be alleged in information charging
conspiracy. 35 CS 96, 97. Cited. 36 CS 603, 604; 37 CS 527, 528, 531; id., 853. Cited. 38 CS 301, 302, 308; id., 374, 375;
id., 593, 594, 596.
Subsec. (a):
Cited. 171 C. 524, 527, 529. Cited. 177 C. 243. Cited. 186 C. 696, 697. Cited. 187 C. 264, 271. Cited. 189 C. 752, 754.
Cited. 192 C. 383-385. Cited. 195 C. 598, 599. Cited. 197 C. 644, 645, 654. Cited. 199 C. 389, 391. Cited. 200 C. 586,
587. Cited. 201 C. 289, 290, 298, 300. Cited. 202 C. 520, 528. Cited. 203 C. 420, 421. Cited. 204 C. 240, 242. Cited. 207
C. 118, 120. Cited. 210 C. 78, 81. Cited. Id., 619, 621. Cited. 212 C. 50, 52. Cited. Id., 195, 197, 200. Cited. Id., 485, 488.
Cited. 213 C. 243, 244. Cited. 214 C. 122, 123. Cited. Id., 344, 347. Cited. 215 C. 570, 576. Cited. 217 C. 243, 244. Cited.
218 C. 151-153. Cited. 221 C. 595, 598. Cited. 223 C. 384, 386. Cited. Id., 635, 637, 638. Cited. 227 C. 32, 35, 41. Cited
erroneously as Subsec. (1). Id., 363, 365. Cited. 230 C. 351, 353. Cited. 232 C. 431, 433; judgment superseded by en banc
reconsideration, see 235 C. 502 et seq. Cited. Id., 537, 538. Cited. 235 C. 502, 504. Cited. 239 C. 235. Cited. Id., 467.
Cited. Id., 481. Cited. 240 C. 210. Cited. Id., 727. Cited. 241 C. 1. Cited. Id., 502. Cited. 242 C. 125. Cited. Id., 296.
Appellate court in State v. Torres, 41 CA 495 reversed trial court's judgment on grounds of insufficient evidence to convict,
judgment of appellate court reversed. Id., 485. Evidence was sufficient to support conspiracy conviction. 253 C. 354.
Where two defendants were tried separately and their respective juries were presented with separate, independent evidence
of their agreement to commit the crime in question, acquittal of the defendant's coconspirator did not nullify defendant's
conviction of the same charge. 257 C. 587.
Cited. 7 CA 701, 702. Cited. 9 CA 313, 314, 317. Cited. 10 CA 447, 452. Cited. 14 CA 309, 310; judgment reversed,
see 212 C. 50 et seq. Cited. Id., 605, 609. Cited. Id., 688, 689. Subdiv. (2) cited. 15 CA 416, 417. Cited. 16 CA 89, 90.
Cited. Id., 245, 248. Cited. Id., 402, 403. Cited. 18 CA 134, 137. Cited. 19 CA 179-181, 186. Cited. Id., 195, 196. Cited.
20 CA 665, 666. Cited. 21 CA 386, 400. Cited. 22 CA 340, 341. Cited. 23 CA 502-504. Cited. Id., 602, 604. Cited. Id.,
667, 669, 670. Cited. Id., 746, 747; judgment reversed, see 221 C. 595 et seq. Cited. 24 CA 493, 498. Cited. 25 CA 3, 4.
Id., 21, 22. Cited. Id., 318, 319. Cited. 26 CA 94, 95, 99. Cited. Id., 279, 280. Cited. 27 CA 558, 560. Cited. 28 CA 126,
134. Cited. Id., 161, 162, 168. Cited. Id., 306-308. Cited. Id., 474, 475. Cited. Id., 645, 646. Cited. Id., 721, 722. Cited.
29 CA 59, 60, 62. Cited. Id., 207, 211. Cited. Id., 843, 844, 858. Cited. 30 CA 232, 234. Cited. Id., 550, 551, 557. Cited.
31 CA 370, 371. Cited. 32 CA 842, 843. Cited. 33 CA 122, 123. Cited. Id., 339, 340; judgment reversed on issues of
sufficiency of evidence and jury misconduct, see 235 C. 502 et seq. Cited. Id., 409, 410. Cited. Id., 647, 648, 650, 657.
Cited. 34 CA 58, 59; judgment reversed, see 232 C. 537 et seq. Cited. Id., 96, 97; judgment reversed, see 232 C. 537 et
seq. Cited. Id., 595, 596. Cited. Id., 751, 753; judgment reversed, see 233 C. 211 et seq. Cited. 35 CA 740, 742. Cited. 36
CA 41, 42. Cited. Id., 190, 191. Cited. Id., 454, 455. Cited. Id., 483, 484. Cited. Id., 488, 489. Cited. Id., 556, 557. Cited.
Id., 672, 673. Cited. Id., 753, 755. Cited. 37 CA 156, 158. Cited. Id., 360, 361. Cited. Id., 456, 458; judgment reversed,
see 236 C. 176 et seq. Cited. Id., 574, 575. Cited. 38 CA 434, 435. Cited. Id., 481, 483. Cited. Id., 536, 538. Cited. Id.,
777, 778. Cited. 39 CA 63, 64. Cited. Id., 224, 226. Cited. Id., 242, 244. Cited. Id., 333, 336. Cited. Id., 526, 528. Cited.
Id., 550, 553. Cited. Id., 579, 580, 599. Cited. Id., 645, 646. Cited. 40 CA 47, 48. Cited. Id., 515, 516. Cited. Id., 526, 527,
533. Cited. 41 CA 147, 148. Cited. Id., 495. Cited. 42 CA 500. Cited. Id., 555. Cited. Id., 687. Cited. 43 CA 488. Cited.
Id., 830. Cited. 44 CA 338. Cited. Id., 499. Cited. 45 CA 270. Cited. 46 CA 640. Conviction for conspiracy to sell a
controlled substance within one thousand five hundred feet of a public housing project reversed where trial court instructed
that jury must find that conspiracy occurred within one thousand five hundred feet of public housing project. The law is
not concerned with where the plan was hatched, but with where conspirators proposed to carry out its unlawful purpose.
73 CA 386.
Cited. 44 CS 490.
Subsec. (b):
Cited. 40 CA 526, 532, 533.
Sec. 53a-49. Criminal attempt: Sufficiency of conduct; renunciation as defense. (a) A person is guilty of an attempt to commit a crime if, acting with the kind of
mental state required for commission of the crime, he: (1) Intentionally engages in
conduct which would constitute the crime if attendant circumstances were as he believes
them to be; or (2) intentionally does or omits to do anything which, under the circumstances as he believes them to be, is an act or omission constituting a substantial step
in a course of conduct planned to culminate in his commission of the crime.
(b) Conduct shall not be held to constitute a substantial step under subdivision (2)
of subsection (a) of this section unless it is strongly corroborative of the actor's criminal
purpose. Without negating the sufficiency of other conduct, the following, if strongly
corroborative of the actor's criminal purpose, shall not be held insufficient as a matter
of law: (1) Lying in wait, searching for or following the contemplated victim of the
crime; (2) enticing or seeking to entice the contemplated victim of the crime to go to
the place contemplated for its commission; (3) reconnoitering the place contemplated
for the commission of the crime; (4) unlawful entry of a structure, vehicle or enclosure
in which it is contemplated that the crime will be committed; (5) possession of materials
to be employed in the commission of the crime, which are specially designed for such
unlawful use or which can serve no lawful purpose of the actor under the circumstances;
(6) possession, collection or fabrication of materials to be employed in the commission of
the crime, at or near the place contemplated for its commission, where such possession,
collection or fabrication serves no lawful purpose of the actor under the circumstances;
(7) soliciting an innocent agent to engage in conduct constituting an element of the
crime.
(c) When the actor's conduct would otherwise constitute an attempt under subsection (a) of this section, it shall be a defense that he abandoned his effort to commit
the crime or otherwise prevented its commission, under circumstances manifesting a
complete and voluntary renunciation of his criminal purpose.
(1969, P.A. 828, S. 50; 1971, P.A. 871, S. 17; P.A. 92-260, S. 25.)
History: 1971 act amended Subsec. (c) to remove reference to "affirmative" defense; P.A. 92-260 made technical
changes.
See Sec. 53a-50 re effect of motivation on renunciation.
Cited. 169 C. 377, 380. Cited. Id., 581. Cited. 173 C. 254, 255. Cited. Id., 317, 318, 325. Cited. Id., 360, 362, 363.
Cited. 174 C. 16, 17. Cited. Id., 142, 144. Cited. 175 C. 398, 399. Cited. 179 C. 1, 2. Cited. 180 C. 481, 482. Cited. 182
C. 207, 208; Id., 430, 432; Id., 595, 596, 598, 600. Cited. 183 C. 29, 30. Cited. 184 C. 157, 158. Cited. 185 C. 163, 164;
Id., 199, 200. Cited. 186 C. 261, 262. Cited. 187 C. 681, 683. Cited. 189 C. 383, 385. Cited. 193 C. 70, 76. Cited. 193 C.
602, 603. Cited. 194 C. 233, 234. Cited. Id., 241, 242. Cited. Id., 408-410, 412. Cited. 195 C. 611, 612, 618. Cited. 196
C. 36, 38. Cited. Id., 567, 568. Cited. 198 C. 124, 126. Cited. 199 C. 14, 16. Cited. Id., 155, 159. Cited. Id., 591, 593. Cited.
200 C. 30, 31. Cited. 201 C. 174, 176. Cited. Id., 190, 191. Cited. Id., 289, 294, 297, 300. Cited. Id., 605, 606. Cited. 202
C. 259, 260. Cited. Id., 509, 510. Cited. Id., 520, 527, 529. Cited. 203 C. 445, 446. Cited. Id., 484, 486. Cited. 204 C. 630,
636, 637. Cited. 205 C. 61, 63. Cited. Id., 616, 617. Cited. 206 C. 213, 214. Cited. 207 C. 1, 10, 12. Cited. 209 C. 34, 41,
42, 44. Cited. 210 C. 519, 521. Cited. Id., 652, 689, 692. Cited. 214 C. 454, 457. Cited. 215 C. 695, 698. Cited. Id., 716,
718. Cited. 216 C. 585, 586, 602. Cited. Id., 647, 649, 661. Cited. 218 C. 747, 748. Cited. 220 C. 384, 385. Cited. Id., 765,
767, 768, 774. Cited. 221 C. 109, 112. Cited. 222 C. 117, 119. Cited. 222 C. 718, 719, 724. Cited. 226 C. 497, 499. Cited.
227 C. 301, 302, 311, 316, 318-320. Cited. 228 C. 384, 385. Cited. Id., 393, 395, 396. Cited. 229 C. 125, 127. Cited. 231
C. 235, 237. Cited. 232 C. 455, 458. Cited. 235 C. 397, 398. Cited. Id., 405, 406. Cited. Id., 469, 470. Cited. Id., 502, 503,
505, 516, 518. Cited. Id., 748, 750. Cited. 236 C. 266, 267. Cited. 237 C. 501. Cited. Id., 518. Cited. Id., 748. Cited. 238
C. 389. Cited. 241 C. 1. Cited. Id., 413. Cited. Id., 502. Cited. 242 C. 125. Cited. Id., 389. Cited. Id., 648.
Cited. 1 CA 344, 345. Cited. 2 CA 333, 334. Cited. 3 CA 166, 167. Cited. 6 CA 24, 25. Cited. 7 CA 1, 2. Cited. Id.,
257, 258. Cited. Id., 367, 370. Cited. Id., 503, 504. Cited. Id., 701, 702. Cited. 8 CA 351, 352. Cited. Id., 496, 497, 504,
506. Cited. Id., 545, 548. Cited. Id., 631, 632. Cited. 9 CA 169, 171; judgment reversed, see 205 C. 370, 385. Cited. Id.,
587, 588. Cited. 10 CA 130, 131. Cited. Id., 503, 504. Cited. 12 CA 32, 33. Cited. Id., 163, 170. Cited. Id., 217. Cited. Id.,
395, 396. Cited. Id., 604-606. Cited. Id., 685. Cited. 13 CA 69, 74, 75. Cited. 14 CA 526, 527. Cited. 15 CA 531, 532.
Cited. Id., 704, 705, 712. Cited. 16 CA 38, 39. Cited. Id., 284, 285. Cited. 17 CA 359, 360. Cited. 19 CA 618, 619. Cited.
Id., 631, 633. Cited. 20 CA 27, 28. Cited. 21 CA 326. Cited. Id., 386, 387, 403. Cited. 22 CA 199, 201. Cited. Id., 340,
341. Cited. Id., 449, 450. Cited. 23 CA 160, 165. Cited. Id., 315, 316. Cited. 24 CA 13, 14. Cited. Id., 624, 625, 627. Cited.
Id., 697, 698. Cited. 25 CA 104, 106, 110. Cited. Id., 298, 300. Cited. Id., 334, 335. Cited. Id., 433, 434, 441. Cited. Id.,
578, 579, 582. Cited. Id., 725, 726. Cited. 27 CA 73, 74 92. Cited. Id., 403, 404. Cited. Id., 601, 602. Cited. 28 CA 34, 35.
Cited. Id., 64, 66. Cited. Id., 469. Cited. 30 CA 26, 28, 29, 35. Cited. 30 CA 406, 407; judgment reversed, see 228 C. 335
et seq. Cited. 31 CA 370, 371, 376. Cited. 33 CA 339, 350; judgment reversed in part, see 232 C. 431 et seq.; judgment
reversed on issues of sufficiency of evidence and jury misconduct, see 235 C. 502 et seq. Cited. 34 CA 103, 104. Cited.
