There is a newer version of the Wyoming Statutes

View our newest version here

2010 Wyoming Statutes
Title 31 - Motor Vehicles
Chapter 5 - Regulation Of Traffic On Highways

CHAPTER 5 - REGULATION OF TRAFFIC ON HIGHWAYS

ARTICLE 1 - IN GENERAL

31-5-101. Short title.

This act may be cited as the "Uniform Act Regulating Traffic on Highways".

31-5-102. Definitions.

(a) Except as otherwise provided, as used in this act:

(i) Repealed by Laws 2002, Ch. 68, 2.

(ii) "Authorized emergency vehicles" means:

(A) Vehicles of fire departments, fire patrols, game and fish law enforcement personnel, livestock board law enforcement personnel, brand inspectors, law enforcement agencies, public and private ambulances, medical rescue units and extrication rescue units;

(B) Privately-owned vehicles used by members of a fire department or emergency service organization while performing or traveling to perform assigned fire fighting or emergency service duties are authorized emergency vehicles if:

(I) Authorized in writing by the appropriate governing body of the city, town or county in which the emergency services organization is located;

(II) Equipped with at least one (1) flashing red, white or amber light visible from the front of the vehicle; and

(III) Equipped with a marker on the front of the vehicle indicating the department or organization with which affiliated.

(iii) "Bicycle" means every vehicle propelled solely by human power upon which any person may ride, having two (2) tandem wheels except scooters and similar devices;

(iv) "Bus" means every motor vehicle designed for carrying more than ten (10) passengers and used for the transportation of persons and every motor vehicle, other than a taxicab, designed and used for the transportation of persons for compensation;

(v) "Business district" means the territory contiguous to and including a highway when within any six hundred (600) feet along the highway where there are buildings in use for business or industrial purposes, including but not limited to hotels, banks or office buildings, railroad stations and public buildings, which buildings occupy at least three hundred (300) feet of frontage on one (1) side or three hundred (300) feet collectively on both sides of the highway;

(vi) "Commission" means the Wyoming transportation commission;

(vii) "Controlled-access highway" means every highway, street or roadway in respect to which owners or occupants of abutting lands and other persons have no legal right of access to or from the same except at such points only and in such manner as may be determined by the public authority having jurisdiction over the highway, street or roadway;

(viii) "Crosswalk" means:

(A) That part of a roadway at an intersection included within the connections of the lateral lines of the sidewalks on opposite sides of the highway measured from the curbs or, in the absence of curbs, from the edges of the traversable roadway, and in the absence of a sidewalk on one (1) side of the roadway, that part of a roadway included within the extension of the lateral lines of the existing sidewalk at right angles to the centerline;

(B) Any portion of a roadway at an intersection or elsewhere distinctly indicated for pedestrian crossing by lines or other markings on the surface.

(ix) "Department" or "highway department" means the department of transportation of the state of Wyoming;

(x) "Driver" means every person who drives or is in actual physical control of a vehicle;

(xi) "Explosives" means any chemical compounds, mixtures or devices, the primary or common purpose of which is to function by explosion, e.g., with substantially instantaneous release of gas and heat, unless the compounds, mixtures or devices are otherwise specifically classified. Explosives are classified as follows, commensurate with the degree of hazard:

(A) Class A -- detonating, or otherwise of maximum hazard, e.g. black powder;

(B) Class B -- rapid combustion rather than detonation, e.g. igniter;

(xii) "Farm tractor" means every motor vehicle designed and used exclusively as a farm implement for drawing implements of husbandry;

(xiii) "Flammable liquid" means any liquid which has a flash point below one hundred degrees Fahrenheit (100 F) and has a vapor pressure not exceeding forty (40) pounds per square inch (absolute) at one hundred degrees Fahrenheit (100 F);

(xiv) "Repealed by Laws 1991, ch. 241, 4.

(xv) "House trailer" means:

(A) A trailer or semitrailer which is designed, constructed and equipped as a dwelling place, living abode or sleeping place (either permanently or temporarily) and is equipped for use as a conveyance on streets and highways; or

(B) A trailer or a semitrailer whose chassis and exterior shell is designed and constructed for use as a house trailer, as defined in subparagraph (A) of this paragraph, but which is used instead permanently or temporarily for advertising, sales display or promotion of merchandise or services, or for any other commercial purpose except the transportation of property for hire or the transportation of property for distribution by a private carrier.

(xvi) "Implement of husbandry" means a vehicle designed and used exclusively for agricultural operations and only incidentally operated or moved upon a highway;

(xvii) "Intersection" means:

(A) The area embraced within the prolongation or connection of the lateral curb lines, or, if none, then the lateral boundary lines of the roadways of two (2) highways which join one another at, or approximately at, right angles, or the area within which vehicles traveling upon different highways joining at any other angle may come in conflict;

(B) Where a highway includes two (2) roadways thirty (30) feet or more apart, then every crossing of each roadway of such divided highway by an intersecting highway shall be regarded as a separate intersection. In the event such intersecting highway also includes two (2) roadways thirty (30) feet or more apart, then every crossing of two (2) roadways of such highway shall be regarded as a separate intersection;

(xviii) "Laned roadway" means a roadway which is divided into two (2) or more clearly marked lanes for vehicular traffic;

(xix) "Local authorities" means every county, municipal and other local board or body having authority to enact laws relating to traffic under the constitution and laws of this state;

(xx) "Metal tire" means every tire the surface of which in contact with the highway is wholly or partly of metal or other hard nonresilient material;

(xxi) "Moped" means a motor-driven cycle both with foot pedals to permit muscular propulsion by human power and with a motor which produces no more than two (2) brake horsepower and which is capable of propelling the vehicle at a maximum speed of no more than thirty (30) miles per hour on a level road surface. If an internal combustion engine is used, the displacement shall not exceed more than fifty (50) cubic centimeters and the moped shall have a power drive system that functions directly or automatically without clutching or shifting by the driver after the drive system is engaged;

(xxii) "Motorcycle" means any motor vehicle having a seat or saddle for the use of the rider and designed to travel on not more than three (3) wheels in contact with the ground, excluding off-road recreation vehicles as defined in W.S. 31-1-101(a)(xv)(K), but including a motor vehicle designed as a recreational vehicle primarily for off-road use to be ridden astride and to travel on four (4) wheels;

(xxiii) "Motor-driven cycle" means any motorcycle, including motor scooters and motorized bicycles having an engine with less than one hundred fifty (150) cubic centimeters displacement or with five (5) brake horsepower or less but does not include motorized skateboards;

(xxiv) "Motor vehicle" means every vehicle which is self-propelled except vehicles moved solely by human power and motorized skateboards as defined by paragraph (a)(lxii) of this section;

(xxv) "Official traffic-control devices" means all signs, signals, markings and devices not inconsistent with this act placed or erected by authority of a public body or official having jurisdiction, for the purpose of regulating, warning or guiding traffic;

(xxvi) "Owner" means a person who holds the legal title of a vehicle or if a vehicle is the subject of an agreement for the conditional sale or lease thereof with the right of purchase upon performance of the conditions stated in the agreement and with an immediate right of possession vested in the conditional vendee or lessee, or if a mortgagor of a vehicle is entitled to possession, then the conditional vendee or lessee or mortgagor shall be deemed the owner for the purpose of this act;

(xxvii) "Park" when prohibited, means the standing of a vehicle, whether occupied or not, otherwise than temporarily for the purpose of and while actually engaged in loading or unloading;

(xxviii) "Pedestrian" means any person afoot;

(xxix) "Pedestrian vehicle" means any self-propelled conveyance designed, manufactured and intended for the exclusive use of persons with a physical disability, but in no case shall the vehicle:

(A) Exceed forty-eight (48) inches in width.

(B) Repealed by Laws 1989, ch. 155, 2.

(xxx) "Physical disability" means any bodily impairment which precludes a person from walking or otherwise moving about easily as a pedestrian;

(xxxi) "Pneumatic tire" means every tire in which compressed air is designed to support the load;

(xxxii) "Pole trailer" means every vehicle without motive power designed to be drawn by another vehicle and attached to the towing vehicle by means of a reach, or pole, or by being boomed or otherwise secured to the towing vehicle, and ordinarily used for transporting long or irregularly shaped loads as poles, pipes or structural members capable, generally, of sustaining themselves as beams between the supporting connections;

(xxxiii) "Police officer" means every officer authorized to direct or regulate traffic or to make arrests for violations of traffic regulations;

(xxxiv) "Private road or driveway" means every way or place in private ownership and used for vehicular travel by the owner and those having express or implied permission from the owner, but not by other persons;

(xxxv) "Railroad" means a carrier of persons or property upon cars, other than streetcars, operated upon stationary rails;

(xxxvi) "Railroad sign or signal" means any sign, signal or device erected by authority of a public body or official or by a railroad and intended to give notice of the presence of railroad tracks or the approach of a railroad train;

(xxxvii) "Railroad train" means a steam engine, electric or other motor, with or without cars coupled thereto, operated upon rails, except streetcars;

(xxxviii) "Residence district" means the territory contiguous to and including a highway not comprising a business district when the property on the highway for a distance of three hundred (300) feet or more is in the main improved with residences or residences and buildings in use for business;

(xxxix) "Right-of-way" means the right of one (1) vehicle or pedestrian to proceed in a lawful manner in preference to another vehicle or pedestrian approaching under such circumstances of direction, speed and proximity as to give rise to danger of collision unless one grants precedence to the other;

(xl) "Roadway" means that portion of a highway improved, designed or ordinarily used for vehicular travel, exclusive of the sidewalk, berm or shoulder. In the event a highway includes two (2) or more separate roadways the term "roadway" as used herein shall refer to any such roadway separately but not to all such roadways collectively;

(xli) "Safety zone" means the area or space officially set apart within a roadway for the exclusive use of pedestrians and which is protected or is so marked or indicated by adequate signs as to be plainly visible at all times while set apart as a safety zone;

(xlii) "School bus" means every motor vehicle that complies with the color and identification requirements set forth in the most recent edition of "Minimum Standards for School Buses" and is used to transport children to or from school, but not including buses operated by common carriers in urban transportation of school children;

(xliii) "Semitrailer" means every vehicle with or without motive power, other than a pole trailer, designed for carrying persons or property and for being drawn by a motor vehicle and so constructed that some part of its weight and that of its load rests upon or is carried by another vehicle;

(xliv) "Sidewalk" means that portion of a street between curb lines, or the lateral lines of a roadway, and the adjacent property lines, intended for use of pedestrians;

(xlv) "Snowmobile" means any mechanically driven vehicle of a type which utilizes sleet type runners, or skis or any endless belt tread or combination of these, designed primarily for operation over snow;

(xlvi) "Solid tire" means every tire of rubber or other resilient material which does not depend upon compressed air for the support of the load;

(xlvii) "Stop" when required means complete cessation from movement;

(xlviii) "Stop, stopping or standing" when prohibited means any stopping or standing of a vehicle, whether occupied or not, except when necessary to avoid conflict with other traffic or in compliance with the directions of a police officer or traffic-control sign or signal;

(xlix) "Street or highway" means the entire width between the boundary lines of every way publicly maintained or if not publicly maintained, dedicated to public use when any part thereof is open to the use of the public for purposes of vehicular travel;

(l) "Superintendent" means the director of the department of transportation;

(li) "Through highway" means every highway or portion thereof on which vehicular traffic is given preferential right-of-way, and at the entrances to which vehicular traffic from intersecting highways is required by law to yield the right-of-way to vehicles on the through highway in obedience to a stop sign, yield sign or other official traffic control devices, when the signs or devices are erected as provided in this act;

(lii) "Traffic" means pedestrians, ridden or herded animals, vehicles and other conveyances either singly or together while using any highway for purposes of travel;

(liii) "Traffic-control signal" means any device, whether manually, electrically or mechanically operated, by which traffic is alternately directed to stop and permitted to proceed;

(liv) "Trailer" means every vehicle with or without motive power, other than a pole trailer, designed for carrying persons or property and for being drawn by a motor vehicle and so constructed that no part of its weight and that of its load rests upon or is carried by another vehicle;

(lv) "Truck" means every motor vehicle designed, used or maintained primarily for the transportation of property;

(lvi) "Truck tractor" means every motor vehicle designed and used primarily for drawing other vehicles and not so constructed as to carry a load other than a part of the weight of the vehicle and load so drawn;

(lvii) "Urban district" means the territory contiguous to and including any public street or highway which is built up with structures devoted to business, industry or dwelling houses situated at intervals of less than one hundred (100) feet for a distance of a quarter of a mile or more;

(lviii) "Vehicle" means every device, in, upon, or by which any person or property is or may be transported or drawn upon a highway, except devices used exclusively upon stationary rails or tracks;

(lix) "This act" means W.S. 31-5-101 through 31-5-1601;

(lx) "Emergency services" means fire fighting, first aid, medical services, rescue, transportation and other related activities necessary to ensure the health or safety of a person or property in imminent peril;

(lxi) "Golf cart" means a motor vehicle which:

(A) Has not less than three (3) wheels in contact with the ground;

(B) Has an unladen weight of less than one thousand three hundred (1,300) pounds;

(D) Is designed to carry golf equipment and not more than four (4) persons including the driver; and

(E) Is being used to transport an occupant directly to, or from or on a golf course, or is being used for special events or circumstances authorized by the city, town or county.

(lxii) "Motorized skateboard" means a self-propelled device which has a motor or engine, a deck on which a person may ride and at least two (2) wheels in contact with the ground and which is not otherwise defined in this act as a "motor vehicle", "motorcycle", "motor-driven cycle" or "pedestrian vehicle";

(lxiii) "Multipurpose vehicle" means as defined in W.S. 31-1-101(a)(xv)(M).

31-5-103. Applicability of provisions to vehicles being operated upon highways.

(a) The provisions of this act relating to the operation of vehicles refer exclusively to the operation of vehicles upon highways except:

(i) Where a different place is specifically referred to in a given section;

(ii) The provisions of W.S. 31-5-225, 31-5-229, 31-5-233 and 31-5-1101 through 31-5-1112 apply upon highways and elsewhere throughout the state.

31-5-104. Obedience to authorized persons directing traffic.

No person shall willfully fail or refuse to comply with any lawful order or direction of any police officer, authorized flagman, or fireman with authority to direct, control or regulate traffic.

31-5-105. Applicability of provisions to drivers of public vehicles.

(a) The provisions of this act applicable to the drivers of vehicles upon the highways shall apply to the drivers of all vehicles owned and operated by the United States, this state, or any county, city, town, special district or any other political subdivision of the state, except as provided in this section and subject to such specific exceptions as are set forth in this act with reference to authorized emergency vehicles.

(b) Unless specifically made applicable, the provisions of this act except those contained in W.S. 31-5-225, 31-5-229, 31-5-233 and 31-5-236 do not apply to persons, motor vehicles and equipment while actually engaged in work upon a highway but shall apply to the persons and vehicles when traveling to or from work.

31-5-106. Authorized emergency vehicles.

(a) The driver of an authorized emergency vehicle, when responding to an emergency call or when in pursuit of an actual or suspected violator of the law or when responding to but not upon returning from a fire alarm, may:

(i) Park or stand, irrespective of the provisions of this act;

(ii) Proceed past a red or stop signal or stop sign, but only after slowing down as may be necessary for safe operation;

(iii) Exceed the maximum speed limits so long as he does not endanger life or property;

(iv) Disregard regulations governing direction of movement or turning in specified directions.

(b) This section does not relieve the driver of an authorized emergency vehicle from the duty to drive with due regard for the safety of all persons, nor shall this section protect the driver from the consequences of his reckless disregard for the safety of others.

31-5-107. Persons riding animals or driving animal-drawn vehicles.

Every person riding an animal or driving any animal-drawn vehicle upon a roadway is granted all the rights and is subject to all of the duties applicable to the driver of a vehicle by this act except those provisions of this act which by their very nature can have no application.

31-5-108. Local regulations.

The provisions of this act shall be applicable and uniform throughout this state and in all political subdivisions and municipalities therein. Local authorities may, however, adopt by ordinance, traffic regulations for all streets within their city limits and highways under their corporate jurisdiction and shall have the express authority to enforce the traffic regulations so adopted, by action in their respective local municipal courts.

31-5-109. General powers of local authorities.

(a) This act does not prevent local authorities with respect to streets and highways under their jurisdiction and within the reasonable exercise of the police power from:

(i) Regulating or prohibiting stopping, standing or parking;

(ii) Regulating traffic by means of police officers, authorized flagmen or official traffic-control signals;

(iii) Regulating or prohibiting processions or assemblages on the highways;

(iv) Designating particular highways or roadways for use by traffic moving in one (1) direction as authorized by W.S. 31-5-208;

(v) Repealed By Laws 2002, Ch. 68, 2.

(vi) Designating any highway as a through highway or designating any intersection or junction of roadways as a stop or yield intersection or junction;

(vii) Regulating the operation of bicycles and requiring the registration and licensing of bicycles, including the requirement of a registration fee;

(viii) Regulating or prohibiting the turning of vehicles or specified types of vehicles;

(ix) Altering or establishing speed limits as authorized by this act;

(x) Requiring written accident reports as authorized by W.S. 31-5-1106;

(xi) Designating no-passing zones as authorized in W.S. 31-5-207;

(xii) Prohibiting or regulating the use of controlled-access roadways by any class or kind of traffic as authorized in W.S. 31-5-213;

(xiii) Prohibiting or regulating the use of heavily traveled streets by any class or kind of traffic found to be incompatible with the normal and safe movement of traffic;

(xiv) Establishing minimum speed limits as authorized by W.S. 31-5-304(b);

(xv) Designating and regulating traffic on play streets;

(xvi) Regulating persons propelling push carts;

(xvii) Regulating persons upon skates, coasters, sleds, motorized skateboards and other toy vehicles;

(xviii) Adopting and enforcing such temporary or experimental regulations as may be necessary to cover emergencies or special conditions;

(xix) Prohibiting drivers of ambulances from exceeding maximum speed limits;

(xx) Adopting such other traffic regulations as are specifically authorized by this act.

(b) No local authority shall erect or maintain any official traffic-control device at any location so as to require the traffic on any state highway to stop before entering or crossing any intersecting highway unless approval in writing has first been obtained from the highway department.

(c) No ordinance or regulation enacted under paragraphs (a)(iv), (v), (vi), (viii), (ix), (x), (xiii) or (xv) of this section is effective until official traffic-control devices giving notice of the local traffic regulations are erected upon or at the entrances to the highway or part thereof affected as may be most appropriate.

31-5-110. Limitations upon powers of local authorities; exceptions as to municipal authorities.

(a) Except as otherwise provided, local authorities shall not require any person to pay any fee or license for the use or exclude any person from the free use of the public highways or in any other way regulate the operation of motor vehicles or their speed upon or use of the public highways. Local authorities may, within their legal corporate limits:

(i) Regulate the operation of vehicles offered for hire, or forming a part of processions, assemblages or parades on public highways or public grounds;

(ii) Close for a reasonable time a specified highway for speed contests or races, with proper safety restrictions and regulations;

(iii) Exclude motor vehicles from any cemetery or burial ground; and

(iv) Exclude motor vehicles used solely for commercial purposes from any park or part of a park system.

31-5-111. Right of real property owners to prohibit or regulate public vehicular use; handicapped parking.

(a) Nothing in this act prevents the owner of real property used by the public for purposes of vehicular travel by permission of the owner, and not as matter of right, from prohibiting the use, or from requiring other or different or additional conditions than those specified in this act, or otherwise regulating use of the real property as determined by the owner.

(b) With the approval of the board of county commissioners or the local governing body having jurisdiction, the real property owner may reserve parking spaces for the handicapped and erect signs in accordance with W.S. 31-5-501(b). The signs reserving parking spaces for the handicapped under this section shall be enforceable under W.S. 31-5-501(c) or any existing municipal ordinance adopted by the governing body of the municipality with jurisdiction.

31-5-112. Adoption of uniform system of traffic-control devices.

The department shall adopt a manual and specifications for a uniform system of traffic-control devices consistent with this act for use upon highways within this state. The uniform system shall correlate with and so far as possible conform to the system set forth in the most recent edition of the "Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways" and other standards issued or endorsed by the federal highway administrator.

31-5-113. Placement and maintenance of traffic-control devices by department.

(a) The department shall place and maintain such traffic-control devices, conforming to the department's manual and specifications, upon all state highways as it deems necessary to indicate and to carry out this act or to regulate, warn or guide traffic.

(b) No local authority shall place or maintain any traffic-control device upon any highway under the jurisdiction of the highway department except with the highway department's permission.

31-5-114. Renumbered as 31-18-602 by Laws 1993, ch. 68, 4.

31-5-115. Operation of motorcycles and pedestrian vehicles.

(a) A person operating a motorcycle shall ride only upon the permanent and regular seat attached thereto and shall not carry any other person nor shall any other person ride on a motorcycle unless the motorcycle is designed to carry more than one (1) person, in which event a passenger may ride upon the permanent and regular seat if designed for two (2) persons, or upon another seat firmly attached to the motorcycle at the rear or side of the operator.

(b) A person shall ride upon a motorcycle only while sitting astride the seat, facing forward, with one (1) leg on each side of the motorcycle.

(c) No person shall operate a motorcycle while carrying any package, bundle or other article which prevents him from keeping both hands on the handlebars, or obstructs his vision, or interferes with the operation of the motorcycle.

(d) No operator shall carry any person, nor shall any person ride in a position that will interfere with the operation or control of the motorcycle or the view of the operator.

(e) All motorcycles are entitled to full use of a lane and no motor vehicle shall be driven in such a manner as to deprive any motorcycle of the full use of a lane. Two (2) motorcycles may be driven abreast in the same lane by consent of both motorcycle drivers.

(f) The operator of a motorcycle shall not overtake and pass any vehicle in the same lane occupied by the vehicle being overtaken, except another motorcycle. The operator of a motorcycle overtaking another motorcycle in the same lane shall first match the speed of the motorcycle being overtaken.

(g) No person shall operate a motorcycle between lanes of traffic or between adjacent lines or rows of vehicles.

(h) Subsections (f) and (g) of this section do not apply to police officers in the performance of their official duties.

(j) Motorcycles shall not be operated three (3) or more abreast in a single lane.

(k) No person riding upon a motorcycle shall attach himself or the motorcycle to any other moving vehicle on a roadway. This does not prohibit attaching a motorcycle trailer or motorcycle semitrailer to a motorcycle if the trailer or semitrailer was designed for the attachment.

(m) Any motorcycle carrying a passenger, other than in a sidecar or enclosed cab, shall be equipped with footrests for the passenger.

