There is a newer version of the Code of Virginia
2015 Code of Virginia
Title 55 - Property and Conveyances
Chapter 1. CREATION AND LIMITATION OF ESTATES; THEIR QUALITIES- § 55-1. Aliens may acquire, hold and transmit real estate; when reciprocity required
- § 55-2. When deed or will necessary to convey estate; no parol partition or gift valid
- § 55-3. When gift of goods or chattels invalid
- § 55-4. Suicide or attainder
- § 55-5. Estates to lie in grant as well as in livery
- § 55-6. Same estates may be created by deed as by will
- § 55-7. Power of disposal in life tenant not to defeat remainder unless exercised; power of disposal held by fiduciary
- § 55-7.1. Repealed
- § 55-8. Default or surrender of tenant for life not to prejudice remainderman, etc
- § 55-9. Conveyance of estate or interest in property by grantor to himself and another
- § 55-10. Deed good for grantor's right; operation of warranty
- § 55-11. Grant, etc., without words of limitation
- § 55-12. Fee tail converted into fee simple
- § 55-12.1. Uniform Statutory Rule Against Perpetuities
- § 55-12.2. When nonvested property interest or power of appointment created
- § 55-12.3. Reformation
- § 55-12.4. Exclusions from statutory rule against perpetuities
- § 55-12.5. Prospective application
- § 55-12.6. Uniformity of application and construction
- § 55-13. Certain limitations construed
- § 55-13.1. Employee trusts
- § 55-13.2. Determination of "lives in being" for purpose of rule against perpetuities
- § 55-13.3. Application of the rule against perpetuities to nondonative transfers
- § 55-14. Estate of freehold to one with remainder to heirs, etc.; rule in Shelley's Case abolished
- § 55-14.1. Doctrine of worthier title abolished
- § 55-15. When contingent remainder not to fail
- § 55-16. When remainders not defeated
- § 55-17. In what conveyances possession transferred to the use
- § 55-17.1. Land trusts not to fail because no beneficiaries are specified by name and no duties laid on trustee; when interest of beneficiaries deemed personal property; liens
- § 55-18. Deed of release effectual
- § 55-19. Repealed
- § 55-19.1. Repealed
- § 55-19.2. Repealed
- § 55-19.3. Repealed
- § 55-19.5. Provision in certain trust void
- § 55-20. Survivorship between joint tenants abolished
- § 55-20.1. Joint ownership in real and personal property
- § 55-20.2. Tenants by the entireties in real and personal property; certain trusts
- § 55-21. Exceptions to ยง 55-20
- § 55-22. When person not a party, etc., may take or sue under instrument
- § 55-23. Informalities in deeds made by attorneys-in-fact
- § 55-24. Time for objections to irregularities in advertising sales made by trustees
- § 55-25. Recovery at death of life tenant of taxes paid on life estate
- § 55-25.1. Exercise of special powers of appointment
Chapter 2.1. UNIFORM CUSTODIAL TRUST ACT
Chapter 3. PROPERTY RIGHTS OF MARRIED WOMEN
- § 55-35. How married women may acquire and dispose of property
- § 55-36. Contracts of, and suits by and against, married women
- § 55-37. Spouse not responsible for other spouse's contracts, etc.; mutual liability for necessaries; responsibility of personal representative
- § 55-38. Wife's right of entry into land not barred by certain judgments; when she may defend her right in lands which are her inheritance
- § 55-39. Rights of wife, etc., not affected by husband's acts only
- § 55-40. Repealed
- § 55-41. Conveyance from husband and wife; effect on right of wife or husband
- § 55-42. Repealed
- § 55-42.1. How infant spouse may release interests in spouse's property
- § 55-43. Appointment of attorney in fact by married women; effect of writing executed by such attorney
- § 55-44. Repealed
- § 55-46. How estate of a married woman to pass at death
- § 55-47. Repealed
- § 55-47.01. Equitable separate estates abolished
- § 55-47.1. Tangible personal property
Article 1. FORM AND EFFECT OF DEEDS AND LEASES
- § 55-48. Form of a deed
- § 55-49. How construed
- § 55-49.1. Construction of generic terms
- § 55-50. Appurtenances, etc., included in deed of land; relocation of easement
- § 55-50.1. Enjoyment of easement
- § 55-50.2. Utility easements
- § 55-50.3. Public road easements; maintenance and improvements
- § 55-50.4. Private roads; public use; maintenance and improvements
- § 55-51. Deeds good between parties
- § 55-52. Conveyance of property not owned but subsequently acquired
- § 55-53. Vendor's equitable lien abolished
- § 55-54. Certain deeds to county real estate validated
- § 55-55. Validation of sales, etc., by county courts prior to 1860
- § 55-56. Deeds and writings executed for persons in military service, etc., under defective powers
- § 55-57. Form of a lease
- § 55-57.1. Memoranda of leases and options
- § 55-57.2. Effect of option; recording
Article 2. FORM AND EFFECT OF DEEDS OF TRUST; SALES THEREUNDER; ASSIGNMENTS; RELEASES
- § 55-58. Form of deed of trust to secure debts, etc
- § 55-58.1. Requirements for trustees
- § 55-58.2. Credit line deed of trust defined; relative priority of credit line deed of trust and other instruments of judgment
- § 55-58.3. Priority of residential refinance mortgage over subordinate mortgage
- § 55-59. How deed of trust construed; duties, rights, etc., of parties
- § 55-59.1. Notices required before sale by trustee to owners, lienors, etc.; if note lost
- § 55-59.1:1. Expired
- § 55-59.2. Advertisement required before sale by trustee
- § 55-59.3. Contents of advertisements of sale
- § 55-59.4. Powers and duties of trustee in event of sale under or satisfaction of deed of trust
- § 55-60. Meaning of phrases that may be included in such trust deed
- § 55-60.1. Evidences of indebtedness placed on equal footing
- § 55-61. Sales under deeds of trust which contain no maturity date or provision authorizing sale
- § 55-61.1. Validation of conveyances of real property under trust instrument not authorizing sale
- § 55-62. Permissible form for notice of sale under deed of trust
- § 55-63. Construction of deeds requiring notice by advertisement in newspaper
- § 55-64. Disposition of surplus from trustee's sale after death of grantor
- § 55-64.1. Title to real estate sold not affected by nonlisting of secured notes for taxation
- § 55-65. Validation of certain sales made under deeds of trust
- § 55-65.1. Validation of certain sales made under deeds of trust prior to October 1, 1977
- § 55-66. Validation of other sales under deeds of trust
- § 55-66.01. Protection of assignees or transferees of debts secured by real estate; form of certificate of transfer
- § 55-66.1. Repealed
- § 55-66.1:01. Repealed
- § 55-66.1:1. Required notice of foreclosure or repossession
- § 55-66.2. Release to person dead inures to successors
- § 55-66.3. Release of deed of trust or other lien
- § 55-66.3:1. Release by financial institution upon payment of debt placed with it for collection
- § 55-66.4. Partial satisfaction or release
- § 55-66.4:1. Permissible form for certificate of satisfaction or certificate of partial satisfaction
- § 55-66.4:2. Where certificates of satisfaction are to be indexed
- § 55-66.5. Releases made by court; costs and attorney fees
- § 55-66.6. Recordation of certificate of satisfaction, etc., required when release of lien recorded
- § 55-66.7. Repealed
Article 2.1. MORTGAGE SATISFACTION
- § 55-66.8. Applicability
- § 55-66.9. Definitions
- § 55-66.10. Document of rescission; effect; liability for wrongful recording
- § 55-66.11. Secured creditor to submit satisfaction for recording; liability for failure
- § 55-66.12. Form and effect of satisfaction
- § 55-66.13. Relation to Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act
- § 55-66.14. Uniform standards
Article 3. EFFECT OF CERTAIN EXPRESSIONS IN DEEDS AND LEASES
- § 55-67. Effect of word "covenants."