Id., 223, 224, 226. Cited. 35 CA 51, 53. Cited. Id., 138, 139, 148, 153. Cited. Id., 740, 743. Cited. 36 CA 161, 162. Cited.
Id., 336, 337. Cited. Id., 641, 642. Cited. Id., 680, 681. Cited. Id., 805, 807. Cited. Id., 831, 832. Cited. 37 CA 62, 63;
judgment reversed, see 237 C. 501 et seq. Cited. Id., 733, 735. Cited. 38 CA 777, 779. Cited. Id., 581, 582. Cited. 39 CA
1, 5. Cited. Id., 18, 19, 23. Cited. Id., 267, 268, 271. Cited. Id., 333, 335. Cited. Id., 789, 790. Cited. Id., 810, 811. Cited.
40 CA 60, 61. Cited. Id., 374, 376. Cited. Id., 483, 484. Cited. 41 CA 515, 517. Cited. Id., 751-753. Cited. 42 CA 472.
Cited. 43 CA 61. Cited. Id., 252. Cited. Id., 599. Cited. 44 CA 6. Cited. Id., 70. Cited. Id., 231. Cited. Id., 476. Cited. 45
CA 390. Cited. 46 CA 684. Cited. Id., 691. Cited. Id., 734.
Cited. 33 CS 599. Cited. 37 CS 755, 756. Cited. 38 CS 464, 465. Cited. 39 CS 347, 353.
Subsec. (a):
Cited. 177 C. 140, 141. Subdiv. (2) cited. 178 C. 689, 690, 694. Cited. 182 C. 176, 177. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id., 430, 435.
Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 585, 587; part of ruling in State v. Jacobowitz, in which court had ruled that a defendant was entitled
on remand to a direction of acquittal with respect to a count improperly added to other charges of which the defendant had
had proper notice overruled, see 224 C. 1 et seq. Subdiv. (2) cited. 585-588, 592, 594; part of ruling in State v. Jacobowitz,
in which court had ruled that a defendant was entitled on remand to a direction of acquittal with respect to a count improperly
added to other charges of which the defendant had had proper notice overruled, see 224 C. 1 et seq. Cited. 188 C. 574,
576. Subdiv. (1) cited. 189 C. 61. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id., 303-305. Cited. 189 C. 303, 307, 309. Subdiv. (2) cited. 190 C.
822, 832. Cited. 194 C. 258, 272, 276. Cited. Id., 258, 259, 271, 272, 275. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id., 258, 272, 276, 277. Cited.
195 C. 651, 655. Cited. 198 C. 53, 54, 62. Cited. 199 C. 255, 257. Cited. 200 C. 30, 35. Cited. Id., 44, 45. Cited. Id., 607.
Cited. 201 C. 289, 290. Cited. 202 C. 509, 514. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id., 520, 526. Cited. Id., 520, 528. Subdiv. (2) cited. 205
C. 528, 532. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id., 616, 620. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id., 673-675. Subdiv. (2) cited. 207 C. 646, 647. Subdiv.
(2) cited. 208 C. 202, 203. Cited. 209 C. 416, 417. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id., 733, 736. Cited. 210 C. 652, 687. Subdiv. (1)
cited. Id., 652, 689. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id. Subdiv. (2) cited. 211 C. 18, 20, 25, 27. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id., 441, 442. Subdiv.
(2) cited. Id., 555, 557, 582, 586, 587. Subdiv. (2) cited. 212 C. 31-33. Cited. Id., 50, 52. Cited. 216 C. 492, 493. Subdiv.
(2) cited. Id., 585, 593. Subdiv. (2) cited. 217 C. 243, 244. Subdiv. (2) cited. 220 C. 408. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id., 652, 653.
Subdiv. (2) cited. Id., 765, 774. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 928. Cited. 221 C. 402, 403. Cited. Id., 915. Subdiv. (2) cited. 222
C. 556, 558. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id., 718, 721-726. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 718, 721, 722, 724. Cited. Id., 718, 722, 726.
Subdiv. (2) cited. 224 C. 397, 399, 403, 414, 417. Subdiv. (2) cited. 225 C. 524-526. Subdiv. (2) cited. 227 C. 616, 619.
Subdiv. (2) cited. 228 C. 234, 235. Subdiv. (2) cited. 229 C. 60, 62. Cited. Id., 125, 127. Cited. Id., 839, 840. Cited. 232
C. 431, 433, 434; judgment superseded by en banc reconsideration, see 235 C. 502 et seq. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id., 431, 440;
judgment superseded by en banc reconsideration, see 235 C. 502 et seq. Subdiv. (2) cited. 233 C. 502, 513. Cited. 235 C.
502, 505, 517. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id., 502, 515. Cited. 238 C. 313. Subdiv. (2) cited. 240 C. 395. Subdiv. (2) cited. 241 C.
322. Cited. Id., 502. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id., 802. Subdiv. (2) cited. 242 C. 485. Evidence that defendant merely solicited a
murder by mailing a coded letter from the correctional facility where he was incarcerated, without any accompanying or
following act of perpetration was insufficient to support conviction for attempted murder. 262 C. 295.
Cited. 1 CA 344, 346. Cited. 5 CA 586, 587, 589. Cited. 6 CA 164, 165. Cited. Id., 476, 477. Cited. 7 CA 149, 150.
Cited. Id., 257, 260, 261. Subdiv. (2) cited. 8 CA 496, 505. Cited. Id., 545, 546. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id., 545, 547. Subdiv.
(2) cited. 10 CA 217, 218. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id., 462, 463. Subdiv. (2) cited. 11 CA 80, 89. Subdiv. (1) cited. 12 CA 163,
164, 170. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id. Cited. Id., 221, 222. Subdiv. (2) cited. 13 CA 12. Cited. Id., 69, 74. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id.,
237, 238. Cited. 14 CA 309, 310; judgment reversed, see 212 C. 50 et seq. Subdiv. (2) cited. 15 CA 222, 225; Id., 416,
417; Id., 704, 708. Cited. 21 CA 386, 401. Cited. 22 CA 449, 452. Subdiv. (2) cited. 23 CA 160, 161. Cited. Id., 663, 664.
Subdiv. (2) cited. Id., 692, 693. Subdiv. (2) cited. 24 CA 27, 28, 35; judgment reversed, see 220 C. 652 et seq. Subdiv. (2)
cited. Id., 264, 266, 267. Cited. Id., 624, 637-639. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 624, 639, 640. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id. Cited. 25 CA
104, 105, 110. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 104, 106, 110, 111. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id., 104, 110, 111. Cited. Id., 298, 305. Subdiv.
(2) cited. Id., 433, 441-443. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 433, 441-444. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id., 578, 582. Subdiv. (2) cited. 26 CA
52, 53. Cited. Id., 65, 66. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id., 114, 116. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id., 242-244. Cited. Id., 242, 244. Subdiv. (2)
cited. Id., 367, 368. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id., 433, 434. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 779, 780. Cited. Id., 73, 74. Cited. 27 CA 601,
602. Subdiv. (2) cited. 28 CA 290, 301, 302. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id., 306, 308. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id., 402, 404. Subdiv. (2)
cited. Id., 548, 549, 551, 556. Subdiv. (2) cited. 29 CA 39, 60, 63-65. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id., 262, 263. Subdiv. (2) cited.
30 CA 9, 10. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id., 26, 29, 31. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id., 68, 69. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id., 470, 471, 476. Subdiv.
(1) cited. Id., 606, 607, 610, 611. Cited. 31 CA 120, 121. Cited. Id., 385, 386. Cited. 33 CA 339, 340, 350; judgment
reversed in part, see 232 C. 431 et seq.; judgment reversed on issues of sufficiency of evidence and jury misconduct, see
235 C. 502 et seq. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id., 368, 369. Subdiv. (1) Id., 647, 650. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id., 743, 748B; judgment
reversed, see 233 C. 502 et seq. Cited. 35 CA 279, 280. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id., 699, 700. Subdiv. (2) cited. 36 CA 41, 42.
Cited. Id., 161, 162. Cited. Id., 680, 681. Cited. Id., 718, 720, 734. Cited. Id., 831, 832. Subdiv. (2) cited. 38 CA 536, 537.
Subdiv. (2) cited. 39 CA 1, 2. Cited. Id., 18, 19, 24. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id., 224, 226. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id., 242, 244. Cited.
Id., 333, 335. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 333, 340. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id., 333, 341. Cited. Id., 789, 790. Subdiv. (2) cited. 40
CA 60, 61. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id., 387, 388. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id., 515, 516. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id., 624, 625, 627. Subdiv.
(2) cited. 41 CA 47, 49. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id., 287, 288, 294, 294, 296. Cited. 42 CA 264. Subdiv. (2) cited. 43 CA 488.
Subdiv. (2) cited. Id., 578. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 619. Cited. Id., 680. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id., 785. Cited. 44 CA 6. Subdiv.
(2) cited. Id. Cited. Id., 231. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id., 499. Subdiv. (2) cited. 45
CA 658. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id., 756. Proof of prior plan or premeditation not necessary to establish criminal liability for
attempted murder. 47 CA 401. Subdiv. (2) cited re testimony of sole witness sufficient to establish guilt beyond reasonable
doubt. 49 CA 486. Subdiv. (2) cited re showing that victim had custody or control over appropriated property is sufficient
to support a charge of larceny. Id. Subdiv. (2): Defendant took substantial step in hiring an agent to commit an arson even
though agent was not actually paid. To constitute a substantial step, consummation of the deed is not required. 59 CA 362.
Statutory provisions codified common law distinction between the acts of solicitation and attempt and an attempt not a
solicitation under Sec. 53a-179a. 65 CA 145. On basis of the evidence, jury could reasonably conclude that defendant
intended to force victim to have sexual intercourse with him and intended to compel sexual intercourse by use of force or
the threat of use of force. 75 CA 447. To be guilty of crime of attempt to commit assault in the first degree defendant must
be shown to have had the mental state required to commit assault in the first degree and fact that the wounds actually
inflicted by defendant were relatively minor does not mean that there was insufficient evidence to find that he intended to
inflict serious injury. 78 CA 646. Evidence which established that defendant arranged for sale of heroin to undercover
police officer then left his residence and traveled in the direction of designated meeting place for the sale was sufficient
to find defendant guilty of attempt to commit a crime, in particular, the sale of narcotics by a person who is not drug
dependent in violation of Sec. 21a-278(b). 82 CA 111.
Cited. 41 CS 229, 232. Cited. 43 CS 46, 64.
Subsec. (b):
Cited. 182 C. 430, 435. Cited. 194 C. 258, 277. Cited. 205 C. 616, 617, 620. Cited. 209 C. 34, 41, 43. Cited. 211 C.
555, 587, 588.
Cited. 15 CA 704, 706, 708, 709, 711-713, 715.
Subsec. (c):
Cited. 200 C. 30, 35. Cited. 221 C. 915.
Cited. 17 CA 128, 130. Cited. 23 CA 160, 165. Renunciation by defendant found not to be voluntary where defendant
failed to continue course of criminal conduct because of circumstances of fellow inmate's early release and rumors that
defendant's conversations were being recorded. 59 CA 362.
Sec. 53a-50. Effect of motivation on renunciation. For purposes of this part, renunciation of criminal purpose is not voluntary if it is motivated, in whole or in part,
by circumstances, not present or apparent at the inception of the actor's course of conduct, which increase the probability of detection or apprehension or which make more
difficult the accomplishment of the criminal purpose. Renunciation is not complete if
it is motivated by a decision to postpone the criminal conduct or to transfer the criminal
effort to another but similar objective or victim.
(1969, P.A. 828, S. 51.)
Cited. 182 C. 595, 600.
Cited. 17 CA 128, 130. Cited. 23 CA 160, 165. Renunciation by defendant found not to be voluntary where defendant
failed to continue course of criminal conduct because of circumstances of fellow inmate's early release and rumors that
defendant's conversations were being recorded. 59 CA 362.
Sec. 53a-51. Classification of attempt and conspiracy. Attempt and conspiracy
are crimes of the same grade and degree as the most serious offense which is attempted
or is an object of the conspiracy, except that an attempt or conspiracy to commit a class
A felony is a class B felony.
(1969, P.A. 828, S. 52.)
Cited. 182 C. 595, 598, 600-602. Cited. 184 C. 369, 377. Cited. 195 C. 183, 185. Cited. 202 C. 520, 527. Cited. 204
C. 630, 637. Cited. 211 C. 18, 26. Cited. 213 C. 708, 713. Cited. 235 C. 502, 515, 517. Defendant guilty of conspiracy to
commit robbery in the first degree is subject to the minimum nonsuspendable sentence in Sec. 53a-134(b). 264 C. 593.
Cited. 8 CA 545, 548. Cited. 10 CA 447, 456. Cited. 21 CA 299, 309. Cited. 22 CA 567, 578. Cited. 29 CA 843, 859-
861. Cited. 33 CA 253, 261, 262. Cited. 36 CA 190, 205.
Sec. 53a-52. Conviction; sentencing. Section 53a-52 is repealed.
(1969, P.A. 828, S. 53; 1971, P.A. 871, S. 129.)
PART IV*
HOMICIDE
*Annotations to former section 53-9:
Necessity of stating degree of crime in indictment; 38 C. 399; 47 C. 117; of alleging deliberation and premeditation
where it alleges first degree. 50 C. 198. Unlawful homicide perpetrated in commission of rape is in the first degree; 72 C.