(n) No person shall operate any motorcycle with handlebars so positioned that the hands of the operator, when upon the grips, are above shoulder height when the operator is sitting astride the vehicle seat with the vehicle in an upright position.

(o) No minor shall operate or ride nor shall the operator permit a minor to ride upon a motorcycle unless he is wearing protective headgear securely fastened on his head, and of a type which complies with standards established by the superintendent. This subsection does not apply to persons riding within an enclosed cab nor to persons operating or riding a moped. This subsection only applies to motorcycles used on public highways, streets and thoroughfares.

(p) Any person operating a motorcycle or pedestrian vehicle shall have the headlamps of the motorcycle or pedestrian vehicle activated at all times, including daylight hours.

(q) Operators of motorcycles operating in an officially authorized parade are exempt from subsections (e) through (o) of this section.

(r) The superintendent is authorized to approve or disapprove protective headgear required herein, and to issue and enforce regulations establishing standards and specifications for the approval thereof and to the sale and use of the equipment as provided in W.S. 31-5-932 through 31-5-934 for other vehicle safety equipment. The standard for protective headgear shall meet or exceed the Z90.1-1971 standard of the American National Standards Institute. However, all existing equipment meeting the Z90.1-1966 standard of the American National Standards Institute shall be accepted.

(s) This section applies to motor-driven cycles unless otherwise provided.

31-5-116. Obstruction to driver's view or driving mechanism.

(a) No person shall drive a vehicle when it is loaded, or when there are in the front seat enough people, exceeding three (3), to obstruct the view of the driver to the front or sides of the vehicle or to interfere with the driver's control over the driving mechanism of the vehicle.

(b) No passenger in a vehicle shall ride in such position as to interfere with the driver's view ahead or to the sides, or to interfere with his control over the driving mechanism of the vehicle.

31-5-117. Dropping or throwing material on highway; removal of injurious material.

(a) Except in the process of highway construction or repair, any person who drops, or permits to be dropped or thrown, upon a highway any material shall immediately remove the material or cause it to be removed.

(b) Any person removing a wrecked or damaged vehicle from a highway shall remove any glass or other substance dropped upon the highway from the vehicle.

31-5-118. Regulations relative to school buses.

(a) The state superintendent of public instruction shall adopt and enforce regulations not inconsistent with this act to govern the design and operation of all school buses used for the transportation of school children when owned and operated by any school district or privately owned and operated under contract with any school district in this state and the regulations shall by reference be made a part of any contract with a school district. Every school district, its officers and employees, and every person employed under contract by a school district shall be subject to the regulations.

(b) Any officer or employee of any school district who violates any of the regulations or fails to include obligation to comply with the regulations in any contract executed by him on behalf of a school district is guilty of misconduct and subject to removal from office or employment. Any person operating a school bus under contract with a school district who fails to comply with the regulations is guilty of breach of contract and the contract shall be cancelled after notice and hearing by the responsible officers of the school district.

31-5-119. Clinging to vehicles.

(a) No person riding upon any bicycle, coaster, roller skates, sled or toy vehicle shall attach it or himself to any vehicle upon a roadway.

(b) This section does not prohibit attaching a bicycle trailer or bicycle semitrailer to a bicycle if the trailer or semitrailer was designed for the attachment.

(c) No person operating a vehicle shall permit a passenger to ride on the fender or running board of the vehicle nor shall any passenger ride on the fender or running board of a vehicle. This subsection does not apply to a commercial vehicle or a vehicle operated by or for a political subdivision of this state designed to permit a passenger to ride on a fender or running board, such as a fire department or trash collection truck.

31-5-120. Driving upon sidewalk.

No person shall drive any vehicle except motorized wheelchairs other than by human power upon a sidewalk or sidewalk area except upon a permanent or duly authorized temporary driveway.

31-5-121. Opening and closing vehicle doors.

No person shall open any door on a motor vehicle unless and until it is reasonably safe to do so and can be done without interfering with the movement of other traffic, nor shall any person leave a door open on a side of a vehicle available to moving traffic for a period of time longer than necessary to load or unload passengers.

31-5-122. Riding in house trailers.

No person shall occupy a house trailer while it is being towed upon a public highway.

31-5-123. Funeral processions; right-of-way; limitations.

(a) A funeral procession led by a funeral car or escorted by a police vehicle and displaying flashing lights authorized under W.S. 31-5-928 has the right-of-way in the lane or portion of the roadway upon which it is traveling subject to the following:

(i) The driver of the lead vehicle of the procession shall comply with all traffic control devices except when otherwise directed by a law enforcement officer. Vehicles in the procession displaying headlamps may follow the lead vehicle without stopping at stop signs or traffic signals. Vehicles in the procession shall yield the right-of-way to authorized emergency vehicles;

(ii) Vehicles in a funeral procession shall be driven on the right-hand side of the roadway and, if a laned roadway, in the right-hand lane nearest the right-hand edge of the roadway.

(b) Drivers of oncoming vehicles are required to yield the right-of-way to funeral processions.

31-5-124. Off-road recreational vehicles; multipurpose vehicles; limitation on use; equipment.

(a) No person shall operate an off-road recreational vehicle as defined in W.S. 31-1-101(a)(xv)(K) upon public streets or highways except:

(i) For incidental operation of vehicles specified in W.S. 31-1-101(a)(xv)(K), upon a public street or highway located outside the limits of an incorporated municipality pursuant to agricultural operations as defined in W.S. 31-18-801(a)(i). An off-road recreational vehicle operated upon a public street or highway under this paragraph is subject to the same equipment requirements under this act as an implement of husbandry, except that vehicles specified in W.S. 31-1-101(a)(xv)(K)(II), when operated pursuant to this paragraph, shall:

(A) Wherever practicable, only be operated off the main traveled portion of the roadway. Crossings of main traveled roadways shall be made at right angles to the roadway or as nearly so as practicable, but in any case yielding the right-of-way to all traffic in the main traveled roadway;

(B) If the operator is a minor, or if a minor is a rider, be operated with a helmet in accordance with W.S. 31-5-115(o);

(C) Be operated only by a person who possesses a valid driver's license with a motorcycle endorsement pursuant to W.S. 31-7-109(d)(vi).

(ii) For operation of a vehicle in accordance with the provisions of W.S. 31-5-1601.

(b) Multipurpose vehicles may be operated on public streets or highways, subject to the following:

(i) Multipurpose vehicles shall not be operated on interstate highways;

(ii) If a multipurpose vehicle is incapable of achieving the maximum speed allowed on the specific highway, it shall be operated on the extreme right hand edge of the roadway and shall be equipped with either a reflectorized flag as described in W.S. 31-5-960(a)(vi) or a slow moving vehicle emblem as described in W.S. 31-5-921(h);

(iii) Multipurpose vehicles designed for operation at speeds less than twenty-five (25) miles per hour shall be equipped with a slow moving vehicle emblem as described in W.S. 31-5-921(h).

ARTICLE 2 - OPERATION OF VEHICLES GENERALLY

31-5-201. Driving on right side of roadway; exceptions.

(a) Upon all roadways of sufficient width a vehicle shall be driven upon the right half of the roadway, except as follows:

(i) When overtaking and passing another vehicle proceeding in the same direction under the rules governing the movement;

(ii) When a stationary obstruction exists making it necessary to drive to the left of the center of the highway but any person so doing shall yield the right-of-way to all vehicles traveling in the proper direction upon the unobstructed portion of the highway within such distance as to constitute an immediate hazard;

(iii) Upon a roadway divided into three (3) marked lanes for traffic under the rules applicable thereon; or

(iv) Upon a roadway designated and signposted for one-way traffic.

(b) Upon all roadways except one-way streets any vehicle proceeding at less than the normal speed of traffic at the time and place and under the conditions then existing shall be driven in the right-hand lane then available for traffic, or as close as practicable to the right-hand curb or edge of the roadway, except when overtaking and passing another vehicle proceeding in the same direction or when preparing for a left turn at an intersection or into an alley, private road or driveway.

(c) Upon any roadway having four (4) or more lanes for moving traffic and providing for two-way movement of traffic, no vehicle shall be driven to the left of the center line of the roadway except when authorized by official traffic-control devices designating certain lanes to the left side of the center of the roadway for use by traffic not otherwise permitted to use the lanes, or except as permitted under paragraph (a)(ii) of this section. This subsection does not prohibit the crossing of the center line in making a left turn into or from an alley, private road or driveway.

31-5-202. Passing of vehicle approaching from opposite direction.

Drivers of vehicles proceeding in opposite directions shall pass each other to the right and upon roadways having width for not more than one (1) line of traffic in each direction each driver shall give to the other at least one-half (1/2) of the main-traveled portion of the roadway as nearly as possible.

31-5-203. Rules governing overtaking on the left.

(a) The following rules shall govern the overtaking and passing of vehicles proceeding in the same direction, subject to those limitations, exceptions and special rules hereinafter stated:

(i) The driver of a vehicle overtaking another vehicle proceeding in the same direction shall pass to the left thereof at a safe distance and shall not again drive to the right side of the roadway until safely clear of the overtaken vehicle;

(ii) Except when overtaking and passing on the right is permitted, the driver of an overtaken vehicle shall give way to the right in favor of the overtaking vehicle on audible signal and shall not increase the speed of his vehicle until completely passed by the overtaking vehicle.

31-5-204. General limitations on overtaking on the left.

No vehicle shall be driven to the left side of the center of the roadway in overtaking and passing another vehicle proceeding in the same direction unless the left side is clearly visible and is free of oncoming traffic for a sufficient distance ahead to permit the overtaking and passing to be completely made without interfering with the operation of any vehicle approaching from the opposite direction or any vehicle overtaken. In every event the overtaking vehicle must return to an authorized lane of travel as soon as practicable and in the event the passing movement involves the use of a lane authorized for vehicles approaching from the opposite direction, before coming within two hundred (200) feet of any approaching vehicle.

31-5-205. Additional limitations on driving on the left; exceptions.

(a) No vehicle shall be driven on the left side of the roadway under the following conditions:

(i) When approaching or upon the crest of a grade or a curve in the highway where the driver's view is obstructed within such distance as to create a hazard in the event another vehicle might approach from the opposite direction;

(ii) When approaching within one hundred (100) feet of or traversing any intersection or railroad grade crossing unless otherwise indicated by official traffic-control devices;

(iii) When the view is obstructed upon approaching within one hundred (100) feet of any bridge, viaduct or tunnel.

(b) Subsection (a) of this section does not apply:

(i) Upon a one-way roadway;

(ii) Under the conditions described in W.S. 31-5-201(a)(ii);

(iii) To the driver of a vehicle turning left into or from an alley, private road or driveway.

31-5-206. Overtaking on the right.

(a) The driver of a vehicle may overtake and pass upon the right of another vehicle only under the following conditions:

(i) When the vehicle overtaken is making or about to make a left turn;

(ii) Upon a roadway with unobstructed pavement of sufficient width for two (2) or more lines of vehicles moving lawfully in the direction being traveled by the overtaking vehicle.

(b) The driver of a vehicle may overtake and pass another vehicle upon the right only under conditions permitting the movement in safety. The movement shall not be made by driving off the roadway.

31-5-207. No-passing zones.

(a) The superintendent and local authorities may determine those portions of any highway under their respective jurisdictions where overtaking and passing or driving on the left of the roadway would be especially hazardous and may by appropriate signs or markings on the roadway indicate the beginning and end of such zones and when the signs or markings are in place and clearly visible to an ordinarily observant person every driver of a vehicle shall obey the directions thereof.

(b) Where signs or markings are in place to define a no-passing zone as set forth in subsection (a) of this section no driver shall drive on the left side of the roadway within a no-passing zone or on the left side of any pavement striping designed to mark a no-passing zone throughout its length.

(c) This section does not apply under the conditions described in W.S. 31-5-201(a)(ii) nor to the driver of a vehicle turning left into or from any alley, private road or driveway.

31-5-208. One-way roadways and rotary traffic islands.

(a) The superintendent and local authorities with respect to highways under their respective jurisdictions may designate any highway, roadway, part of a roadway or specific lanes upon which vehicular traffic shall proceed in one (1) direction at all or such times as is indicated by official traffic-control devices.

(b) Upon a roadway so designated for one-way traffic a vehicle shall be driven only in the direction designated at all or such times as indicated by official traffic-control devices.

31-5-209. Driving on roadways laned for traffic.

(a) Whenever any roadway has been divided into two (2) or more clearly marked lanes for traffic the following rules in addition to all others consistent herewith shall apply:

(i) A vehicle shall be driven as nearly as practicable entirely within a single lane and shall not be moved from the lane until the driver has first ascertained that the movement can be made with safety;

(ii) Upon a roadway which is divided into three (3) lanes and provides for two-way movement of traffic, a vehicle shall not be driven in the center lane except when overtaking and passing another vehicle traveling in the same direction when the center lane is clear of traffic within a safe distance, or in preparation for making or completing a left turn or where the center lane is at the time allocated exclusively to traffic moving in the direction the vehicle is proceeding and the allocation is designated by official traffic-control devices;

(iii) Official traffic-control devices may be erected directing specified traffic to use a designated lane or designating those lanes to be used by traffic moving in a particular direction regardless of the center of the roadway and drivers of vehicles shall obey the directions of every such device;

(iv) Official traffic-control devices may be installed prohibiting the changing of lanes on sections of roadways and drivers of vehicles shall obey the directions of every such device.

31-5-210. Following too closely.

(a) The driver of a vehicle shall not follow another vehicle more closely than is reasonable and prudent, having due regard for the speed of the vehicles and the traffic upon and the condition of the highway.

(b) The driver of any vehicle when traveling upon a roadway outside of a business or residence district, and which is following another vehicle shall, whenever conditions permit, leave sufficient space so that an overtaking vehicle may enter and occupy the space without danger.

(c) Motor vehicles being driven upon any roadway outside of a business or residence district in a caravan or motorcade whether or not towing other vehicles shall be so operated as to allow sufficient space between each vehicle or combination of vehicles so as to enable any other vehicle to enter and occupy such space without danger. This provision shall not apply to funeral processions.

31-5-211. Driving on divided highways.

Whenever any highway has been divided into two (2) or more roadways by leaving an intervening space or by a physical barrier or clearly indicated dividing section so constructed as to impede vehicular traffic, every vehicle shall be driven only upon the right-hand roadway unless directed or permitted to use another roadway by official traffic-control devices or police officers. No vehicle shall be driven over, across or within any dividing space, barrier or section except through an opening in the physical barrier or dividing section or space or at a cross-over or intersection as established, unless specifically permitted by public authority.

31-5-212. Driving onto or from controlled-access highways.

No person shall drive a vehicle onto or from any controlled-access highway except at such entrances and exits as are established by public authority.

31-5-213. Restrictions on use of controlled-access highways.

(a) The department may by rule or regulation, and local authorities may by ordinance, with respect to any controlled-access highway under their respective jurisdictions prohibit or regulate the use of the highway by any class or kind of traffic which is found to be incompatible with the normal and safe movement of traffic.

(b) The department or the local authority adopting any prohibitory regulation under subsection (a) of this section shall erect and maintain official traffic-control devices on the controlled-access highway on which the regulations are applicable and when so erected no person shall disobey the restrictions stated on the devices.

31-5-214. Required position and method of turning at intersections.

(a) The driver of a vehicle intending to turn shall do so as follows:

(i) Right turns: Both the approach for a right turn and a right turn shall be made as close as practicable to the right-hand curb or edge of the roadway;

(ii) Left turns: The driver of a vehicle intending to turn left shall approach the turn in the extreme left-hand lane lawfully available to traffic moving in the direction of travel of the vehicle. Whenever practicable the left turn shall be made to the left of the center of the intersection and so as to leave the intersection or other location in the extreme left-hand lane lawfully available to traffic moving in the same direction as the vehicle on the roadway being entered;

(iii) Two-way left turn lanes: Where a special lane for making left turns by drivers proceeding in opposite directions has been indicated by official traffic-control devices:

(A) A left turn shall not be made from any other lane;

(B) A vehicle shall not be driven in the lane except when preparing for making a left turn from or onto the roadway or when preparing for a U-turn when otherwise permitted by law.

(b) The highway department and local authorities in their respective jurisdictions may cause official traffic-control devices to be placed and thereby require and direct that a different course from that specified in this section be traveled by turning vehicles and when the devices are so placed no driver shall turn a vehicle other than as directed and required by the devices.

31-5-215. Limitations on turning around.

(a) The driver of a vehicle shall not turn the vehicle so as to proceed in the opposite direction unless the movement can be made in safety and without interfering with other traffic.

(b) No vehicle shall be turned so as to proceed in the opposite direction upon any curve, or upon the approach to or near the crest of a grade, where the vehicle cannot be seen by the driver of any other vehicle approaching from either direction within five hundred (500) feet.

31-5-216. Starting parked vehicle.

No person shall start a vehicle which is stopped, standing or parked unless and until the movement can be made with reasonable safety.

31-5-217. Turning movements and required signals.

(a) No person shall turn a vehicle or move right or left upon a roadway unless and until the movement can be made with reasonable safety nor without giving an appropriate signal in the manner provided by this section.

(b) A signal of intention to turn right or left when required shall be given continuously during not less than the last one hundred (100) feet traveled by the vehicle before turning.

(c) No person shall stop or suddenly decrease the speed of a vehicle without first giving an appropriate signal required by this act to the driver of any vehicle immediately to the rear when there is opportunity to give the signal.

(d) The signals required on vehicles by W.S. 31-5-218(b) shall not be flashed on one (1) side only on a disabled vehicle, flashed as a courtesy or "do pass" signal to operators of other vehicles approaching from the rear, nor be flashed on one (1) side only of a parked vehicle except as may be necessary for compliance with this section.

(e) No person shall drive a motor vehicle upon private or public property to gain access to another roadway for the purpose of avoiding a traffic-control device.

31-5-218. Signals by hand and arm or signal lamps.

(a) Any stop or turn signal when required under this act shall be given either by means of the hand and arm or by signal lamps, except as otherwise provided in subsection (b) of this section.

(b) Any motor vehicle in use on a highway shall be equipped with, and required signal shall be given by, signal lamps when the distance from the center of the top of the steering post to the left outside limit of the body, cab or load of the motor vehicle exceeds twenty-four (24) inches, or when the distance from the center of the top of the steering post to the rear limit of the body or load thereof exceeds fourteen (14) feet. The latter measurement shall apply to any single vehicle and to any combination of vehicles.

31-5-219. Manner of giving hand and arm signals.

(a) All signals required under this act given by hand and arm shall be given from the left side of the vehicle in the following manner and the signals shall indicate as follows:

(i) Left turn: Hand and arm extended horizontally;

(ii) Right turn: Hand and arm extended upward;

(iii) Stop or decrease speed: Hand and arm extended downward.

31-5-220. Approaching or entering intersection.

(a) The driver of a vehicle approaching an intersection shall yield the right-of-way to a vehicle which has entered the intersection from a different highway.

(b) When two (2) vehicles enter an intersection from different highways at approximately the same time, the driver of the vehicle on the left shall yield the right-of-way to the vehicle on the right.

(c) The right-of-way rules declared in subsections (a) and (b) of this section are modified at through highways and otherwise as stated in this act.

31-5-221. Turning left at intersection.

The driver of a vehicle intending to turn to the left shall yield the right-of-way to any vehicle approaching from the opposite direction which is within the intersection or so close thereto as to constitute an immediate hazard.

31-5-222. Stop signs and yield signs.

(a) Preferential right-of-way may be indicated by stop signs or yield signs as authorized in W.S. 31-5-503.

(b) Except when directed to proceed by a police officer, every driver of a vehicle approaching a stop sign shall stop at a clearly marked stop line, but if none, before entering the crosswalk on the near side of the intersection, or if none, then at the point nearest the intersecting roadway where the driver has a view of approaching traffic on the intersecting roadway before entering it. After having stopped the driver shall yield the right-of-way to any vehicle in the intersection or approaching on another roadway so closely as to constitute an immediate hazard during the time when the driver is moving across or within the intersection or junction of roadways. The driver shall yield the right-of-way to pedestrians within an adjacent crosswalk.

(c) The driver of a vehicle approaching a yield sign shall in obedience to the sign slow down to a speed reasonable for the existing conditions and, if required for safety to stop, shall stop at a clearly marked stop line, but if none, before entering the crosswalk on the near side of the intersection, or if none, then at the point nearest the intersecting roadway where the driver has a view of approaching traffic on the intersecting roadway before entering it. After slowing or stopping, the driver shall yield the right-of-way to any vehicle in the intersection or approaching on another roadway so closely as to constitute an immediate hazard during the time the driver is moving across or within the intersection or junction of roadways. The driver shall yield the right-of-way to pedestrians within an adjacent crosswalk. If the driver is involved in a collision with a pedestrian in a crosswalk or a vehicle in the intersection or junction of roadways, after driving past a yield sign without stopping, the collision shall be deemed prima facie evidence of his failure to yield the right-of-way.

31-5-223. Entering or crossing roadway.

The driver of a vehicle about to enter or cross a roadway from any place other than another roadway shall yield the right-of-way to all vehicles approaching on the roadway to be entered or crossed.

31-5-224. Operation of vehicles upon approach of authorized emergency vehicles.

(a) Upon the immediate approach of an authorized emergency vehicle making use of audible or visual signals meeting the requirements of W.S. 31-5-928 and 31-5-952, the driver of every other vehicle shall yield the right-of-way and shall immediately drive to a position parallel to, and as close as possible to, the right-hand edge or curb of the roadway clear of any intersection and shall stop and remain in that position until the authorized emergency vehicle has passed, except when otherwise directed by a police officer. When an authorized emergency vehicle making use of any visual signals provided for in W.S. 31-5-928(d) is parked, the driver of every other vehicle, as soon as it is safe:

(i) When driving on an interstate highway or other highway with two (2) or more lanes traveling in the direction of the emergency vehicle, shall merge into the lane farthest from the emergency vehicle, except when otherwise directed by a police officer;

(ii) When driving on a two (2) lane road, shall slow to a speed that is twenty (20) miles per hour less than the posted speed limit, except when otherwise directed by a police officer.

(b) This section shall not operate to relieve the driver of an authorized emergency vehicle from the duty to drive with due regard for the safety of all persons using the highway.

31-5-225. Fleeing or attempting to elude police officers; penalty.