- § 55-68. Effect of covenant of general warranty
- § 55-69. Of special warranty
- § 55-70. Words "with general warranty," "with special warranty" and "with English covenants of title" construed
- § 55-70.1. Implied warranties on new homes
- § 55-70.2. Effect of certain transfer fee covenants
- § 55-71. Covenant of "right to convey."
- § 55-72. For "quiet possession" and "free from encumbrances."
- § 55-73. For "further assurances."
- § 55-74. Of "no act to encumber."
- § 55-75. Effect of certain words of release in a deed
- § 55-76. Of lessee "to pay the rent" and "to pay the taxes."
- § 55-77. "That he will not assign, etc.," and "that he will leave the premises in good repair."
- § 55-78. Covenant "for lessee's quiet enjoyment."
- § 55-79. Effect of provision for reentry by lessor
Article 4. RESIDENTIAL GROUND RENT ACT
- § 55-79.01. Definitions
- § 55-79.02. Form of instrument
- § 55-79.03. Changes in amount of rent
- § 55-79.04. Encumbrance on real property
- § 55-79.05. Redemption rights
- § 55-79.06. Incorporation of agreement into deed
- § 55-79.1. Title
- § 55-79.2. Definitions
- § 55-79.3. Establishment of horizontal property regime
- § 55-79.4. Apartments subject to individual titles and interests; recording; transfer of garage unit
- § 55-79.5. Joint or common ownership
- § 55-79.6. Exclusive and common rights of owners
- § 55-79.7. Master deed or lease; recordation; particulars
- § 55-79.8. Deeds of individual apartments
- § 55-79.9. Regrouping or merger of estates with principal property
- § 55-79.10. Merger not to bar subsequent horizontal property regime
- § 55-79.11. Bylaws governing administration of buildings
- § 55-79.12. Books and records; inspection; audit
- § 55-79.13. Contributions by co-owners
- § 55-79.14. Laws relating to exemptions made applicable; property taxes assessed on individual apartments
- § 55-79.15. Payment of assessments upon conveyance of apartment
- § 55-79.16. Developer to notify Board prior to offering project for sale
- § 55-79.17. Notice to be accompanied by fee and questionnaire
- § 55-79.18. Inspection of project by Board
- § 55-79.19. Fee for inspection
- § 55-79.20. Waiver of initial inspection
- § 55-79.21. Public reports by Board of examinations
- § 55-79.21:1. Deposits to be held in escrow
- § 55-79.21:2. Management contract of developer limited to five years
- § 55-79.22. When preliminary report may be issued
- § 55-79.23. Prerequisites to sale of units by developer; purchasers' receipts for reports
- § 55-79.24. Subsequent investigations by Board; reports
- § 55-79.25. Copies of Board's public report
- § 55-79.26. Notice by developer of change in project
- § 55-79.27. Hearings by Board
- § 55-79.28. False statements or representations; violation of statute or order of Board
- § 55-79.29. Investigation by Board upon belief of violation by developer; examination of records, etc
- § 55-79.30. Enjoining violations
- § 55-79.31. Fees credited to special fund; expenditure
- § 55-79.32. Chapter additional and supplemental
- § 55-79.33. Supplemental rules and regulations by planning and zoning commissions
- § 55-79.34. Partition
- § 55-79.35. Liens or encumbrances
- § 55-79.36. Rule against perpetuities; rule restricting unreasonable restraints on alienation
- § 55-79.37. Liability of owner
- § 55-79.38. Compliance by co-owner with bylaws and administrative rules and regulations
Article 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS
- § 55-79.39. How chapter cited
- § 55-79.40. Application and construction of chapter
- § 55-79.41. Definitions
- § 55-79.41:1. Variation by agreement
- § 55-79.42. Separate assessments, titles and taxation
- § 55-79.42:1. Association charges
- § 55-79.43. County and municipal ordinances; nonconforming conversion condominiums; applicability of Uniform Statewide Building Code; other regulations
- § 55-79.44. Eminent domain
Article 2. CREATION, ALTERATION AND TERMINATION OF CONDOMINIUMS
- § 55-79.45. How condominium may be created
- § 55-79.46. Release of liens
- § 55-79.47. Description of condominium units
- § 55-79.48. Execution of condominium instruments
- § 55-79.49. Recordation of condominium instruments
- § 55-79.50. Construction of condominium instruments
- § 55-79.51. Complementarity of condominium instruments; controlling construction
- § 55-79.52. Validity of condominium instruments; discrimination prohibited
- § 55-79.53. Compliance with condominium instruments
- § 55-79.54. Contents of declaration
- § 55-79.55. Allocation of interests in the common elements
- § 55-79.56. Reallocation of interests in common elements
- § 55-79.57. Assignments of limited common elements; conversion to common element
- § 55-79.58. Contents of plats and plans
- § 55-79.58:1. Bond to insure completion of improvements
- § 55-79.59. Preliminary recordation of plats and plans
- § 55-79.60. Easement for encroachments
- § 55-79.61. Conversion of convertible lands
- § 55-79.62. Conversion of convertible spaces
- § 55-79.63. Expansion of condominium
- § 55-79.64. Contraction of condominium
- § 55-79.65. Easement to facilitate conversion and expansion
- § 55-79.66. Easement to facilitate sales
- § 55-79.67. Declarant's obligation to complete and restore
- § 55-79.68. Alterations within units
- § 55-79.69. Relocation of boundaries between units
- § 55-79.70. Subdivision of units
- § 55-79.71. Amendment of condominium instruments
- § 55-79.71:1. Use of technology
- § 55-79.71:2. Merger or consolidation of condominiums; procedure
- § 55-79.72. Repealed
- § 55-79.72:1. Termination of condominium
- § 55-79.72:2. Rights of mortgagees
- § 55-79.72:3. Statement of unit owner rights
Article 3. MANAGEMENT OF CONDOMINIUM
- § 55-79.73. Bylaws to be recorded with declaration; contents; unit owners' association; executive organ; amendment of bylaws
- § 55-79.73:1. Amendment to condominium instruments; consent of mortgagee
- § 55-79.73:2. Reformation of declaration; judicial procedure
- § 55-79.74. Control of condominium by declarant
- § 55-79.74:01. Deposit of funds
- § 55-79.74:1. Books, minutes and records; inspection
- § 55-79.74:2. Management office
- § 55-79.74:3. Transfer of special declarant rights
- § 55-79.74:4. Declarants not succeeding to special declarant rights
- § 55-79.75. Meetings of unit owners' associations and executive organ
- § 55-79.75:1. Distribution of information by members
- § 55-79.75:2. Display of the flag of the United States; necessary supporting structures; affirmative defense
- § 55-79.76. Meetings of unit owners' associations; quorums
- § 55-79.77. Meetings of unit owners' associations and executive organ; voting by unit owners; proxies
- § 55-79.78. Officers
- § 55-79.79. Upkeep of condominiums; warranty against structural defects; statute of limitations for warranty; warranty review committee
- § 55-79.80. Control of common elements
- § 55-79.80:01. Common elements; notice of pesticide application
- § 55-79.80:1. Tort and contract liability; judgment lien
- § 55-79.80:2. Suspension of services for failure to pay assessments; corrective action; assessment of charges for violations; notice; hearing; adoption and enforcement of rules
- § 55-79.80:3. Power of unit owners' association to limit occupancy of a unit
- § 55-79.81. Insurance
- § 55-79.82. Repealed
- § 55-79.83. Liability for common expenses; late fees
- § 55-79.83:1. Reserves for capital components
