2000 WI 30
SUPREME COURT OF WISCONSIN
Case No.:
97-3452-W
Complete Title of Case:
State of Wisconsin ex rel. J. H. Findorff & Son, Inc., Petitioner-Petitioner, v. Circuit Court for Milwaukee County, the Honorable Patrick T. Sheedy, presiding, John Trenhaile (d/b/a) Trenko Electric, Inc., St. Paul Fire and Marine Insurance Company and Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District, Respondents.
ON REVIEW OF A DECISION OF THE COURT OF APPEALS (No Cite) April 6, 2000 November 3, 1999
Opinion Filed: Submitted on Briefs: Oral Argument:
Source of APPEAL COURT: COUNTY: JUDGE:
Circuit Milwaukee Patrick Sheedy
JUSTICES: Concurred:
ABRAHAMSON, WILCOX, J., BRADLEY, J. ABRAHAMSON,
C.J., concurs (opinion filed). concurs (opinion filed). concurs (opinion filed); C.J., joins BRADLEY concurrence.
Dissented: Not Participating:
ATTORNEYS:
For the petitioner-petitioner there were briefs
by Michael B. Van Sicklen, Michael S. Heffernan and Foley & Lardner, Madison, and oral argument by Michael B. Van Sicklen.
For the respondent the cause was argued by James
H. McDermott, assistant attorney general, with whom on the brief was James E. Doyle, attorney general.
NOTICE
This opinion is subject to further editing and modification. The final version will appear in the bound volume of the official reports.
No.
97-3452-W : IN SUPREME COURT
STATE OF WISCONSIN
State of Wisconsin ex rel. J. H. Findorff & Son, Inc., Petitioner-Petitioner, v. Circuit Court for Milwaukee County, the Honorable Patrick T. Sheedy, presiding, John Trenhaile (d/b/a), Trenko Electric, Inc., St. Paul Fire and Marine Insurance Company and Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District, Respondents.
FILED
APR 06, 2000
Cornelia G. Clark, Acting Clerk of Supreme Court Madison, WI
REVIEW of a decision of the Court of Appeals. cause remanded.
Reversed and
¶1
N.
PATRICK
CROOKS,
J.
J.H.
Findorff
&
Son,
Inc.
(Findorff), the petitioner, seeks review of an unpublished court of appeals decision,1 which ruled against Findorff on its request for substitution, after remand from an appeal in an earlier
action. ¶2 In the earlier action, the court of appeals reversed
and remanded a circuit court decision against Findorff relating State ex rel. J.H. Findorff & Son, Inc. v. Circuit Court for Milwaukee County, unpublished slip op. (Ct. App. March 5, 1999).
1
No.
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to breach of contract during a construction project. requested a judicial substitution on remand.
Findorff
Milwaukee County
Circuit Court Judge William J. Haese, the judge assigned in this action, granted the substitution request, but Chief Judge
Patrick T. Sheedy denied the request upon review. petitioned mandamus. court of the court of appeals for a
Findorff then writ of
supervisory
The court of appeals affirmed on the basis that the appeals’ original directives on remand required
“specific action,” and therefore, the right of substitution did not attach. ¶3 original right of We conclude that the directives on remand to in the the for
action
required
"further attach.
proceedings" The
which were
substitution
does
directives
"further proceedings" because they required the circuit court to exercise its discretion, instead of merely discharging a
ministerial duty. without judge’s authority decision
We also conclude that the chief judge was to review and reverse the circuit court
granting
Findorff's
substitution
request.
Under both the Wisconsin statutes and the Supreme Court Rules, a chief judge may only review orders denying substitution, not those granting a substitution request. the court of appeals' decision and Accordingly, we reverse grant the petition for
supervisory writ. I.
2
No.
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¶4
The
facts
in
this
case
are
not
disputed.
John
Trenhaile, doing business as Trenko Electric, Inc. (Trenko),2 worked as an electrical subcontractor for Findorff, the general contractor in a large sewer construction project. After Trenko
completed most of its work on the project, three of Trenko's unsecured creditors petitioned to have Trenko placed in
involuntary bankruptcy.