(a) Any driver of a motor vehicle who willfully fails or refuses to bring his vehicle to a stop, or who otherwise flees or attempts to elude a pursuing police vehicle, when given visual or audible signal to bring the vehicle to a stop, is guilty of a misdemeanor. The signal given by the police officer may be by hand, voice, emergency light or siren. The officer giving the signal shall be in uniform, prominently displaying his badge of office, and his vehicle shall be appropriately marked showing it to be an official police vehicle.

(b) Every person convicted of fleeing or attempting to elude a police officer shall be punished by a fine of not more than seven hundred fifty dollars ($750.00), or by imprisonment for not more than six (6) months, or both.

31-5-226. Limitations on backing.

(a) The driver of a vehicle shall not back the vehicle unless the movement can be made with safety and without interfering with other traffic.

(b) The driver of a vehicle shall not back the vehicle upon any shoulder or roadway of any controlled-access highway.

31-5-227. Driving through defiles or canyons or on mountain highways.

The driver of a motor vehicle traveling through defiles or canyons or on mountain highways shall hold the motor vehicle under control and as near the right-hand edge of the highway as reasonably possible and, except when driving entirely to the right of the center of the roadway, shall give audible warning with the horn of the motor vehicle upon approaching any curve where the view is obstructed within a distance of two hundred (200) feet along the highway.

31-5-228. Loads on vehicles.

No vehicle shall be driven or moved on any highway unless the vehicle is so constructed or loaded as to prevent any of its load from dropping, sifting, leaking or otherwise escaping therefrom. This section does not prohibit the necessary spreading of any substance in highway maintenance or construction operations.

31-5-229. Reckless driving.

Any person who drives any vehicle in willful or wanton disregard for the safety of persons or property is guilty of reckless driving.

31-5-230. Coasting.

(a) The driver of any motor vehicle when traveling upon a downgrade shall not coast with the gears or transmission of the vehicle in neutral.

(b) The driver of a truck or bus when traveling upon a downgrade shall not coast with the clutch disengaged.

31-5-231. Following fire apparatus.

The driver of any vehicle other than one on official business shall not follow any fire apparatus traveling in response to a fire alarm closer than five hundred (500) feet or stop the vehicle within five hundred (500) feet of any fire apparatus stopped in answer to a fire alarm.

31-5-232. Driving over fire hose.

No vehicle shall be driven over any unprotected hose of a fire department when laid down on any street, private road or driveway to be used at any fire or alarm of fire, without the consent of the fire department official in command.

31-5-233. Driving or having control of vehicle while under influence of intoxicating liquor or controlled substances; penalties.

(a) As used in this section:

(i) "Alcohol concentration" means:

(A) The number of grams of alcohol per one hundred (100) milliliters of blood;

(B) The number of grams of alcohol per two hundred ten (210) liters of breath; or

(ii) "Controlled substance" includes:

(A) Any drug or substance defined by W.S. 35-7-1002(a)(iv);

(B) Any glue, aerosol or other toxic vapor which when intentionally inhaled or sniffed results in impairment of an individual's ability to drive safely.

(C) Any drug or psychoactive substance, or any combination of these substances, capable of impairing a person's physical or mental faculties.

(iii) "Conviction" means as defined in W.S. 31-7-102(a)(xi);

(iv) "Driver's license" means as defined in W.S. 31-7-102(a)(xxv) and includes nonresident operating privileges as defined in W.S. 31-7-102(a)(xxx);

(v) "Other law prohibiting driving while under the influence" means a statute of another state, the United States or a territory or district of the United States or an ordinance of a governmental entity of this or another state or of an Indian tribe which prohibits driving while under the influence of intoxicating liquor, alcohol, controlled substances or drugs;

(vi) "Child passenger" means a person traveling in a vehicle who is under sixteen (16) years of age;

(vii) "Alcohol" means any substance or substances containing any form of alcohol;

(viii) "Chemical test" means a test which analyzes an individual's breath, blood, urine, saliva or other bodily fluids or tissues for evidence of drug or alcohol use.

(b) No person shall drive or have actual physical control of any vehicle within this state if the person:

(i) Has an alcohol concentration of eight one-hundredths of one percent (0.08%) or more;

(ii) Has an alcohol concentration of eight one-hundredths of one percent (0.08%) or more, as measured within two (2) hours after the time of driving or being in actual physical control of the vehicle following a lawful arrest resulting from a valid traffic stop; or

(iii) To a degree which renders him incapable of safely driving:

(A) Is under the influence of alcohol;

(B) Is under the influence of a controlled substance; or

(c) Upon the trial of any criminal action or proceeding arising out of acts alleged to have been committed by any person while driving or being in actual physical control of a vehicle while under the influence of alcohol, the amount of alcohol in the person's blood at the time alleged as shown by chemical analysis of the person's blood, urine, breath, or other bodily substance shall give rise to the following presumptions:

(i) If there was at that time an alcohol concentration of five one-hundredths of one percent (0.05%) or less, it shall be presumed that the person was not under the influence of alcohol;

(ii) If there was at that time an alcohol concentration of more than five one-hundredths of one percent (0.05%) and less than eight one-hundredths of one percent (0.08%), that fact shall not give rise to any presumption that the person was or was not under the influence of alcohol, but it may be considered with other competent evidence in determining whether the person was under the influence of alcohol to a degree which renders him incapable of safely driving a motor vehicle.

(d) Subsection (c) of this section shall not be construed as limiting the introduction of any other competent evidence bearing upon the question of whether the person was under the influence of alcohol, including tests obtained more than two (2) hours after the alleged violation. The fact that any person charged with a violation of subsection (b) of this section is or has been entitled to use the controlled substance under the laws of this state shall not constitute a defense against any charge under subsection (b) of this section.

(e) Except as otherwise provided, a person convicted of violating this section shall be ordered to or shall receive a substance abuse assessment conducted by a substance abuse provider certified by the department of health pursuant to W.S. 9-2-2701(c) at or before sentencing. The cost of the substance abuse assessment shall be assessed to and paid by the offender. Except as otherwise provided in this subsection or subsection (h) or (m) of this section, a person convicted of violating this section is guilty of a misdemeanor punishable by imprisonment for not more than six (6) months, a fine of not more than seven hundred fifty dollars ($750.00), or both. On a second offense resulting in a conviction within ten (10) years after a conviction for a violation of this section or other law prohibiting driving while under the influence, he shall be punished by imprisonment for not less than seven (7) days nor more than six (6) months, he shall be ordered to or shall receive a substance abuse assessment conducted by a substance abuse provider certified by the department of health pursuant to W.S. 9-2-2701(c) before sentencing and shall not be eligible for probation or suspension of sentence or release on any other basis until he has served at least seven (7) days in jail. In addition, the person may be fined not less than two hundred dollars ($200.00) nor more than seven hundred fifty dollars ($750.00). On a third offense resulting in a conviction within ten (10) years after a conviction for a violation of this section or other law prohibiting driving while under the influence, he shall be punished by imprisonment for not less than thirty (30) days nor more than six (6) months, shall receive a substance abuse assessment pursuant to W.S. 7-13-1302 and shall not be eligible for probation or suspension of sentence or release on any other basis until he has served at least thirty (30) days in jail except that the court shall consider the substance abuse assessment and may order the person to undergo outpatient alcohol or substance abuse treatment during any mandatory period of incarceration. The minimum period of imprisonment for a third violation shall be mandatory, but the court, having considered the substance abuse assessment and the availability of public and private resources, may suspend up to fifteen (15) days of the mandatory period of imprisonment if, subsequent to the date of the current violation, the offender completes an inpatient treatment program approved by the court. In addition, the person may be fined not less than seven hundred fifty dollars ($750.00) nor more than three thousand dollars ($3,000.00). The judge may suspend part or all of the discretionary portion of an imprisonment sentence under this subsection and place the defendant on probation on condition that the defendant pursues and completes an alcohol education or treatment program as prescribed by the judge. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the term of probation imposed by a judge under this section may exceed the maximum term of imprisonment established for the offense under this subsection provided the term of probation together with any extension thereof, shall not exceed three (3) years for up to and including a third conviction. On a fourth offense resulting in a conviction or subsequent conviction within ten (10) years for a violation of this section or other law prohibiting driving while under the influence, he shall be guilty of a felony and fined not more than ten thousand dollars ($10,000.00), punished by imprisonment for not more than two (2) years, or both.

(f) Any person convicted under this section or other law prohibiting driving while under the influence as defined in W.S. 31-5-233(a)(v) shall, in addition to the penalty imposed:

(i) Have his driver's license suspended or revoked pursuant to W.S. 31-7-127 or 31-7-128. The court shall forward to the department a copy of the record pertaining to disposition of the arrest or citation;

(ii) For a first conviction where the conviction is based on the person having an alcohol concentration of fifteen one-hundredths of one percent (0.15%) or more, operate only vehicles equipped with an ignition interlock device, pursuant to W.S. 31-7-401 through 31-7-404, for a period of six (6) months from the date of conviction;

(iii) For a second conviction, operate only vehicles equipped with an ignition interlock device, pursuant to W.S. 31-7-401 through 31-7-404, for a period of one (1) year from the date of conviction;

(iv) For a third conviction, operate only vehicles equipped with an ignition interlock device, pursuant to W.S. 31-7-401 through 31-7-404, for a period of two (2) years from the date of conviction;

(v) For a fourth or subsequent conviction, operate only vehicles equipped with an ignition interlock device, pursuant to W.S. 31-7-401 through 31-7-404, for the remainder of the offender's life, except five (5) years from the date of conviction and every five (5) years thereafter, the offender may apply to the court for removal of the ignition interlock device required by this paragraph. The court may, for good cause shown, remove the ignition interlock device requirement if the offender has not been subsequently convicted of driving a motor vehicle in violation of this section or other law prohibiting driving while under the influence as defined in W.S. 31-5-233(a)(v).

(g) The court may, upon pronouncement of any jail sentence under subsection (e) of this section, provide in the sentence that the defendant may be permitted, if he is employed or enrolled in school and can continue his employment or education, to continue such employment or education for not more than the time necessary as certified by his employer or school administrator, and the remaining day, days or parts of days shall be spent in jail until the sentence is served. He shall be allowed out of jail only long enough to complete his actual hours of employment or education and a reasonable time to travel to and from his place of employment or school. Unless the defendant is indigent, the court shall require him as a condition of special treatment under this subsection to pay a reasonable amount for room and board as determined by the sheriff.

(h) As used in this subsection, "serious bodily injury" means bodily injury which creates a reasonable likelihood of death or which causes miscarriage or serious permanent disfigurement or protracted loss or impairment of any bodily member or organ. Whoever causes serious bodily injury to another person resulting from the violation of this section shall be punished upon conviction as follows:

(i) If not subject to the penalty under paragraph (ii) of this subsection, by a fine of not less than two thousand dollars ($2,000.00) nor more than five thousand dollars ($5,000.00), imprisonment for not more than ten (10) years, or both;

(ii) If previously convicted and sentenced under this subsection, or any other law substantially conforming to the provisions of this subsection, by imprisonment for not more than twenty (20) years; and

(iii) Any person convicted under this subsection shall have his driver's license revoked as provided in W.S. 31-7-127.

(j) Any person charged under this section or a municipal ordinance which substantially conforms to the provisions of this section shall be prosecuted under this section or the ordinance and not under a reduced charge or dismissed unless the prosecuting attorney in open court moves or files a statement to reduce the charge or dismiss, with supporting facts, stating that there is insufficient evidence to sustain the charge.

(k) Chemical analysis of a person's blood, breath or urine to determine alcohol concentration or controlled substance content shall be performed in accordance with W.S. 31-6-105(a).

(m) Any person eighteen (18) years of age or older who has a child passenger in the vehicle during a violation of this section shall be punished upon conviction as follows:

(i) For a first conviction under this subsection, by imprisonment for not more than one (1) year;

(ii) If previously convicted and sentenced under this subsection, or any other law substantially conforming to the provisions of this subsection, by imprisonment for not more than five (5) years.

31-5-234. Unlawful operation of vehicle by youthful driver with detectable alcohol concentration; penalty.

(a) As used in this section:

(i) "Alcohol concentration" means:

(A) The number of grams of alcohol per one hundred (100) milliliters of blood;

(B) The number of grams of alcohol per two hundred ten (210) liters of breath; or

(ii) "Driver's license" means as defined by W.S. 31-7-102(a)(xxv) and includes nonresident operating privileges as defined by W.S. 31-7-102(a)(xxx);

(iii) "Peace officer" means as defined by W.S. 7-2-101(a)(iv)(A), (B) and (G);

(iv) "Conviction" means as defined by W.S. 31-7-102(a)(xi).

(b) A person younger than twenty-one (21) years of age shall not operate or be in actual physical control of a vehicle in this state with an alcohol concentration of two one-hundredths of one percent (0.02%) or more nor operate or be in actual physical control of a vehicle in this state with an alcohol concentration of two one-hundredths of one percent (0.02%) or more as measured within two (2) hours after the time of driving or being in actual physical control following a lawful arrest resulting from a valid traffic stop.

(d) When a peace officer has probable cause to believe that a person may be violating or has violated subsection (b) of this section, the peace officer may request that the person submit to a chemical test or tests to be administered in compliance with W.S. 31-6-108. Prosecution for a violation of this section is a bar to prosecution under W.S. 12-6-101(b) or any similar municipal ordinance.

(e) A person convicted of violating this section shall be guilty of a misdemeanor punishable by a fine of not more than seven hundred fifty dollars ($750.00). A person convicted of violating this section a second time within one (1) year of the first conviction is guilty of a misdemeanor punishable by imprisonment for not more than one (1) month, a fine of not more than seven hundred fifty dollars ($750.00), or both. A person convicted of a third or subsequent conviction under this section within two (2) years shall be guilty of a misdemeanor punishable by imprisonment for not more than six (6) months, a fine of not more than seven hundred fifty dollars ($750.00), or both. The court may order the person to undergo a substance abuse assessment and complete any recommended treatment for any conviction under this section as a condition of probation. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the term of probation imposed by a judge under this section may exceed the maximum term of imprisonment established for the offense under this subsection provided the term of probation together with any extension thereof, shall in no case exceed three (3) years.

(f) A person convicted under this section or other law prohibiting driving while under the influence as defined in W.S. 31-5-233(a)(v) shall, in addition to the penalty imposed in subsection (e) of this section:

(i) Have his driver's license denied or suspended pursuant to W.S. 31-7-128(h). The court shall forward a copy of the conviction to the department;

(iii) For a second conviction, operate only vehicles equipped with an ignition interlock device, pursuant to W.S. 31-7-401 through 31-7-404, for a period of one (1) year from the date of conviction;

(iv) For a third conviction, operate only vehicles equipped with an ignition interlock device, pursuant to W.S. 31-7-401 through 31-7-404, for a period of two (2) years from the date of conviction;

(v) For a fourth or subsequent conviction, operate only vehicles equipped with an ignition interlock device, pursuant to W.S. 31-7-401 through 31-7-404, for the remainder of the offender's life, except five (5) years from the date of conviction and every five (5) years thereafter, the offender may apply to the court for removal of the ignition interlock device required by this paragraph. The court may, for good cause shown, remove the ignition interlock device requirement if the offender has not been subsequently convicted of driving a motor vehicle in violation of this section, W.S. 31-5-233 or other law prohibiting driving while under the influence as defined in W.S. 31-5-233(a)(v).

(h) Chemical analysis of a person's blood, breath or urine to determine alcohol concentration or controlled substance content shall be performed in accordance with W.S. 31-6-105(a).

31-5-235. Consumption and possession of alcoholic beverages in opened containers by operator of vehicle prohibited; definitions; penalty.

(a) As used in this section;

(i) "Alcoholic beverage" means alcoholic liquor or malt beverage as defined in W.S. 12-1-101(a)(i), (vii) and (x);

(ii) "Recreational vehicle" means a self-propelled motor vehicle designed primarily with living quarters for recreational, camping, vacation or travel use but excludes any vehicle that does not have plumbing and an electrical system that operates above twelve (12) volts.

(b) No person shall consume, transport or possess any alcoholic beverage in a motor vehicle while the motor vehicle is in motion on a public street or public highway unless the beverage is:

(i) In the original unopened package or container, the seal of which has not been broken and from which the original cap, cork or other means of closure has not been removed. Notwithstanding this section, a resealed bottle of wine may be transported as provided in W.S. 12-4-410(e);

(ii) In the trunk or any other outside compartment of the vehicle that is not readily accessible to any person in the vehicle while the vehicle is in motion;

(iii) In the unoccupied back of a pickup truck out of reach of the driver even though access is available through a window;

(iv) In an unoccupied rear compartment of a vehicle not equipped with a trunk or other outside compartment and the rear compartment is not readily accessible to the driver and not normally occupied by passengers while the vehicle is in motion; or

(v) Secured in a cabinet or compartment of a recreational vehicle, and the cabinet or compartment is not readily accessible to the driver while the recreational vehicle is in motion. The alcoholic beverage shall remain secured and shall not be accessed by the driver or any passenger at any time the vehicle is in motion.

(i) For a first conviction or a subsequent conviction not occurring within one (1) year after the first conviction, be punished by a fine of not more than two hundred dollars ($200.00);

(ii) For a second conviction within one (1) year after the first conviction, be punished by a fine of not more than three hundred dollars ($300.00) or by imprisonment for not more than thirty (30) days, or both;

(iii) For a third or subsequent conviction within one (1) year after the first conviction, be punished by a fine of not more than five hundred dollars ($500.00) or by imprisonment for not more than six (6) months, or both.

(d) This section shall not apply to any passenger in the passenger area of a motor vehicle designed, maintained or used primarily for the transportation of passengers for compensation. The driver of any vehicle under this subsection is prohibited from consuming or having an alcoholic beverage within the driver's zone of control.

(e) This section shall not apply within the boundaries of any incorporated municipality that has adopted an ordinance prohibiting transportation or possession of any open container of an alcoholic beverage in a vehicle on a public street or public highway.

31-5-236. Careless driving.

Any person who drives any vehicle in a manner inconsistent with the exercise of due and diligent care normally exercised by a reasonably prudent person under similar circumstances and where such operation of a motor vehicle creates an unreasonable risk of harm to other persons or property is guilty of careless driving.

31-5-237. Use of handheld electronic wireless communication devices for electronic messaging prohibited; exceptions; penalties.

(a) No person shall operate a motor vehicle on a public street or highway while using a handheld electronic wireless communication device to write, send or read a text-based communication. This section shall not apply to a person who is using a handheld electronic wireless communication device:

(i) While the vehicle is lawfully parked;

(ii) To contact an emergency response vehicle;

(iii) To write, read, select or enter a telephone number or name in an electronic wireless communications device for the purpose of making or receiving a telephone call; or

(iv) When using voice operated or hands free technology.

(b) This section shall not apply to a person operating an emergency response vehicle while making communications necessary to the performance of his official duties as an emergency responder.

(c) Any person who operates a motor vehicle in violation of this section is guilty of a misdemeanor punishable by a fine of not more than seventy-five dollars ($75.00).

(d) As used in this section:

(i) "Electronic wireless communication device" means a mobile communication device that uses short-wave analog or digital radio transmissions or satellite transmissions between the device and a transmitter to permit wireless telephone communications to and from the user of the device within a specified area;

(ii) "Emergency response vehicle" means any ambulance, fire department, law enforcement or civil defense vehicle or other vehicle used primarily for emergency purposes;

(iii) "Voice operated or hands free technology" means technology that allows a user to write, send or read a text based communication without the use of either hand except to activate, deactivate or initiate a feature or function;

(iv) "Write, send or read a text-based communication" means using an electronic wireless communications device to manually communicate with any person using text-based communication including, but not limited to, communications referred to as a text message, instant message or electronic mail.

ARTICLE 3 - SPEED REGULATIONS

31-5-301. Maximum speed limits.

(a) No person shall drive a vehicle on a highway at a speed greater than is reasonable and prudent under the conditions and having regard to the actual and potential hazards then existing. Consistent with the foregoing, every person shall drive at a safe and appropriate speed when approaching and crossing an intersection or railroad grade crossing, when approaching and going around a curve, when approaching a hillcrest, when traveling upon any narrow or winding roadway and when special hazards exist with respect to pedestrians or other traffic or by reason of weather or highway conditions.

(b) Except when a special hazard exists that requires lower speed for compliance with subsection (a) of this section, the limits specified in this subsection or established as otherwise authorized shall be maximum lawful speeds and no person shall drive a vehicle on a highway at a speed in excess of maximum limits:

(i) Twenty (20) miles per hour when passing a school building, the grounds thereof, within any other area or space in the vicinity of a school designated by an official traffic control device as a school zone with a reduced speed limit or a school crossing if appropriate signs giving notice of a reduced speed limit are erected;

(ii) Thirty (30) miles per hour in any urban district;

(iii) Seventy-five (75) miles per hour on interstate highways. Nothing in this paragraph shall be construed to:

(A) Affect the authority of the superintendent to otherwise designate lower maximum speed limits on interstate highways except as provided for in W.S. 31-5-303(b) in accordance with other laws; or

(B) Authorize noncompliance with posted speed limits on interstate highways.

(iv) Sixty-five (65) miles per hour in other locations;

(v) Repealed By Laws 1997, ch. 61, 2.

(d) Speeding violations of up to eighty (80) miles per hour where the posted speed limit is at least sixty-five (65) miles per hour, or less than six (6) miles per hour over the posted speed limit in all other instances and zones, except violations for exceeding the speed limit in a school zone, or construction zone, and violations received while operating a commercial motor vehicle as defined by W.S. 31-7-102(a)(viii), shall not be made a part of the abstracts or records kept by the department of transportation pursuant to W.S. 31-5-1214 or 31-7-120.

31-5-302. Establishment of specific maximum speed limits by superintendent.

Whenever the superintendent determines upon the basis of an engineering and traffic investigation, or in the event of a vehicle or weather emergency, that a maximum speed greater or less than that authorized herein is required for safe and reasonable vehicle operation under the conditions found to exist at any intersection or other place or upon any part of the state highway system, the superintendent, except as provided for in W.S. 31-5-303(b), may determine and declare a reasonable and safe maximum limit thereat, which shall be effective when appropriate signs giving notice thereof are erected. The maximum speed limit may be declared to be effective at all times or at such times as are indicated upon the signs and differing limits may be established for different times of day, different types of vehicles, varying weather conditions, and other factors bearing on safe speeds, which shall be effective when posted upon appropriate fixed or variable signs. This section does not grant power to the superintendent to declare statewide or countywide maximum speed limits but grants power to declare maximum speed limits for the public safety in localized geographic areas.

31-5-303. Establishing maximum speed limits by local authorities.

(a) Repealed By Laws 2002, Ch. 68, 2.