729; so in commission of robbery or in attempt to rob. 110 C. 307; id., 559; 123 C. 670; 126 C. 59; 132 C. 44. Homicide
caused by driving automobile recklessly. 82 C. 671; 83 C. 437; 109 C. 491. What mental capacity necessary for first degree
murder; 57 C. 509; charge as to defense of insanity; 87 C. 7; 96 C. 242; burden of proof; id., 639; when court need not
charge as to it. 87 C. 285. Actual malice must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt. 43 C. 518; 64 C. 305; 78 C. 25. Malice
is implied, if homicide is willful, deliberate and premeditated; 46 C. 336; 109 C. 138; but not in the case of sufficient
provocation or uncontrollable passion. 74 C. 181. Malice is implied where an unlawful homicide is unattended by extenuating circumstances. 110 C. 307; id., 559. What constitutes malice; 64 C. 305; 74 C. 181; 128 C. 44; charge as to it; 79 C.
590; 84 C. 472; 87 C. 5; 98 C. 463; 103 C. 484; 106 C. 351; rebutted by reasonable belief that victim committed adultery
with accused's wife; 74 C. 177; 87 C. 5; 92 C. 71; evidence of statements by accused and feeling towards victim; 74 C.
177; 83 C. 261; 84 C. 472; 87 C. 5; 88 C. 177; malice presumed from circumstances of atrocity. 84 C. 152. Theft as motive.
79 C. 590; 90 C. 126. Intoxication admissible on question of deliberation; 40 C. 143; 41 C. 587; 49 C. 382; where indulged
in to nerve person to carry out preconceived plan; 48 C. 97; as bearing on malice; 64 C. 305; as a defense. 83 C. 165; 87
C. 291; 88 C. 208. Self-defense; 57 C. 313; 79 C. 590; 83 C. 261; 106 C. 455; 105 C. 349; or defense of home; 57 C. 313;
88 C. 360. Suicide of victim as a defense; her statements as to intent. 77 C. 267. Alibi. 84 C. 152; 98 C. 466. Charge as to
corpus delicti. 81 C. 22. See note re 152 C. 15, infra. Burden and amount of proof; reasonable doubt; 77 C. 267; 79 C. 590;
81 C. 22; 87 C. 573; 109 C. 139; as to malice. 78 C. 25. Homicide in general; nature and definition of degrees. 72 C. 729;
74 C. 180. When court should charge as to excuse, justification or extenuation. 84 C. 470; 87 C. 285; 98 C. 463; 103 C.
484. Murder in second degree; 87 C. 5; 128 C. 44; 131 C. 60; in case of poisoning; 19 C. 393. What facts will reduce crime
to manslaughter. 74 C. 180; 78 C. 18; 79 C. 590; 87 C. 585. Under indictment for murder accused cannot be found guilty
of any crime except murder in first or second degree or manslaughter. 132 C. 41. Bad prison food no justification. 38 C.
127. Effect of plea of not guilty; 87 C. 285; of plea of guilty; 78 C. 18; 88 C. 208. Confession or admissions by accused;
18 C. 180; 78 C. 18; 92 C. 65 et seq.; 103 C. 478; declarations before grand jury. 56 C. 413. Momentary absence of accused
from trial. 82 C. 59. Evidence equivalent to that of two witnesses; for jury to determine. 78 C. 18; 90 C. 126; 93 C. 246;
103 C. 467; 106 C. 714. Appeal as supersedeas; 82 C. 59; if decided before time set for execution by reprieve, supreme
court need not set another day. 81 C. 22. Clothes of victim as evidence; 82 C. 59; so empty cartridge shells found in
accused's room. 74 C. 649. Where four indicted together, charge that state had not made out a case as to three upheld. 87
C. 285. Abandonment of enterprise by one before murder. 47 C. 139; 97 C. 329; 110 C. 309. Evidence of other unconnected
crimes generally inadmissible; when such evidence is admissible. 92 C. 530; 97 C. 266; 103 C. 480; 120 C. 631. When
separate trials should be given persons jointly accused. 92 C. 62; 97 C. 323; 98 C. 461; 147 C. 194. Time required for
deliberation. 93 C. 246; 110 C. 561; 120 C. 629. Degree of murder is for jury; power of court to set aside. Id., 244; 106 C.
705. Admissibility of dying declarations. 90 C. 387; 93 C. 337. Mental tests of accused; expert testimony as to insanity;
reading medical textbooks. 96 C. 250. Conspiracy to steal; homicide in perpetration; abandonment of enterprise by some
of conspirators. 97 C. 329. Change of venue; alibi; testimony of accomplice. 98 C. 466; 105 C. 333. When witnesses should
be segregated. 103 C. 473. Premeditation is necessary for first degree murder. 106 C. 352. As to use and effect of verdict
of not guilty on ground of insanity, see 39 C. 595; 96 C. 243. Possession of a deadly weapon as bearing on existence of
malice. 109 C. 138; 110 C. 308. An inference of guilt may be drawn from failure of accused to take stand and deny facts
within his knowledge which tend to prove his guilt; 109 C. 144, 496; 108 C. 463; but failure of accused to take stand must
not be commented on. Id. In prosecution for homicide by reckless operation of an automobile, conduct of accused in
leaving victims lying in road without stopping, unexplained, supports an inference of guilt. 109 C. 494. Rule concerning
responsibility of conspirators to commit an unlawful act for a homicide by one of them in carrying it out. 126 C. 59; 132
C. 44, 45. Has not changed common-law definition of murder but provides more severe penalty when certain features are
present. 128 C. 44. Actual intent to kill not necessary in second degree murder. 131 C. 60. Jury may determine case under
original charge by finding accused guilty of a lesser offense where such a conviction is warranted and is the only one
warranted upon the evidence. 137 C. 114. Unskillful or improper treatment of wound by surgeons does not relieve defendant
of responsibility for his crime. Id. Distinction between murder and manslaughter is the presence of malice in the one and
its absence in the other. Court's charge held sufficient. 139 C. 89. Charge on intoxication and alcoholic psychosis sustained.
Id., 317. A killing in an attempted robbery is murder in the first degree even though killing itself is accidental. Id., 475.
Cited. 141 C. 656; 143 C. 167; 145 C. 60; 154 C. 272, 286. A wilful, deliberate and premeditated killing is murder in the
first degree. 142 C. 117. Court refuses to adopt "Durham" rule. 146 C. 137. Assault with intent to rob within perpetration
or attempted perpetration of a robbery. Id., 227. Even if there is a confession, there must be extrinsic corroborative evidence
which will, when taken in connection with the confession, establish the corpus delicti in the mind of the trier beyond a
reasonable doubt. 147 C. 95. Standard to determine sanity or mental capacity of the defendant to commit murder. Id.
Adoption of Wigmore definition of "corpus delicti". Previous definitions overruled. 152 C. 15. Charge re what constitutes
malice upheld. 152 C. 81. History discussed; claim that guilty plea to second degree murder should have been taken before
three judges, that jury should have determined degree of homicide and that sentence should have been imposed by three
judges, disallowed. 153 C. 320 et seq. Absence of element of wilful, deliberate and premeditated murder in indictment for
murder in first degree justifies jury verdict of guilty of murder in second degree. 154 C. 624. Malice aforethought defined.
Id., 627. Court should have permitted defendant to change his plea where it appeared trial court's concern that defendant
be exposed to possible electrocution if found guilty on trial for first degree murder was prime basis for denial; defendant
must decide risk. 157 C. 492. Length of time necessary to form specific intent may be long or short. 158 C. 341. Voluntary
drunkenness, while no excuse for crime, may make person mentally incapable of intent of premeditation which is element
of murder in first degree. Id. Preconviction bail in capital cases is governed by section 8 of article first of constitution as
well as Sec. 54-53. Cited. 159 C. 264. Evidence produced by state was adequate to show defendants were in danger of
being convicted of capital offense under this section, hence bail could be denied under exception provided in section 8 of
article I of state constitution. Id., 285. Cited. Id., 347. Cited. 161 C. 219. Cited. 166 C. 630. Trial judges direction to jury
not coercive in context of circumstances in which given. 167 C. 408.
Where accused pleaded guilty to second degree murder, fact that court in imposing sentence did not consist of a presiding
judge and two other judges and that no witnesses were heard and that the degree of crime was not determined by a majority
of the judges did not invalidate the conviction. 20 CS 127. Cited. 26 CS 175.
Annotations to former section 53-10:
Failure of deceased to exercise due care not a defense. 110 C. 61. Act of accused need not be immediate cause of the
death. Id., 62. Cited. 139 C. 401; 141 C. 656; 150 C. 459; 152 C. 344; 154 C. 272, 275. Not retroactive. 142 C. 29.
Constitutionality of statute re recommendation for life imprisonment. 145 C. 60. Death penalty does not constitute cruel
and unusual punishment in violation of eighth amendment to U. S. constitution and court will not vitiate legislative determination of punishment for crimes. 158 C. 341. Preconviction bail in capital cases is to be governed by Sec. 54-53 in light
of section 8 of article first of state constitution. 159 C. 264. Cited. 161 C. 219. Cited. 169 C. 13.
Annotations to former section 53-11:
Court had authority to impose consecutive life sentences for two second degree murders. 152 C. 600-602. Cited. 154
C. 622, 624.
Cited. 25 CS 473.
Annotation to former section 53-13:
The intentional inflicting of a wound from which death ensues within a year and a day may be either murder or manslaughter. 44 C. 540. If blow produces condition which results in death, this sufficient; reasonable doubt. 87 C. 573. By reckless
driving of automobile. 82 C. 671; 83 C. 457; 109 C. 491. One who engages with others in a common purpose to carry on
an activity in a reckless manner or with wanton disregard for the safety of others is guilty of involuntary manslaughter,
even though he is not present when the homicide occurs. 138 C. 281. Distinction between murder and manslaughter is the
presence of malice in the one and its absence in the other. 139 C. 89. Cited. 153 C. 325. Cited. 163 C. 305.
Cited. 22 CS 175; id., 497, 499; 23 CS 248; 25 CS 473; 26 CS 216; 27 CS 73. Sentence of not less than five nor more
than ten years in state prison confirmed by review division where defendant had in jealousy killed woman with whom he
lived after observing her with another man. Id., 353. Sentence of not less than five nor more than ten years should stand
where defendant entered a fight between his two companions, knocked victim to the ground and stabbed him with his
knife. Id., 370.
Annotations to former section 53-17:
What constitutes "gross negligence". 120 C. 234. Cited. 130 C. 147. Contributory negligence no defense to gross or
wilful misconduct or gross negligence. 154 C. 23. Age of accused not a criterion in determination of his gross or wilful
misconduct or his gross negligence. Id. Statute does not require actual contact between accused's vehicle and deceased or
vehicle in which deceased was riding. Id.
Cited. 25 CS 84; 26 CS 36; 27 CS 232.
Annotations to chapter 952, part IV:
Unconstitutionally broad discretion. 164 C. 162. Cited. 184 C. 597, 598.
Sec. 53a-54a et seq. cited. 45 CA 591.
Cited. 40 CS 498, 501.
Secs. 53a-53 and 53a-54. Homicide defined. Murder defined; affirmative defenses; evidence of mental condition; classification. Sections 53a-53 and 53a-54 are
repealed.
(1969, P.A. 828, S. 54, 55; 1971, P.A. 871, S. 129; P.A. 73-137, S. 15.)
Sec. 53a-54a. Murder. (a) A person is guilty of murder when, with intent to cause
the death of another person, he causes the death of such person or of a third person or
causes a suicide by force, duress or deception; except that in any prosecution under this
subsection, it shall be an affirmative defense that the defendant committed the proscribed
act or acts under the influence of extreme emotional disturbance for which there was a
reasonable explanation or excuse, the reasonableness of which is to be determined from
the viewpoint of a person in the defendant's situation under the circumstances as the
defendant believed them to be, provided nothing contained in this subsection shall constitute a defense to a prosecution for, or preclude a conviction of, manslaughter in the
first degree or any other crime.
(b) Evidence that the defendant suffered from a mental disease, mental defect or
other mental abnormality is admissible, in a prosecution under subsection (a) of this
section, on the question of whether the defendant acted with intent to cause the death
of another person.
(c) Murder is punishable as a class A felony in accordance with subdivision (2) of
section 53a-35a unless it is a capital felony or murder under section 53a-54d.
(P.A. 73-137, S. 2; P.A. 80-442, S. 15, 28; P.A. 83-486, S. 4; P.A. 92-260, S. 26.)
History: P.A. 80-442 amended Subsec. (c) to specify punishment in accordance with Sec. 53a-35a(2), deleting reference
to death penalty imposed as provided by Sec. 53a-46a for capital felony, effective July 1, 1981; P.A. 83-486 amended
Subsec. (a) by replacing "acted" with "committed the proscribed act or acts"; P.A. 92-260 amended Subsec. (c) to add
exception for murder under Sec. 53a-54d.
See Sec. 53a-54b re capital felony.
See Sec. 53a-54c re felony murder.