Two months later, Trenko halted its
work, forcing Findorff to hire another electrical contractor and subcontractor to finish the project. action against Findorff, and the Milwaukee Paul Fire Trenko then brought an Metropolitan and Marine Sewerage Insurance Trenko of
District
(MMSD),
Saint
Company, Findorff's surety, as the bankruptcy assignee. made claims against Findorff, and inter alia, for
breach
contract,
restitution, that
unjust breached
enrichment. the contract
Findorff by not
counterclaimed
Trenko
finishing its work. ¶5 Honorable Court. resulting The case was J. tried of in a bench trial before the
William The
Haese court of in
the
Milwaukee that Trenko He against
County lost
Circuit profits Trenko but
circuit a
found
from
breach
contract. damages
awarded
approximately
$350,000.00
Findorff,
reduced the damage award by 50% for contributory fault. further recovered $5,000.00 from Findorff under a
Trenko of
theory
unjust enrichment.
2
The circuit court also denied Findorff’s
John Trenhaile did not file a brief in this case, but joined the position and arguments of the Respondent, the city of Milwaukee.
3
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claim for offsets and dismissed the Saint Paul Fire and Marine Insurance Company from the lawsuit. ¶6 judgment. judgment. Findorff appealed, and Trenko cross-appealed from the The court of appeals reversed the circuit court’s Findorff v. Circuit Court for Milwaukee County, It found
unpublished slip op. (Ct. App. September 16, 1997).
that the circuit court had not made factual findings to entitle Trenko to recovery for future lost profits, had used incorrect damage figures, and had failed to explain why it dismissed
Findorff’s surety or denied Findorff’s offsets. 3.
Slip op. at 2-
The court of appeals remanded the case to the circuit court
with directives stating: On remand, the trial court shall: (1) make detailed factual findings and determine whether the facts support an award of consequential damages, foreseeability and reasonable certainty; (2) either utilize the damage figures introduced into evidence or make specific findings and conclusions as to why another damage figure is being used; (3) reinstate the surety, Saint Paul, and determine what damage, if any, the surety must pay; and (4) determine whether and on what legal basis Findorff’s offsets and defenses should be denied. Finally, the trial court should determine any damage amounts without resorting to tort principles. Slip op. at 13. ¶7 Upon remand, Findorff moved to substitute Judge Haese Judge Haese granted the
under Wis. Stat. § 801.58(7)(1995-96).3
request, and the case was temporarily reassigned to Judge Lee E.
All subsequent references to the Wisconsin Statutes are to the 1995-96 text unless otherwise noted.
3
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No.
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Wells.4
However, after a hearing on the substitution request
conducted by telephone conference on November 7, 1997, the chief judge denied the substitution and reassigned the case to Judge Haese. The chief judge noted that Judge Wells took over Judge
Haese's calendar on rotation when Judge Haese transferred to the family division. He stated that he was reassigning the case to
Judge Haese because Judge Wells had objected to being assigned a case on remand, and "that to assign this to Judge Wells, I am basically ordering a completely new trial." He concluded since the that of the right of gave (Pet. App. at 148.) did that not were attach "very
substitution directives
court
appeals
specific" and did not call for a new trial.
The Clerk of the Circuit Court issued a notice on October 24, 1997, that the case had been rotated to Judge Wells. (Pet. App. at 137.) However, on October 27, the Clerk sent another notice stating that the file had been returned to Judge Haese "per the Court of Appeals [sic] remand." (Pet. App. at 138.)
4
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¶8
Findorff then filed a Petition for Supervisory Relief5 In the petition Findorff requested
with the court of appeals.
that the court of appeals order the circuit court to grant the substitution request. informed the parties On November 20, 1997, Judge Haese first that he had originally granted the
substitution request.
(Pet. App. at 166.)