- § 55-79.84. Lien for assessments
- § 55-79.84:01. Notice of sale under deed of trust
- § 55-79.84:1. Bond to be posted by declarant
- § 55-79.85. Restraints on alienation
Article 4. ADMINISTRATION OF CHAPTER; SALE, ETC., OF CONDOMINIUM UNITS
- § 55-79.86. Administrative agency
- § 55-79.87. Exemptions from certain provisions of article
- § 55-79.87:1. Rental of units
- § 55-79.88. Limitations on dispositions of units
- § 55-79.89. Application for registration; fee
- § 55-79.90. Public offering statement; condominium securities
- § 55-79.91. Inquiry and examination
- § 55-79.92. Notice of filing and registration
- § 55-79.93. Annual report by declarant
- § 55-79.93:1. Annual report by unit owners' association
- § 55-79.93:2. Termination of registration
- § 55-79.94. Conversion condominiums; special provisions
- § 55-79.95. Escrow of deposits
- § 55-79.96. Declarant to deliver declaration, etc., to purchaser
- § 55-79.97. Resale by purchaser
- § 55-79.97:1. Fees for resale certificate
- § 55-79.97:2. Properties subject to more than one declaration
- § 55-79.97:3. Requests by settlement agents
- § 55-79.98. General powers and duties of the Common Interest Community Board
- § 55-79.99. Investigations and proceedings
- § 55-79.100. Cease and desist orders
- § 55-79.101. Revocation of registration
- § 55-79.102. Judicial review
- § 55-79.103. Penalties
- § 55-80. Void fraudulent acts; bona fide purchasers not affected
- § 55-81. Voluntary gifts, etc., void as to prior creditors
- § 55-82. Creditor's suits to avoid such gifts, etc
- § 55-82.1. Creditor's suits; attorney fees
- § 55-82.2. Authority of court to set aside
- § 55-83. Repealed
- § 55-87. Loans and reservations of a use or property to be recorded
- § 55-88. Repealed
- § 55-95. Certain recorded contracts as valid as deeds
- § 55-96. Contracts, etc., void as to creditors and purchasers until recorded; priority of credit line deed of trust
- § 55-96.1. Repealed
- § 55-97. Where to be recorded
- § 55-98. Repealed
- § 55-100. Recordation of instruments affecting civil aircraft of United States
- § 55-101. Priority of writings, when admitted to record same day
- § 55-102. When writings to be recorded in county, and when in corporation
- § 55-103. Words "creditors" and "purchasers," how construed
- § 55-104. Lien of subsequent purchaser for purchase money paid before notice
- § 55-105. When purchaser not affected by record of deed or contract
Article 1. IN GENERAL
- § 55-106. When and where writings admitted to record
- § 55-106.1. Recording and indexing of certain documents showing changes of names
- § 55-106.2. Presumption that writings admitted to record are in proper form
- § 55-106.3. Repealed
- § 55-106.4. Deed of real estate investment trust
- § 55-106.5. When clerk may refuse document to be recorded
- § 55-107. Power of attorney, where recorded
- § 55-108. Standards for writings to be docketed or recorded
- § 55-109. When original of writing once recorded is lost, how copy admitted to record elsewhere
- § 55-109.1. Certifications of recordation upon counterparts of certain instruments and subsequent recordation in other cities and counties
- § 55-109.2. Correcting errors in deeds, deeds of trust, and mortgages; affidavit
- § 55-110. Recordation of copy of lost deed previously recorded in what is now West Virginia
- § 55-111. Writings not duly acknowledged copied for preservation
- § 55-112. Continuing in force acts establishing Torrens system
Article 2. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS GENERALLY
- § 55-113. Acknowledgment within the United States or its dependencies
- § 55-114. Acknowledgments outside of the United States and its dependencies
- § 55-114.1. Acknowledgments by persons subject to Uniform Code of Military Justice; validation of certain acknowledgments
- § 55-115. Acknowledgments taken before commissioned officers in military service
- § 55-116. Repealed
Article 2.1. UNIFORM RECOGNITION OF ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ACT
- § 55-118.1. "Notarial acts" defined; who may perform notarial acts outside Commonwealth for use in Commonwealth
- § 55-118.2. Proof of authority of person performing notarial act
- § 55-118.3. What person taking acknowledgment shall certify
- § 55-118.4. When form of certificate of acknowledgment accepted
- § 55-118.5. Meaning of "acknowledged before me."
- § 55-118.6. Statutory short forms of acknowledgment
- § 55-118.7. Application of article; article cumulative
- § 55-118.8. Uniform interpretation
- § 55-118.9. Short title
Article 3. DEEDS AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS OF CORPORATIONS
- § 55-119. Deeds of corporations; how to be executed and acknowledged
- § 55-120. Acknowledgments on behalf of corporations and others
- § 55-121. Corporate acknowledgment taken before officer or stockholder
Article 4. VALIDATING CERTAIN ACTS, DEEDS AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- § 55-122. Acts of notaries public, etc., who have held certain other offices
- § 55-123. Validation of acknowledgments when seal not affixed
- § 55-124. Acknowledgment taken by trustee in deed of trust
- § 55-125. Acknowledgment taken by trustee in deed of trust; later date
- § 55-125.1. Certain acknowledgments taken and certified before July 1, 1995
- § 55-126. Acknowledgments taken by certain justices of the peace, mayors, etc
- § 55-127. Acknowledgments taken by officers after expiration of terms
- § 55-128. Acknowledgments taken by notaries in service during World War I
- § 55-129. Acknowledgments before foreign officials who failed to affix seals
- § 55-130. Acknowledgments taken by notaries in foreign countries
- § 55-131. Acknowledgments taken by officer who was husband or wife of grantee
- § 55-132. Acknowledgment when notary certifies erroneously as to expiration of commission
- § 55-132.1. Acknowledgments before officer of city or county consolidating, etc., prior to expiration date of commission
- § 55-133. Acknowledgments taken before notary whose commission has expired
- § 55-134. Acknowledgments taken before notary whose commission has expired; later date; intervening vested rights saved
- § 55-134.1. Acknowledgments taken before notary who was appointed but failed to qualify; vested rights saved
- § 55-134.2. Acknowledgments taken before a notary at large who failed to cite the jurisdiction in which the acknowledgment was taken; vested rights saved
- § 55-135. Deeds defectively executed by corporation
- § 55-136. Deeds to which corporate seal not affixed or not attested
- § 55-137. Acknowledgments of corporations taken by officers or stockholders
- § 55-137.1. Recordation certificate not signed by clerk
- § 55-137.2. Same; when clerk has died
Article 5. DECREES, UNITED STATES JUDGMENTS, ETC
- § 55-138. Recordation of decrees affecting title to land
- § 55-139. Repealed
- § 55-140. Judgments of United States courts affecting realty
- § 55-141. Decrees and orders in bankruptcy
- § 55-142. Repealed
- § 55-142.01. Certificates of commencement of case in bankruptcy
Article 6. UNIFORM FEDERAL LIEN REGISTRATION ACT
- § 55-142.1. Where notices and certificates affecting liens to be filed
- § 55-142.2. Certification of notices and certificates
- § 55-142.3. Duties of filing officers
- § 55-142.4. Fees of filing officers other than clerk of State Corporation Commission