(b) Local authorities in their respective jurisdictions shall determine by an engineering and a traffic investigation the proper maximum speed for all streets and highways within their city limits under their corporate jurisdiction and shall declare a reasonable and safe maximum limit thereon which may be greater or less than the maximum speed permitted under this act for an urban district.

(c) Any altered limit established under this section shall be effective during hours of darkness or at other times as may be determined when appropriate signs giving notice thereof are erected upon the street or highway.

(d) Any alteration of maximum limits on state highways or extensions thereof in a municipality by local authorities is not effective until the alteration has been approved by the superintendent.

(e) Not more than six (6) alterations authorized under this section shall be made per mile along a street or highway, except in the case of reduced limits at intersections, and the difference between adjacent limits shall not be more than fifteen (15) miles per hour.

31-5-304. Minimum speed limits.

(a) No person shall drive a motor vehicle at such a slow speed as to impede the normal and reasonable movement of traffic except when reduced speed is necessary for safe operation or in compliance with law.

(b) Whenever the superintendent or local authorities within their respective jurisdictions determine on the basis of an engineering and a traffic investigation that slow speeds on any part of a highway consistently impede the normal and reasonable movement of traffic, the superintendent or local authority may determine and declare a minimum speed limit below which no person shall drive a vehicle except when necessary for safe operation or in compliance with law and that limit is effective when posted upon appropriate fixed or variable signs.

(c) Notwithstanding any minimum speed that may be authorized and posted pursuant to this section, no person shall operate a vehicle in the extreme left-hand lane of a controlled-access highway for a prolonged period in a manner which impedes the flow of other traffic traveling at a lawful rate of speed.

31-5-305. Special speed limit at bridges and other elevated structures.

(a) No person shall drive a vehicle over any bridge or other elevated structure constituting a part of a highway at a speed which is greater than the maximum speed which can be maintained with safety to the bridge or structure when the structure is signposted as provided in this section.

(b) The superintendent and local authorities on highways under their respective jurisdictions may conduct an investigation of any bridge or other elevated structure constituting a part of a highway, and if he or they find that the structure cannot with safety to itself withstand vehicles traveling at the speed otherwise permissible under this act, the superintendent or local authorities shall determine and declare the maximum speed of vehicles which the structure can safely withstand and shall cause or permit suitable signs stating the maximum speed to be erected and maintained before each end of the structure.

(c) Upon the trial of any person charged with a violation of this section, proof of the determination of the maximum speed by the superintendent and the existence of the signs constitutes conclusive evidence of the maximum speed which can be maintained with safety to the bridge or structure.

31-5-306. Charging violations; burden of proving proximate cause.

(a) In every charge of violation of any speed regulation in this act except a charge under W.S. 31-5-301(a) the complaint, also the summons or notice to appear, shall specify the speed at which the defendant is alleged to have driven, also the maximum speed applicable within the district or at the location.

(b) The provision of this act declaring maximum speed limitations shall not be construed to relieve the plaintiff in any action from the burden of proving negligence on the part of the defendant as the proximate cause of an accident.

ARTICLE 4 - TRAFFIC-CONTROL DEVICES

31-5-401. Duty of local authorities to place and maintain.

Local authorities in their respective jurisdictions shall place and maintain such traffic-control devices upon highways under their jurisdiction as they deem necessary to indicate and to carry out the provisions of this act or local traffic ordinances or to regulate, warn or guide traffic. All traffic-control devices hereafter erected shall conform to the state manual and specifications.

31-5-402. Obedience to devices; exceptions.

(a) The driver of any vehicle shall obey the instructions of any official traffic-control device applicable thereto placed or held in accordance with this act unless otherwise directed by a police officer, subject to the exceptions granted the driver of an authorized emergency vehicle in this act.

(b) No provision of this act for which official traffic-control devices are required shall be enforced against an alleged violator if at the time and place of the alleged violation an official device is not in proper position and sufficiently legible to be seen by an ordinarily observant person. Whenever a particular section does not state that signs are required, the section is effective even though no signs are erected or in place.

(c) Whenever official traffic-control devices are placed or held in position approximately conforming to the requirements of this act, the devices are presumed to have been so placed or held by the official act or direction of lawful authority unless the contrary is established by competent evidence.

(d) Any official traffic-control device placed or held pursuant to the provisions of this act and purporting to conform to the lawful requirements pertaining to the devices is presumed to comply with the requirements of this act unless the contrary is established by competent evidence.

31-5-403. Signal legend generally.

(a) Whenever traffic is controlled by traffic-control signals exhibiting different colored lights, or colored lighted arrows, successively one (1) at a time or in combination, only the colors green, red and yellow shall be used, except for special pedestrian signals carrying a symbol or word legend, and the lights shall indicate and apply to drivers of vehicles and pedestrians as follows:

(i) Green indication:

(A) Vehicular traffic facing a circular green signal may proceed straight through or turn right or left unless a sign prohibits either turn. But vehicular traffic, including vehicles turning right or left, shall yield the right-of-way to other vehicles and to pedestrians lawfully within the intersection or an adjacent crosswalk at the time the signal is exhibited;

(B) Vehicular traffic facing a green arrow signal, shown alone or in combination with another indication, may cautiously enter the intersection only to make the movement indicated by the arrow, or such other movement as is permitted by other indicators shown at the same time. The vehicular traffic shall yield the right-of-way to pedestrians lawfully within an adjacent crosswalk and to other traffic lawfully using the intersection;

(C) Unless otherwise directed by a pedestrian-control signal, as provided by W.S. 31-5-404, pedestrians facing any green signal, except when the sole green signal is a turn arrow, may proceed across the roadway within any marked or unmarked crosswalk.

(ii) Steady yellow indication:

(A) Vehicular traffic facing a steady circular yellow or yellow arrow signal is thereby warned that the related green movement is being terminated or that a red indication will be exhibited immediately thereafter;

(B) Pedestrians facing a steady circular yellow or yellow arrow signal, unless otherwise directed by a pedestrian-control signal as provided by W.S. 31-5-404, are thereby advised that there is insufficient time to cross the roadway before a red indication is shown and no pedestrian shall then start to cross the roadway.

(iii) Steady red indication:

(A) Vehicular traffic facing a steady circular red signal alone shall stop at a clearly marked stop line, but if none, before entering the crosswalk on the near side of the intersection or, if none, then before entering the intersection and shall remain standing until an indication to proceed is shown except as provided in subparagraph (C) of this paragraph;

(B) Vehicular traffic facing a steady red arrow signal shall not enter the intersection to make the movement indicated by the arrow and, unless entering the intersection to make a movement permitted by another signal, shall stop at a clearly marked stop line, but if none, before entering the crosswalk on the near side of the intersection, or if none, then before entering the intersection and shall remain standing until an indication permitting the movement indicated by the red arrow is shown except as provided by subparagraph (C) of this paragraph;

(C) Except when a sign is in place prohibiting a turn, vehicular traffic facing any steady red signal may cautiously enter the intersection to turn right, or to turn left from a one-way street into a one-way street after stopping as required by subparagraphs (A) and (B) of this paragraph. The vehicular traffic shall yield the right-of-way to pedestrians lawfully within an adjacent crosswalk and to other traffic lawfully using the intersection;

(D) Unless otherwise directed by a pedestrian-control signal as provided by W.S. 31-5-404, pedestrians facing a steady circular red or red arrow signal alone shall not enter the roadway.

(b) If an official traffic-control signal is erected and maintained at a place other than an intersection, this section is applicable except as to those provisions which by their nature can have no application. Any stop required shall be made at a sign or marking on the pavement indicating where the stop shall be made, but in the absence of any sign or marking the stop shall be made at the signal.

31-5-404. Pedestrian-control signals.

(a) Whenever special pedestrian-control signals exhibiting the symbols or words "Walk" or "Don't Walk" are in place the signals shall indicate as follows:

(i) Flashing or steady walk: Any pedestrian facing the signal may proceed across the roadway in the direction of the signal and every driver of a vehicle shall yield the right-of-way to him;

(ii) Flashing or steady don't walk: No pedestrian shall start to cross the roadway in the direction of the signal, but any pedestrian who has partially completed his crossing on the walk signal shall proceed to a sidewalk or safety island while the don't walk signal is showing.

31-5-405. Flashing signals.

(a) Whenever an illuminated flashing red or yellow signal is used with or in a traffic sign or signal it shall require obedience by vehicular traffic as follows:

(i) Flashing Red (Stop Signal): When a red lens is illuminated with rapid intermittent flashes, drivers of vehicles shall stop at a clearly marked stop line, but if none, before entering the crosswalk on the near side of the intersection, or if none, then at the point nearest the intersecting roadway where the driver has a view of approaching traffic on the intersecting roadway before entering it, and the right to proceed is subject to the rules applicable after making a stop at a stop sign;

(ii) Flashing Yellow (Caution Signal): When a yellow lens is illuminated with rapid intermittent flashes, drivers of vehicles may proceed through the intersection or past the signal only with caution.

(b) This section shall not apply at railroad grade crossings. Conduct of drivers of vehicles approaching railroad grade crossings shall be governed by the rules provided by W.S. 31-5-510.

31-5-406. Display of unauthorized signs; advertising on traffic signs.

(a) No person shall place, maintain or display upon or in view of any highway any unauthorized sign, signal, marking or device which purports to be or is an imitation of or resembles an official traffic-control device or railroad sign or signal, or which attempts to direct the movement of traffic, or which hides from view or interferes with the effectiveness of any official traffic-control device or any railroad sign or signal.

(b) No person shall place or maintain nor shall any public authority permit upon any highway any official traffic-control device bearing thereon any commercial advertising except for business signs included as a part of official motorist service panels or roadside information panels approved by the highway department.

(c) This section does not prohibit the erection upon private property adjacent to highways of signs giving useful directional information and of a type that cannot be mistaken for official signs.

(d) Every prohibited sign, signal or marking is a public nuisance and the authority having jurisdiction over the highway may remove the same or cause it to be removed without notice.

ARTICLE 5 - STOPPING, STANDING AND PARKING

31-5-501. Authority to place signs prohibiting, regulating or restricting parking; handicapped parking; obedience to signs required; free parking areas.

(a) The highway department with respect to highways under its jurisdiction, and boards of county commissioners of the counties or any duly appointed board of trustees of any fairgrounds, airports, parks, pleasure grounds or recreational systems or other duly constituted state or local public boards, with respect to public lands under their supervision and control, may place signs prohibiting, regulating the time of or restricting the parking of vehicles where in the opinion of the commission or board having jurisdiction thereof, parking is dangerous to those using highways, public ways or areas where the parking of vehicles would unduly interfere with the free movement of traffic thereon, or where it is necessary to regulate parking for the welfare of the general public or for the proper use of public lands.

(b) Signs reserving parking spaces for the handicapped in public places under the jurisdiction of the government agencies described in subsection (a) of this section or placed on private property by the real property owner pursuant to W.S. 31-5-111 shall be constructed of durable material, contain the international symbol of accessibility, be no less than twelve inches (12") by eighteen inches (18") in size and be placed above ground level so as to be visible at all times and not be obscured by a vehicle parked in that space. Parking spaces for the handicapped shall be located on the shortest possible accessible circulation route to an accessible entrance of the building. In public parking lots of ten (10) or more parking spaces, at least two percent (2%) of the total number of available parking spaces but not less than one (1) space shall be reserved for the handicapped. Handicapped parking spaces shall allow easy entrance and exit for wheelchairs and be located on a level surface.

(c) The signs specified under this section and W.S. 31-5-111(b) shall be official signs and it is unlawful for any person to willfully park a vehicle in violation of the restrictions, regulations or prohibitions stated on the signs. This subsection shall not prohibit use of handicapped parking spaces provided under subsection (b) of this section by a person issued a distinctive handicapped license plate or transferable identification card by another state and displaying the plate or card on a vehicle used by this person.

(d) For public convenience, commissioners or boards having jurisdiction to regulate parking of vehicles shall provide free parking areas adequate to accommodate at least twenty percent (20%) of the number of vehicle parking spaces for which a fee is charged.

31-5-502. Penalty for violation of W.S. 31-5-501.

Every person who is convicted of a violation of W.S. 31-5-501 is guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof by any court of competent jurisdiction, is subject to a fine of not more than fifty dollars ($50.00).

31-5-503. Erection and maintenance of traffic-control devices to designate through highways.

The superintendent with reference to state highways and local authorities with reference to other highways under their jurisdiction may erect and maintain stop signs, yield signs or other traffic-control devices to designate through highways, or to designate intersections or other roadway junctions at which vehicular traffic on one (1) or more of the roadways should yield or stop and yield before entering the intersection or junction.

31-5-504. Specific places where prohibited.

(a) Except when necessary to avoid conflict with other traffic or in compliance with law or the directions of a police officer or traffic-control device, no person shall:

(i) Stop, stand or park a vehicle:

(A) On the roadway side of any vehicle stopped or parked at the edge or curb of a street;

(B) On a sidewalk;

(D) On a crosswalk;

(E) Between a safety zone and the adjacent curb or within thirty (30) feet of points on the curb immediately opposite the ends of a safety zone, unless a different length is indicated by signs or markings;

(F) Alongside or opposite any street excavation or obstruction when stopping, standing or parking would obstruct traffic;

(G) Upon any bridge or other elevated structure upon a highway or within a highway tunnel;

(H) On any railroad tracks;

(J) On any controlled-access highway;

(K) In the area between roadways of a divided highway, including crossovers;

(M) At any place where official traffic-control devices prohibit stopping.

(ii) Stand or park a vehicle, whether occupied or not, except momentarily to pick up or discharge a passenger or passengers:

(A) In front of a public or private driveway;

(B) Within fifteen (15) feet of a fire hydrant;

(D) Within twenty (20) feet upon the approach to any flashing signal, stop sign, yield sign or traffic-control signal located at the side of a roadway;

(E) Within twenty (20) feet of the driveway entrance to any fire station and on the side of a street opposite the entrance to any fire station within seventy-five (75) feet of the entrance when properly signposted;

(F) At any place where official traffic-control devices prohibit standing.

(iii) Park a vehicle, whether occupied or not, except temporarily for the purpose of and while actually engaged in loading or unloading property or passengers:

(A) Within fifty (50) feet of the nearest rail of a railroad crossing;

(B) At any place where official traffic-control devices prohibit parking.

(b) No person shall move a vehicle not lawfully under his control into any prohibited area or away from a curb such a distance as is unlawful.

31-5-505. Roadways outside of business or residence districts.

(a) Outside a business or residence district no person shall stop, park or leave standing any vehicle, whether attended or unattended, upon the roadway when it is practicable to stop, park or so leave the vehicle off the roadway, but in every event an unobstructed width of the highway opposite a standing vehicle shall be left for the free passage of other vehicles and a clear view of the stopped vehicles shall be available for a distance of two hundred (200) feet in each direction upon the highway.

(b) This section and W.S. 31-5-504 do not apply to the driver of any vehicle which is disabled in such manner and to such extent that it is impossible to avoid stopping and temporarily leaving the vehicle in that position.

31-5-506. Emerging from alley, building, private road or driveway.

The driver of a vehicle emerging from an alley, building, private road or driveway within a business or residence district shall stop the vehicle immediately prior to driving onto a sidewalk or onto the sidewalk area extending across the alley, building entrance, road or driveway, or if there is no sidewalk area, shall stop at a point nearest the street to be entered where the driver has a view of approaching traffic thereon.

31-5-507. Meeting or passing stopped school bus; markings and visual signals.

(a) The driver of a vehicle upon meeting or overtaking from either direction any stopped school bus shall stop before reaching the school bus when there is in operation on the school bus the flashing red lights as specified in W.S. 31-5-929 and the driver shall not proceed until the school bus resumes motion or the flashing red lights are no longer actuated.

(b) Every school bus shall bear upon the front and rear thereof plainly visible signs containing the words "school bus" in letters not less than eight (8) inches in height, and in addition shall be equipped with red visual signals meeting the requirements of W.S. 31-5-929, which shall be actuated by the driver of the school bus whenever the vehicle is stopped and is receiving or discharging school children in designated school bus loading areas. When stopped to receive or discharge school children, the school bus driver shall keep the bus as far to the right of the roadway as reasonable. Except at a crosswalk, no school bus shall receive or discharge school children upon a roadway with four (4) or more lanes if the child would be required to cross a lane. The board of trustees of a school district may waive the requirement in this subsection that school bus drivers actuate visual signals if:

(i) The board finds the safety of children is not jeopardized; and

(ii) The bus is not on a public roadway.

(c) Before a school bus is sold by a school district all legal markings on the bus indicating it was once a school bus shall be concealed with paint unless sold to another school district in Wyoming.

(d) The driver of a vehicle upon a highway with separate roadways need not stop upon meeting or passing a school bus which is on a different roadway or when upon a controlled-access highway and the school bus is stopped in a loading zone which is a part of or adjacent to the highway and where pedestrians are not permitted to cross the roadway.

31-5-508. Removal of illegally stopped vehicles.

(a) Whenever any police officer finds a vehicle in violation of W.S. 31-5-505 the officer may move the vehicle, or require the driver or other person in charge of the vehicle to move the vehicle, to a position off the roadway.

(b) Any police officer may remove or cause to be removed to a place of safety any unattended vehicle illegally left standing upon any highway, bridge, causeway, or in any tunnel, in a position or under circumstances which obstruct the normal movement of traffic.

(c) Any police officer may remove or cause to be removed to the nearest garage or other place of safety any vehicle found upon a highway when:

(i) Report has been made that the vehicle has been stolen or taken without the consent of its owner;

(ii) The person in charge of the vehicle is unable to provide for its custody or removal; or

(iii) When the person driving or in control of the vehicle is arrested for an alleged offense for which the officer is required by law to take the person arrested before a proper judge without unnecessary delay.

31-5-509. Requirements before leaving motor vehicle unattended.

No person driving or in charge of a motor vehicle shall permit it to stand unattended without first stopping the engine, locking the ignition, removing the key from the ignition, effectively setting the brake thereon and, when standing upon any grade, turning the front wheels to the curb or side of the highway.

31-5-510. Railroad crossings generally.

(a) Whenever any person driving a vehicle approaches a railroad grade crossing under any of the circumstances stated in this section, the driver of the vehicle shall stop within fifty (50) feet but not less than fifteen (15) feet from the nearest rail of the railroad, and shall not proceed until he can do so safely. The foregoing requirements apply when:

(i) A clearly visible electric or mechanical signal device gives warning of the immediate approach of a railroad train;

(ii) A crossing gate is lowered or a flagman gives or continues to give a signal of the approach or passage of a railroad train;

(iii) A railroad train approaching within approximately one thousand five hundred (1,500) feet of the highway crossing emits a signal audible from such distance and the railroad train, by reason of its speed or nearness to the crossing, is an immediate hazard;

(iv) An approaching railroad train is plainly visible and is in hazardous proximity to the crossing.

(b) No person shall drive any vehicle through, around, or under any crossing gate or barrier at a railroad crossing while the gate or barrier is closed or is being opened or closed.

31-5-511. Stopping requirements for certain vehicles at railroad crossings.

(a) The driver of any motor vehicle carrying passengers for hire, or of any school bus whether empty or carrying school children, or of any vehicle carrying a cargo or part of a cargo required to be placarded under United States department of transportation regulations, before crossing at grade any track or tracks of a railroad, shall:

(i) Actuate the vehicle's four-way hazard flashers prior to stopping at the grade crossing;

(ii) Stop the vehicle within fifty (50) feet but not less than fifteen (15) feet from the nearest rail of the railroad;

(iii) While stopped, listen and look in both directions along the track for any approaching train and for signals indicating the approach of a train and not proceed until he can do so safely;

(iv) Upon proceeding, cross the tracks without manually shifting gears and only in a gear of the vehicle which does not require manually changing gears while traversing the crossing; and

(v) After crossing the tracks, cancel the four-way hazard flashers.

(b) Except for school buses which will stop at all railroad crossings, this section shall not apply at:

(i) Any railroad grade crossing at which traffic is controlled by a police officer or flagman;

(ii) Any railroad grade crossing at which traffic is regulated by a traffic-control signal;

(iii) Any railroad grade crossing protected by crossing gates or an alternately flashing light signal intended to give warning of the approach of a railroad train;

(iv) Any railroad grade crossing at which an official traffic-control device gives notice that the stopping requirement imposed by this section does not apply.

(c) The highway department may adopt such regulations as may be necessary describing additional vehicles which must comply with the stopping requirements of this section.

31-5-512. Parking alongside curbs or on edge of roadways; angle parking; power of highway department to place devices restricting parking.

(a) Except as otherwise provided in this section every vehicle stopped or parked upon a two-way roadway shall be stopped or parked with the right-hand wheels of the vehicle parallel to and within eighteen (18) inches of the right-hand curb or as close as practicable to the right edge of the right-hand shoulder.

(b) Except as otherwise provided by local ordinance, every vehicle stopped or parked upon a one-way roadway shall be stopped or parked parallel to the curb or edge of the roadway, in the direction of authorized traffic movement, with its right-hand wheels within eighteen (18) inches of the right-hand curb or as close as practicable to the right edge of the right-hand shoulder, or with its left-hand wheels within eighteen (18) inches of the left-hand curb or as close as practicable to the left edge of the left-hand shoulder.

(c) Local authorities may permit angle parking on any roadway, except that angle parking shall not be permitted on any federal-aid or state highway unless the highway department has determined that the roadway is of sufficient width to permit angle parking without interfering with the free movement of traffic.

(d) The highway department with respect to highways under its jurisdiction may place official traffic-control devices prohibiting, limiting or restricting the stopping, standing or parking of vehicles on any highway where in its opinion stopping, standing or parking, is dangerous to those using the highway or where the stopping, standing or parking of vehicles would unduly interfere with the free movement of traffic. No person shall stop, stand or park any vehicle in violation of the restrictions indicated by the devices.

ARTICLE 6 - PEDESTRIANS' RIGHTS AND DUTIES

31-5-601. Obedience to traffic-control devices; general privileges and restrictions.

(a) A pedestrian shall obey the instructions of any official traffic-control device specifically applicable to him unless otherwise directed by a police officer.

(b) Pedestrians are subject to traffic-control signals at intersections as provided by W.S. 31-5-403 and 31-5-404.

(c) At all other places pedestrians shall be accorded the privileges and are subject to the restrictions stated in this act.

31-5-602. Right-of-way in crosswalks.

(a) When traffic-control signals are not in place or not in operation, the driver of a vehicle shall yield the right-of-way by slowing down or stopping if need be to yield, to any pedestrian within or entering a crosswalk at either edge of the roadway.