Cited. 171 C. 241. Cited. 173 C. 414, 415. Cited. 176 C. 508, 509; 177 C. 1, 2, 8-10. Cited. 178 C. 450, 452, 460; Id.,
626, 627. Cited. 179 C. 1, 2; Id., 431, 432. Cited. 180 C. 141, 142. Constitutionally permissible for a jury to find a defendant
indicted for murder guilty of homicide in a lesser degree where the evidence supports such a finding although the state of
mind required is different. Id., 382, 383. Cited. Id., 589, 590. Cited. 181 C. 406, 412. Cited. 182 C. 66; Id., 388-390; Id.,
497, 498; Id., 603, 604, 606. Cited. 185 C. 163, 164. Cited. 186 C. 261, 262; Id., 476, 477. Cited. 188 C. 626, 629, 642.
Cited. 189 C. 303, 304, 308; Id., 346, 347. 190 C. 639, 642. Cited. 191 C. 233, 235; Id., 545, 546. Cited. 194 C. 408-411.
Cited. Id., 416, 419. Cited. Id., 483. Cited. Id., 530, 560. Cited. 195 C. 475, 476. Cited. 196 C. 667, 676. Cited. 197 C. 60,
61. Cited. Id., 180, 181. Cited. Id., 337, 340. Cited. Id., 436, 438, 460. Cited. Id., 507, 509, 522. Cited. 198 C. 124, 126.
Cited. Id., 209, 210. Cited. Id., 397, 398. Cited. Id., 542, 543. Cited. Id., 560. Cited. Id., 573, 574. Cited. Id., 644, 646.
Cited. 199 C. 102. Cited. Id., 155, 159. Cited. Id., 163, 164, 166, 178, 179. Cited. Id., 631, 633. Cited. Id., 718, 720. Cited.
200 C. 553, 558. Cited. 201 C. 174, 175. Cited. Id., 190, 191, 198. Cited. Id., 276, 280. Cited. Id., 368, 369. Cited. Id., 605,
606. Cited. 202 C. 18, 19. Cited. Id., 75. Cited. Id., 86, 91. Cited. Id., 316, 317. Cited. 203 C. 212, 213. Cited. Id., 641,
642. Cited. 204 C. 240, 242, 257. Cited. 205 C. 279, 280, 282. Cited. Id., 298, 300. Cited. Id., 507, 508. Cited. Id., 616,
619. Cited. 206 C. 182, 183. Cited. Id., 213, 214. Cited. Id., 323, 325. Cited. Id., 346, 348, 349. Cited. Id., 512, 513. Cited.
Id., 678. Cited. 207 C. 374, 377. Cited. Id., 646-648. Cited. 208 C. 125, 127, 145. Cited. 209 C. 225, 229, 239. Cited. Id.,
290, 292. Cited. Id., 622, 623. Cited. 210 C. 78, 81, 106. Cited. Id., 304, 305. Cited. Id., 519, 521. Cited. Id., 631, 632.
Cited. Id., 652, 654, 696. Cited. 211 C. 215, 216. Cited. Id., 289, 292, 296, 316. Cited. Id., 441, 442. Cited. 212 C. 325,
326. Cited. Id., 387, 388. Cited. Id., 612, 613. Cited. 213 C. 97, 98. Cited. Id., 243, 244, 255. Cited. Id., 388, 389. Cited.
Id., 405, 406. Cited. Id., 579, 580. Cited. Id., 593, 594. Cited. Id., 708, 721. Cited. 214 C. 57, 59. Cited. Id., 77, 78, 82.
Cited. Id., 118. Cited. Id., 454, 457. Cited. Id., 476, 477. Cited. Id., 493, 495. Cited. Id., 616, 617. Cited. 215 C. 231, 232,
253. Cited. Id., 277, 278, 281. Cited. 215 C. 570, 579, 580. Cited. Id., 646-648. Cited. Id., 695, 697. Cited. Id., 739, 742.
Cited. 216 C. 139, 140, 142, 148, 149. Cited. Id., 188, 189. Cited. Id., 282, 296. Cited. Id., 301, 302. Cited. Id., 585, 602.
Cited. Id., 699, 710, 718. Cited. 218 C. 349, 350. Cited. Id., 486, 488. Cited. Id., 714, 717. Cited. 219 C. 16, 20. Cited. Id.,
596, 597. Cited. Id., 721, 722. Cited. 220 C. 169, 171. Cited. Id., 270, 272. Cited. Id., 285, 287. Cited. Id., 602-604, 606.
Cited. Id., 765, 767, 771, 774. Cited. 221 C. 58, 59. Cited. Id., 93, 94. Cited. Id., 109, 111, 112. Cited. 222 C. 506, 510.
Cited. 223 C. 273, 274. Cited. Id., 674, 675, 678. Cited. 224 C. 63, 64. Cited Id., 168, 171. Cited. Id., 372, 373, 378. Cited.
225 C. 55, 56, 74. Cited. Id., 114, 116, 120. Cited. Id., 524-526. Cited. Id., 609, 610. Cited. 226 C. 20, 28. Cited. Id., 237,
238. Cited. Id., 497, 499. Cited. 227 C. 231, 233. Cited. Id., 301, 302, 309-311, 316, 318-320. Cited. Id., 417, 419. Cited.
Id., 456, 457, 476. Cited. Id., 566, 567. Cited. 228 C. 62, 76. Cited. Id., 118, 128. Cited. Id., 281, 282, 303. Cited. Id., 412,
414. Cited. 229 C. 125, 127. Cited. Id., 193, 194. Cited. Id., 328, 333. Cited. Id., 691, 694, 701. Cited. 231 C. 43, 45. Cited.
Id., 115, 116. Cited. Id., 235, 237. Cited. 233 C. 44, 51. Cited. Id., 215, 216. Cited. 234 C. 139, 142. Cited. Id., 324, 334,
339, 350. Cited. Id., 381, 382. Cited. Id., 683, 684. Cited. 235 C. 206, 209. Cited. Id., 274, 275, 322. Cited. Id., 397, 398.
Cited. Id., 413, 414. Cited. Id., 473, 474. Cited. 236 C. 189, 196. Failure of trial court to instruct jury on extreme emotional
disturbance was error; judgment of appellate court affirming judgment of trial court in State v. Person, 36 CA 448 reversed,
Id., 342, 351. Affirmative defense of extreme emotional disturbance cited. Id. Cited. Id., 514, 516, 517. Cited. 237 C. 58,
59. Cited. Id., 339, 340. Cited. Id., 364, 368. Cited. Id., 518. Cited. Id., 694. Under appropriate circumstances defendant
can simultaneously intend to cause death of, and serious physical injury to, the same person; judgment of appellate court
in State v. Williams, 39 CA 18 reversed. Id., 748. Cited. 238 C. 389. Cited. Id., 588. Cited. 239 C. 56. Cited. Id., 481. Cited.
240 C. 210. Cited. Id., 727. Cited. Id., 743. Cited. 241 C. 322. Cited. Id., 502. Cited. Id., 702. Cited. 242 C. 605. Cited.
Id., 666. Cited. 247 C. 318. Evidence that defendant merely solicited a murder by mailing a coded letter from the correctional
facility where he was incarcerated, without any accompanying or following act of perpetration was insufficient to support
a conviction for attempted murder. 262 C. 295.
Cited. 7 CA 180, 181, 184. Cited. Id., 223, 224. Cited. Id., 470, 472. Cited. 10 CA 357. Cited. 12 CA 32, 33. Cited. Id.,
217. Cited. 17 CA 502, 504; judgment reversed, see 213 C. 579 et seq. Cited. Id., 602, 623. Cited. 19 CA 111, 144; judgment
reversed, see 215 C. 538 et seq. Cited. Id., 440-442. Cited. Id., 609, 612. Cited. Id., 674, 675, 682. Cited. 22 CA 669, 670.
Cited. 24 CA 115, 116. Cited. Id., 244, 245. Cited. Id., 692, 693. Cited. 25 CA 104, 106. Cited. Id., 433, 444. Cited. Id.,
456, 461. Cited. 26 CA 259, 260, 262, 265. Cited. 27 CA 1-3. Cited. Id., 520, 521. Cited. 28 CA 416. Cited. Id., 548, 549,
556. Cited. Id., 425, 426. Cited. Id., 608, 609, 611. Cited. Id., 771, 772, 774. Cited. 29 CA 386, 388. Cited. Id., 452, 453.
Cited. Id., 499, 501, 504. Cited. 30 CA 677, 679, 681. Cited. 32 CA 170, 172. Cited. 33 CA 90, 92. Cited. Id., 763. Cited.
34 CA 103, 104. Cited. Id., 317, 318. Cited. 35 CA 438, 439, 444, 447. Cited. Id., 541, 543. Cited. Id., 762, 763. Cited. 36
CA 250, 251. Cited. Id., 345, 346. Cited. Id., 364, 365, 370, 371. Cited. Id., 448, 449; judgment reversed, see 236 C. 342
et seq. Cited. Id., 473, 474. Cited. Id., 506, 507. Cited. Id., 516, 517. Cited. Id., 556, 558. Cited. 37 CA 749, 750, 754.
Cited. 38 CA 371, 374. Cited. Id., 434, 435. Cited. 39 CA 18, 19, 23; judgment reversed, see 237 C. 748 et seq. Cited. Id.,
242-244, 252. Cited. Id., 224-226, 236. Cited. Id., 632, 633. Cited. 40 CA 151, 163. Cited. Id., 318, 322. Cited. Id., 387,
388. Cited. 41 CA 604, 613. Cited. Id., 809. Cited. 42 CA 348. Cited. Id., 555. Cited. 43 CA 61. Cited. Id., 549. Cited. 44
CA 6. Cited. Id., 70. Cited. Id., 231. Cited. Id., 476. Cited. Id., 790. Cited. 45 CA 148. Cited. Id., 207. Cited. Id., 261.
Cited. Id., 584. Cited. 46 CA 216. Cited. Id., 285. Cited. Id., 578. Cited. Id., 640. Cited. Id., 684. Cited. Id., 734. Evidence
was sufficient beyond a reasonable doubt to conclude that defendant intended to cause victim's death. 55 CA 469. It is
possible to commit attempted murder without creating risk of any physical injury to another person. 56 CA 592. Failure
of trial court to inform defendant of intent requirement under statute not plain error. 65 CA 234.
Cited. 40 CS 38. Cited. Id., 498, 500. Cited. 42 CS 10, 11. Cited. Id., 426, 427, 432. Cited. 43 CS 367, 370.
Subsec. (a):
Cited. 172 C. 65, 69. "Extreme emotional disturbance" guidelines. 177 C. 1, 3, 4, 7. Cited. Id., 487, 489, 491, 512.
Cited. 180 C. 171, 173, 177. Cited. 181 C. 268; Id., 284, 285; Id., 406, 408. Cited. 182 C. 66, 68; Id., 142, 168; Id., 388,
395; Id., 585, 587, 592; part of ruling in State v. Jacobowitz, in which court had ruled that a defendant was entitled on
remand to a direction of acquittal with respect to a count improperly added to other charges of which the defendant had
had proper notice overruled, see 224 C. 1 et seq.; Id., 603, 607. Cited. 184 C. 121, 122, 125. Cited. 186 C. 414, 415, 419,
422, 423; id., 574-576, 585, 586. Cited. 187 C. 6, 8. Cited. 189 C. 303, 304, 306. Cited. 190 C. 219, 233. Cited. 191 C.
27, 28. Cited. 192 C. 700. Cited. 193 C. 474, 475. Cited. Id., 646, 667. Cited. 194 C. 376, 380, 383, 387. Cited. Id., 392,
393. Cited. Id., 416, 418. Cited. Id., 530, 559. Cited. 195 C. 166, 167, 170. Cited. Id., 232, 233. Cited. Id., 651, 652, 655.
Cited. 196 C. 557, 558. Cited. 197 C. 106-108. Cited. Id., 595, 596. Cited. 198 C. 53, 62. Cited. Id., 77, 79. Cited. 199 C.
102, 104. Cited. 200 C. 224, 225. Cited. Id., 553-555, 560. Cited. Id., 607, 608. Cited. Id., 642, 643, 650. Cited. Id., 743,
744. Charge on this defense was inadequate under the circumstances. 201 C. 174-176, 179, 180. Cited. Id., 244, 245. Cited.
Id., 368, 372, 373. Cited. Id., 534, 535. Cited. 202 C. 259, 260. Cited. Id., 429, 430. Cited. 204 C. 207, 208. Cited. Id., 259,
260. Cited. 205 C. 370, 371. Cited. Id., 578. Cited. Id., 723, 724. Cited. 206 C. 229, 231, 239. Cited. Id., 300, 301. Cited.
Id., 391, 392. Cited. 207 C. 374, 385. Cited. 208 C. 125, 128. Cited. Id., 455, 456. Cited. 209 C. 596, 597. Cited. 210 C.
481, 483. Cited. Id., 619-621. Cited. 211 C. 441, 442. Cited. 212 C. 258, 259. Cited. Id., 351, 352. Cited. Id., 593, 594.
Cited. 213 C. 708, 710, 711. Cited. 214 C. 122, 123. Cited. Id., 146, 147, 149. Cited. Id., 161, 162. Cited. Id., 344, 347.
Cited. Id., 540, 541. Cited. 215 C. 739, 740, 743. Cited. 216 C. 492, 493. Cited. Id., 585-587, 593. Cited. Id., 699, 701,
702, 708, 717. Cited. 217 C. 243, 244. Interpretation of section not to require reasonableness of a defendant's extreme
emotional disturbance to be determined solely from his subjective viewpoint. Id., 648, 649, 651-655, 657, 658. Cited. 218
C. 349, 351, 383. Cited. Id., 486, 488. Cited. Id., 714, 716. Cited. Id., 747, 748. Cited. Id., 766-768. Cited. 219 C. 16, 17,
19. Cited. Id., 234, 235. Cited. Id., 295, 296. Cited. 220 C. 285, 298. Cited. Id., 385, 388. Cited. Id., 408. Cited. 221 C.