- § 55-142.5. Fees of clerk of State Corporation Commission
- § 55-142.6. Construction of article
- § 55-142.7. Short title
- § 55-142.8. Certificates and notices affecting liens filed on or before July 1, 1970
- § 55-142.9. No action to be brought against State Corporation Commission or its staff
Article 7. UNIFORM REAL PROPERTY ELECTRONIC RECORDING ACT
- § 55-142.10. Definitions
- § 55-142.11. Validity of electronically filed and recorded land records
- § 55-142.12. Recording of electronic documents among the land records
- § 55-142.13. Uniform standards
- § 55-142.14. Uniformity of application and construction
- § 55-142.15. Relation to Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act
Chapter 8. CLOUDS ON TITLE
- § 55-153. Removal; nature of plaintiff's title
- § 55-154. Presumption that no minerals, coals, oils, or ores exist in certain lands
- § 55-154.1. Repealed
- § 55-154.2. Presumption regarding estate of owner of mineral rights
- § 55-155. Suits to extinguish certain claims
Article 1. ASSIGNMENT OF PROPERTY
- § 55-156. Recordation; notice of sale; preferences prohibited
- § 55-157. Substitution of another trustee by creditors
- § 55-158. Questioning claim of creditor and determination thereof
- § 55-159. Provision to bar further claim by creditors who accept deed
- § 55-160. Compensation of trustee
Article 2. ASSIGNMENT OF SALARY, WAGES, ETC
- § 55-161. How and when made
- § 55-162. Trustee; rights and duties; compensation
- § 55-163. Resignation of trustee
- § 55-164. Debts; order of payment
- § 55-165. Exemption from garnishment, levy or distress
- § 55-166. Termination of assignment by court
- § 55-167. Clerk to preserve papers, etc.; fees
- § 55-168. Appointment of escheators
- § 55-169. Their bond; their removal
- § 55-170. Increase or reduction of penalty of their bonds; its effect
- § 55-170.1. Definition
- § 55-171. Annual report to escheator; lands not liable
- § 55-172. Escheator to hold inquest; notice thereof
- § 55-173. Jury of inquest, how summoned, etc.; evidence, how given
- § 55-174. Attendance of jurors
- § 55-175. How verdict signed; where returned and recorded
- § 55-176. Proceedings to claim land escheated
- § 55-177. Trial by jury; judgment of court
- § 55-178. Facts or evidence to be certified
- § 55-179. Lands may be committed to claimant while claim pending
- § 55-180. Disposition thereof, if not so committed
- § 55-181. Escheator to notify State Treasurer of claim and decision
- § 55-182. Escheators to certify lands escheated
- § 55-182.1. Removal of parcels from the certificate
- § 55-182.2. Escheat of property with hazardous materials
- § 55-183. Publication of escheator's certificate
- § 55-184. Repealed
- § 55-184.1. Order of sale by Governor
- § 55-184.2. Form of sale agreement; notice of right to refund
- § 55-185. Repealed
- § 55-186. When grant to issue to purchaser; reimbursable expenses
- § 55-186.1. In what form grant to issue
- § 55-186.2. Governor to sign and seal grant; Librarian of Virginia to record it, etc.; delivery to and by State Treasurer
- § 55-186.3. Unrecorded escheat grants; original lost or destroyed; certified copy of grant
- § 55-187. Resale in case of default
- § 55-188. Repealed
- § 55-189. Reports by escheators to State Treasurer; payment of moneys into state treasury
- § 55-190. Reports by State Treasurer to the Governor; penalty on escheators for failure of duty
- § 55-190.1. State Treasurer may examine records of any commissioner of the revenue or escheator
- § 55-191. When State Treasurer to issue grant to purchaser
- § 55-192. Escheator's pay
- § 55-193. Escheat of estates in trust and equitable titles
- § 55-194. Provision in favor of tenant of escheated land
- § 55-195. In favor of creditor of decedent
- § 55-196. Escheators to defend on behalf of Commonwealth
- § 55-197. Recovery by escheator of decedent's escheated residuum, and of property derelict; fee
- § 55-198. Publication of suit; what to state and require
- § 55-199. Decree of the court
- § 55-200. How money paid into state treasury from escheats may be recovered
- § 55-200.1. Rules and regulations of the State Treasurer
- § 55-201. Continuation of certain statutes
- § 55-201.1. Pendency of escheat proceedings no bar to condemnation proceedings
- § 55-202. Estray, or boat adrift, to be valued and described
- § 55-203. Valuation, etc., to be recorded and posted
- § 55-204. When landowner, etc., entitled to the property
- § 55-205. Right of recovery by former owner
- § 55-206. When landowner, etc., not liable
- § 55-207. Who entitled to drift property
- § 55-208. Conditions on which owner may remove it
- § 55-209. When owner of land may sell drift property; owner of property entitled to proceeds after payment of expenses, etc
- § 55-210. Right of property to be proved
Article 1. CITATION OF CHAPTER AND DEFINITIONS
Article 2. PROPERTY ABANDONED OR ASSUMED ABANDONED
- § 55-210.2:1. Property presumed abandoned; general rule
- § 55-210.2:2. General rules for taking custody of intangible unclaimed property
- § 55-210.3. Repealed
- § 55-210.3:01. Bank deposits and funds in financial organizations
- § 55-210.3:02. Travelers' checks and money orders
- § 55-210.3:1. Repealed
- § 55-210.3:2. Checks, drafts and similar instruments issued or certified by banking and financial organizations
- § 55-210.3:3. Contents of safe deposit box or other safekeeping repository
- § 55-210.4. Repealed
- § 55-210.4:01. Funds owing under life insurance policies
- § 55-210.4:1. When intangible personal property held by insurance corporation subject to ยง 55-210.2:1
- § 55-210.4:2. Unclaimed demutualization proceeds
- § 55-210.5. Deposits held by utilities
- § 55-210.6. Repealed
- § 55-210.6:1. When intangible interest in business association presumed abandoned
- § 55-210.6:2. Refunds held by business associations
- § 55-210.7. Property of business associations held in course of dissolution
- § 55-210.8. When intangible personal property held in fiduciary capacity presumed abandoned
- § 55-210.8:1. Gift certificates and credit balances
- § 55-210.8:2. Wages
- § 55-210.9. When intangible property held for owner by public agency presumed abandoned
- § 55-210.9:1. Property held by courts
- § 55-210.9:2. Responsibilities of general receiver and clerk
- § 55-210.10. Repealed
- § 55-210.10:1. Employee benefit trust distribution
- § 55-210.10:2. Holder of tangible or intangible personal property may voluntarily report same
Article 3. RECIPROCITY FOR PROPERTY PRESUMED ABANDONED OR ESCHEATED UNDER LAWS OF ANOTHER STATE
- § 55-210.11. When certain property not presumed abandoned in this Commonwealth
- § 55-210.11:01. Interstate agreements and cooperation
- § 55-210.11:1. Repealed
Article 4. PROCEDURAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE MATTERS
- § 55-210.12. Report and remittance to be made by holder of funds or property presumed abandoned; holder to exercise due diligence to locate owner
- § 55-210.12:1. Repealed
- § 55-210.13. Notices to be published by State Treasurer
- § 55-210.14. Repealed
- § 55-210.15. Holder relieved of liability for property paid or delivered to administrator; payment to owner by holder; proceedings against prior holder; notice to administrator and Attorney General; reimbursement of holder
- § 55-210.16. Repealed
- § 55-210.16:1. Crediting of dividends, interest, or increments to owner's account