(b) When traffic-control signals are not in place or not in operation at a school crosswalk, the driver of a vehicle shall yield the right-of-way to any pedestrian within or entering a school crosswalk at either edge of the roadway by slowing down or stopping.

(c) No pedestrian shall suddenly leave a curb or other place of safety and walk or run into the path of a vehicle which is so close as to constitute an immediate hazard.

(d) Subsection (a) of this section does not apply under the conditions stated in W.S. 31-5-603(b).

(e) Whenever any vehicle is stopped at a marked crosswalk or at any unmarked crosswalk at an intersection to permit a pedestrian to cross the roadway, the driver of any other vehicle approaching from the rear shall not overtake and pass the stopped vehicle.

31-5-603. Crossing at other than crosswalks.

(a) Every pedestrian crossing a roadway at any point other than within a marked crosswalk or within an unmarked crosswalk at an intersection shall yield the right-of-way to all vehicles upon the roadway.

(b) Any pedestrian crossing a roadway at a point where a pedestrian tunnel or overhead pedestrian crossing has been provided shall yield the right-of-way to all vehicles upon the roadway.

(c) Between adjacent intersections at which traffic-control signals are in operation pedestrians shall not cross at any place except in a marked crosswalk.

(d) No pedestrian shall cross a roadway intersection diagonally unless authorized by official traffic-control devices. When authorized to cross diagonally, pedestrians shall cross only in accordance with the official traffic-control devices pertaining to the crossing movements.

31-5-604. Use of right half of crosswalks.

Pedestrians shall move, whenever practicable, upon the right half of crosswalks.

31-5-605. Walking along roadways or highways.

(a) Where a sidewalk is provided and its use is practicable it is unlawful for any pedestrian to walk along and upon an adjacent roadway.

(b) Where sidewalks are not provided any pedestrian walking along and upon a highway shall, when practicable, walk only on the left side of the roadway or its shoulder facing traffic which may approach from the opposite direction as far as practicable from the edge of the roadway.

(c) Except as otherwise provided in this act, any pedestrian upon a roadway shall yield the right-of-way to all vehicles upon the roadway.

31-5-606. Soliciting on streets and highways.

(a) No person shall be on a highway for the purpose of soliciting a ride, employment, business or contributions from the occupant of any vehicle. This subsection does not apply to persons attempting to obtain assistance for disabled vehicles.

(b) No person shall stand on or in proximity to a street or highway for the purpose of soliciting the watching or guarding of any vehicle while parked or about to be parked on a street or highway.

31-5-607. Exercise of due care by drivers.

Notwithstanding other provisions of this act or the provisions of any local ordinance, every driver of a vehicle shall exercise due care to avoid colliding with any pedestrian or any person propelling a human powered vehicle and shall give an audible signal when necessary and shall exercise proper precaution upon observing any child or any obviously confused, incapacitated or intoxicated person.

31-5-608. Driving through or within safety zone.

No vehicle shall at any time be driven through or within a safety zone.

31-5-609. Right-of-way on sidewalks.

The driver of a vehicle crossing a sidewalk shall yield the right-of-way to any pedestrian and all other traffic on the sidewalk.

31-5-610. Yielding of right-of-way to authorized emergency vehicles.

(a) Upon the immediate approach of an authorized emergency vehicle making use of an audible signal meeting the requirements of W.S. 31-5-952 and visual signals meeting the requirements of W.S. 31-5-928, or of a police vehicle properly and lawfully making use of an audible signal only, every pedestrian shall yield the right-of-way to the authorized emergency vehicle.

(b) This section shall not relieve the driver of an authorized emergency vehicle from the duty to drive with due regard for the safety of all persons using the highway nor from the duty to exercise due care to avoid colliding with any pedestrian.

31-5-611. Blind pedestrian right-of-way.

The driver of a vehicle shall yield the right-of-way to any blind pedestrian carrying a clearly visible white cane or accompanied by a guide dog.

31-5-612. Pedestrians under influence of alcohol or controlled substances.

A pedestrian who is under the influence of alcohol or any controlled substance to a degree which renders himself a hazard shall not walk or be upon a highway.

31-5-613. Passing through railroad crossing gate or barrier.

No pedestrian shall pass through, around, over or under any crossing gate or barrier at a railroad grade crossing or bridge while the gate or barrier is closed or is being opened or closed.

ARTICLE 7 - BICYCLES

31-5-701. Prohibited acts.

(a) It is a misdemeanor for any person to do any act forbidden or fail to perform any act required in W.S. 31-5-701 through 31-5-706.

(b) The parent of any child and the guardian of any ward shall not authorize or knowingly permit the child or ward to violate any provision of this act.

31-5-702. General rights and duties of riders.

Every person propelling a vehicle by human power or riding a bicycle has all of the rights and all of the duties applicable to the driver of any vehicle under this act, except as to special regulations in this act and except as to those provisions which by their nature can have no application.

31-5-703. Number of riders.

No bicycle shall be used to carry more persons at one (1) time than the number for which it is designed or equipped except that an adult rider may carry a child securely attached to his person in a backpack or sling.

31-5-704. Riding on roadways and designated paths.

(a) Every person operating a bicycle upon a roadway shall ride as near to the right side of the roadway as practicable exercising due care when passing a standing vehicle or one proceeding in the same direction.

(b) Persons riding bicycles upon a roadway shall not ride more than two (2) abreast except on paths or parts of roadways set aside for the exclusive use of bicycles. Persons riding two (2) abreast shall not impede the normal and reasonable movement of traffic and, on a laned roadway, shall ride within a single lane.

31-5-705. Carrying articles.

No person operating a bicycle shall carry any package, bundle or article which prevents the use of both hands in the control and operation of the bicycle. A person operating a bicycle shall keep at least one (1) hand upon the handle bars at all times.

31-5-706. Lamps and other equipment.

(a) Every bicycle when in use at nighttime shall be equipped with a lamp on the front which shall emit a white light visible from a distance of at least five hundred (500) feet to the front and with a red reflector on the rear of a type approved by the highway department which shall be visible from six hundred (600) feet to the rear when directly in front of lawful lower beams of head lamps on a motor vehicle. A lamp emitting a red light visible from a distance of five hundred (500) feet to the rear may be used in addition to the red reflector.

(b) A bicycle shall not be equipped with nor shall any person use upon a bicycle any siren or whistle.

(c) Every bicycle shall be equipped with a brake which will enable the operator to stop the bicycle within twenty-five (25) feet from a speed of ten (10) miles per hour on dry, level, clean pavement.

ARTICLE 8 - SNOWMOBILES

31-5-801. Operation on highways.

(a) Snowmobiles may be operated upon the highways of Wyoming subject to the following conditions:

(i) Snowmobiles may be operated within the right-of-way but not on the main traveled roadway except as provided hereafter;

(ii) Crossings of main-traveled roadways shall be made at right angles to the roadway or as nearly so as practicable, but in any case yielding the right-of-way to all traffic in the main-traveled roadway;

(iii) Snowmobiles may be operated on the highways within the cities and towns pursuant to ordinance;

(iv) Snowmobiles may be operated on the main-traveled roadway when the highway is closed to wheeled vehicular traffic or subject to approval of the state highway department, upon a designated and posted portion of a state roadway within the boundaries of a national park;

(v) If allowed by the county commissioners, snowmobiles may be operated on a designated and posted portion of a county roadway.

ARTICLE 9 - EQUIPMENT

31-5-901. General requirements; applicability of provisions.

(a) It is a misdemeanor for any person to drive or move or for the owner to cause or knowingly permit to be driven or moved on any highway any vehicle or combination of vehicles which is in such unsafe condition as to endanger any person, or which does not contain those parts or is not at all times equipped with such lamps and other equipment in proper condition and adjustment as required in this act, or which is equipped in any manner in violation of this act, or for any person to do any act forbidden or fail to perform any act required under this act.

(b) Nothing contained in this act shall prohibit equipment required by the United States Department of Transportation nor the use of additional parts and accessories on any vehicle not inconsistent with the provisions of this act.

(c) The provisions of W.S. 31-5-901 through 31-5-970 and regulations of the superintendent with respect to equipment required on vehicles shall not apply to vehicles moved solely by human power, motorcycles, motor-driven cycles, mopeds, multipurpose vehicles, implements of husbandry, highway construction machinery or farm tractors except as specifically made applicable.

(d) A federal motor vehicle safety standard which conflicts with a provision of this act shall supersede that provision as to any vehicle in compliance with the federal standard. The highway department shall report any conflict to the legislature and the superintendent may adopt a regulation to replace the superseded provision.

31-5-910. Lighted lamps and illuminating devices.

Every vehicle including those listed in W.S. 31-5-901(c), except as otherwise provided in this act, upon a highway within this state at any time from one-half (1/2) hour after sunset to one-half (1/2) hour before sunrise and at any other time when, due to insufficient light or unfavorable atmospheric conditions, persons and vehicles on the highway are not clearly discernible at a distance of one thousand (1,000) feet ahead shall display lighted head and other lamps and illuminating devices as respectively required for different classes of vehicles, subject to exceptions with respect to parked vehicles. Stop lights, turn signals and other signaling devices shall be lighted as prescribed for those devices.

31-5-911. Visibility distance.

Whenever a requirement is declared by this act as to distance from which certain lamps and devices shall render objects visible or within which the lamps or devices shall be visible, the provisions apply during the times stated in W.S. 31-5-910 in respect to a vehicle without load when upon a straight, level, unlighted highway under normal atmospheric conditions unless a different time or condition is expressly stated.

31-5-912. Head lamps.

(a) A motor vehicle, including a multipurpose vehicle which is greater than fifty (50) inches in width, shall be equipped with at least two (2) head lamps with at least one (1) on each side of the front of the motor vehicle, which head lamps comply with the regulations of the superintendent.

(b) A motorcycle, motor-driven cycle, multipurpose vehicle which is fifty (50) inches or less in width or moped shall be equipped with at least one (1) head lamp which shall comply with the regulations of the superintendent.

31-5-913. Tail lamps.

(a) A motor vehicle, multipurpose vehicle which is greater than fifty (50) inches in width, trailer, semitrailer, pole trailer or any other vehicle which is being drawn at the end of a combination of vehicles, shall be equipped with at least two (2) tail lamps mounted on the rear, which shall comply with the regulations of the superintendent. The superintendent may by regulation allow one (1) tail lamp on any vehicle equipped with only one (1) when it was made. A motorcycle, motor-driven cycle, multipurpose vehicle which is fifty (50) inches or less in width or moped shall be equipped with at least one (1) tail lamp which shall comply with the regulations of the superintendent.

(b) Either a tail lamp or a separate lamp shall be so constructed and placed as to illuminate with a white light the rear registration plate of all vehicles listed in subsection (a) of this section. The lamp shall comply with the regulations of the superintendent.

(c) A street rod as defined in W.S. 31-1-101(a)(xv)(N) or a custom vehicle as defined in W.S. 31-1-101(a)(xv)(O) may use blue dot tail lights for stop lamps, rear turning indicator lamps, rear hazard lamps and rear reflectors. For purposes of this subsection, "blue dot tail light" means a red lamp installed in the rear of a motor vehicle containing a blue or purple insert that is not more than one (1) inch in diameter.

31-5-914. Rear reflectors.

Every motor vehicle, multipurpose vehicle which is greater than fifty (50) inches in width, trailer, semitrailer, pole trailer or other vehicle which is being drawn at the end of a combination of vehicles shall carry on the rear, either as a part of the tail lamps or separately, two (2) or more red reflectors complying with the regulations of the superintendent. Motorcycles, motor-driven cycles, multipurpose vehicles which are fifty (50) inches or less in width or mopeds shall carry on the rear at least one (1) red reflector complying with the regulations of the superintendent.

31-5-915. Stop lamps; electric turn signal lamps.

(a) Every motor vehicle, multipurpose vehicle which is greater than fifty (50) inches in width, trailer, semitrailer, pole trailer or other vehicle which is being drawn at the end of a combination of vehicles shall be equipped with two (2) or more stop lamps complying with the regulations of the superintendent. Every motorcycle, motor-driven cycle, multipurpose vehicle which is fifty (50) inches or less in width or moped shall be equipped with at least one (1) stop lamp complying with the regulations of the superintendent. The superintendent may by regulation allow one (1) stop lamp on any vehicle equipped with only one (1) when it was made.

(b) Every motor vehicle, trailer, semitrailer, pole trailer or other vehicle which is being drawn at the end of a combination of vehicles shall be equipped with electrical flashing turn signals complying with the regulations of the superintendent except that passenger cars and trucks less than eighty (80) inches in width, manufactured or assembled prior to January 1, 1953, need not be equipped with electric turn signal lamps.

31-5-916. Additional lamps and reflectors.

The superintendent by regulation may require trucks, buses, motor homes, motor vehicles with truck-campers, trailers, semitrailers and pole trailers to have additional lamps and reflectors.

31-5-917. Color of lighting devices.

All lighting devices and reflectors mounted on the rear of any vehicle shall display or reflect a red color, except the stop light or other signal device, which may be red or yellow, and except that the light illuminating the license plate shall be white and the light emitted by a backup lamp shall be white.

31-5-918. Vehicles in combination.

Whenever motor vehicles and other vehicles are operated in combination during the time that lights are required, any lamp need not be lighted which, by reason of its location on a vehicle of the combination, would be obscured by another vehicle of the combination.

31-5-919. Lamps, reflectors and flags on projecting loads.

Whenever the load upon any vehicle extends to the rear four (4) feet or more beyond the bed or body of the vehicle there shall be displayed at the extreme rear end of the load, at the times specified in W.S. 31-5-910, two (2) red lamps, two (2) red reflectors located so as to indicate maximum width, and on each side one (1) red lamp located so as to indicate maximum overhang. There shall be displayed at all other times on any vehicle having a load which extends beyond its sides or more than four (4) feet beyond its rear, red or fluorescent orange flags, not less than twelve (12) inches square, marking the extremities of the load, at each point where a lamp would otherwise be required by this section. Lamps and reflectors required in this section shall comply with the regulations of the superintendent.

31-5-920. Parked vehicles.

(a) Every vehicle shall be equipped with one (1) or more parking lamps which shall comply with the regulations of the superintendent.

(b) Whenever a vehicle is lawfully parked upon a street or highway during the hours between one-half (1/2) hour after sunset and one-half (1/2) hour before sunrise and if there is sufficient light to reveal persons and vehicles within a distance of five hundred (500) feet upon the street or highway, no lights need be displayed upon the parked vehicle.

(c) Whenever a vehicle is parked or stopped upon a roadway or adjacent shoulder, whether attended or unattended, during the hours between one-half (1/2) hour after sunset and one-half (1/2) hour before sunrise and there is not sufficient light to reveal any person or object within a distance of five hundred (500) feet upon the highway, the vehicle so parked or stopped shall display parking lamps complying with the requirements of the superintendent.

(d) Any lighted head lamps upon a parked vehicle shall be depressed or dimmed.

31-5-921. Farm and other vehicles and equipment; slow moving vehicle emblems.

(a) Every vehicle, including animal-drawn vehicles and vehicles referred to in W.S. 31-5-901(c) not specifically required by other provisions of this act to be equipped with lamps or other lighting devices, shall at the times specified in W.S. 31-5-910 be equipped with at least one (1) lamp displaying a white light visible from a distance of not less than one thousand (1,000) feet to the front of the vehicle and shall also be equipped with two (2) lamps displaying red light visible from a distance of not less than one thousand (1,000) feet to the rear of the vehicle, or as an alternative, one (1) lamp displaying a red light visible from a distance of not less than one thousand (1,000) feet to the rear and two (2) red reflectors visible from all distances within six hundred (600) feet to the rear when illuminated by the lawful lower beams of head lamps.

(b) Every farm tractor and every self-propelled implement of husbandry manufactured or assembled after January 1, 1974, shall at all times, and every other such motor vehicle shall at all times mentioned in W.S. 31-5-910, be equipped with lamps and reflectors as follows:

(i) At least two (2) head lamps complying with the regulations of the superintendent;

(ii) At least one (1) red lamp visible when lighted from a distance of not less than one thousand (1,000) feet to the rear mounted as far to the left of the center of the vehicle as possible;

(iii) At least two (2) red reflectors visible from all distances within six hundred (600) feet to the rear when directly in front of lawful lower beams of head lamps.

(c) On every combination of farm tractors and towed farm equipment or towed implement of husbandry, the farm tractor shall be equipped as required by subsection (b) of this section, and the towed unit shall at all times mentioned in W.S. 31-5-910 be equipped with lamps and reflectors as follows:

(i) If the towed unit or its load extends more than four (4) feet to the rear of the tractor or obscures any light thereon, the unit shall be equipped on the rear with at least one (1) red lamp visible when lighted from a distance of not less than one thousand (1,000) feet to the rear mounted as far to the left of the center of the towed vehicle as practicable, and at least two (2) red reflectors visible from all distances within six hundred (600) feet to the rear when directly in front of lawful lower beams of head lamps;

(ii) If the towed unit of the combination extends more than four (4) feet to the left of the center line of the tractor, the unit shall be equipped on the front with an amber reflector visible from all distances within six hundred (600) feet to one hundred (100) feet to the front when directly in front of lawful lower beams of head lamps. The reflector shall be so positioned to indicate as nearly as practicable, the extreme left projection of the towed unit.

(d) Every farm tractor and every self-propelled unit of farm equipment or implement of husbandry and special mobile equipment designed for operation at speeds not in excess of twenty-five (25) miles per hour shall at all times be equipped with a slow moving vehicle emblem mounted on the rear except as provided in subsection (e) of this section.

(e) Every combination of farm tractor and towed farm equipment or towed implement of husbandry or units towed by special mobile equipment normally operating at speeds not in excess of twenty-five (25) miles per hour shall at all times be equipped with a slow moving vehicle emblem as follows:

(i) Where the towed unit or any load thereon obscures the slow moving vehicle emblem on the towing unit, the towed unit shall be equipped with a slow moving vehicle emblem. In such cases, the towing vehicle need not display the emblem;

(ii) Where the slow moving vehicle emblem on the towing unit is not obscured by the towed unit or its load, then either or both may be equipped with the required emblem but it shall be sufficient if either has it.

(f) Use of the slow moving vehicle emblem is not required on highway construction and maintenance equipment when the vehicle is operated exclusively within areas guarded by a flagman or clearly visible warning signs.

(g) No person shall use the slow moving vehicle emblem except as required in this section nor display the emblem on a vehicle traveling at a speed in excess of twenty-five (25) miles per hour nor on a stationary object along the highway.

(h) The emblem required in subsections (d) and (e) of this section shall comply with current standards and specifications of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers.

31-5-922. Spot lamps.

Any motor vehicle may be equipped with not to exceed two (2) spot lamps and every lighted spot lamp shall be so aimed and used upon approaching another vehicle that no part of the high-intensity portion of the beam will strike the windshield, or any windows, mirror, or occupant of another vehicle in use.

31-5-923. Vehicular traffic hazard lamps.

(a) Any vehicle including those referred to in W.S. 31-5-901(c) may be equipped with lamps for the purpose of warning the operators of other vehicles of the presence of a vehicular traffic hazard requiring the exercise of unusual care in approaching, overtaking or passing.

(b) After January 1, 1986, every bus, truck, truck tractor, trailer, semitrailer or pole trailer eighty (80) inches or more in over-all width or thirty (30) feet or more in over-all length shall be equipped with lamps complying with the regulations of the superintendent.

31-5-924. Multiple-beam lamps.

(a) Whenever a motor vehicle including those referred to in W.S. 31-5-901(c) if equipped with multiple-beam lamps is being operated on a highway during the times specified in W.S. 31-5-910, the driver shall use a distribution of light, or composite beam, directed high enough and of sufficient intensity to reveal persons and vehicles at a safe distance in advance of the vehicle, subject to the following requirements and limitations:

(i) Whenever a driver of a vehicle approaches an oncoming vehicle, the driver shall, before coming within five hundred (500) feet of the oncoming vehicle use a distribution of light, or composite beam, so aimed that the glaring rays are not projected into the eyes of the oncoming driver. The lowermost distribution of light or composite beam, shall be aimed to avoid glare at all times, regardless of road contour and loading;

(ii) Whenever the driver of a vehicle approaches another vehicle within three hundred (300) feet from the rear, the driver shall use a distribution of light other than the uppermost distribution of light.

31-5-925. Single-beam lamps.

Head lamps which provide only a single distribution of light shall be permitted on all farm tractors regardless of date of manufacture, and on other motor vehicles manufactured and sold prior to July 1, 1956, if the head lamps comply with the regulations of the superintendent.

31-5-926. Alternate lighting for slow-moving vehicles.

Any motor vehicle may be operated under the conditions specified in W.S. 31-5-910 when equipped with two (2) lighted lamps upon the front thereof capable of revealing persons and objects one hundred (100) feet ahead in lieu of head lamps otherwise required under this act if the vehicle is not operated at a speed in excess of twenty (20) miles per hour.

31-5-927. Number of driving lamps.

Whenever a motor vehicle including those referred to in W.S. 31-5-901(c) equipped with head lamps as required in this act is also equipped with any other driving lamps on the front thereof, not more than a total of four (4) of the lamps on the front of a vehicle shall be lighted at any one (1) time when upon a highway. Driving lamps do not include turn or hazard warning signal lamps.

31-5-928. General lighting restrictions; authorized emergency vehicles.

(a) During the times specified in W.S. 31-5-910, any lighted lamp or illuminating device upon a motor vehicle other than head lamps, spot lamps, auxiliary lamps, flashing turn signals, vehicle hazard warning lamps and school bus warning lamps, which projects a beam of light of an intensity greater than three hundred (300) candlepower shall be so directed that no part of the high intensity portion of the beam will strike the level of the roadway on which the vehicle stands at a distance of more than seventy-five (75) feet from the vehicle.

(b) Except as required in W.S. 31-5-929 and this section, no person shall drive or move any vehicle or equipment upon any highway with any lamp or device thereon capable of displaying a red light or blue light visible from directly in front of the center thereof.

(c) Flashing lights are prohibited except as authorized by W.S. 31-5-915, 31-5-921, 31-5-929, 31-5-930, 31-5-931 and this section.

(d) Every authorized emergency vehicle, except police vehicles and as otherwise specified in this subsection, shall, in addition to any other equipment required by law, be equipped with at least one (1) red lamp visible from five hundred (500) feet in front of the vehicle. Except as otherwise provided in this subsection, every authorized emergency vehicle, may be equipped with one (1) or more blue, white or amber lights. Vehicles used by the department to clear snow from public highways may be equipped with one (1) or more lights of a conspicuous color as specified by rules adopted by the department. Privately-owned vehicles used by members of a fire department or emergency service organization in performing or traveling to perform assigned duties in those organizations shall display at least one (1) flashing white, red or amber light, but no blue lights, visible from five hundred (500) feet in front of the vehicle.