128, 129. Cited. Id., 430, 431. Cited. 222 C. 1, 2. Cited. Id., 506, 508. Cited. Id., 718-720, 725, 726. Cited. 223 C. 41, 42,
44. Cited. Id., 127, 128. Cited. Id., 207, 209. Cited. Id., 273, 274. Cited. Id., 384-386. Cited. Id., 411, 412. Cited. Id., 535,
537. Cited. Id., 635, 637. Cited. 224 C. 196, 197. Cited. Id., 325, 326. Cited. 225 C. 114, 116, 118, 122, 127. Cited. Id.,
609, 610, 627. Cited. 226 C. 237, 253. Cited. 227 C. 301, 309. Cited. Id., 389, 391. Cited. Id., 448, 449. Cited. 228 C. 62,
63. Cited. Id., 118, 119. Cited. Id., 384, 385. Cited. 229 C. 328, 329. Cited. 230 C. 183, 223. Cited. 231 C. 43, 45. Cited.
232 C. 537, 538. Cited. 233 C. 1, 2. Cited. Id., 106, 108. Cited. Id., 174, 189. Cited. Id., 517. Cited. Id., 813, 815. Cited.
235 C. 206, 209, 251. Cited. Id., 397, 398. Cited. Id., 413, 414. Cited. 236 C. 189, 191, 202. Cited. Id., 342, 343, 345, 356.
Cited. Id., 388, 390. Cited. 237 C. 518. Cited. 238 C. 253. Cited. Id., 313. Cited. 239 C. 481. Cited. 240 C. 210. Cited. Id.,
395. Cited. 241 C. 1. Cited. Id., 322. Cited. Id., 502. Cited. Id., 665. Cited. 242 C. 409. Cited. Id., 485. Cited. 243 C. 205.
Term "death" as used in Penal Code includes irreversible cessation of functioning of brain. 244 C. 761. Section incorporates
the doctrine of transferred intent and holds both a principal and an accomplice liable for death of an unintended victim.
253 C. 354. Re jury charge on extreme emotional disturbance, it was proper for trial court to refuse to instruct jury to
consider defendant's unique mental and emotional characteristics and impact of those characteristics on defendant since
the statute incorporates a standard that is objective as to its overview, but subjective as to the defendant's belief. 261 C.
336. Defendant was entitled to a jury instruction on the lesser included offense of manslaughter as set forth in section 53a-55(a)(1). 262 C. 453.
Cited. 7 CA 180, 182. Cited. Id., 367, 370. Cited. Id., 457-459. Cited. 8 CA 496, 497, 504-506. Cited. Id., 147, 148;
judgment reversed, see 206 C. 278 et seq. Cited. Id., 169, 171; judgment reversed, see 205 C. 370, 385. Cited. 10 CA 697,
699. Cited. 11 CA 80, 89. Cited. Id., 628, 630. Cited. 20 CA 27, 28. Cited. 21 CA 801. Cited. 22 CA 199, 201. Cited. Id.,
507, 508. Cited. Id., 521, 522. Cited. 23 CA 692, 693. Cited. 24 CA 624, 625, 627. Cited. Id., 692, 693. Cited. 25 CA 433,
434. Cited. 26 CA 242-245. Cited. Id., 259, 260. Cited. 27 CA 73, 74, 92. Cited. Id., 403, 404. Cited. Id., 643, 644. Cited.
28 CA 231, 238. Cited. Id., 416. Cited. Id., 469. Cited. 29 CA 499, 501. Cited. 29 CA 573, 574. Cited. 30 CA 406, 407;
judgment reversed, see 228 C. 335 et seq. Cited. 31 CA 385, 386. Cited. 32 CA 438-440. Cited. Id., 687, 689. Cited. Id.,
759, 761. Cited. 33 CA 90, 92. Cited. Id., 122, 123. Cited. Id., 782, 783. Cited. 34 CA 58, 59, 93; judgment reversed, see
232 C. 537 et seq. Cited. Id., 96, 97; judgment reversed, see 232 C. 537 et seq. Cited. Id., 317, 318, 321. Cited. Id., 368,
369; see also 233 C. 517 et seq. Cited. 35 CA 138, 139, 153. Cited. Id., 374, 375; judgment reversed, see 235 C. 413 et
seq. Cited. Id., 541, 543. Cited. 36 CA 336, 337. Cited. Id., 364, 365. Cited. Id., 417, 418. Cited. Id., 516, 517. Cited. Id.,
805, 806. Cited. Id., 831, 832. Cited. 37 CA 252, 253; judgment reversed, see 236 C. 388 et seq. Cited. Id., 404, 405, 414.
Cited. Id., 574, 575. Cited. Id., 749, 753. Cited. 38 CA 371, 374. Cited. 39 CA 18, 19, 24; judgment reversed, see 237 C.
748 et seq. Cited. Id., 224, 238. Cited. 40 CA 47, 48. Cited. Id., 60, 61. Cited. Id., 374, 376. Cited. Id., 387, 388. Cited.
Id., 470, 471. Cited. 41 CA 361, 362, 365-367. Cited. Id., 495. Cited. Id., 515, 517. Cited. 42 CA 348. Cited. Id., 555.
Cited. 43 CA 252. Cited. Id., 830. Cited. 44 CA 6. Cited. Id., 198. Cited. Id., 231. Cited. Id., 338. Cited. Id., 790. Cited.
45 CA 148. Cited. Id., 207. Cited. Id., 297. Cited. 46 CA 216. Cited. Id., 285. Cited. Id., 600. Cited. Id., 640. Cited. Id.,
684. Statute sets forth a standard that is objective in its overview, but subjective as to defendant's belief. 48 CA 784. Trial
court's instruction re extreme emotional disturbance defense was proper. 55 CA 469. Cited. 57 CA 734.
Subsection must be read without the word "affirmative". The state must prove beyond a reasonable doubt all of the
elements of the offense charged without imposing any burden on the defendant. 33 CS 28, 81. Unborn not included in
definition of "person". 40 CS 498, 499. Cited re ineffective counsel claim. 46 CS 344.
Subsec. (b):
Cited. 182 C. 603, 606. Evidence of mental capacity admissible when defendant is charged with commission of crime
under which state must prove defendant acted recklessly. 195 C. 232, 240, 241. Cited. 218 C. 349, 351, 379.
Cited. 17 CA 602, 623. Cited. 44 CA 70.
Subsec. (c):
Cited. 180 C. 171, 173. Cited. 181 C. 151, 153. Cited. 193 C. 144, 151, 153. Cited. Id., 350, 352. Cited. 194 C. 376,
380, 383. Cited. Id., 392, 393. Cited. Id., 416, 418. Cited. Id., 530, 559, 560. Cited. 196 C. 655, 661, 662. Cited. 200 C.
721, 722. Cited. 201 C. 244, 245. Cited. Id., 395, 396, 401. Cited. 205 C. 616, 619. Cited. Id., 638-640. Cited. 214 C. 378,
385. Cited. 216 C. 282, 285, 294, 295. Cited. 218 C. 486, 488.
Cited erroneously as Sec. 53a-54(c). 41 CA 530, 532.
Sec. 53a-54b. Capital felony. A person is guilty of a capital felony who is convicted of any of the following: (1) Murder of a member of the Division of State Police
within the Department of Public Safety or of any local police department, a chief inspector or inspector in the Division of Criminal Justice, a state marshal who is exercising
authority granted under any provision of the general statutes, a judicial marshal in performance of the duties of a judicial marshal, a constable who performs criminal law
enforcement duties, a special policeman appointed under section 29-18, a conservation
officer or special conservation officer appointed by the Commissioner of Environmental
Protection under the provisions of section 26-5, an employee of the Department of
Correction or a person providing services on behalf of said department when such employee or person is acting within the scope of such employee's or person's employment
or duties in a correctional institution or facility and the actor is confined in such institution or facility, or any firefighter, while such victim was acting within the scope of such
victim's duties; (2) murder committed by a defendant who is hired to commit the same
for pecuniary gain or murder committed by one who is hired by the defendant to commit
the same for pecuniary gain; (3) murder committed by one who has previously been
convicted of intentional murder or of murder committed in the course of commission
of a felony; (4) murder committed by one who was, at the time of commission of the
murder, under sentence of life imprisonment; (5) murder by a kidnapper of a kidnapped
person during the course of the kidnapping or before such person is able to return or be
returned to safety; (6) murder committed in the course of the commission of sexual
assault in the first degree; (7) murder of two or more persons at the same time or in the
course of a single transaction; or (8) murder of a person under sixteen years of age.
(P.A. 73-137, S. 3; P.A. 77-604, S. 39, 84; 77-614, S. 486, 610; P.A. 80-335; P.A. 85-144; P.A. 92-260, S. 27; P.A.
95-16, S. 4; P.A. 98-126, S. 1; P.A. 00-99, S. 120, 154; P.A. 01-84, S. 10, 26; 01-151, S. 3, 5.)
History: P.A. 77-604 substituted "chief inspector or inspector in the division of criminal justice" for "county detective"
in Subdiv. (1); P.A. 77-614 made state police department a division within the department of public safety, effective January
1, 1979; P.A. 80-335 added Subdivs. (7) and (8) making murder in course of committing sexual assault in first degree and
murder of two or more persons at same time a capital felony; P.A. 85-144 amended Subdiv. (6) by adding "economic"
and deleting the proviso that the seller was not, at the time of such sale, a drug-dependent person; P.A. 92-260 made
technical changes in Subdivs. (1) and (3); P.A. 95-16 added Subdiv. (9) re murder of a person under sixteen years of age;
P.A. 98-126 amended Subdiv. (1) to replace "an official of the Department of Correction authorized by the Commissioner
of Correction to make arrests in a correctional institution or facility" with "an employee of the Department of Correction
or a person providing services on behalf of said department when such employee or person is acting within the scope of
his employment or duties in a correctional institution or facility and the actor is confined in such institution or facility";
P.A. 00-99 amended Subdiv. (1) to replace reference to sheriff and deputy sheriff with provision re state marshal exercising
statutory authority and judicial marshal in performance of duties, effective December 1, 2000; P.A. 01-84 replaced "fireman" with "firefighter" and made other technical changes for purposes of gender neutrality, effective July 1, 2001; P.A.
01-151 amended Subdiv. (1) to include the murder of a conservation officer or special conservation officer appointed by
the Commissioner of Environmental Protection under the provisions of Sec. 26-5, deleted former Subdiv. (6) re the illegal
sale, for economic gain, of cocaine, heroin or methadone to a person who dies as a direct result of the use of such cocaine,
heroin or methadone, redesignating existing Subdivs. (7), (8) and (9) as Subdivs. (6), (7) and (8), and made technical
changes for purposes of gender neutrality, effective July 1, 2001.
See Sec. 53a-54a re murder.
See Sec. 53a-54c re felony murder.
Cited. 194 C. 416, 418. Cited. 198 C. 92, 110. Cited. 199 C. 163, 174, 177, 178. Cited. 201 C. 276, 288. Cited. 211 C.
289, 296. Cited. 215 C. 570, 581. Cited. 216 C. 699, 710. Cited. 218 C. 486, 488. Cited. 230 C. 183, 188, 201, 236. Cited.
234 C. 324, 340, 341. Cited. Id., 735, 738. Cited. 235 C. 206. Cited. 237 C. 332, 334. Cited. 238 C. 389. Cited. Id., 828.
Cited. 240 C. 727. Cited. 241 C. 702. Cited. 242 C. 409. Murder in the course of kidnapping does not require ransom;
murder in the course of sexual assault includes murder to prevent victim from becoming a witness; denial of a bill of
particulars on aggravating factors did not deny fair hearing; meaning of "heinous" and "depraved" discussed; "heinous,
cruel or depraved" as a unitary rather than three separate factors discussed; statute complies with the eighth and fourteenth
amendments; statutory construction and precedent support conclusion that the burden of persuasion applies to both elements
of mitigation; proportionality review still available in this case despite repeal of requirement. 251 C. 285.
Cited. 32 CA 38, 40. Cited. 36 CA 364-366, 370, 377, 378. Cited. 42 CA 348. Cited. 43 CA 549. Cited. 45 CA 207.
Cited 42 CS 426, 427.
Subdiv. (1):
Cited. 234 C. 324, 341, 342. Conviction for felony murder under Sec. 53a-54c cannot serve as the predicate murder
for the crime of capital felony under this section; term "murder" in capital felony statute may be applied only to intentional
murder. 241 C. 702. In order to satisfy the element that police officer had been "acting within the scope of his duties", the
state was only required to prove that police officer was acting in the good faith discharge of his official duties when he
stopped defendant and attempted to subdue him. 264 C. 1.
Cited. 41 CA 604, 617.
Subdiv. (2):
Capital felony murder discussed. 199 C. 163, 164, 173, 174, 176, 178. Cited. 203 C. 420-422, 424. Cited. 215 C. 570,
576-578, 581-583. Cited. 234 C. 324, 341, 342. Cited. 242 C. 409.
Cited. 19 CA 111, 144; judgment reversed, see 215 C. 538 et seq. Cited. 41 CA 604, 617.
Subdiv. (3):
Cited. 234 C. 324-326, 329, 331, 334, 336, 338, 339, 341, 343, 347, 349, 350. Cited. 238 C. 828.