- § 55-210.17. Periods of limitation
- § 55-210.18. Sale of abandoned property by administrator
- § 55-210.18:1. When securities received in name of owner
- § 55-210.19. Disposition of funds received under chapter; records to be kept by administrator
- § 55-210.20. Filing claim to property or proceeds of sale thereof
- § 55-210.21. Consideration of and hearing on claim by State Treasurer; payment; interest
- § 55-210.22. Judicial review of decision of State Treasurer
- § 55-210.23. Election of State Treasurer not to receive property or to postpone taking possession of funds
- § 55-210.24. Requests for verified reports and examinations of records
- § 55-210.24:1. Retention of records
- § 55-210.24:2. Confidentiality of information and records
- § 55-210.25. Enforcement of chapter
- § 55-210.26. Repealed
- § 55-210.26:1. Interest and penalties
- § 55-210.27. Determinations; appeal procedures; rules and regulations of State Treasurer
- § 55-210.27:1. Agreements to locate reported property; penalty
- § 55-210.28. Property presumed abandoned or escheated under laws of another state
- § 55-210.28:1. Property held or payable pursuant to Title 51.1
- § 55-210.29. Construction of chapter
- § 55-210.30. Repealed
- § 55-210.31. Definitions
- § 55-210.32. Status of loaned property; statute of limitations on recovery
- § 55-210.33. Notice to lenders of the provisions of this chapter
- § 55-210.34. Status of title to property acquired from museum
- § 55-210.35. Notice of termination of loan; content
- § 55-210.36. Procedure for giving notice; responsibility of owner
- § 55-210.37. Acquiring title to undocumented property
- § 55-210.38. Status of property loaned to or deposited with museum prior to July 1, 2002
- § 55-211. Persons in possession liable for waste
- § 55-212. Also tenant in common, etc
- § 55-213. Also guardian or conservator
- § 55-214. Action therefor; if waste wanton, double damages
- § 55-215. Waste for tenant to sell or remove manure from leased premises
- § 55-216. Waste committed during pendency of suit
- § 55-217. Grantees and assignees to have same rights against lessees as lessors, etc
- § 55-218. Lessees, etc., to have same rights against grantees, etc., as against lessors
- § 55-218.1. Appointment of resident agent by nonresident property owner; service of process, etc., on such agent or on Secretary of the Commonwealth
- § 55-219. Apportionment on purchase of part of land by holder of rent, etc
- § 55-220. What powers to pass to grantee or devisee; when attornment unnecessary
- § 55-220.1. Perfection of lien or interest in leases, rents and profits
- § 55-221. When attornment void
- § 55-221.1. Community land trusts not considered landlords
- § 55-222. Notice to terminate a tenancy; on whom served; when necessary
- § 55-222.1. Repealed
- § 55-223. Effect of failure of tenant to vacate premises at expiration of term
- § 55-224. When tenant deserts premises, how landlord may enter, etc
- § 55-225. Failure to pay certain rents after five days' notice forfeits right of possession
- § 55-225.1. Recovery of possession limited
- § 55-225.2. Remedies for landlord's unlawful ouster, exclusion or diminution of service
- § 55-225.3. Landlord to maintain dwelling unit
- § 55-225.4. Tenant to maintain dwelling unit
- § 55-225.5. Access following entry of certain court orders
- § 55-225.6. Inspection of dwelling unit
- § 55-225.7. Disclosure of mold in dwelling units
- § 55-225.8. Residential dwelling units subject to this chapter; definitions; exceptions; application to certain occupants
- § 55-225.9. Relocation of tenant where mold remediation needs to be performed in the dwelling unit
- § 55-225.10. Notice to tenant in event of foreclosure
- § 55-225.11. Required disclosures for properties with defective drywall; remedy for nondisclosure
- § 55-225.12. Tenant's assertion; rent escrow; dwelling units
- § 55-225.13. Noncompliance by landlord in the rental of a dwelling unit
- § 55-225.14. Rent escrow required for continuance of tenant's case in the rental of a dwelling unit
- § 55-225.15. Receipt required for certain rental payments; upon request
- § 55-225.16. Early termination of rental agreements by victims of family abuse, sexual abuse, or criminal sexual assault
- § 55-225.17. Required disclosures for property previously used to manufacture methamphetamine; remedy for nondisclosure
- § 55-225.18. Retaliatory conduct prohibited
- § 55-226. Buildings destroyed or lessee deprived of possession; covenant to pay rent or repair; reduction of rent
- § 55-226.1. Security systems for commercial rental property
- § 55-226.2. Energy submetering, energy allocation equipment, sewer and water submetering equipment, ratio utility billings systems; local government fees
- § 55-227. Remedy for rent and for use and occupation
- § 55-228. Who may recover rent, etc
- § 55-229. Who liable for rent
- § 55-230. When and by whom distress made
- § 55-230.1. Procedure for trial on warrant in distress
- § 55-231. On what goods levied; to what extent goods liable; priorities between landlord and other lienors
- § 55-232. Procedure when distress levied and tenant unable to give forthcoming bond; what defense may be made
- § 55-232.1. Repealed
- § 55-232.2. Review of decision to issue ex parte order or process; claim of exemption
- § 55-233. On what terms purchasers and lienors inferior to landlord may remove goods; certain liens not affected
- § 55-234. When goods of an undertenant may be removed from leased premises
- § 55-235. When officer may enter by force to levy distress or attachment
- § 55-236. When distress not unlawful because of irregularity, etc
- § 55-237. Return of execution; process of sale thereunder
- § 55-237.1. Authority of sheriffs to store and sell personal property removed from premises; recovery of possession by owner; disposition or sale
- § 55-238. Remedy when rent is to be paid in other thing than money
- § 55-239. Proceedings to establish right of reentry, and judgment therefor
- § 55-240. When defendant barred of relief
- § 55-241. How trustee or mortgagee relieved from the forfeiture
- § 55-242. How owner, etc., relieved in equity
- § 55-243. How judgment of forfeiture prevented
- § 55-244. When suit for reentry brought
- § 55-245. Written act of reentry to be returned and recorded, and certificate thereof published
- § 55-246. Fee of clerk
- § 55-246.1. Who may recover rent or possession
- § 55-247. How person entitled, etc., to lands may be restored to his possession
- § 55-248. Limitation of suit, etc., against person in possession by reentry
Chapter 13.2. VIRGINIA RESIDENTIAL LANDLORD AND TENANT ACT
Article 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS
- § 55-248.2. Short title
- § 55-248.3. Purposes of chapter
- § 55-248.3:1. Applicability of chapter
- § 55-248.4. Definitions
- § 55-248.5. Exemptions; exception to exemption; application of chapter to certain occupants
- § 55-248.6. Notice
- § 55-248.6:1. Application deposit and application fee
- § 55-248.7. Terms and conditions of rental agreement; copy for tenant; accounting of rental payments
- § 55-248.7:1. Prepaid rent; maintenance of escrow account
- § 55-248.7:2. Landlord may obtain certain insurance for tenant
- § 55-248.8. Effect of unsigned or undelivered rental agreement
- § 55-248.9. Prohibited provisions in rental agreements