(e) A police vehicle primarily engaged in traffic law enforcement shall be marked so as to be readily identifiable.

(f) The following vehicles are authorized to display flashing white and amber lights in addition to those otherwise authorized by law:

(i) Vehicles of civil emergency preparedness agencies;

(ii) Vehicles of municipalities and public service corporations;

(iii) Wreckers;

(iv) Funeral cars.

(g) In addition to these lights otherwise authorized by law, a wrecker is authorized to display flashing red and blue lights at the scene of any emergency.

31-5-929. School buses.

(a) Every school bus shall, in addition to any other equipment and distinctive markings required by this act, be equipped with signal lamps mounted as high and as widely spaced laterally as practicable, which shall display to the front two (2) alternately flashing red lights located at the same level and to the rear two (2) alternately flashing red lights located at the same level, and these lights shall be visible at five hundred (500) feet in normal sunlight.

(b) Any school bus shall, in addition to the lights required by subsection (a) of this section, be equipped with yellow signal lamps mounted near each of the four (4) red lamps and at the same level but closer to the vertical centerline of the bus, which shall display two (2) alternately flashing yellow lights to the front and two (2) alternately flashing yellow lights to the rear, and these lights shall be visible at five hundred (500) feet in normal sunlight. These lights shall be displayed by the school bus at least one hundred (100) feet, but not more than five hundred (500) feet, before every stop at which the alternately flashing red lights required by subsection (a) of this section will be actuated.

(c) The superintendent is authorized to adopt standards and specifications applicable to lighting equipment on and special warning devices to be carried by school buses consistent with this act, but supplemental thereto. The standards and specifications shall correlate with and, so far as possible, conform to the specifications then current as approved by the Society of Automotive Engineers.

31-5-930. Highway construction and maintenance vehicles.

(a) The superintendent shall adopt specifications and rules governing the use of flashing lights on vehicles engaged in highway construction or maintenance operations.

(b) The driver of a vehicle engaged in highway construction or maintenance shall comply with rules adopted under this section.

31-5-931. Backup and side marker lamps.

(a) Any motor vehicle may be equipped with not more than two (2) backup lamps either separately or in combination with other lamps, but any such backup lamp shall not be lighted when the motor vehicle is in forward motion.

(b) Any vehicle may be equipped with one (1) or more side marker lamps and any side marker lamp may be flashed in conjunction with turn or vehicular hazard warning signals.

31-5-932. Approved sale of lighting devices; mounting.

(a) No person shall have for sale, sell or offer for sale for use upon or as a part of the equipment of a motor vehicle, trailer, semitrailer, motorcycle, motor-driven cycle, moped or pole trailer, or use upon the vehicle any head lamp, auxiliary or fog lamp, rear lamp, signal lamp or reflector, which reflector is required by this article, or parts of any of the foregoing which tend to change the original design or performance, unless of a type which has been submitted to the superintendent and approved by him. This section does not apply to equipment in actual use prior to January 1, 1956, or replacement parts therefor.

(b) No person shall have for sale, sell or offer for sale for use upon or as a part of the equipment of a motor vehicle, trailer, semitrailer or pole trailer any lamp or device mentioned in this section which has been approved by the superintendent unless the lamp or device bears thereon the trade-mark or name under which it is approved so as to be legible when installed.

(c) No person shall use upon any motor vehicle, trailer, semitrailer or pole trailer any lamps mentioned in this section unless the lamps are mounted, adjusted and aimed in accordance with instructions of the superintendent.

31-5-933. Repealed by Laws 1985, ch. 138, 3.

31-5-934. Approved sale of equipment generally.

(a) A person shall not sell or offer for sale any lamp, reflector, hydraulic brake fluid, seat belt, safety glass, emergency disablement warning device, studded tire, motorcycle helmet, eye protection device for motorists, or red rear bicycle reflector unless and until it has been approved by the superintendent.

(b) A person shall not sell or offer for sale any item of equipment for which a standard has been adopted under W.S. 31-5-935 unless and until it has been approved by the superintendent.

31-5-935. Standards for safety equipment.

(a) The superintendent shall adopt standards for lamps, reflectors, hydraulic brake fluids, seat belts, safety glass, emergency disablement warning devices, studded tires, motorcyclist helmets, eye protection devices and red rear bicycle reflectors.

(b) The superintendent may adopt standards for safety equipment that comply with standards of the United States Department of Transportation.

(c) Standards adopted by the superintendent may conform with standards issued or endorsed by any recognized organization or agency such as the United States Department of Transportation and other federal agencies, Vehicle Equipment Safety Commission, American National Standards Institute and Society of Automotive Engineers.

31-5-936. Identification requirements for equipment.

Any equipment described in W.S. 31-5-934 or any package containing the equipment shall bear the manufacturer's trade mark or brand name unless it complies with identification requirements of the United States Department of Transportation or other federal agencies.

31-5-937. Approval of safety equipment by superintendent.

(a) The superintendent shall approve or disapprove any lighting device or other safety equipment, component or assembly of a type for which approval is specifically required in this act within a reasonable time after approval has been requested.

(b) The superintendent shall establish the procedure to be followed when request for approval of any lighting device or other safety equipment, component or assembly is submitted under this section. The procedure may provide for submission of the device, component or assembly to the American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators as the agent of the superintendent and for the issuance of an approval certificate by the association in the name of the superintendent in lieu of submission of the device, component or assembly to the superintendent. Approval issued by the association shall have the same force and effect as if it had been issued by the superintendent.

(c) The superintendent shall maintain and publish lists of all devices, components or assemblies which have been approved by him.

31-5-938. Duration of superintendent's approval.

Approvals shall remain valid unless revoked under W.S. 31-5-939 or unless the superintendent requires them to be renewed under regulations issued by him.

31-5-939. Revocation of superintendent's approval; reapproval.

(a) Whenever the superintendent has reason to believe that a device approved under W.S. 31-5-937 does not comply with his standards, he shall upon thirty (30) days notice to the one to whom the approval was issued conduct a hearing upon the question of the continued compliance of the approved device. After the hearing the superintendent shall determine whether the device meets the requirements of the applicable standard. If the device does not meet those requirements the superintendent shall give notice to the one to whom the approval has been issued of his intention to revoke the approval. If the holder of the approval fails to satisfy the superintendent that the device being sold or offered for sale meets the applicable standard within ten (10) days of the notice, the superintendent shall revoke the approval and shall require the withdrawal of all such devices from the market and may require that all devices sold since the notification be replaced by devices that do comply.

(b) When an approval has been revoked pursuant to this section, the device shall not be again approved unless and until it has been submitted to reapproval and it has been demonstrated, in the same manner as in an application for an original approval, that the device fully meets the requirements of the applicable standard. The superintendent may require that all previously approved items are being effectively recalled and removed from the market as a condition for reapproval.

31-5-940. Testing and enforcement program.

(a) The highway department may purchase and test equipment described in W.S. 31-5-934 to determine whether it complies with its standards.

(b) Upon identification of unapproved or substandard devices being sold or offered for sale, the superintendent shall give notice to the person selling them that he is in violation of W.S. 31-5-934 and that selling or offering them for sale is prohibited.

(c) In order to enforce the prohibition against the sale or offer for sale of unapproved or substandard devices, the superintendent may file a petition in the district court to enjoin any further sale or offer of sale of the unapproved or substandard devices. Upon a prima facie showing that the device is of a type required to be approved by the superintendent, it has not been approved and it is being sold or offered for sale, the injunction shall be issued.

31-5-950. General braking requirements.

(a) Every motor vehicle and every combination of vehicles shall have a service braking system which will stop the vehicle or combination within forty (40) feet from an initial speed of twenty (20) miles per hour on a level, dry, smooth, hard surface or within such shorter distance as may be specified by the superintendent.

(b) Every motor vehicle and combination of vehicles excluding motorcycles, motor-driven cycles and mopeds shall have a parking brake system adequate to hold the vehicle or combination on any grade on which it is operated under all conditions of loading on a surface free from snow, ice or loose material or which shall comply with performance standards issued by the superintendent.

(d) The superintendent may adopt performance requirements for braking systems under this section. In formulating these requirements, the superintendent shall consider standards of the United States Department of Transportation, recommendations of other agencies and organizations, different classes of vehicles, deceleration rates, speeds, weather, loads, terrain and all other factors bearing on safe highway operations.

(e) This section applies to motorcycles, motor-driven cycles, multipurpose vehicles and mopeds unless specifically excluded.

31-5-951. Brakes on motor-driven cycles.

(a) The superintendent may require an inspection of the braking system on any motor-driven cycle and disapprove any brake which in his opinion is not so designed or constructed as to insure reasonable and reliable performance in actual use.

(b) The department may refuse to register or may suspend or revoke the registration of any motor-driven cycle when it is notified by the superintendent that the brake thereon does not comply with the provisions of this section.

(c) No person shall operate on any highway any motor-driven cycle if the superintendent has disapproved the brake equipment upon that motor-driven cycle or type of motor-driven cycle.

31-5-952. Horns and warning devices.

(a) Every motor vehicle when operated upon a highway shall be equipped with a horn in good working order and capable of emitting sound audible under normal conditions from a distance of not less than two hundred (200) feet, but no horn or other warning device shall emit an unreasonably loud or harsh sound or a whistle. The driver of a motor vehicle shall when reasonably necessary to insure safe operation give audible warning with his horn but shall not otherwise use the horn when upon a highway.

(b) No vehicle shall be equipped with nor shall any person use upon a vehicle any siren, whistle or bell, except as otherwise permitted in this section.

(c) Any vehicle may be equipped with a theft alarm signal device which is so arranged that it cannot be used by the driver as an ordinary warning signal. The theft alarm signal device may use a whistle, bell, horn or other audible signal but shall not use a siren.

(d) Every authorized emergency vehicle, except wreckers, shall be equipped with a siren, whistle or bell, capable of emitting sound audible under normal conditions from a distance of not less than five hundred (500) feet and of a type approved by the superintendent, but the siren shall not be used except when the vehicle is operated in response to an emergency call or in the immediate pursuit of an actual or suspected violator of the law, in which case the driver of the vehicle shall sound the siren when reasonably necessary to warn pedestrians and other drivers of the approach thereof.

(e) This section applies to motorcycles, motor-driven cycles, multipurpose vehicles and mopeds.

31-5-953. Mufflers.

(a) Every vehicle shall be equipped, maintained and operated so as to prevent excessive or unusual noise. Every motor vehicle shall at all times be equipped with a muffler or other effective noise suppressing system in good working order and in constant operation. No person shall use a muffler cut-out, bypass or similar device.

(b) The engine and power mechanism of every motor vehicle shall be so equipped and adjusted as to prevent the escape of excessive fumes or smoke.

31-5-954. Mirrors.

(a) On or before January 1, 1986, every motor vehicle including motorcycles, motor-driven cycles, multipurpose vehicles and mopeds shall be equipped with a mirror mounted on the left side of the vehicle and so located as to reflect to the driver a view of the highway to the rear of the vehicle.

(b) Every motor vehicle except a motorcycle, motor-driven cycle or moped, shall be equipped with an additional mirror mounted either inside the vehicle approximately in the center or outside the vehicle on the right side and so located as to reflect to the driver a view of the highway to the rear of the vehicle.

31-5-955. Windshields and wipers.

(a) No person shall drive any motor vehicle with any sign, poster or other material or substance upon or crack within the front windshield, side or rear windows of the vehicle which materially obstructs, obscures or impairs the driver's clear view of the highway or any intersecting highway.

(b) The windshield on every motor vehicle shall be equipped with a device for cleaning rain, snow or other moisture from the windshield, which device shall be so constructed as to be controlled or operated by the driver of the vehicle. This subsection shall apply to multipurpose vehicles as defined in W.S. 31-1-101(a)(xv)(M) when equipped with a windshield and an enclosed cab.

(c) Every motor vehicle shall be equipped with a windshield and a windshield wiper which shall be maintained in good working order.

31-5-956. Tires; restriction of travel under hazardous conditions; penalties.

(a) Every solid rubber tire on a vehicle shall have rubber on its entire traction surface at least one (1) inch thick above the edge of the flange of the entire periphery.

(b) No person shall operate or move on any highway any motor vehicle, trailer or semitrailer having any metal tire in contact with the roadway.

(c) No tire on a vehicle moved on a highway shall have on its periphery any protuberance of any material other than rubber which projects beyond the tread of the traction surface of the tire, except that it shall be permissible to use:

(i) Implements of husbandry with tires having protuberances which will not injure the highway;

(ii) Tire chains of reasonable proportions upon any vehicle when required for safety because of snow, ice or other conditions tending to cause a vehicle to skid;

(iii) Pneumatic tires having studs designed to improve traction without materially injuring the surface of the highway. Pneumatic tires having studs must be approved by the superintendent.

(d) The superintendent and local authorities in their respective jurisdictions may issue special permits authorizing the operation upon a highway of tractors having movable tracks with transverse corrugations upon the periphery of the movable tracks or farm tractors or other farm machinery, the operation of which upon a highway would otherwise be prohibited under this section.

(e) When the superintendent or his authorized representative determines that travel is sufficiently hazardous due to snow, ice or other conditions travel on a highway may be restricted to use only by motor vehicles utilizing adequate snow tires or tire chains, motor vehicles that are all-wheel drive vehicles or necessary emergency vehicles as defined in W.S. 31-5-102(a)(ii), including snow plows. The superintendent or his authorized representative may further restrict travel in extremely hazardous conditions to use only by necessary emergency vehicles as defined in W.S. 31-5-102(a)(ii), including snow plows, and those vehicles utilizing tire chains or to all-wheel drive vehicles utilizing adequate snow tires with a mud and snow or all-weather rating from the manufacturer having a tread of sufficient abrasive or skid-resistant design or composition and depth to provide adequate traction under existing driving conditions. The prohibition or restriction of use shall be effective when signs, including temporary or electronic signs, giving notice thereof are erected upon that portion of the highway, and it shall be unlawful to proceed in violation of the notice. The operator of a commercial vehicle shall affix tire chains to at least two (2) of the drive wheels of the vehicle at opposite ends of the same drive axle when the vehicle is required to utilize tire chains under this subsection. The state highway patrol shall cooperate with the department in the enforcement of any closing or restriction of use under this subsection.

(f) A person shall not operate any vehicle when one (1) or more of the tires in use on that vehicle is in unsafe operating condition or has a tread depth less than four thirty-seconds (4/32) inch in the case of tires which are used on the front wheels of a bus, truck or truck tractor, or two thirty-seconds (2/32) inch in other cases, measured in any two (2) adjacent tread grooves at three (3) equally spaced intervals around the circumference of the tire but the measurements shall not be made at the location of any tread wear indicator, tie bar, hump or fillet. No vehicle shall be operated on any tire that has fabric exposed through the tread or sidewall.

(g) A person in the business of selling tires shall not sell or offer for sale for highway use any tire which is in unsafe condition or which has a tread depth of less than two thirty-seconds (2/32) inch measured as specified in subsection (f) of this section.

(h) This section applies to motorcycles, motor-driven cycles, multipurpose vehicles and mopeds.

(j) Any person who operates a motor vehicle in violation of restrictions imposed by the department or the highway patrol under subsection (e) of this section is guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction shall be subject to a penalty of not more than two hundred fifty dollars ($250.00). Any person who operates a motor vehicle in violation of restrictions imposed by the department or the highway patrol under subsection (e) of this section, where the result of the violation is an incident that causes the closure of all lanes in one (1) or both directions of the highway, is guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction shall be subject to a penalty of not more than seven hundred fifty dollars ($750.00).

(k) As used in this section, "tire chains" means metal chains which consist of two (2) circular metal loops, one (1) on each side of the tire, connected by not less than nine (9) evenly spaced chains across the tire tread and any other traction devices differing from metal chains in construction, material or design but capable of providing traction equal to or exceeding that of metal chains under similar conditions.

31-5-957. Required flares, lanterns or reflectors for certain vehicles.

(a) No person shall operate any truck more than eighty (80) inches in width, bus, truck-tractor or any motor vehicle towing a house trailer, upon any highway outside an urban district or upon any divided highway unless there is carried in the vehicle the following equipment except as provided in subsection (b) of this section:

(i) At least three (3) flares or three (3) red electric lanterns or three (3) portable red emergency reflectors, each of which shall meet the requirements in SAE Standards J596 and J597 and Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 125. No flare, fusee, electric lantern or warning flag shall be used for the purpose of compliance with the requirements of this section unless the equipment is of a type which has been submitted to the superintendent and approved by him. No portable reflector unit shall be used for the purpose of compliance with the requirements of this section unless it is so designed and constructed as to be capable of reflecting red light clearly visible from all distances within six hundred (600) feet to one hundred (100) feet under normal atmospheric conditions at night when directly in front of lawful lower beams of head lamps and unless it is of a type which has been submitted to the superintendent and approved by him;

(ii) At least three (3) red-burning fusees unless red electric lanterns or red portable emergency reflectors are carried.

(b) No person shall use or permit the use of any flame-producing emergency signal for protecting any vehicle transporting explosives, Class A or Class B, any cargo tank motor vehicle used for the transportation of any flammable liquid or flammable compressed gas, whether loaded or empty, or any motor vehicle using compressed gas as motor fuel. In lieu thereof, emergency reflective triangles, red electric lanterns or red emergency reflectors shall be used, the placement of which shall be in the same manner as prescribed in W.S. 31-5-958.

31-5-958. Display of warning devices when vehicle disabled.

(a) Whenever any truck, bus, truck tractor, trailer, semitrailer or pole trailer eighty (80) inches or more in overall width or thirty (30) feet in overall length is stopped upon a roadway or adjacent shoulder, the driver shall immediately actuate vehicular hazard warning signal lights meeting the requirements of W.S. 31-5-923 when warning signal lights are required by W.S. 31-5-923. The lights need not be displayed by a vehicle parked lawfully in an urban district, or stopped lawfully to receive or discharge passengers, or stopped to avoid conflict with other traffic or to comply with the directions of a police officer or an official traffic-control device or while the devices specified in subsections (b) through (g) of this section are in place.

(b) Whenever any vehicle of a type referred to in subsection (a) of this section is disabled, or stopped for more than ten (10) minutes, upon a roadway outside of an urban district at any time when lighted lamps are required, the driver of the vehicle shall display the following warning devices except as provided in subsection (c) of this section:

(i) A lighted fusee, a lighted red electric lantern or a portable red emergency reflector shall be immediately placed at the traffic side of the vehicle in the direction of the nearest approaching traffic;

(ii) As soon thereafter as possible but in any event within the burning period of the fusee (ten (10) minutes), the driver shall place three (3) liquid-burning flares (pot torches), three (3) lighted red electric lanterns or three (3) portable red emergency reflectors on the roadway in the following order:

(A) One (1) approximately one hundred (100) feet from the disabled vehicle in the center of the lane occupied by the vehicle and toward traffic approaching in that lane;

(B) One (1) approximately one hundred (100) feet in the opposite direction from the disabled vehicle and in the center of the traffic lane occupied by the vehicle;

(C) One (1) at the traffic side of the disabled vehicle not less than ten (10) feet rearward or forward thereof in the direction of the nearest approaching traffic. If a lighted red electric lantern or a red portable emergency reflector has been placed at the traffic side of the vehicle in accordance with paragraph (b)(i) of this section, it may be used for this purpose.

(c) Whenever any vehicle referred to in this section is disabled, or stopped for more than ten (10) minutes, within five hundred (500) feet of a curve, hillcrest or other obstruction to view, the warning device in that direction shall be so placed as to afford ample warning to other users of the highway, but in no case less than one hundred (100) feet nor more than five hundred (500) feet from the disabled vehicle.

(d) Whenever any vehicle of a type referred to in this section is disabled, or stopped for more than ten (10) minutes, upon any roadway of a divided highway during the time that lighted lamps are required, the appropriate warning devices prescribed in subsections (b) and (e) of this section shall be placed as follows:

(i) One (1) at a distance of approximately two hundred (200) feet from the vehicle in the center of the lane occupied by the stopped vehicle and in the direction of traffic approaching in that lane;

(ii) One (1) at a distance of approximately one hundred (100) feet from the vehicle, in the center of the lane occupied by the vehicle and in the direction of traffic approaching in that lane;

(iii) One (1) at the traffic side of the vehicle and approximately ten (10) feet from the vehicle in the direction of the nearest approaching traffic.

(e) Whenever any motor vehicle used in the transportation of explosives or any cargo tank truck used for the transportation of any flammable liquid or compressed flammable gas is disabled, or is stopped for more than ten (10) minutes, at any time or place mentioned in subsection (b), (c) or (d) of this section, the driver of the vehicle shall immediately display red electric lanterns or portable red emergency reflectors in the same number and manner specified therein. Flares, fusees or signals produced by flame shall not be used as warning devices for disabled vehicles of the type mentioned in this subsection nor for vehicles using compressed gas as a fuel.

(f) The flares, fusees, red electric lanterns and portable red emergency reflectors to be displayed as required in this section shall conform with the requirements of W.S. 31-5-957 applicable thereto.

(g) The warning devices described in subsections (b), (c), (d) and (e) of this section need not be displayed where there is sufficient light to reveal persons and vehicles within a distance of one thousand (1,000) feet.

(h) When any vehicle described in this section is stopped entirely off the roadway and on an adjacent shoulder at any time and place described, the warning devices shall be placed, as nearly as practicable, on the shoulder near the edge of the roadway.

31-5-959. Vehicles transporting hazardous materials.

(a) Any person operating any vehicle transporting any hazardous materials, hazardous substance, hazardous waste, marine pollutant or radioactive material as a cargo or part of a cargo upon a highway shall at all times comply with regulations of the department adopted pursuant to W.S. 31-18-303. The regulations shall be consistent with current hazardous materials regulations of the United States department of transportation.

(b) No person shall dispose of or deposit any hazardous materials, hazardous substance, hazardous waste, marine pollutant or radioactive material upon any public street, road or highway in the state. However, the department of environmental quality or department of transportation may grant approval for the disposal or deposit of any material according to law.