Until that moment,
the parties believed that Judge Wells had been assigned the case on rotation. On that basis, Findorff filed a supplement to its
petition arguing that a chief judge may only review substitution in a case in which a circuit court judge already has denied a substitution request. Findorff therefore claimed that Judge
Sheedy erred by returning the case to Judge Haese.
Judge Haese
ordered that "further proceedings" be stayed pending resolution of the substitution issue.
This petition for supervisory writ could be characterized as one asking for a writ of mandamus. A writ of mandamus is a type of supervisory writ. Eau Claire Leader-Telegram v. Barrett, 146 Wis. 2d 647, 651, 431 N.W.2d 741 (Ct. App. 1988). "Mandamus is a writ that grants a higher court supervisory authority to compel a private or municipal corporation or an inferior court to perform a particular act." Id. at 650 (citing Gross v. Midwest Speedways, Inc., 81 Wis. 2d 129, 135, 260 N.W.2d 36, 38-39 (1977)). Petitions simply requesting "supervisory" relief recognize the similarity in substance between a writ of mandamus and a writ of prohibition. Heffernan, Appellate Practice and Procedure in Wisconsin, § 10.2 (2d. ed. 1995)(citing Petition of Pierce-Arrow Motor Car Co., 143 Wis. 282, 285, 127 N.W. 998, 999 (1910). In fact, a supervisory writ is a combination of the writs of mandamus and prohibition. State ex rel. Dressler v. Racine County Cir. Ct., 163 Wis. 2d 622, 630, 472 N.W.2d 532 (Ct. App. 1991). Wisconsin Stat. § (Rule) 809.51 provides the grounds for petitioning and granting a supervisory writ. Wisconsin Ch. 783 provides for writs of mandamus and prohibition.
5
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No.
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¶9 1999.
The court of appeals denied the petition on March 5, It first concluded that Findorff’s substitution request
was timely because it was filed within twenty days after the clerk of the circuit court received the court of appeals’ Slip
remittitur, and it “clearly sought judicial substitution.” op. at 4. ¶10
It then held that according to Cuccio v. Rusilowski,
171 Wis. 2d 648, 492 N.W.2d 345 (Ct. App. 1992), the right of substitution did not attach in this case. "[T]he right to
substitution exists when the remand is for a new trial or for proceedings other than specific action," it noted. 4. Rusilowski states that a mandate that does Slip op. at not require
further development of the record is a mandate for "specific action." Slip op. at 4-5 (citing Rusilowski, 171 Wis. 2d at Based on this reasoning, the court of the directives at issue required
654, 492 N.W.2d at 348). appeals concluded that
“specific action” because “no new facts need be garnered, no added record need be made; rather, the trial court is left with the same record and need not add to it.” Slip op. at 5.
Therefore, it held that the right of substitution does not exist here. Slip op. at 5. II. ¶11 In this case we must determine whether to grant
Findorff’s petition for a supervisory writ.
A petition for a
supervisory writ is granted only if an appeal does not offer an adequate remedy, grave hardship will result from a circuit
court's actions, and a party makes a prompt request for relief. 7
No.
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State ex rel. Oman v. Hunkins, 120 Wis. 2d 86, 91, 352 N.W.2d 220 (Ct. App. 1984). ¶12 grant The first issue we address in determining whether to writ is what constitutes a remand for “further
the
proceedings” pursuant to Wis. Stat. § 801.58(7), entitling the parties in a case to substitution of a judge. This issue
presents a question of statutory interpretation, which we review de novo. Cemetery Serv., Inc. v. Department of Reg. & Licens.,
221 Wis. 2d 817, 823, 568 N.W.2d 191 (1998). ¶13 Wisconsin Stat. § 801.58(7)6 “creates an unqualified
right to substitution when further trial court proceedings are necessary after remand from an appellate court.” Oman, 120
Wis. 2d at 91.