- § 55-248.9:1. Confidentiality of tenant records
- § 55-248.10. Repealed
- § 55-248.10:1. Landlord and tenant remedies for abuse of access
Article 2. LANDLORD OBLIGATIONS
- § 55-248.11. Repealed
- § 55-248.11:1. Inspection of premises
- § 55-248.11:2. Disclosure of mold in dwelling units
- § 55-248.12. Disclosure
- § 55-248.12:1. Required disclosures for properties located adjacent to a military air installation; remedy for nondisclosure
- § 55-248.12:2. Required disclosures for properties with defective drywall; remedy for nondisclosure
- § 55-248.12:3. Required disclosures for property previously used to manufacture methamphetamine; remedy for nondisclosure
- § 55-248.13. Landlord to maintain fit premises
- § 55-248.13:1. Landlord to provide locks and peepholes
- § 55-248.13:2. Access of tenant to cable, satellite and other television facilities
- § 55-248.13:3. Notice to tenants for insecticide or pesticide use
- § 55-248.14. Limitation of liability
- § 55-248.15. Tenancy at will; effect of notice of change of terms or provisions of tenancy
- § 55-248.15:1. Security deposits
- § 55-248.15:2. Repealed
Article 3. TENANT OBLIGATIONS
- § 55-248.16. Tenant to maintain dwelling unit
- § 55-248.17. Rules and regulations
- § 55-248.18. Access; consent; correction of nonemergency conditions; relocation of tenant
- § 55-248.18:1. Access following entry of certain court orders
- § 55-248.18:2. Relocation of tenant where mold remediation needs to be performed in the dwelling unit
- § 55-248.19. Use and occupancy by tenant
- § 55-248.20. Tenant to surrender possession of dwelling unit
Article 4. TENANT REMEDIES
- § 55-248.21. Noncompliance by landlord
- § 55-248.21:1. Early termination of rental agreement by military personnel
- § 55-248.21:2. Early termination of rental agreements by victims of family abuse, sexual abuse, or criminal sexual assault
- § 55-248.22. Failure to deliver possession
- § 55-248.23. Wrongful failure to supply heat, water, hot water or essential services
- § 55-248.24. Fire or casualty damage
- § 55-248.25. Landlord's noncompliance as defense to action for possession for nonpayment of rent
- § 55-248.25:1. Rent escrow required for continuance of tenant's case
- § 55-248.26. Tenant's remedies for landlord's unlawful ouster, exclusion or diminution of service
- § 55-248.27. Tenant's assertion; rent escrow
- § 55-248.28. Repealed
Article 5. LANDLORD REMEDIES
- § 55-248.31. Noncompliance with rental agreement; monetary penalty
- § 55-248.31:01. Barring guest or invitee of tenants
- § 55-248.31:1. Sheriffs authorized to serve certain notices; fees therefor
- § 55-248.32. Remedy by repair, etc.; emergencies
- § 55-248.33. Remedies for absence, nonuse and abandonment
- § 55-248.34. Repealed
- § 55-248.34:1. Landlord's acceptance of rent with reservation
- § 55-248.35. Remedy after termination
- § 55-248.36. Recovery of possession limited
- § 55-248.37. Periodic tenancy; holdover remedies
- § 55-248.38. Repealed
- § 55-248.38:1. Disposal of property abandoned by tenants
- § 55-248.38:2. Authority of sheriffs to store and sell personal property removed from residential premises; recovery of possession by owner; disposition or sale
- § 55-248.38:3. Disposal of property of deceased tenants
Article 6. RETALIATORY ACTION
Chapter 13.3. MANUFACTURED HOME LOT RENTAL ACT- § 55-248.41. Definitions
- § 55-248.42. Written agreement required
- § 55-248.42:1. Term of rental agreement; renewal; security deposits
- § 55-248.43. Landlord's obligations
- § 55-248.44. Tenant's obligations
- § 55-248.44:1. Rent; liability of secured party taking possession of an abandoned manufactured home
- § 55-248.45. Demands and charges prohibited; access by tenant's invitees; purchases by manufactured home owner not restricted; exception; conditions of occupancy
- § 55-248.45:1. Charge for utility service
- § 55-248.46. Termination of tenancy
- § 55-248.46:1. Waiver of landlord's right to terminate
- § 55-248.47. Sale or lease of manufactured home by owner
- § 55-248.48. Other provisions of law applicable
- § 55-248.49. Power of local governments over manufactured home parks
- § 55-248.50. Retaliatory conduct prohibited
- § 55-248.50:1. Eviction of resident
- § 55-248.50:2. Right to sell home upon eviction
- § 55-248.51. Penalties for violation of chapter
- § 55-248.52. Injunctive relief
- § 55-249. Law of emblements
- § 55-250. What rent tenant entitled to emblements to pay
- § 55-251. Compensation to outgoing tenant for preparation of land for crop
- § 55-252. Lessee of life tenant, etc., to hold to end of year on death of tenant; apportionment of rent
Article 1. UNIFORM PRINCIPAL AND INCOME ACT
Article 1.1. UNIFORM MANAGEMENT OF INSTITUTIONAL FUNDS ACT
Article 1.2. UNIFORM PRUDENT MANAGEMENT OF INSTITUTIONAL FUNDS ACT
Article 2. COMMUTATION AND VALUATION OF CERTAIN ESTATES AND INTERESTS; TABLES
- § 55-269. Repealed
- § 55-269.1. Annuity table
- § 55-270. Rule of calculation
- § 55-271. Example
- § 55-272. Repealed
- § 55-272.1. Table of uniform seniority
- § 55-273. Rules of calculation under ยง 55-272.1
- § 55-274. Makehamized mortality table
- § 55-275. Repealed
- § 55-276. Commutation in case of persons under disability
- § 55-277. Commutation of certain life estates
Chapter 16. RELEASE OF POWERS OF APPOINTMENT
Chapter 17. VIRGINIA COORDINATE SYSTEM
- § 55-287. Virginia coordinate systems designated
- § 55-288. Repealed
- § 55-288.1. North and South Zones
- § 55-289. Designation of systems in land description
- § 55-290. Plane coordinates used in systems
- § 55-291. Tract of land lying in both coordinate zones
- § 55-292. Definition of systems by National Ocean Survey/National Geodetic Survey; adopted
- § 55-293. Position of systems
- § 55-294. Limitation on use of systems
- § 55-295. Limitation on use of name of systems
- § 55-296. Use of system not compulsory
- § 55-297. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University designated as administrative agency
- § 55-297.1. Repealed
- § 55-297.2. Repealed
Article 1. ELECTRIC FENCES
- § 55-298. Repealed
- § 55-298.1. Unlawful to sell, distribute, construct, install, maintain or use certain electric fences upon agricultural land except as provided in ยง 55-298.2
- § 55-298.2. Unlawful to sell other controlling devices unless they meet certain standards
- § 55-298.3. Exceptions to ยง 55-298.2
- § 55-298.4. Definition
- § 55-298.5. Penalty
Article 2. WHAT CONSTITUTES LAWFUL FENCE
- § 55-299. Definition of lawful fence
- § 55-300. Court may declare stream of water or canal a lawful fence; proceeding therefor
- § 55-301. Revocation of order
- § 55-302. Boundary lines of certain low grounds on James River a lawful fence
- § 55-303. Statutes declaring watercourses lawful fences continued
Article 3. CATTLE GUARDS AND GATES ACROSS RIGHTS-OF-WAY
- § 55-304. Property owner may place cattle guards or gates across right-of-way
- § 55-305. Persons having easement may replace gate with cattle guard; maintenance and use thereof; deemed lawful gate
Article 4. TRESPASS IN CROSSING LAWFUL FENCE
- § 55-306. Damages for trespass by animals; punitive and double damages
- § 55-307. Lien on animals
- § 55-308. Impounding animals
- § 55-309. Duty to issue warrant when animal impounded
Article 5. NO-FENCE LAW
- § 55-310. How governing body of county may make local fence law