Cited. 41 CA 604, 616, 617. Cited. 45 CA 390.
Subdiv. (4):
Cited. 234 C. 324, 341, 342.
Subdiv. (5):
Cited. 197 C. 436, 439, 461. Cited. 213 C. 388, 390. Cited. 230 C. 183, 194, 195, 200-202, 228. Cited. 234 C. 324,
341, 342. Cited. 238 C. 389. Cited. 242 C. 409. Provision does not require that kidnapping be accompanied by a demand
for ransom. 249 C. 645. Trial court properly instructed jury that its verdict of guilty on charge of intentional murder would
provide the predicate for criminal liability under subsection. 263 C. 478.
Cited. 36 CA 364, 378. Cited. 41 CA 604, 617.
Subdiv. (6):
Cited. 230 C. 183, 201. Cited. 233 C. 174, 189. Cited. 234 C. 324, 341, 342. Cited. 238 C. 828. State need only prove
that the murder in a kidnap-murder or sexual-assault murder was aggravated in order to establish the aggravating factor.
269 C. 213.
Cited. 41 CA 604, 617.
Subdiv. (7):
Cited. 205 C. 298, 299. Cited. 230 C. 183, 194, 229. Cited. 234 C. 324, 341, 342. Cited. 237 C. 694. Cited. 238 C. 389.
Cited. 242 C. 409. Double jeopardy clause not violated where defendant convicted for two counts of capital felony. Evidence
indicated that the murders occurred in two sets, at distinctly separate times. 260 C. 339.
Cited. 41 CA 604, 617.
Subdiv. (8):
Cited. 198 C. 92, 110. Cited. 206 C. 213, 214. Cited. 207 C. 374, 377. Cited. 208 C. 125, 127, 145. Cited. 209 C. 225,
230, 239. Cited. 212 C. 258, 259. Cited. 213 C. 708, 711. Cited. 216 C. 699, 701. Cited. 218 C. 349-351. Cited. 221 C.
430, 431. Cited. 229 C. 125, 127. Cited. 230 C. 183, 194, 195. Cited. 233 C. 813, 815. Cited. 234 C. 324, 341, 342. Cited.
235 C. 206, 209. Only an intentional murder can be a predicate murder to capital felony charge under this section. 238 C.
828. Cited. 241 C. 322. Cited. Id., 702. Cited. 242 C. 93. Proper construction to be given to term "in the course of a single
transaction" is that there need only be some nexus between murders, that the murders be connected by a common purpose
or plan in order to be "in the course of a single transaction". Does not require murders to be at the same time in order to
constitute "in the course of a single transaction". Temporal relationship between murders is not an absolute prerequisite
to prosecution under subsection. 254 C. 578. Read together, Sec. 53a-54(a) and this subdiv. provide that conviction of
intentional murder under doctrine of transferred intent may be the predicate for conviction of capital felony under this
subdiv. when victim is under sixteen, regardless of defendant's subjective state of mind. 265 C. 35. Knowledge of the
victim's age is not an element of this subdiv. Id. To limit applicability of subdiv. to cases in which state can prove that
defendant knew or reasonably should have known the age of his victim would be both impracticable and inconsistent with
the legislative intent. Id.
Cited. 36 CA 364, 365, 377, 380. Cited. 38 CA 581, 582. Cited. 41 CA 604, 617.
Sec. 53a-54c. Felony murder. A person is guilty of murder when, acting either
alone or with one or more persons, he commits or attempts to commit robbery, burglary,
kidnapping, sexual assault in the first degree, aggravated sexual assault in the first degree, sexual assault in the third degree, sexual assault in the third degree with a firearm,
escape in the first degree, or escape in the second degree and, in the course of and in
furtherance of such crime or of flight therefrom, he, or another participant, if any, causes
the death of a person other than one of the participants, except that in any prosecution
under this section, in which the defendant was not the only participant in the underlying
crime, it shall be an affirmative defense that the defendant: (1) Did not commit the
homicidal act or in any way solicit, request, command, importune, cause or aid the
commission thereof; and (2) was not armed with a deadly weapon, or any dangerous
instrument; and (3) had no reasonable ground to believe that any other participant was
armed with such a weapon or instrument; and (4) had no reasonable ground to believe
that any other participant intended to engage in conduct likely to result in death or serious
physical injury.
(P.A. 74-186, S. 11, 12; P.A. 76-336, S. 21; P.A. 79-570, S. 2; P.A. 92-260, S. 28.)
History: P.A. 76-336 replaced rape in first degree, deviate sexual intercourse in first degree and sexual contact in first
degree with sexual assault in first degree, sexual assault in first degree with firearm, sexual assault in third degree and
sexual assault in third degree with firearm; P.A. 79-570 removed murder resulting from commission of or attempt to
commit arson from purview of section; P.A. 92-260 replaced obsolete reference to offense of "sexual assault in the first
degree with a firearm" with revised name of "aggravated sexual assault in the first degree"; (Revisor's note: In 1995 the
indicators (A), (B), (C) and (D) were changed editorially by the Revisors to (1), (2), (3) and (4) respectively for consistency
with statutory usage).
See Sec. 53a-54a re murder.
See Sec. 53a-54b re capital felony.
Cited. 171 C. 683, 687. Cited. 176 C. 257, 258. Cited. 177 C. 677, 679. Cited. 178 C. 116, 118. Cited. 179 C. 78-80.
Court did not err in refusing to instruct jury on lesser offenses of first degree burglary and first degree robbery since element
of causation, which differentiates felony murder from the lesser offenses, was not sufficiently in dispute. 180 C. 599, 601,
602, 604. Cited. 181 C. 151, 153; id., 187, 188. Cited. 182 C. 419, 420; id., 580. Cited (1975 revision). 183 C. 299, 300,
311. Cited. 186 C. 1, 2, 7. Cited. 188 C. 542, 543, 545, 550. Cited. 189 C. 346, 347. Cited. 191 C. 636, 638-641, 644; id.,
659-663. Cited. 193 C. 70, 72, 75. Cited. Id., 144, 145, 151. Cited. Id., 350, 352. Cited. 194 C. 223, 224. Cited. Id., 279,
285. Cited. Id., 416, 419. Cited. Id., 530, 559, 565. Cited. 195 C. 505, 506. Manslaughter is not a lesser included crime
otherwise of felony murder. 196 C. 421, 423, 429. Cited. 197 C. 396, 397, 401. Cited. Id., 436, 438, 460. Cited. Id., 588,
591. Cited. 198 C. 92, 110. Cited. Id., 255, 256, 269. Cited. Id., 386, 387. Cited. Id., 397, 399. Cited. Id., 435, 436. Cited.
Id., 506, 507, 515. Cited. Id., 517, 518, 537. Cited. Id., 638. Cited. Id., 644, 646. Cited. 199 C. 110, 111. Cited. 200 C. 323,
324, 336. Cited. Id., 721. Cited. 201 C. 34, 35, 37. Cited. Id., 395, 396, 399, 401, 416-418. Cited. Id., 462, 464, 465. Cited.
202 C. 18, 19, 21, 24, 26. Cited. Id., 39, 40. Cited. 203 C. 4-6. Cited. Id., 212, 213, 217, 239, 243. Cited. 204 C. 377-379,
385, 387. Cited. 205 C. 298, 300. Cited. Id., 485, 486. Cited. Id., 507, 508. Cited. Id., 616, 619. Cited. Id., 638-640. Cited.
206 C. 157, 158. Cited. Id., 657, 667. Cited. 207 C. 1, 2, 12, 13. Cited. 208 C. 52, 54. Cited. 209 C. 34, 35. Cited. Id., 75,
76, 78. Cited. Id., 290-292. Cited. Id., 564, 565. Cited. Id., 636, 637. Cited. 210 C. 78, 81. Cited. Id., 652, 654, 696, 697.
Cited. Id., 751, 752. Cited. 211 C. 289, 296. Cited. 212 C. 387, 389. Cited. 213 C. 388, 389. Cited. 214 C. 132, 133. Cited.
Id., 454, 457. Cited. Id., 493-495, 501. Cited. 215 C. 695, 698. Cited. 216 C. 282-285, 293, 295-297. Cited. Id., 367, 368.
Cited. Id., 699, 700, 708, 710, 715, 717-719, 726. Cited. 218 C. 85, 87. Cited. Id., 151, 152. Cited. Id., 309, 310. Cited.
Id., 447, 448. Cited. Id., 486, 488. Cited. 219 C. 743, 744. Cited. 220 C. 1, 2. Cited. Id., 385, 386, 388. Cited. Id., 417, 418,
420, 426, 428, 429, 431. Cited. 221 C. 315, 316. Cited. Id., 635-637. Cited. Id., 643, 644, 666, 668. Cited. Id., 685, 687.
Cited. 222 C. 117, 119. Cited. 223 C. 299, 301. Cited. Id., 595, 596. Cited. Id., 635, 637. Cited. Id., 834-836. Cited. 225
C. 270, 271, 277. Cited. Id., 347, 348, 350-352. Cited. 227 C. 101, 102. Cited. 229 C. 691, 694. Cited. 230 C. 88, 90. Cited.
Id., 183, 201, 224. Cited. Id., 351, 352, 354, 362. Cited. 233 C. 44, 52. Cited. 234 C. 97, 98. Cited. 235 C. 595, 596. Cited.
Id., 748, 749. Cited. Id., 802-804. Cited. 237 C. 390, 392. Cited. Id., 518. Cited. Id., 694. Cited. 238 C. 389. Cited. Id.,
828. Cited. 240 C. 727. Cited. 241 C. 1. Cited. Id., 322. Conviction for felony murder under this section cannot serve as
predicate for the crime of capital felony under Sec. 53a-54b(1). Id., 702. Cited. 242 C. 93. Cited. Id., 125. Cited. Id., 409.
Cited. Id., 666. Cited. 247 C. 662. It is inconsistent with purpose of this statute to allow defendant who causes a death in
the course of a felony to claim self-defense because victim attempted to thwart the felony. 254 C. 184. The defense of self-defense does not apply to charge of felony murder as a matter of law. Id., 202.
Cited. 11 CA 80, 89. Cited. 12 CA 385. Cited. 24 CA 723. Cited. 27 CA 794, 795. Cited. 29 CA 573, 574. Cited. Id.,
771, 772. Cited. 30 CA 381, 383. Cited 31 CA 771, 773; judgment reversed, see 230 C. 88-90, 92, 94. Cited. 32 CA 38,
40. Cited. Id., 431-433. Cited. 33 CA 90, 92. Cited. 35 CA 762, 766. Cited. 36 CA 364, 365, 370, 375. Cited. Id., 506,
507. Cited. Id., 556, 558. Cited. 38 CA 581, 582. Cited. 41 CA 515-517. Self-defense not available as a defense to charge
of felony murder. 42 CA 348. Cited. Id., 472. Cited. 43 CA 61. Cited. 45 CA 32. Cited. Id., 187. Cited. Id., 390. Cited. Id.,
658. Reaffirmed prior holding that self-defense not a valid defense to charge of felony murder. 51 CA 798. Court rejects
defendant's argument that killing of victim who resisted a robbery attempt by walking away is not committed "in the course
of and in furtherance of" the attempted robbery because the attempted robbery had ceased. 64 CA 596.
Cited. 36 CS 141. Cited. 41 CS 385-387. Cited 42 CS 426, 427.
Sec. 53a-54d. Arson murder. A person is guilty of murder when, acting either
alone or with one or more persons, he commits arson and, in the course of such arson,
causes the death of a person. Notwithstanding any other provision of the general statutes,
any person convicted of murder under this section shall be punished by life imprisonment
and shall not be eligible for parole.
(P.A. 79-570, S. 1.)
Cited. 191 C. 636, 644. Does not violate defendant's right to due process and equal protection. 196 C. 655-665. Cited.
Id., 667, 668, 670, 675. "... when two or more persons are the victims of a single episode there are as many offenses as
there are victims." 198 C. 92-94, 103, 110. Cited. 204 C. 377, 386. Cited. 210 C. 22. Cited. Id., 519, 526. Cited. 211 C.
258, 283, 284. Cited. Id., 289, 296. Cited. 213 C. 161, 162. Cited. 214 C. 378, 385. Cited. 216 C. 699, 710. Cited. 237 C.
694. Cited. 238 C. 828. Cited. 240 C. 727. Cited. 241 C. 702.
Cited. 41 CA 476, 478, 479.
Cited. 42 CS 426, 427.
Sec. 53a-55. Manslaughter in the first degree: Class B felony. (a) A person is
guilty of manslaughter in the first degree when: (1) With intent to cause serious physical
injury to another person, he causes the death of such person or of a third person; or (2)
with intent to cause the death of another person, he causes the death of such person
or of a third person under circumstances which do not constitute murder because he
committed the proscribed act or acts under the influence of extreme emotional disturbance, as provided in subsection (a) of section 53a-54a, except that the fact that homicide
was committed under the influence of extreme emotional disturbance constitutes a mitigating circumstance reducing murder to manslaughter in the first degree and need not
be proved in any prosecution initiated under this subsection; or (3) under circumstances
evincing an extreme indifference to human life, he recklessly engages in conduct which
creates a grave risk of death to another person, and thereby causes the death of another
person.
(b) Manslaughter in the first degree is a class B felony.
(1969, P.A. 828, S. 56; P.A. 73-137, S. 9; P.A. 83-486, S. 5.)