(c) Any person convicted of willfully violating subsection (b) of this section is guilty of a felony punishable by a fine of not more than ten thousand dollars ($10,000.00), imprisonment for not more than five (5) years, or both. Any person convicted of recklessly, as defined by W.S. 6-1-104(a)(ix), violating subsection (b) of this section is guilty of a felony punishable by a fine of not more than five thousand dollars ($5,000.00), imprisonment for not more than three (3) years, or both. Any person convicted of criminal negligence, as defined by W.S. 6-1-104(a)(iii), in violating subsection (b) of this section is guilty of a misdemeanor punishable by a fine of not more than one thousand dollars ($1,000.00), imprisonment for not more than one (1) year, or both.

(d) As used in this section:

(i) "Hazardous materials" means a substance or material, including a hazardous substance, which has been determined by the United States secretary of transportation under title 49 of the Code of Federal Regulations to be capable of posing an unreasonable risk to health, safety and property and which has been so designated;

(ii) "Hazardous waste" means any material that is subject to the hazardous waste manifest requirements of the United States environmental protection agency as specified in 40 C.F.R. part 262;

(iii) "Marine pollutant" means a hazardous substance which is listed in appendix b, 49 C.F.R. part 172.101 and, when in a solution or mixture of one (1) or more marine pollutants, is packaged in a concentration which equals or exceeds:

(A) Ten percent (10%) by weight of the solution or mixture for materials that are listed in the appendix;

(B) One percent (1%) by weight of the solution or mixture for materials that are identified as severe marine pollutants in the appendix.

(iv) "Radioactive material" means any material having a specific activity greater than 0.002 microcuries per gram;

(v) "Specific activity" of a radionuclide means the activity of the radionuclide per unit mass of that nuclide. The specific activity of a material in which the radionuclide is essentially uniformly distributed is the activity per unit mass of the material.

31-5-960. Pedestrian vehicles.

(a) Every pedestrian vehicle operated upon a highway shall be equipped with the following equipment:

(i) A horn meeting the requirements of W.S. 31-5-952(a);

(ii) At least one (1) headlamp of either a single-beam or multiple-beam type which shall be of sufficient intensity to reveal a person or a vehicle at a distance of not less than one hundred (100) feet when operated at any speed less than twenty-five (25) miles per hour;

(iii) Two (2) tail lamps which shall be so wired as to be lighted whenever the headlamp is lighted and which, when lighted, shall emit a red light plainly visible from a distance of at least one hundred (100) feet to the rear;

(iv) Rear stop lamps and turn signals conforming to the requirements of the superintendent;

(v) A brake which conforms to the performance requirements of W.S. 31-5-951; and

(vi) A reflectorized flag mounted in a bracket permanently affixed to the vehicle. The flag, when mounted, shall be visible from all directions at a height of not less than forty-eight (48) inches nor more than seventy-two (72) inches measured from the level ground upon which the vehicle stands and shall conform to the following requirements:

(A) Be constructed of durable, all-weather type material;

(B) Be orange in color;

(C) Be triangular in shape with a minimum base length of eight and one-half (8 1/2) inches and a minimum side length of eleven and one-half (11 1/2) inches.

31-5-961. Television receivers; electronic displays.

(a) No motor vehicle operated on Wyoming highways shall be equipped with television-type receiving equipment so located that the viewer or screen is visible from the driver's seat.

(b) This section does not prohibit the use of television-type receiving equipment used exclusively for safety or law enforcement purposes, provided the use is approved by the highway department.

31-5-962. Sunscreening devices.

(a) As used in this section:

(i) "Dealer" means any person or business engaged in the distribution or installation of sunscreening products or materials designed to be used in conjunction with vehicle glazing materials for the purpose of reducing the effects of the sun;

(ii) "Light transmission" means the ratio of the amount of total light to pass through a product or material to the amount of the total light falling on the product or material;

(iii) "Luminous reflectance" means the ratio of the amount of total light that is reflected outward by the product or material to the amount of the total light falling on the product or materials;

(iv) "Multipurpose passenger vehicle" means a motor vehicle designed to carry ten (10) persons or less which is constructed either on a truck chassis or with special features for occasional off-road operation;

(v) "Nonreflective" means a product or material designed to absorb light rather than to reflect it;

(vi) "Sunscreening device" means film material or device that is designed to be used in conjunction with motor vehicle safety glazing materials for reducing the effects of the sun.

(b) No person may operate an enclosed motor vehicle that is registered or required to be registered in this state on any public highway, road or street that has a sunscreen device on the windshield, the front side wings and side windows adjacent to the right and left of the driver and windows adjacent to the rear of the driver that do not meet the requirements of this section.

(c) A sunscreening device when used in conjunction with the windshield shall be a nonreflective type and may not be red, yellow or amber in color. A sunscreening device may be used only along the top of the windshield and may not extend downward beyond the AS-1 line or more than five (5) inches from the top of the windshield, whichever is closer to the top of the windshield.

(d) A sunscreening device, when used in conjunction with the safety glazing materials of the side wings or side windows, or both, located at the immediate right and left of the driver, shall be a nonreflective type and have total light transmission through both the sunscreening device and glazing of not less than twenty-eight percent (28%).

(e) A sunscreening device, when used in conjunction with the safety glazing materials of the side windows behind the driver and the rearmost window, shall be a nonreflective type and have total light transmission through both the sunscreening device and glazing of not less than twenty-eight percent (28%).

(f) No sunscreening device or tinting film may be applied or affixed to any window of a motor vehicle that has a luminous reflectance of light exceeding twenty percent (20%).

(g) If any sunscreen device or tinting film is added to any windows behind the operator, one (1) left and one (1) right outside rearview mirror shall be required.

(h) The requirements of this section shall not apply to windows behind the driver of trucks, buses, motor homes, ambulances, limousines and multipurpose passenger vehicles, to windshields on motorcycles or motor-driven cycles. Except as provided in subsection (j) of this section, vehicle windows with a sunscreen device or tinting film applied prior to July 1, 1996 which do not meet the specifications established by this section shall be in violation after December 31, 1996.

(j) Notwithstanding the requirements of subsections (d) and (e) of this section, any sunscreening device applied prior to July 1, 1996, when used in conjunction with the safety glazing materials of the side wings or side windows located at the immediate right and left of the driver, the side windows behind the driver and the rearmost window shall be of a nonreflective type and have total light transmission through both the sunscreening device and the glazing of not less than thirteen percent (13%).

(k) No person or firm may apply or affix to the windows of any motor vehicle in this state, a sunscreen device or tinting film that is not in compliance with the requirements of this section.

(m) Notwithstanding the requirements of this section, a motor vehicle operated by or regularly used to transport any person with a medical condition which renders him susceptible to harm or injury from exposure to sunlight or bright artificial light may be equipped, on its windshield and any or all of its windows, with sun shading or tinting films or applications which reduce the transmission of light into the vehicle to levels not less than twenty-five percent (25%). The sun shading or tinting film when applied to the windshield of a motor vehicle shall not cause the total light transmittance to be reduced to any level less than seventy percent (70%), except for the upper five (5) inches of the windshield or the AS-1 line, whichever is closer to the top of the windshield. Vehicles equipped with sun shading or tinting films as provided in this subsection shall not be operated on any highway unless the driver or an occupant of the vehicle has in his possession a certificate issued by the director authorizing such operation. The director shall issue the certificate only upon receipt of a signed statement from a licensed physician or licensed optometrist identifying the person seeking the certificate and stating that, in the physician's or optometrist's professional opinion, the equipping of a vehicle with sun shading or tinting films or applications is necessary to safeguard the health of the person seeking the certificate. Certificates issued by the director under this subsection shall be valid so long as the condition requiring the use of sun shading or tinting films or applications persists or until the vehicle is sold, whichever first occurs. In the discretion of the director, one (1) or more certificates may be issued to an individual or a family.

(n) This section shall apply to multipurpose vehicles as defined in W.S. 31-1-101(a)(xv)(M) when equipped with a windshield and an enclosed cab.

31-5-970. Required safe mechanical condition.

No person shall drive or move on the highway any vehicle, including vehicles referenced in W.S. 31-5-901(c), unless the equipment upon the vehicle is in good working order and adjustment as required in this act and unless the vehicle is in such safe mechanical condition as not to endanger the driver or other occupant or any person upon the highway.

ARTICLE 10 - SIZE AND WEIGHT LIMITS

31-5-1001. Renumbered as 31-18-801 by Laws 1993, ch. 68, 3.

31-5-1002. Renumbered as 31-18-802 by Laws 1993, ch. 68, 3.

31-5-1003. Renumbered as 31-18-803 by Laws 1993, ch. 68, 4.

31-5-1004. Renumbered as 31-18-804 by Laws 1993, ch. 68, 3.

31-5-1005. Renumbered as 31-18-805 by Laws 1993, ch. 68, 3.

31-5-1006. Renumbered as 31-18-806 by Laws 1993, ch. 68, 4.

31-5-1007. Renumbered as 31-18-807 by Laws 1993, ch. 68, 3.

31-5-1008. Renumbered as 31-18-808 by Laws 1993, ch. 68, 3.

31-5-1009. Prohibition of triple trailers.

Except for the provisions of W.S. 31-18-808 and 31-18-803(a) no vehicle combination composed of more than three (3) single vehicles shall operate by special permit, test permit, or otherwise on the highways of this state.

ARTICLE 11 - ACCIDENTS

31-5-1101. Duty to stop vehicle where accident involves death or personal injuries; penalties.

(a) The driver of any vehicle involved in an accident resulting in injury to or death of any person shall immediately stop the vehicle at the scene of the accident or as close thereto as possible but shall then forthwith return to and in every event shall remain at the scene of the accident until he has fulfilled the requirements of W.S. 31-5-1103. Every stop shall be made without obstructing traffic more than is necessary.

(b) Any person failing to stop or to comply with subsection (a) of this section shall, upon conviction, be imprisoned not more than one (1) year, fined not more than five thousand dollars ($5,000.00), or both.

31-5-1102. Duty to stop vehicle where accident involves damage to attended vehicle or property; penalty.

The driver of a vehicle involved in an accident resulting only in damage to a vehicle or other property which is driven or attended by any person shall immediately stop the vehicle at the scene of the accident or as close thereto as possible, but shall forthwith return to and remain at the scene of the accident until he has fulfilled the requirements of W.S. 31-5-1103. Every stop shall be made without obstructing traffic more than is necessary. Any person failing to stop or comply with this section is guilty of a misdemeanor.

31-5-1103. Duty to give information and render aid.

The driver of any vehicle involved in an accident resulting in injury to or death of any person or damage to any vehicle or other property which is driven or attended by any person shall give his name, address and the registration number of the vehicle he is driving and shall upon request and if available exhibit his driver's license to the person injured in the accident or to the driver or occupant of or person attending any vehicle or other property damaged in the accident and to any police officer at the scene of or who is investigating the accident. The driver shall also render to any person injured in the accident reasonable assistance, including the carrying, or the making of arrangements for the carrying, of the person to a physician, surgeon or hospital for medical or surgical treatment if it is apparent that the treatment is necessary or if the carrying is requested by the injured person.

31-5-1104. Duty upon colliding with unattended vehicle or property.

The driver of any vehicle which collides with or is involved in an accident with any vehicle or other property which is unattended resulting in any damage to the other vehicle or other property shall immediately stop and shall immediately either locate and notify the operator or owner of the vehicle or other property of his name, address and the registration number of the vehicle he is driving or shall attach securely in a conspicuous place in or on the vehicle or other property a written notice giving his name, address and the registration number of the vehicle he is driving. Every stop shall be made without obstructing traffic more than is necessary.

31-5-1105. Notice required of driver.

The driver of a vehicle involved in an accident resulting in injury to or death of any person, in property damage to another or others to an apparent extent of at least one thousand dollars ($1,000.00) or in any vehicle, excluding bicycles or any other vehicle moved solely by human power, becoming so disabled as to prevent its normal and safe operation, shall immediately by the quickest means of communication give notice of the accident to the local police department if the accident occurs within a municipality, otherwise to the nearest office of the state highway patrol or to the office of the county sheriff.

31-5-1106. Written reports required of driver and police officer; reporting of vehicles struck by bullets.

(a) The driver of a vehicle which is involved in an accident resulting in bodily injury to or death of any person or total property damage to an apparent extent of one thousand dollars ($1,000.00) or more shall, within ten (10) days after the accident, forward a written report of the accident to the highway department.

(b) The department may require any driver of a vehicle involved in an accident of which report must be made as provided in this section to file supplemental reports whenever the original report is insufficient in the opinion of the department.

(c) Every police officer who investigates a motor vehicle accident of which report must be made as required in this section, either at the time of and at the scene of the accident or thereafter by interviewing the participants or witnesses shall forward a written report of the accident to the highway department within ten (10) days after his investigation of the accident.

(d) The person in charge of any garage or repair shop to which is brought any motor vehicle which shows evidence of having been struck by any bullet, shall report to the local police department if the garage is located within a municipality, otherwise to the county sheriff or nearest office of the state highway patrol, within twenty-four (24) hours after the motor vehicle is received by the garage or repair shop, giving the identifying number, registration number and the name and address of the owner or driver of the vehicle.

31-5-1107. Duty of occupant and owner when driver incapable of reporting.

(a) An accident report is not required under W.S. 31-5-1106 from any person who is physically incapable of making report during the period of incapacity.

(b) Whenever the driver of a vehicle is physically incapable of giving an immediate notice of an accident as required in W.S. 31-5-1105 and there was another occupant in the vehicle at the time of the accident capable of doing so, the occupant shall make or cause to be given the notice not given by the driver.

(c) Whenever the driver is physically incapable of making a written report of an accident as required in W.S. 31-5-1106 and the driver is not the owner of the vehicle, then the owner of the vehicle involved in the accident shall within ten (10) days after the accident make the report not made by the driver.

31-5-1108. Report forms; failure to make report; false report.

(a) The highway department shall prepare and upon request supply to police departments, coroners, sheriffs and other suitable agencies or individuals, forms for accident reports required hereunder, appropriate with respect to the persons required to make the reports and the purposes to be served. The written reports to be made by persons involved in accidents and by investigating officers shall call for sufficiently detailed information to disclose with reference to a traffic accident the cause, conditions then existing and the persons and vehicles involved.

(b) Every accident report required to be made in writing shall be made on the appropriate form approved by the highway department and shall contain all of the information required therein unless not available.

(c) Every accident report shall also contain information sufficient to enable the department to determine whether the requirements for the deposit of security under any of the laws of this state are inapplicable by reason of the existence of insurance or other exceptions specified therein.

(d) Any person convicted of failing to make a report as required herein shall be punished as provided in W.S. 31-5-1201.

(e) A person shall not give information in oral or written reports as required in W.S. 31-5-1101 through 31-5-1111 knowing or having reason to believe that the information is false.

31-5-1109. Repealed by Laws 1985, ch. 212, 4.

31-5-1110. Confidentiality of reports; exceptions.

(a) All accident reports made by persons involved in accidents shall be without prejudice to the individual so reporting and shall be for the confidential use of the department or other state agencies having use for the records for accident prevention purposes, except that:

(i) The highway department may disclose the identity of a person involved in an accident when the identity is not otherwise known or when the person denies his presence at the accident;

(ii) The highway department shall disclose to any person requesting such information whether any person or vehicle was covered by a vehicle insurance policy and the name of the insurer.

(b) All accident reports and supplemental information filed in connection with the administration of the laws of this state relating to the deposit of security or proof of financial responsibility shall be confidential and not open to general public inspection, nor shall copying of lists of the reports be permitted except the reports and supplemental information may be examined by any person named therein or by his representative designated in writing.

(c) No written reports forwarded under this section shall be used as evidence in any trial, civil or criminal, arising out of an accident except for prosecutions for filing false reports and, except that the highway department shall furnish upon demand of any party to the trial, or upon demand of any court, a certificate showing that a specified accident report has or has not been made to the highway department in compliance with law, and, if a report has been made, the date, time and location of the accident, the names and addresses of the drivers, the owners of the vehicles involved and the investigating officers.

31-5-1111. Reports required by municipalities.

Any municipality may by ordinance require that the driver of a vehicle involved in an accident, or the owner of the vehicle, shall also file with a designated city department a report of the accident or a copy of any report herein required to be filed with the highway department. All reports shall be for the confidential use of the city department and subject to W.S. 31-5-1110.

31-5-1112. Tabulation and analysis of reports.

The department shall tabulate and may analyze all accident reports and shall publish annually, or at more frequent intervals, statistical information based thereon as to the number and circumstances of traffic accidents.

ARTICLE 12 - OFFENSES, PENALTIES AND ENFORCEMENT

31-5-1201. Violation of provisions to constitute misdemeanor; penalties.

(a) It is a misdemeanor for any person to violate any of the provisions of this act or rules and regulations authorized under this act unless the violation is by this act or other law of this state declared to be a felony.

(b) Every person convicted of a misdemeanor for a violation of any of the provisions of this act or rules and regulations authorized under this act for which another penalty is not provided shall:

(i) For a first conviction be punished by a fine of not more than two hundred dollars ($200.00), by imprisonment for not more than twenty (20) days, or both;

(ii) For a second conviction of the same offense within one (1) year thereafter, be punished by a fine of not more than three hundred dollars ($300.00) or by imprisonment for not more than thirty (30) days, or both;

(iii) For a third or subsequent conviction of the same offense within one (1) year after the first conviction, be punished by a fine of not more than five hundred dollars ($500.00) or by imprisonment for not more than six (6) months, or both.

(c) Evidence of a prior conviction or convictions under subsection (a) of this section shall not be introduced during the trial of any case, but shall be introduced only after the completion of the trial for the purpose of determining the penalty to be imposed upon a conviction hereunder.

(d) Except as provided in subsection (g) of this section:

(i) Every person convicted of a violation of W.S. 31-5-301(b)(iii), for speeds of seventy-six (76) through eighty (80) miles per hour, or W.S. 31-5-301(b)(iv), for speeds of sixty-six (66) through seventy (70) miles per hour, shall be fined five dollars ($5.00) for each mile per hour in excess of the legal speed limit not to exceed twenty-five dollars ($25.00);

(ii) Every person convicted of a violation of W.S. 31-5-301(b)(iv), for speeds at or above seventy (70) miles per hour, shall be fined twenty-five dollars ($25.00) plus three dollars ($3.00) per mile for each mile per hour in excess of seventy (70) miles per hour with assessed court costs;

(iii) Every person convicted of a violation of W.S. 31-5-301(b)(iii), for speeds above eighty (80) miles per hour, shall be fined at the discretion of the judge but not less than thirty-five dollars ($35.00) nor more than the maximum penalties provided by subsection (b) of this section, with assessed court costs which shall also apply to a violation of W.S. 31-5-301(b)(iii) for a speed of eighty (80) miles per hour;

(iv) Convictions shall not be considered pursuant to W.S. 31-7-129(a)(i) for driver license suspensions for speeding violations of less than eighty (80) miles per hour where the posted speed limit is at least sixty-five (65) miles per hour or less than six (6) miles per hour over the posted speed limit in all other instances and zones, except speeding violations in school zones, or construction zones;

(v) Notwithstanding W.S. 5-4-207 and 5-9-107, court costs for violations of W.S. 31-5-301(b)(iii) or (iv) shall not be assessed for speeds up to four (4) miles per hour over the speed limits authorized by W.S. 31-5-301(b)(iii) or (iv).

(e) Any person convicted of a violation of W.S. 31-5-507(a) or convicted of exceeding the posted speed limit in a school zone as provided in W.S. 31-5-301(b)(i) by more than ten (10) miles per hour shall be fined not less than two hundred dollars ($200.00) nor more than seven hundred fifty dollars ($750.00). Upon any subsequent conviction of either a violation of W.S. 31-5-507(a) or a conviction of exceeding the posted speed limit in a school zone as provided in W.S. 31-5-301(b)(i) by more than ten (10) miles per hour within one (1) year, a person shall be fined not less than four hundred dollars ($400.00) nor more than one thousand dollars ($1,000.00).

(f) Any person convicted of violating W.S. 31-5-229 shall be punished by a fine of not more than seven hundred fifty dollars ($750.00), imprisonment for not more than six (6) months, or both.

(g) In addition to any other penalty, every person convicted of violating W.S. 31-5-301(b)(iii), (iv) or (c) or 31-5-302 by exceeding the posted speed limit by six (6) or more miles per hour, while operating a vehicle or combination of vehicles with a gross vehicle weight or gross vehicle weight rating exceeding twenty-six thousand (26,000) pounds shall be fined three hundred dollars ($300.00).

31-5-1202. Parties to crime.

Every person who commits, attempts to commit, conspires to commit, or aids or abets in the commission of, any act declared herein [in this chapter] to be a crime, whether individually or in connection with one (1) or more other persons or as a principal, agent or accessory, is guilty of the offense, and every person who falsely, fraudulently, forcibly or willfully induces, causes, coerces, requires, permits or directs another to violate any provision of this act is likewise guilty of the offense.

31-5-1203. Unlawful acts by persons owning or controlling vehicles.

It is unlawful for the owner or any other person, employing or otherwise directing the driver of any vehicle to require or knowingly to permit the operation of the vehicle upon a highway in any manner contrary to law.

31-5-1204. Authority to make arrest; general arrest procedures; arrest of nonresidents.

(a) The authority of a police officer to make an arrest is the same as upon an arrest for a felony when the officer has reasonable and probable grounds to believe that the person arrested has committed any of the following offenses and the manner of making arrests shall be as in misdemeanor cases:

(i) Negligent homicide or homicide by vehicle;

(ii) Driving or being in actual physical control of a vehicle while under the influence of alcohol or any substance as prohibited by W.S. 31-5-233;

(iii) Failure to stop, failure to give information or failure to render reasonable assistance, in the event of an accident resulting in death or personal injuries as prescribed in W.S. 31-5-1101 and 31-5-1103;

(iv) Failure to stop or give information in the event of an accident resulting in damage to a vehicle or other property as prescribed in W.S. 31-5-1102 through 31-5-1104;

(v) Reckless driving;

(vi) Racing on the highway; or

(vii) Willfully fleeing from or attempting to elude a police officer.

(b) Whenever any person is arrested as authorized in this section he shall be taken without unnecessary delay before the proper court as specified in W.S. 31-5-1205(g), except that in the case of any of the offenses designated in paragraphs (a)(iv) through (vii) of this section, a police officer shall have the same discretion as is provided in other cases in subsection (d) of this section.

(c) Whenever any person is halted by a police officer for any violation of this act, he shall be taken without unnecessary delay before the proper court as specified in W.S. 31-5-1205(g), in any of the following cases:

(i) When the person demands an immediate appearance before a judge; or

(ii) In any other event when the person is issued a traffic citation by a police officer and refuses to give his written promise to appear in court as hereinafter provided.