- § 55-311. Effect of such law on certain fences
- § 55-312. Application to railroad companies
- § 55-313. No authority to adopt more stringent fence laws
- § 55-314. Effect on existing fence laws or no-fence laws
- § 55-315. Lands under quarantine
- § 55-316. When unlawful for animals to run at large
Article 6. DIVISION FENCES
- § 55-317. Obligation to provide division fences
- § 55-318. When no division fence has been built
- § 55-319. When division fence already built
- § 55-320. Recovery of amount due in connection with division fence
- § 55-321. Requirements for agreement to bind successors in title; subsequent owners
- § 55-322. How notice given
Article 7. SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR UNINCORPORATED COMMUNITIES
- § 55-323. Courts to fix boundaries of villages to prevent animals from running at large
- § 55-324. Petition for action under ยง 55-323
- § 55-325. Entry of order if petition not contested
- § 55-326. Procedure in case of contest
- § 55-327. Order of court
- § 55-328. Animals may not run at large after entry of order
- § 55-329. Costs; by whom fines imposed
- § 55-330. Owner of animals liable for trespasses
Article 8. CUTTING TIMBER
- § 55-331. Damages recoverable for timber cutting
- § 55-332. Procedure for determination of damage
- § 55-333. Repealed
- § 55-334. When person damaged may proceed in court
- § 55-334.1. Larceny of timber; penalty
- § 55-335. Effect of article
- § 55-336. Short title
- § 55-337. Definitions
- § 55-338. Exemptions
- § 55-339. Repealed
- § 55-341. Transfer of ownership
- § 55-342. Blanket encumbrances
- § 55-343. Restraints on alienation
- § 55-344. Management, regulation and control of subdivisions in which there are common facilities or property owners' associations
- § 55-345. Repealed
- § 55-347. Penalties
- § 55-348. Repealed
- § 55-349. Repealed
- § 55-350. Repealed
- § 55-351. Reserved
- § 55-352. Short title
- § 55-353. Creation of solar easements
- § 55-354. Contents of solar easement agreements
- § 55-355. Reserved
Article 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS
- § 55-360. Title
- § 55-361. Repealed
- § 55-361.1. Applicability
- § 55-362. Definitions
- § 55-362.1. Administrative agency
- § 55-363. Status of time-share estates with respect to real property interests
- § 55-364. Applicability of local ordinances, regulations, and building codes
- § 55-364.1. Use of terms
- § 55-365. Repealed
- § 55-365.1. Severability of provisions of time-share instruments
Article 2. CREATION, TERMINATION, AND MANAGEMENT
- § 55-366. Time-sharing permitted
- § 55-367. Instruments
- § 55-368. Time-share instrument for time-share estate project
- § 55-369. Developer control in time-share estate program
- § 55-370. Time-share estate owners' association control liens
- § 55-370.01. Time-share owners' association books and records; meetings; use of e-mail
- § 55-370.1. Time-share estate owners' association annual report
- § 55-371. Time-share instrument for project
- § 55-372. Partition
- § 55-373. Termination of certain time-shares
Article 3. PROTECTION OF PURCHASERS
- § 55-374. Public offering statement
- § 55-374.1. Certain advertising practices regulated
- § 55-374.2. Exchange programs
- § 55-375. Escrow of deposits
- § 55-376. Purchaser's rights of cancellation
- § 55-376.1. Possibility of reverter
- § 55-376.2. Recording and delivery of deed
- § 55-376.3. Liability limited; liability actions prohibited
- § 55-376.4. Warning required
- § 55-376.5. Buyer's Acknowledgment
- § 55-377. Repealed
- § 55-379. Repealed
- § 55-380. Resale of time-shares
- § 55-380.1. Required resale disclosures
- § 55-381. Liens
- § 55-382. Effect of violations on rights of action; attorney's fees; prior determination of Real Estate Board required for certain violations
- § 55-383. Statute of limitations; actions; limitation on rescission rights
- § 55-384. Class actions
- § 55-385. Financial records
- § 55-386. Developer's obligation to complete
Article 4. FINANCING
- § 55-387. Financing of time-share programs
- § 55-388. Purchaser's rights under developer's foreclosure
- § 55-389. Protection of lien holder
Article 5. REGISTRATION
- § 55-390. Registration of time-share program required
- § 55-391. Repealed
- § 55-391.1. Application for registration
- § 55-392. Repealed
- § 55-392.1. Filing fee
- § 55-393. Repealed
- § 55-393.1. Receipt of application; effectiveness of registration
- § 55-394. Repealed
- § 55-394.1. Annual report; amendments
- § 55-394.2. Termination of registration
- § 55-394.3. Registration required for time-share resellers; exemptions; prohibited practices
- § 55-394.4. Recordkeeping by resellers
- § 55-394.5. Alternative purchase; registration
- § 55-395. Repealed
Article 6. ADMINISTRATION
- § 55-396. General powers and duties of Board
- § 55-397. Cancellation of cease and desist order; reinstatement of registration of developer
- § 55-398. Board regulation of public offering statement
- § 55-399. Investigations
- § 55-399.1. Proceedings before the Board
- § 55-400. Penalties
Chapter 23. VIRGINIA SELF-SERVICE STORAGE ACT
- § 55-416. Short title
- § 55-417. Definitions
- § 55-418. Lien
- § 55-419. Enforcement of lien
- § 55-419.1. Other legal remedies may be used
- § 55-420. Care, custody and control of property
- § 55-421. Savings clause
- § 55-422. Repealed
- § 55-423. Effective date and application of chapter
Article 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS
- § 55-424. Title
- § 55-425. Applicability
- § 55-426. Definitions
- § 55-427. Variation by agreement
- § 55-428. Property classification of cooperative interests; taxation
- § 55-429. Applicability of local ordinances, regulations and building codes; county and municipal authority
- § 55-430. Eminent domain
- § 55-431. General principles of law applicable
- § 55-432. Construction against implicit repeal
- § 55-433. Uniformity of application and construction
- § 55-434. Unconscionable agreement or term of contract
- § 55-435. Obligation of good faith
- § 55-436. Remedies to be liberally administered
- § 55-437. Repealed
Article 2. CREATION, ALTERATION AND TERMINATION OF COOPERATIVES
- § 55-438. Creation of cooperative ownership
- § 55-439. Unit boundaries
- § 55-440. Construction and validity of declaration and bylaws
- § 55-441. Description of units
- § 55-442. Contents of declaration
- § 55-443. Leasehold cooperatives
- § 55-444. Allocation of ownership interests, votes and common expense liabilities
- § 55-445. Limited common elements
- § 55-446. Exercise of development rights
- § 55-447. Alterations of units
- § 55-448. Relocation of boundaries between adjoining units
- § 55-449. Subdivision of units
- § 55-450. Easement for encroachments
- § 55-451. Use for sales purposes
- § 55-452. Easement rights
- § 55-453. Amendment of declaration
- § 55-454. Termination of cooperative ownership
- § 55-455. Rights of secured lenders
- § 55-456. Master associations
- § 55-457. Merger or consolidation of cooperatives
Article 3. MANAGEMENT OF COOPERATIVES
- § 55-458. Organization of the association
- § 55-459. Powers of the association
- § 55-460. Executive board members and officers
- § 55-461. Transfer of special declarant rights
- § 55-462. Termination of contracts and leases of declarant
- § 55-463. Bylaws
- § 55-464. Upkeep of cooperative
- § 55-464.1. Common elements; notice of pesticide application