History: P.A. 73-137 substituted reference to Sec. 53a-54a for reference to Sec. 53a-54 in Subdiv. (2); P.A. 83-486
amended Subsec. (a)(2) by replacing "acts" with "committed the proscribed act or acts".
Cited. 168 C. 610. Cited. 169 C. 309, 322. Cited. 170 C. 81. Cited. 180 C. 171, 177. Cited. 181 C. 406, 412. Cited. 182
C. 66, 68, 77. Cited. 188 C. 542, 544. Cited. 190 C. 639, 650. Cited. 192 C. 85, 87. Cited. 193 C. 632, 640. Cited. Id., 646,
666, 668. Cited. Id., 695, 697, 704, 730. Manslaughter is not a lesser included offense of felony murder. 196 C. 421, 428.
Cited. 200 C. 553, 558. Cited. 201 C. 174, 187. Cited. 202 C. 429, 430. Cited. 210 C. 78, 106. Cited. Id., 652, 654. Cited.
211 C. 591, 592. Cited. 213 C. 38, 40. Cited. 215 C. 695, 697. Cited. 216 C. 699, 701, 708-710. Cited. 217 C. 498-500.
Cited. 223 C. 273, 274. Cited. 225 C. 559, 561. Cited. 226 C. 237. 250. Cited. 233 C. 174-176, 189, 192. Cited. 234 C.
139, 161. Cited. 236 C. 342, 351.
Cited. 7 CA 223, 224, 233. Cited. 8 CA 307. Cited. 15 CA 74, 76, 82; judgment reversed, see 211 C. 591. et seq. Cited.
16 CA 223. Cited. 24 CA 115, 117. Cited. 37 CA 722, 728. Cited. 40 CA 189, 191. Cited. Id., 374, 376. Cited. 41 CA 565,
566. Cited. Id., 604, 613. Cited. 42 CA 348. Cited. 44 CA 62. Cited. 46 CA 216.
Cited. 33 CS 28.
Subsec. (a):
Subdiv. (1): It is incumbent upon the state to prove a specific intent to cause serious physical injury as intent to achieve
a result is an element of the crime charged. 165 C. 400, 403. Cited. 174 C. 89, 90, 95-98. Cited. 176 C. 107, 108. Subdiv.
(3): The conduct proscribed does not require infliction of a physical blow. 176 C. 227-229, 231-233, 236. Subdiv. (1)
cited. 177 C. 538, 539. Subdiv. (3) cited. 179 C. 381, 382. Subdivs. (1) and (3); Manslaughter is a lesser included offense
of murder although the state of mind required is different. 180 C. 382, 403, 408, 409. Subdiv. (1) cited. 181 C. 187, 200;
id., 406, 408, 417. Subdiv. (2) cited. 182 C. 66, 71. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 66, 72, 73. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id. Subdiv. (1) cited.
182 C. 403, 404; 183 C. 394, 395; 185 C. 63, 65. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id. Cited. 188 C. 237, 238. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 653,
654. Subdiv. (2) cited. 189 C. 303, 308, 309. Subdiv. (1): Attempt to commit is not cognizable. Id., 303-310. Subdiv. (1)
cited. 190 C. 219, 220; id., 576, 577. Cited. Id., 639, 650-652. Subdiv. (3) cited. 193 C. 632-634, 639, 643. Cited. 646,
667, 668. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id., 646, 668. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id., 646, 669. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 695, 729. Subdiv. (2) cited.
Id., 695, 729, 731. Subdiv. (1) cited. 194 C. 119, 120, 127. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id., 279-281, 294. Cited. Id., 376, 377. Subdiv.
(1) cited. Id., 408, 412. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id., Subdiv. (1) cited. 196 C. 519, 520, 526. Cited. 198 C. 53, 54. Cited. Id., 209,
210. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id., 220, 221. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 273, 274. Cited. Id., 454, 458, 459. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id., 454,
459. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 454, 459, 461, 462. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id., 454, 459, 462, 463. Subdiv. (2) cited. 199 C. 155,
158, 159, 161. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 155, 159. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 383, 384. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id.,
417, 419, 446. Subdiv. (2) cited. 200 C. 224, 225. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 453, 454; Id., 453, 458; 201 C. 534, 556, 558, 559.
Subdiv. (3) cited. Id., 534, 556, 558, 559. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 598, 601. Subdiv. (3) cited. 202 C. 520, 523, 524. Subdiv.
(1) cited. Id., 520, 526. Subdiv. (3): Not unconstitutionally vague as applied to defendant. Id., 629, 631, 635, 641-643.
Subdiv. (1) cited. 203 C. 466, 467; 204 C. 120, 121. Subdiv. (2) cited. 205 C. 279-281. Subdiv. (1) cited. 206 C. 278, 279.
Subdiv. (1) cited. 207 C. 276, 278. Subdiv. (1) cited. 209 C. 133, 135. Subdiv. (1) cited. 211 C. 441-444. Subdiv. (1) cited.
212 C. 612, 613. Subdiv. (2) cited. 213 C. 500, 502. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 579, 580. Subdiv. (3) cited. 214 C. 57, 61, 66.
Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 57, 65. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id., 77, 85, 87. Subdiv. (1) cited. 216 C. 220, 221. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id.,
699, 701, 708, 709, 715, 717. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 699, 708, 709. Subdiv. (1) cited. 217 C. 498, 501, 503. Subdiv. (3)
cited. Id., 498-503. Subdiv. (2) cited. 218 C. 766, 769. Subdiv. (1) cited. 219 C. 16, 21. Subdiv. (3) cited. 220 C. 169, 172.
Subdiv. (2) cited. Id., 285, 288, 298, 299. Subdiv. (3) cited. 222 C. 444, 447, 448. Cited. 223 C. 273, 274. Subdiv. (1) cited.
224 C. 546, 547. Subdiv. (1) cited. 225 C. 55, 63, 69. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id., 55, 63, 68, 69. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id., 55, 64.
Subdiv. (1) cited. 227 C. 456, 476. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id., 456, 476. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id., 566, 567, 570, 575. Subdiv. (3)
cited. Id., 611, 612. Subdiv. (1) cited. 228 C. 118, 127. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 147, 148. Subdiv. (3)
cited. Id., 147, 148. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 281, 303. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id. Subdiv. (3) cited. 229 C. 193, 194. Subdiv. (1)
cited. Id., 397, 399. Subdiv. (2) cited. 230 C. 183, 223. Subdiv. (1) cited. 231 C. 115, 137. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id. Subdiv
(2) cited. Id., 115, 139. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 484, 486. Subdiv. (1) cited. 233 C. 106, 118. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id. Subdiv.
(3) cited. Id., 174, 175, 189, 190. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 174, 189. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 215, 223.
Subdiv. (3) cited. Id. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 517. Subdiv. (3) cited. 235 C. 413, 414. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 473, 474. Subdiv.
(3) cited. Id., 595, 596. Cited. 236 C. 189, 198. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 342, 344. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id.,
342, 344, 345. Subdiv. (3) cited. 238 C. 253. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 313. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id. Subdiv. (1) cited. 240 C.
395. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 727. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 743. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id., 799. Subdiv. (3) cited. 241 C. 502. Motion
to dismiss on grounds that Subdiv. (3) is unconstitutionally vague because legislature failed to define phrases "extreme
indifference to human life" and "grave risk of death" and defendant was not given "fair warning" and statute is susceptible
to "arbitrary enforcement" fails to meet burden of proof because person of ordinary intelligence would have had fair
warning that defendant's actions were proscribed and was properly denied by trial court. 257 C. 544. Based on established
principles concerning how evidence is construed, and the inferences reasonably drawn therefrom, evidence was sufficient
to support trial court's verdict of manslaughter in the first degree with a firearm. Id. Defendant who was convicted of
murder pursuant to Sec. 53a-54a(a) was entitled to a jury instruction on the lesser included offense of manslaughter as set
forth in subdiv. (1). 262 C. 453.
Subdiv. (3): To be guilty of violating this statute "a person must have the general intent to engage in the proscribed
conduct." 5 CA 571-573, 576-578. Subdiv. (1) cited. 7 CA 457, 458, 560. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 656. Subdiv. (1) cited. 8
CA 273, 274. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id. Subdiv. (1) cited. 9 CA 147, 148; judgment reversed, see 206 C. 278 et seq. Subdiv.
(3) cited. 11 CA 425, 427; Id., 628, 630, 631. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 628-631; 13 CA 175, 176. Subdiv. (1) cited. 17 CA
502, 504; judgment reversed, see 213 C. 579 et seq. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id., 602, 604, 605. Subdiv. (3) cited. 18 CA 423,
424. Subdiv. (1) cited. 19 CA 576, 577. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 609, 610, 612. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 674, 682. Subdiv. (3)
cited. 20 CA 410, 411. Subdiv. (3) cited. 21 CA 138, 145. Subdiv. (3) cited. 22 CA 265, 266. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 321,
322. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 340, 341, 344, 350. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id., 507, 508. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 521, 522. Subdiv. (1)
cited. Id., 669, 670. Subdiv. (3) cited. 23 CA 431, 432. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 502-505. Subdiv. (1) cited. 24 CA 115, 117.
Subdiv. (3) cited. Id., 586. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 586, 587. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 692, 694, 695. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id., 692,
695. Subdiv. (2) cited. 25 CA 456, 457, 460-462. Cited. Id., 456, 461. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 456, 467. Subdiv. (3) cited.
Id. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id., 734, 735. Subdiv. (3) cited. 26 CA 165, 166. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 242, 243. Cited. Id., 259, 261.
Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 259, 266-268, 278. Subdiv. (1) cited. 27 CA 1-3, 5, 10. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 520, 521. Subdiv. (1)
cited. Id., 643, 644. Subdiv. (3) cited. 28 CA 34, 35, 37, 41. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 81, 82, 87-89. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id.,
231, 233. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 771, 773. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id., 771-775, 777, 778. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id., 825-827, 829-
831. Cited. 29 CA 68, 69; judgment reversed, see 227 C. 566 et seq. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 162, 163; judgment reversed,
see 229 C. 397 et seq. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id., 394, 396. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id., 452, 453. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 533, 534.
Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 754, 755, 758. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id., 773, 774. Subdiv. (1) cited. 30 CA 26, 27. Subdiv. (1) cited.
Id., 232, 234. Subdiv. (1) cited. 31 CA 385, 386. Subdiv. (3) cited. 32 CA 687, 688, 695-697. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 687,
695. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id., 854-856. Subdiv. (1) cited. 33 CA 116, 117. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 782, 783, 791, 792. Subdiv.
(1) cited. 34 CA 236, 238. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 368, 369; see also 233 C. 517 et seq. Subdiv. (3) cited. 35 CA 138, 139,
141. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id., 374, 375; judgment reversed, see 235 C. 413 et seq. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 438, 439, 444, 446.
Subdiv. (3) cited. Id., 438, 444. Cited. 37 CA 180, 181. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 180, 184, 185. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id. Cited.
Id., 404, 414. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 473, 474. Cited. Id., 722, 723. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id., 722, 728, 729. Cited. 38 CA 801,
802. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id., 815, 818. Subdiv. (1) cited. 39 CA 224, 240, 242. Subdiv. (1) cited Id., 242, 253. Subdiv. (3)
cited. 40 CA 151, 152, 164. Subdiv. (1) cited. 41 CA 831, 832. Subdiv. (1) cited. 42 CA 41. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 382.
Subdiv. (3) cited. 43 CA 252. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 488. Cited. 44 CA 790. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id., 731. Subdiv. (1) cited.
46 CA 216. Subdiv. (2) cited. Id. Subdiv. (3) cited. Id. Evidence presented at trial concerning a healthy one-year-old left
in defendant's care was sufficient to support conviction. 47 CA 188. Subdiv. (1): Criminal liability as an accessory to
manslaughter in the first degree has long been recognized under this state's jurisprudence. 49 CA 121. To be guilty under
this subsection, it must be established that defendant must have had the general intent to engage in the proscribed conduct.
56 CA 742. Subdiv. (3): Action of defendant in entering house, after car chase, obtaining loaded shotgun, walking 100
feet to edge of driveway and shooting victim showed an extreme indifference to human life. 61 CA 463.
Subdiv. (3) cited. 44 CS 417.
Subsec. (b):
Cited. 211 C. 591, 612.
Sec. 53a-55a. Manslaughter in the first degree with a firearm: Class B felony:
Five years not suspendable. (a) A person is guilty of manslaughter in the first degree
with a firearm when he commits manslaughter in the first degree as provided in section
53a-55, and in the commission of such offense he uses, or is armed with and threatens
the use of or displays or represents by his words or conduct that he possesses a pistol,
revolver, shotgun, machine gun, rifle or other firearm. No person shall be found guilty
of manslaughter in the first degree and manslaughter in the first degree with a firearm
upon the same transaction but such person may be charged and prosecuted for both such
offenses upon the same information.
(b) Manslaughter in the first degree with a firearm is a class B felony and any person
found guilty under this section shall be sentenced to a term of imprisonment in accordance with subdivision (4) of section 53a-35a of which five years of the sentence imposed
may not be suspended or reduced by the court.
(P.A. 75-380, S. 3; July Sp. Sess. P.A. 94-2, S. 1.)
History: July Sp. Sess. P.A. 94-2 amended Subsec. (b) to add provision that any person found guilty under this section
shall be sentenced to a term of imprisonment in accordance with Sec. 53a-35a(4) and increase the nonsuspendable sentence
from one year to five years.