It provides:
If upon an appeal from a judgment or order or upon a writ of error the appellate court orders a new trial or reverses or modifies the judgment or order as to any or all of the parties in a manner such that further proceedings in the trial court are necessary, any party may file a request under sub. (1) [for substitution of judge] within 20 days after the filing of the remittitur in the trial court whether or not another request was filed prior to the time the appeal or writ of error was taken. Wis. Stat. § 801.58(7). ¶14 Following remand and remittitur, a circuit court may
conduct three types of proceedings: 1) a proceeding in which a circuit court takes "specific action" as ordered; 2) a
proceeding in which a circuit court conducts a new trial; or 3) The enactment and subsequent amendments of this statute by the legislature and the Supreme Court Rules exemplify the shared powers of the legislature and this court. Wis. Stat. § 801.58.
6
8
No.
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any further proceedings other than those mentioned above. Stat. § 808.08(1)-(3).7 ¶15
Wis.
These two statutes have been read together to provide
that no right of substitution exists if a mandate only requires a circuit court to take "specific action" in accordance with Wis. Stat. § 808.08(1). Rusilowski, 171 Wis. 2d at 653. See
also State ex rel. Ondrasek v. Circuit Court for Calumet County, 133 Wis. 2d 177, 182-83, 394 N.W.2d 912 (Ct. App. 1986). mandate calls for "further proceedings" a right as to If a by upon
contemplated substitution
§ 808.08(3), request. Id.
the
parties
have
The significant question in this case therefore
pertains to the difference in definition between a "specific action" and "further proceedings."
7
The full text of Wis. Stat. § 808.08(1)-(3) states:
Further proceedings in trial court. When the record and remittitur are received in the trial court: (1) If the trial judge is ordered to take specific action, the judge shall do so as soon as possible. (2) If a new trial is ordered, the trial court, upon receipt of the remitted record shall place the matter on the trial calendar. (3) If action or proceedings other than those mentioned in sub. (1) or (2) is ordered, any party may, within one year after receipt of the remitted record by the clerk of the trial court, make appropriate motion for further proceedings. If further proceedings are not so initiated, the action shall be dismissed except that an extension of the one-year period may be granted, on notice, by the trial court, if the order for extension is entered during the one-year period.
9
No.
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¶16 this
The two most recent court of appeals cases addressing appear to conflict because they define "further
issue
proceedings" differently. defined "further
In Ondrasek, the court of appeals by examining the definition of
proceedings"
"specific action." 'specific'
The court stated that "the use of the word something more precise and definite"
contemplates
than the use of the phrase "further proceedings." Wis. 2d at 183.
Ondrasek, 133
It concluded that its remand in the Ondrasek
case did not direct any "specific action" because the directives pertained to property division and family support in a divorce action. discretion Id. The court to aptly stated courts that in "recognizing the
accorded
trial
matters
concerning
property division and family support, a specific directive would have been wholly inappropriate." Id. (emphasis added). From
this statement it appears that the court differentiated between "specific action" and "further proceedings" by examining whether a circuit court is able to exercise discretion after a remand. The court also noted that Wis. Stat. § 808.08(3), relating to "further proceedings," "is written in 'catch-all' terms." at 183. The court held by implication to a that the only right Id. of
substitution
would
not
attach
mandate
requiring
"specific action" by a circuit court. ¶17 In Rusilowski, the remand a later at
See id. at 184 n.3. the court as of appeals that
case, in
characterized
issue
Ondrasek
one
"required the trial court to add to the record and make further fact-finding after revaluing 171 Wis. 2d at 653-54. and recalculating." Rusilowski,
By this the court implied that if a 10
No.