(d) Whenever any person is halted by a police officer for any violation of this act and is not required to be taken before a court as provided by subsection (c) of this section, the person shall, in the discretion of the officer, either be given a traffic citation or be taken without unnecessary delay before the proper judge, as specified in W.S. 31-5-1205(g), in any of the following cases:

(i) When the person does not furnish satisfactory evidence of identity or when the officer has reasonable and probable grounds to believe the person will disregard a written promise to appear in court;

(ii) When the person is charged with a violation of W.S. 31-5-959, relating to vehicles transporting hazardous materials;

(iii) When the person is charged with a violation of W.S. 31-18-804.

(e) A police officer who arrests a nonresident of this state for any violation of this act may instead of issuing a traffic citation containing notice to appear in court, take the nonresident without unnecessary delay before the proper court, as specified in W.S. 31-5-1205(g) or pursuant to W.S. 31-5-1205(h) require that the bond be posted in accord with an adopted bond schedule and which may be accepted by the arresting officer for delivery to the court.

31-5-1205. Traffic citations; notice to appear in court; release upon written promise to appear; procedure before judge or court; arrest for driving under the influence.

(a) Whenever a person is halted by a police officer for any violation of this act punishable as a misdemeanor, and is not taken before a judge as required or permitted, the officer shall prepare a written traffic citation containing a notice to appear in court.

(b) The time specified in the notice to appear must be at least five (5) days after the alleged violation unless the person charged with the violation demands an earlier hearing.

(d) The person charged with the violation may give his written promise to appear in court by signing at least one (1) copy of the written traffic citation prepared by the officer, in which event the officer shall deliver a copy of the citation to the person, and thereupon, the officer shall not take the person into physical custody for the violation.

(e) Any officer violating any of the provisions of this section is guilty of misconduct in office and is subject to removal from office.

(f) Except for felonies and those offenses enumerated in W.S. 31-5-1204(a)(i), (ii) and (iii), a police officer at the scene of a traffic accident may issue a written traffic citation, as provided in subsection (a) of this section, to any driver of a vehicle involved in the accident when, based upon personal investigation, the officer has reasonable and probable grounds to believe that the person has committed any offense under the provisions of this act in connection with the accident.

(g) Whenever any person is taken before a judge or is given a written traffic citation containing a notice to appear before a judge, the judge shall be a judge within the county in which the offense charged is alleged to have been committed and who has jurisdiction of the offense and is nearest or most accessible with reference to the place where the alleged violation occurred. For the purpose of this section, the terms "judge" and "court" includes judges and courts having jurisdiction of offenses under this act as committing judges and courts and those having jurisdiction of the trials of the offenses.

(h) Whenever any person is taken into custody by a police officer for the purpose of taking him before a judge or court as authorized or required in this act upon any charge other than a felony or the offenses enumerated in W.S. 31-5-1204(a)(i), (ii) and (iii), and no judge is available at the time of arrest, and there is no bail schedule established by the judge or court and no lawfully designated court clerk or other public officer who is available and authorized to accept bail upon behalf of the judge or court, the person shall be released from custody upon the issuance to him of a written traffic citation and his signing a promise to appear as provided in subsection (d) of this section.

(j) The procedure prescribed by this section is not exclusive to this act, but is applicable in all proceedings arising out of an alleged violation of a statute, ordinance or regulation relating to operation or use of any vehicle or to use of the highways.

(k) If a person is arrested, cited or issued a summons for violation of W.S. 31-5-233 or a municipal ordinance which substantially conforms to the provisions of W.S. 31-5-233 or for a violation as defined in W.S. 31-5-234(d), he shall surrender possession of his driver's license, whether issued in Wyoming or another jurisdiction, to the arresting or issuing officer. In addition to other requirements of this section and W.S. 31-5-1204, the officer shall issue a temporary license pursuant to W.S. 31-6-102, 31-6-108 or 31-7-138 to the person arrested or cited and shall forward the surrendered license to the department.

31-5-1206. Violation of promise to appear; appearance by counsel.

(a) It is unlawful for any person to violate his written promise to appear given to an officer upon the issuance of a traffic citation regardless of the disposition of the charge for which the citation was originally issued.

(b) A written promise to appear in court may be complied with by an appearance by counsel.

(c) Failure to appear as defined in this section is a misdemeanor punishable by a fine of not less than twenty-five dollars ($25.00) nor more than seven hundred fifty dollars ($750.00), imprisonment for not more than six (6) months, or both.

31-5-1207. Procedure not exclusive.

The provisions of W.S. 31-5-1204 through 31-5-1206 shall govern all police officers in making arrests without a warrant for violations of this act, but the procedure prescribed herein is not exclusive of any other method prescribed by law for the arrest and prosecution of a person for an offense of like grade.

31-5-1208. Inadmissibility of evidence of conviction.

No evidence of the conviction of any person for any violation of this act is admissible in any court in any civil action.

31-5-1209. Effect of conviction upon credibility of witness.

The conviction of a person upon a charge of violating any provision of this act or other traffic regulation less than a felony shall not affect or impair the credibility of the person as a witness in any civil or criminal proceeding.

31-5-1210. Traffic citation books.

The chief administrative officer of every traffic enforcement agency is responsible for the issuance of traffic citation books and shall maintain a record of every book and each citation contained therein issued to individual members of the traffic enforcement agency and shall require and retain a receipt for every book so issued.

31-5-1211. Disposition and records of traffic citations.

(a) Every traffic enforcement officer upon issuing a traffic citation to an alleged violator of any provision of the motor vehicle laws of this state or of any traffic ordinance of any city or town shall deposit the original or a copy of the traffic citation with a court having jurisdiction over the alleged offense or with its traffic violations bureau.

(b) Upon the deposit of the original or a copy of the traffic citation with a court having jurisdiction over the alleged offense or with its traffic violations bureau as aforesaid, the original or copy of the traffic citation may be disposed of only by trial in court or other official action by a judge of the court, including forfeiture of the bail, or by the deposit of sufficient bail with or payment of a fine to the traffic violations bureau by the person to whom the traffic citation was issued by the traffic enforcement officer.

(c) It is unlawful and official misconduct for any traffic enforcement officer or other officer or public employee to dispose of a traffic citation or copies thereof or of the record of the issuance of the same in a manner other than as required by this act.

(d) The chief administrative officer of every traffic enforcement agency shall require the return to him of a copy of every traffic citation issued by an officer under his supervision to an alleged violator of any traffic law or ordinance and of all copies of every traffic citation which has been spoiled or upon which any entry has been made and not issued to an alleged violator.

(e) The chief administrative officer shall also maintain or cause to be maintained in connection with every traffic citation issued by an officer under his supervision a record of the disposition of the charge by the court or its traffic violations bureau in which the original or copy of the traffic citation was deposited.

31-5-1212. Audit of traffic citation records; annual summary of traffic violation notices.

(a) Every record of traffic citations required in W.S. 31-5-1201 through 31-5-1214, shall be audited annually by the appropriate fiscal officer of the governmental agency to which the traffic enforcement agency is responsible.

(b) The fiscal officer shall publish or cause to be published an annual summary of all traffic violation notices issued by the traffic enforcement agency and the dispositions thereof in at least one (1) local daily newspaper of general circulation.

31-5-1213. Use of citations as lawful complaints.

In the event the form of citation provided under W.S. 31-5-1210 includes information and is sworn to as required under the general laws of this state in respect to a complaint charging commission of the offense alleged in the citation to have been committed, then the citation when filed with a court having jurisdiction shall be deemed to be a lawful complaint for the purpose of prosecution under this act.

31-5-1214. Record of traffic cases; reports of convictions.

(a) Every judge of a court shall keep or cause to be kept a record of every traffic complaint, traffic citation or other legal form of traffic charge deposited with or presented to the court and shall keep a record of every official action by the court in reference thereto, including but not limited to a record of every conviction, forfeiture of bail, judgment of acquittal and the amount of fine or forfeiture resulting from every traffic complaint or citation deposited with or presented to the court.

(b) Within ten (10) days after the conviction or forfeiture of bail of a person upon a charge of violating any provisions of this act or other law regulating the operation of vehicles on highways every clerk of the court of record in which the conviction was had or bail was forfeited shall prepare and immediately forward to the department an abstract of the record of the court covering the case in which the person was so convicted or forfeited bail, which abstract must be certified by the person required to prepare the same to be true and correct. Report need not be made of any conviction involving the illegal parking or standing of a vehicle.

(c) The abstract must be made upon a form furnished by the department and shall include the name and address of the party charged, the number, if any, of his driver's license, the registration number of the vehicle involved, the nature of the offense, the date of hearing, the plea, the judgment or whether bail forfeited and the amount of the fine or forfeiture as the case may be.

(d) Every court of record shall also forward a like report to the department upon the conviction of any person of manslaughter or other felony in the commission of which a vehicle was used.

(e) The failure, refusal or neglect of any judicial officer to comply with any of the requirements of this section constitutes misconduct in office and is grounds for removal therefrom.

(f) The department shall keep all abstracts received hereunder at its main office and the abstracts shall be open to public inspection during reasonable business hours.

ARTICLE 13 - CHILD SAFETY RESTRAINT

31-5-1301. Short title.

This article is known and may be cited as the "Child Safety Restraint Act."

31-5-1302. Definitions.

(a) As used in this article:

(i) "Child safety restraint system" means any device which is designed to protect, hold or restrain a child in a privately owned, leased or rented noncommercial passenger vehicle in such a way as to prevent or minimize injury to the child in the event of a motor vehicle accident or sudden stop and which conforms to the standards prescribed by 49 C.F.R. 571.213 or to applicable federal motor vehicle safety standards in effect at the time of manufacture;

(ii) Repealed by Laws 2003, Ch. 197, 2.

(iii) "Emergency vehicle" means any fire department vehicle, police, sheriff's department or highway patrol vehicle, civil defense vehicle, ambulance, hearse or other vehicle used primarily for emergency purposes;

(iv) "Motor vehicle" means every vehicle which is self-propelled;

(v) "Passenger vehicle" means a motor vehicle designed to carry people and that was equipped with safety belts at the time of manufacture, excluding:

(A) Emergency and law enforcement vehicles;

(B) School buses as defined under W.S. 31-5-102(a)(xlii), including buses registered to a private school or church used to transport children to or from school or church or in connection with school or church activities;

(C) Buses, or other vehicles designed and used for public transportation, whether intrastate or interstate, that were not equipped with safety belts at the time of manufacture.

(vi) Repealed By Laws 2003, Ch. 197, 2.

(vii) Repealed By Laws 2003, Ch. 197, 2.

31-5-1303. Child safety restraint system; required use; exception.

(a) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (b) of this section, no person shall operate a passenger vehicle in this state unless each child who is a passenger in that vehicle and who has not reached his ninth birthday is properly secured in a child safety restraint system in a seat of the vehicle other than the front seat, except if the vehicle is only equipped with one (1) row of seats, or if all safety belts in the rows of seats behind the front seat are in use by other child passengers in the vehicle, the child may be properly secured in a child safety restraint system in the front passenger seat of the vehicle, except that a rear-facing infant seat shall not be placed in front of an active airbag.

(b) Any child who is within the age requirements specified in subsection (a) of this section need not be properly secured in a child safety restraint system if:

(i) A licensed physician has determined that the weight or physical or medical condition of the child requires that the child not be secured in such a system. The person operating a passenger vehicle transporting such a child shall carry in the vehicle the physician's signed statement certifying that the child should not be secured in a child restraint system;

(ii) Repealed By Laws 1998, ch. 86, 2.

(iii) Repealed By Laws 1998, ch. 86, 2.

(iv) Repealed By Laws 1998, ch. 86, 2.

(v) Repealed By Laws 1998, ch. 86, 2.

(vi) The driver of the vehicle is rendering aid or assistance to the child or his parent or guardian;

(vii) The lap and shoulder belts of the vehicle will fit properly across the collarbone, chest and hips of the child and the belts do not pose a danger to the neck, face or abdominal area of the child in the event of a crash or sudden stop.

31-5-1304. Penalty.

(a) Any person who violates this article shall be issued a citation and fined not more than fifty dollars ($50.00) for the first offense, provided that the fine shall be waived by the court upon receipt of proof by the court that the offender, after the offense occurred, has purchased, leased or otherwise acquired a child safety restraint system which meets the requirements of this article. For a second or subsequent violation of this article, the offender shall be fined not more than one hundred dollars ($100.00).

(b) Any person who uses a child safety restraint system in a manner other than in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions is guilty of a violation of this article and shall be fined as provided in subsection (a) of this section.

31-5-1305. Limiting application.

Violation of this article does not constitute evidence of negligence or recklessness and does not constitute a basis for criminal prosecution except as set forth in this article.

ARTICLE 14 - SAFETY BELT USAGE

31-5-1401. Definitions.

(a) As used in this act:

(i) "Emergency vehicle" means as defined in W.S. 31-5-1302(a)(iii);

(ii) "Passenger vehicle" means a vehicle which is self-propelled and designed to carry eleven (11) persons or less and primarily used to transport persons, including pickup trucks but excluding emergency vehicles, motorcycles and buses;

(iii) "Police officer" means as defined in W.S. 31-5-102(a)(xxxiii);

(iv) "Safety belt" means a passenger restraint which was installed when the vehicle was manufactured;

(v) "Vehicle" means as defined in W.S. 31-5-102(a)(lviii);

(vi) "This act" means W.S. 31-5-1401 and 31-5-1402.

31-5-1402. Safety belts required to be used; exceptions; reduction in fine.

(a) Each driver and passenger of a motor vehicle operated in this state shall wear, and each driver of a motor vehicle shall require that a passenger under twelve (12) years of age shall wear, a properly adjusted and fastened safety belt when the motor vehicle is in motion on public streets and highways.

(b) Subsection (a) of this section does not apply to:

(i) Any person who has a written statement from a physician that it is not advisable for the person to wear a safety belt for physical or medical reasons;

(ii) Any passenger vehicle which is not required to be equipped with safety belts under federal law;

(iii) A carrier of the United States postal service performing duties as a postal carrier;

(iv) Any person properly secured in a child safety restraint system in accordance with W.S. 31-5-1301 through 31-5-1305; or

(v) Any person occupying a seat in a vehicle in which all operable safety restraints are being used by the driver or passengers and any person occupying a seat in a vehicle originally manufactured without a safety belt.

(i) Be counted as a moving violation for the purpose of suspending a driver's license under W.S. 31-7-129;

(ii) Be grounds for increasing insurance premiums or made a part of the abstracts kept by the department pursuant to W.S. 31-5-1214.

(d) No motor vehicle shall be halted solely for a violation of this section.

(e) All citations for violations of the motor vehicle laws of this state and for violations of traffic ordinances or traffic regulations of a local authority shall contain a notation by the issuing officer indicating whether the driver and passengers complied with this section. Compliance with this section shall entitle a licensee to a ten dollar ($10.00) reduction in the fine otherwise imposed by any court having jurisdiction over the alleged offense. The driver who violates this section may be issued a citation and may be subject to a fine of not more than twenty-five dollars ($25.00). Any passenger who violates this section may be issued a citation and may be subject to a fine of not more than ten dollars ($10.00).

(f) Evidence of a person's failure to wear a safety belt as required by this act shall not be admissible in any civil action.

ARTICLE 15 - MOTORCYCLE SAFETY EDUCATION PROGRAM

31-5-1501. Definitions.

(a) As used in this act:

(i) "Department" means the Wyoming department of transportation;

(ii) "Director" means the director of the department of transportation;

(iii) "Program" means the Wyoming motorcycle safety education program established under W.S. 31-5-1502;

(iv) "This act" means W.S. 31-5-1501 through 31-5-1507.

31-5-1502. Motorcycle safety education program created.

(a) The department shall develop standards for, establish and administer the Wyoming motorcycle safety education program.

(b) The program shall provide for novice rider training courses in sufficient numbers and at locations throughout the state as necessary to meet the reasonably anticipated needs of state residents who desire to complete the course. The program shall also include instructor training courses and instructor approval.

(c) The program may include rider training courses for experienced riders, activities to increase motorcyclists' alcohol and drug effects awareness, motorcycle driver improvement efforts, motorcycle licensing improvement efforts, program promotion activities and other efforts to enhance motorcycle safety through education, including enhancement of public awareness of motorcycles.

(d) The director shall appoint a program coordinator to oversee and direct the program.

(e) Standards for the motorcycle rider training courses, including standards for course content, delivery, curriculum, materials, and student evaluation, and standards for the training and approval of instructors shall comply with the requirements of this act and shall meet or exceed established national standards for motorcycle rider training courses.

31-5-1503. Rider training courses; certificates; exemption for licensing skills test.

(a) The program shall offer motorcycle rider training courses designed to develop and instill the knowledge, attitudes, habits and skills necessary for the proper operation of a motorcycle. The courses shall be taught only by instructors approved under W.S. 31-5-1504 and shall include not less than eight (8) hours of hands-on instruction for a novice course.

(b) Rider training courses shall be open to any resident of the state who either holds a current valid driver's license for any classification or who is eligible for a motorcycle instruction permit.

(c) The department shall issue certificates of completion in a manner and form prescribed by the director to persons who satisfactorily complete the requirements of a motorcycle rider training course offered or authorized by the state program.

(d) The department may exempt applicants for a motorcycle driver's license or endorsement from the licensing skill test if they present evidence of successful completion of an approved rider training course which includes a similar test of skill.

31-5-1504. Instructor training and approval.

(a) The department shall approve instructors for the motorcycle rider training courses. No person shall be approved as an instructor unless the person meets the requirements of this act and regulations of the department and unless the person holds a currently valid instructor certification issued by the motorcycle safety foundation or another nationally recognized motorcycle safety instructor certifying body.

(b) The program shall offer instructor training courses as needed to prepare instructors to teach the motorcycle rider training courses. Successful completion of the instructor training course shall require the participant to demonstrate knowledge of the course material, knowledge of proper motorcycle operation, motorcycle riding proficiency and the necessary aptitude for instructing students. No person shall be approved as an instructor unless the person has successfully completed the instructor training course or an equivalent course offered in another state.

31-5-1505. Implementing authority; rules and regulations.

(a) The department shall adopt rules and regulations to implement the motorcycle safety education program.

(b) The department may enter into contracts with public or private entities for course delivery and for the provision of services or materials necessary for implementation of the program.

(c) The department may offer motorcycle rider training courses directly and may approve courses offered by independent public or private entities as authorized program courses if they are administered and taught in full compliance with standards established for the state program.

(d) The department may establish reasonable enrollment fees to be charged for persons who participate in motorcycle rider training courses. Any fees collected under this section by the department for courses provided directly by the department shall be deposited in the motorcycle safety education program account created by W.S. 31-5-1506. Any fees collected by independent public or private entities approved by the department to offer courses shall be retained by the entity providing the course. Fees established under this section shall be set as low as possible to encourage participation in the courses, but shall be set so that the total of fees and other funds credited to the motorcycle safety education program account defray the expenses of the motorcycle safety education program.

31-5-1506. Motorcycle safety education program account.

(a) The motorcycle safety education program account is created in the state highway fund and appropriated on a continual basis to the department which shall administer the account. Money in the account shall only be used for administration and implementation of the program, including defraying expenses in offering motorcycle rider training courses, either directly or by contract.

(b) At the end of each fiscal year, monies remaining in the account shall be retained in the account. The interest and income earned on money in the account, after deducting any applicable charges, shall be credited to the account.

(i) Seven dollars ($7.00) of the annual registration fee for each registered motorcycle as provided in W.S. 31-3-101(a)(ii)(D);

(ii) The fee for each motorcycle driver's endorsement as provided in W.S. 31-7-113(a)(x).

31-5-1507. Advisory committee created; appointments; terms; duties; removal; compensation.

The director shall appoint a program advisory committee consisting of five (5) persons representing various interests in motorcycle safety to advise and assist the program coordinator in developing, establishing and maintaining the program. The committee shall monitor program implementation and report to the director as necessary with recommendations. The committee shall select from its membership a chairman and vice-chairman. The term of office for each member shall be two (2) years. Members may be removed as provided in W.S. 9-1-202. Vacancies shall be filled by the director for the unexpired term. Of the initial committee, three (3) members shall be appointed to serve for two (2) years and two (2) members shall serve for one (1) year. Members of the committee shall serve without compensation, but shall be reimbursed in the same manner and the same amount as state employees for their travel and per diem expenses while engaged in committee business.

ARTICLE 16 - OFF-ROAD RECREATIONAL VEHICLES

31-5-1601. Operation on highways.

(a) An off-road recreational vehicle may be operated upon streets, roads or highways within Wyoming subject to the following conditions:

(i) Off-road recreational vehicles may be operated on main-traveled roadways only upon that portion of a street, road or highway designated open by the state, local or federal agency with jurisdiction over the roadway and designated a Wyoming off-road recreational vehicle trail pursuant to W.S. 31-2-701 through 31-2-707 by the department of state parks and cultural resources. No portion of a street, road or highway shall be designated as a Wyoming off-road recreational vehicle trail by the department without the consent of the state, local or federal agency with jurisdiction over the roadway. Off-road recreational vehicles operated upon roadways designated as trails shall be subject only to the user registration fee prescribed by W.S. 31-2-703 and shall not be deemed a motorcycle as defined in W.S. 31-1-101(a)(xv)(E)(I) and 31-5-102(a)(xxii);

(iii) When operating at any time from one-half ( ) hour after sunset to one-half ( ) hour before sunrise, the off-road recreational vehicle shall be equipped with lighted lamps and illuminating devices in accordance with W.S. 31-5-910 through 31-5-940;

(iv) The off-road recreational vehicle shall be equipped with an adequate braking device that may be operated either by hand or foot; and

(v) If operated on state or federal lands, the off-road recreational vehicle shall be equipped with:

(A) An approved spark arrester;

(B) A noise muffler which produces a propulsion noise level of not more than one hundred two (102) decibels at twenty (20) inches in a stationary test.

(b) Nothing in this section authorizes the operation of an off-road recreational vehicle upon a street, road or highway within Wyoming by a person who has not been issued a valid driver's license or permit.

Disclaimer: These codes may not be the most recent version. Wyoming may have more current or accurate information. We make no warranties or guarantees about the accuracy, completeness, or adequacy of the information contained on this site or the information linked to on the state site. Please check official sources.

This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.

2010 Wyoming Statutes Title 31 - Motor Vehicles Chapter 5 - Regulation Of Traffic On Highways

2010 Wyoming Statutes
Title 31 - Motor Vehicles
Chapter 5 - Regulation Of Traffic On Highways