Cited. 190 C. 639, 640, 650, 653. Cited. 192 C. 85, 87. Cited. 193 C. 695, 730, 731. Cited. 198 C. 77, 78. Cited. Id.,
454, 455, 458, 475. Cited. 201 C. 174, 187. Cited. 216 C. 699, 710. Cited. 225 C. 559, 561.
Cited. 10 CA 357. Cited. 11 CA 425, 427. Cited. 17 CA 97, 98. Cited. 21 CA 801. Cited. 23 CA 502-505. Cited. 25
CA 734, 735. Cited. 26 CA 259, 260, 262, 265, 278. Cited. 33 CA 116, 117. Cited. 37 CA 722, 723, 728. Cited. 39 CA
224, 226, 236. Cited. Id., 242, 244, 252.
Subsec. (a):
Court's instructions on intent as element of manslaughter unconstitutional since they could be interpreted as creating
a conclusive or burden-shifting presumption. 180 C. 171, 173, 177. Cited. 195 C. 160, 161. Cited. 199 C. 383, 384. Cited.
203 C. 466, 467. Cited. 206 C. 346, 348, 350. Cited. 216 C. 282, 295. Cited. 33 CA 116, 117.
Cited. 26 CA 259, 260. Subdiv. (1) cited. 27 CA 263, 265. Cited. 37 CA 722, 723. Cited. 39 CA 224, 238.
Subsec. (b):
Cited. 206 C. 346, 358. Cited. 207 C. 412, 416.
Cited. 7 CA 223, 235.
Sec. 53a-56. Manslaughter in the second degree: Class C felony. (a) A person
is guilty of manslaughter in the second degree when: (1) He recklessly causes the death
of another person; or (2) he intentionally causes or aids another person, other than by
force, duress or deception, to commit suicide.
(b) Manslaughter in the second degree is a class C felony.
(1969, P.A. 828, S. 57.)
Cited. 169 C. 309, 322. Cited. 181 C. 406, 412. Cited. 188 C. 542, 544, 545. Cited. 195 C. 232, 234. Manslaughter is
not a lesser included offense of felony murder. 196 C. 421, 428. Cited. 199 C. 631, 633. Cited. 201 C. 174, 187. Cited.
202 C. 629, 632. Cited. 210 C. 78, 106. Cited. 212 C. 593, 607. Cited. 213 C. 579, 583. Cited. 216 C. 699, 710. Cited. 217
C. 498, 500. Cited. 226 C. 237, 250. Cited. 227 C. 566, 570. Cited. 236 C. 342, 344.
Cited. 7 CA 180, 181, 183. Cited. 11 CA 425, 426, 428. Cited. 19 CA 674, 682. Cited. 21 CA 654, 655. Cited. 24 CA
586, 588. Cited. 26 CA 448, 454. Cited. 32 CA 687, 695. Cited. Id., 759, 761, 764. Cited. 37 CA 722, 729. Cited. 42 CA
348. Cited re evidence sufficient to sustain conviction. 51 CA 814.
Subsec. (a):
Subdiv. (1) cited. 174 C. 89, 90, 95. Subdiv. (1): Manslaughter is a lesser included offense of murder although the state
of mind required is different. 180 C. 382, 403, 408. Subdiv. (1) cited. 185 C. 63, 66. Cited. 187 C. 6, 29. Subdiv. (1) cited.
193 C. 632, 640. Subdiv. (1) cited. 194 C. 119, 127. Subdiv. (1) cited. 195 C. 232, 237. Subdiv. (1) cited. 199 C. 155, 159.
Subdiv. (1) cited. 202 C. 629, 635, 660. Subdiv. (1) cited. 206 C. 657, 667. Subdiv. (1) cited. 212 C. 593, 608. Cited. 213
C. 579, 585. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 579, 585, 586. Subdiv. (1) cited. 214 C. 57, 61, 66. Subdiv. (1) cited. 219 C. 16, 18, 21.
Cited. Id., 16, 22. Subdiv. (1) cited. 222 C. 444, 447. Subdiv. (1) cited. 225 C. 55, 63, 64, 69. Cited. 226 C. 20, 21. Subdiv.
(1) cited. Id., 20, 22, 31. Subdiv. (1) cited. 228 C. 118, 127. Cited. Id., 147, 149, 152, 155. Subdiv. (1) cited. 231 C. 115,
137. Subdiv. (1) cited. 238 C. 253.
Cited. 5 CA 157, 158. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 338. Cited. 7 CA 180, 183. Subdiv. (1) cited. 11 CA 628-632. Cited. 17
CA 502, 511; judgment reversed, see 213 C. 579 et seq. Subdiv. (1) cited. 20 CA 430, 431. Cited. 24 CA 586, 588. Cited.
25 CA 456, 467. Subdiv. (1) cited. 26 CA 448, 449, 458. Subdiv. (1) cited. 28 CA 771, 773. Subdiv. (1) cited. Id., 825,
830. Cited. 30 CA 95, 96, 99, 101; judgment reversed, see 228 C. 147 et seq. Subdiv. (1) cited. 32 CA 854, 855. Subdiv.
(1) cited. 37 CA 722, 729. Subdiv. (1) cited. 38 CA 815, 818. Subdiv. (1) cited. 40 CA 47, 48.
Subsec. (b):
Cited. 202 C. 629, 638.
Sec. 53a-56a. Manslaughter in the second degree with a firearm: Class C felony: One year not suspendable. (a) A person is guilty of manslaughter in the second
degree with a firearm when he commits manslaughter in the second degree as provided
in section 53a-56, and in the commission of such offense he uses or is armed with and
threatens the use of or displays or represents by his words or conduct that he possesses
a pistol, revolver, shotgun, rifle, machine gun or other firearm. No person shall be found
guilty of manslaughter in the second degree and manslaughter in the second degree with
a firearm upon the same transaction but such person may be charged and prosecuted
for both such offenses upon the same information.
(b) Manslaughter in the second degree with a firearm is a class C felony for which
one year of the sentence imposed may not be suspended or reduced by the court.
(P.A. 75-380, S. 4.)
Cited. 199 C. 631, 633, 636, 643. Cited. 201 C. 174, 187. Cited. 207 C. 191, 192. Cited. 216 C. 699, 710. Cited. 227
C. 456, 476. Cited. 228 C. 281, 303.
Cited. 10 CA 697-699.
Subsec. (a):
Cited. 216 C. 282, 295.
Subsec. (b):
Cited. 207 C. 412, 416.
Sec. 53a-56b. Manslaughter in the second degree with a motor vehicle: Class
C felony. (a) A person is guilty of manslaughter in the second degree with a motor
vehicle when, while operating a motor vehicle under the influence of intoxicating liquor
or any drug or both, he causes the death of another person as a consequence of the effect
of such liquor or drug.
(b) Manslaughter in the second degree with a motor vehicle is a class C felony and
the court shall suspend the motor vehicle operator's license or nonresident operating
privilege of any person found guilty under this section for one year.
(P.A. 82-403, S. 1; P.A. 83-534, S. 8; P.A. 85-147, S. 1.)
History: P.A. 83-534 amended Subsec. (b) to require the court to suspend the motor vehicle operator's license or
nonresident operating privilege of any person found guilty for one year; P.A. 85-147 deleted "while intoxicated" from the
title of the offense and a provision that defined "intoxication" to include intoxication by alcohol or by drug or both, and
replaced elements of offense of "when, in consequence of his intoxication while operating a motor vehicle, he causes the
death of another person" with "when, while operating a motor vehicle under the influence of intoxicating liquor or any
drug or both, he causes the death of another person as a consequence of the effect of such liquor or drug".
See Sec. 14-111g re motor vehicle operator's retraining program.
Cited. 193 C. 632, 640. Cited. 213 C. 74, 76, 80. Cited. 216 C. 699, 710. Cited. 219 C. 752, 757. Cited. 229 C. 228,
230. There is no language in section to indicate expressly that legislature intended that a person convicted of second degree
manslaughter with a motor vehicle could not also be convicted of first degree manslaughter. 263 C. 390.
Cited. 5 CA 378, 379. Cited. 9 CA 686, 730. Cited. 11 CA 122, 123, 125-128, 130, 132. Cited. Id., 473, 481. Cited.
12 CA 129, 130. Cited. Id., 294, 295, 297, 298, 300-303. Cited. 16 CA 358, 360-363, 365, 366. Cited. 18 CA 223-225.
Cited. 21 CA 138, 139, 144, 145. Cited. 22 CA 108, 109. Cited. 23 CA 215, 216. Cited. Id., 720, 722. Cited. 29 CA 825,
831, 834. Cited. 34 CA 557, 564. Cited. Id., 655, 664. Cited. 36 CA 710, 713. Cited. 40 CA 359, 360.
Subsec. (a):
Cited. 11 CA 122-124, 126. Sec. 53a-57 not a lesser included offense. Id., 473, 474, 481. Cited. 20 CA 495, 496. Cited.
21 CA 138, 139, 141, 143, 144. Cited. 29 CA 825, 831, 834.
Sec. 53a-57. Misconduct with a motor vehicle: Class D felony. (a) A person is
guilty of misconduct with a motor vehicle when, with criminal negligence in the operation of a motor vehicle, he causes the death of another person.
(b) Misconduct with a motor vehicle is a class D felony.
(1969, P.A. 828, S. 58; P.A. 76-16; P.A. 82-403, S. 3.)
History: P.A. 76-16 defined "intoxication" for purposes of section; P.A. 82-403 amended Subsec. (a) by deleting the
provision that a person is guilty of misconduct with a motor vehicle when he causes the death of another person "in
consequence of his intoxication while operating a motor vehicle" and by deleting the definition of "intoxication".
See Sec. 14-111g re motor vehicle operator's retraining program.
Cited. 174 C. 112, 113, 116. Cited. Id., 118. Cited. 176 C. 445, 446; id., 451, 454, 455, 459. Cited. 188 C. 620, 621.
Cited. 202 C. 629, 638-640. Cited. 207 C. 336, 337. Cited. 216 C. 699, 710. Cited. 222 C. 444, 449. Cited. 229 C. 228, 230.
Cited. 3 CA 137, 138. Violation of Sec. 14-222a, negligent homicide with a motor vehicle, is a lesser included offense
of misconduct with a motor vehicle. 9 CA 686-689, 695, 710, 721, 723. Not a lesser included offense of Sec. 53a-56b(a).
11 CA 473, 474, 481, 482. Cited. 15 CA 392, 393. Cited. 16 CA 497, 507. Cited. 21 CA 138, 144. Cited. 22 CA 108, 111.
Cited. 23 CA 720. Cited. 28 CA 283, 284, 289. Cited. 29 CA 825, 826, 831, 833-835, 837, 839. Cited. 30 CA 428, 429.
Cited. 34 CA 655, 665. Conviction upheld where defendant became aware that his ability to operate a motor vehicle was
impaired, yet continued to operate the motor vehicle. 64 CA 631.
Cited. 35 CS 519, 521. Cited. 36 CS 527, 529.
Subsec. (a):
Cited. 176 C. 451, 452, 454.
Cited. 3 CA 137, 138. Cited. 11 CA 473, 474. Cited. 20 CA 495, 497. Cited. 23 CA 720, 723. Cited. 29 CA 825, 826,
832. This subsec. and Sec. 14-223(b) contain multiple elements that are dissimilar, and the clear language of the statutes
themselves is sufficient for conclusion that they do not impose two punishments for the same act. 84 CA 351.
Sec. 53a-58. Criminally negligent homicide: Class A misdemeanor. (a) A person is guilty of criminally negligent homicide when, with criminal negligence, he causes
the death of another person, except where the defendant caused such death by a motor
vehicle.
(b) Criminally negligent homicide is a class A misdemeanor.
(1969, P.A. 828, S. 59.)
Cited. 174 C. 89, 95. Criminally negligent homicide is a lesser included offense of murder although the state of mind
required is different. 180 C. 382, 403, 408. Cited. 181 C. 406, 412. Cited. 185 C. 63, 76, 78. Cited. 187 C. 6, 29. Cited.
195 C. 232, 242. Cited. 202 C. 520, 521, 525. Cited. Id., 629, 640, 641. Cited. 204 C. 410, 411, 426. Cited. Id., 429, 433.
Cited. 212 C. 593, 607, 608. Cited. 213 C. 579, 590, 592. Cited. 216 C. 699, 710. Cited. 223 C. 273, 275. Cited. 226 C.
237, 250. Cited. 227 C. 456, 476. Cited. 228 C. 118, 127. Trial court improperly refused to instruct jury on this lesser
included offense. Judgment of appellate court in State v. Ray, 30 CA 95, reversed. Id., 147, 149, 155. Cited. Id., 281, 303.
Cited. 238 C. 253.
Cited. 17 CA 502, 519; judgment reversed, see 213 C. 579 et seq. Cited. 24 CA 586, 588. Cited. 26 CA 448, 454. Cited.
28 CA 388, 389. Cited. Id., 771, 773. Cited. 30 CA 95, 99, 101, 103; judgment reversed, see 228 C. 147 et seq. Cited. Id.,
232, 243. Cited. 32 CA 687, 695. Cited. 35 CA 438, 444.
Cited. 40 CS 498, 501.
Subsec. (a):
Cited. 201 C. 174, 187-189. Cited. 202 C. 629, 639. Cited. 213 C. 579, 590. Cited. 214 C. 57, 61, 68. Cited. 223 C.
273, 275. Cited. 228 C. 147, 149. Cited. 231 C. 115, 137.
Cited. 24 CA 586, 588. Cited. 34 CA 368, 382; see also 233 C. 517 et seq.