- § 55-465. Meetings
- § 55-466. Quorums
- § 55-467. Voting; proxies
- § 55-468. Tort and contract liability
- § 55-469. Conveyance or encumbrance of the cooperative
- § 55-470. Insurance
- § 55-471. Assessments for common expenses
- § 55-471.1. Reserves for capital components
- § 55-472. Remedies for nonpayment of assessments
- § 55-473. Other liens affecting the cooperative
- § 55-473.1. Limitation of assumption of debt and encumbrances
- § 55-474. Association records
- § 55-475. Association as trustee
Article 4. PROTECTION OF COOPERATIVE PURCHASERS
- § 55-476. Applicability; waiver
- § 55-477. Liability for public offering statement; requirements
- § 55-478. Public offering statement; general provisions
- § 55-479. Public offering statement; cooperatives subject to development rights
- § 55-480. Public offering statement; time shares
- § 55-481. Public offering statement; cooperatives containing conversion building
- § 55-482. Public offering statement; cooperative securities
- § 55-483. Purchaser's right to cancel
- § 55-484. Resales of cooperative interests
- § 55-485. Escrow of deposits
- § 55-486. Release of liens
- § 55-487. Conversion buildings
- § 55-488. Express warranties of quality
- § 55-489. Implied warranties of quality
- § 55-490. Exclusion or modification of implied warranties of quality
- § 55-491. Statute of limitations for warranties
- § 55-492. Effect of violation on rights of action; attorney's fees; arbitration of disputes
- § 55-493. Labeling of promotional material
- § 55-494. Declarant's obligation to complete and restore
- § 55-495. Substantial completion of units
Article 5. ADMINISTRATION AND REGISTRATION OF COOPERATIVES
- § 55-496. Administrative agency
- § 55-497. Registration required
- § 55-498. Application for registration; approval of uncompleted unit
- § 55-499. Receipt of application; order or registration
- § 55-500. Cease and desist order
- § 55-501. Revocation of registration
- § 55-502. General powers and duties of agency
- § 55-503. Investigative powers of agency
- § 55-504. Annual report and amendments
- § 55-504.1. Annual report by associations
- § 55-505. Agency regulation of public offering statement
- § 55-506. Penalties
Chapter 26. PROPERTY OWNERS' ASSOCIATION ACT
Article 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS
- § 55-508. Applicability
- § 55-509. Definitions
- § 55-509.1. Developer to pay real estate taxes attributable to the common area upon transfer to association
- § 55-509.1:1. Limitation on certain contracts and leases by declarant
- § 55-509.2. Documents to be provided by declarant upon transfer of control
- § 55-509.3. Association charges
- § 55-509.3:1. Rental of lots
- § 55-509.3:2. Statement of lot owner rights
Article 2. DISCLOSURE REQUIREMENTS; AUTHORIZED FEES
- § 55-509.4. Contract disclosure statement; right of cancellation
- § 55-509.5. Contents of association disclosure packet; delivery of packet
- § 55-509.6. Fees for disclosure packet; professionally managed associations
- § 55-509.7. Fees for disclosure packets; associations not professionally managed
- § 55-509.8. Properties subject to more than one declaration
- § 55-509.9. Requests by settlement agents
- § 55-509.10. Exceptions to disclosure requirements
Article 3. OPERATION AND MANAGEMENT OF ASSOCIATION
- § 55-510. Access to association records; association meetings; notice
- § 55-510.1. Meetings of the board of directors
- § 55-510.2. Distribution of information by members
- § 55-510.3. Common areas; notice of pesticide application
- § 55-511. Repealed
- § 55-513. Adoption and enforcement of rules
- § 55-513.1. Display of the flag of the United States; necessary supporting structures; affirmative defense
- § 55-513.2. Home-based businesses permitted; compliance with local ordinances
- § 55-513.3. Assessments; late fees
- § 55-514. Authority to levy special assessments
- § 55-514.1. Reserves for capital components
- § 55-514.2. Deposit of funds; fidelity bond
- § 55-515. Compliance with declaration
- § 55-515.1. Amendment to declaration and bylaws; consent of mortgagee
- § 55-515.2. Validity of declaration; corrective amendments
- § 55-515.2:1. Reformation of declaration; judicial procedure
- § 55-515.3. Use of technology
- § 55-516. Lien for assessments
- § 55-516.01. Notice of sale under deed of trust
- § 55-516.1. Annual report by association
- § 55-516.2. Condemnation of common area; procedure
- § 55-517. Applicability
- § 55-518. Exemptions
- § 55-519. Required disclosures
- § 55-519.1. Required disclosures pertaining to a military air installation
- § 55-519.2. Required disclosures; defective drywall
- § 55-519.3. Permissive disclosure; tourism activity zone
- § 55-519.4. Required disclosures; property previously used to manufacture methamphetamine
- § 55-520. Time for disclosure; termination of contract
- § 55-521. Owner liability
- § 55-522. Change in circumstances
- § 55-523. Duties of real estate licensees
- § 55-524. Actions under this chapter
- § 55-525. Real Estate Board to develop form; when effective
- § 55-525.1. Definitions
- § 55-525.2. Change in control
- § 55-525.3. Separately identified accounts, or qualified escrows or qualified trusts
- § 55-525.4. Errors and omissions insurance; cash or letters of credit
- § 55-525.5. Accounting for moneys and property
- § 55-525.6. Prohibited acts
- § 55-525.7. Penalty; attorney fees
- § 55-525.8. Definitions
- § 55-525.9. Applicability; effect of noncompliance
- § 55-525.10. Duty of lender
- § 55-525.11. Duty of settlement agent
- § 55-525.12. Prohibition against payment or receipt of settlement services kickbacks, rebates, commissions, and other payments; penalty
- § 55-525.13. Disclosure of affiliated business by settlement service providers
- § 55-525.14. Disclosure of charges for appraisal or valuation using automated or other valuation mechanism
- § 55-525.15. Penalty
- § 55-525.16. Definitions
- § 55-525.17. Limitation on applicability of chapter
- § 55-525.18. Scope of chapter; lay real estate settlement agents
- § 55-525.19. Persons who may act as a settlement agent
- § 55-525.20. Duties of settlement agents
- § 55-525.21. Persons prohibited from assisting or being employed by settlement agents
- § 55-525.22. Choice of settlement agent
- § 55-525.23. Disclosure
- § 55-525.24. Conditions for providing escrow, closing, or settlement services and for maintaining escrow accounts
- § 55-525.25. Falsifying settlement statements prohibited
- § 55-525.26. Separate charge for reporting transactions limited
- § 55-525.27. Record retention requirements
- § 55-525.28. Regulations and orders
- § 55-525.29. Accounting by title insurance companies
- § 55-525.30. Settlement agent registration requirements and compliance with unauthorized practice of law guidelines
- § 55-525.31. Penalties and liabilities
- § 55-525.32. Confidentiality of information obtained by the Commission
Chapter 29. COMMON INTEREST COMMUNITY MANAGEMENT INFORMATION FUND
- § 55-528. Definitions
- § 55-529. Common Interest Community Management Information Fund
- § 55-530. Powers of the Board; Common interest community ombudsman; final adverse decisions
- § 55-530.1. Common Interest Community Management Recovery Fund
Chapter 31. UNIFORM TRUST CODE
Chapter 32. FIRST-TIME HOME BUYER SAVINGS PLANS ACT
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