97-3452-W
circuit court must add to the record and make further factfinding, then it is engaged in "further proceedings" and is
subject to substitution. remand at issue in
The court held that the directives on required "specific action"
Rusilowski
"[b]ecause this mandate did not order extensive action on the part of the probate court . . . . No new facts need be garnered; no added record need be made. Rather, the trial court is left Id. at 654.
with the same record and need not add to it." ¶18
Judge Snyder dissented from the majority in Rusilowski Judge Snyder believed that the mandate in
for three reasons.
the original appeal "was sufficiently open-ended to justify the trial court's honoring the substitution request." 171 Wis. 2d at 655 (Snyder, J., dissenting). Rusilowski,
He also criticized
the majority's interpretation of Ondrasek as "inferential" and "unnecessarily limit[ing] the discretion vested in the circuit court upon remand."8 Id. Finally, he concluded that Rusilowski
is distinguishable from Ondrasek on its facts. The concurrence authored by Justice Bradley alleges that the Rusilowski dissent focused on the above-stated issue, and argues that the "dissent did not hinge its determination on whether a ‘specific action’ for substitution purposes was the equivalent of a governmental ministerial duty." Concurrence authored by Justice Bradley at ¶¶ 50-54. We again draw the reader's attention, as we do in ¶ 19, to the dissent's precise language: "I believe that the mandate from the appellate court must unequivocally restrict the action to be taken on remand to the purely ministerial; if the remand leaves any room for doubt about the scope, then the trial judge has discretion to act within the boundaries circumscribed by that remand." Cuccio v. Rusilowski, 171 Wis. 2d 648, 656, 492 N.W.2d 345 (Ct. App. 1992)(Snyder, J., dissenting). We find this language to establish clearly that the dissent did indeed equate a specific action with a ministerial duty.
8
11
No.
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¶19
In his dissent, Judge Snyder explained the difference
between "specific action" and "further proceedings" by examining the nature of a circuit court's discretion on remand. Judge
Snyder first examined Fullerton Lumber Co. v. Torborg, 274 Wis. 478, 483-84, 80 N.W.2d 461 (1957), which stands for the
proposition that a circuit court must abide by the directives stated in a mandate, but may resolve any issues left unanswered by the decision. He stated:
Because Fullerton allows a trial court some leeway to act, even where the appellate court 'directs the entry of a particular judgment,' id., I believe that the mandate from the appellate court must unequivocally restrict the action to be taken on remand to the purely ministerial; if the remand leaves any room for doubt about the scope, then the trial judge has discretion to act within the boundaries circumscribed by that remand. Rusilowski, 171 Wis. 2d at 656 (citing Fullerton, 274 Wis. at 483-84). He therefore appeared to define "specific action" as
"purely ministerial," and to draw the line between "specific action" and "further proceedings" at the point where a circuit court has any discretion to act. ¶20 We agree with the court in Ondrasek and the Rusilowski
dissent that the distinction between a "specific action" and
12
No.
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"further proceedings" lies with a judge's discretion on remand.9 This decision resolves the conflict that existed between
Ondrasek and Rusilowski.
We narrowly define a "specific action" In other words, a ministerial
as a purely ministerial duty.
duty is an action that requires no exercise of discretion on the circuit court's part.10 ministerial We duties find the definition in this of a public also.
officer’s
useful
context
Ministerial duties are those that are “absolute, certain and
9
Although we hold today that a circuit court must distinguish between "specific action" and "further proceedings" by examining whether directives require the circuit court to exercise discretion, we recognize that the court of appeals could indeed state in its mandate that it anticipates further proceedings on remand, or that only the specific action, as outlined, is required. The concurrence authored by Justice Bradley suggests that this could be done in each and every case upon remand by this court and by the court of appeals. Concurrence authored by Justice Bradley at ¶ 65. Our decision certainly does not prohibit such an approach. It is difficult to understand why the concurrences authored by Justice Wilcox and Justice Bradley engage throughout in dire predictions. The right to substitution in a civil case where, upon remand, further proceedings are necessary is not a blow to efficient judicial administration. Rather, it should be recognized that the distinction adopted herein is consistent with Wisconsin's long history of honoring substitution requests in civil cases, and will not, we believe, result in a significant increase in the number of substitution requests. The following are examples of ministerial duties a circuit court may encounter on remand: 1) a remand with instructions to dismiss a complaint, cross-claim, or counterclaim; 2) a remand requiring a remittitur, or requiring a circuit court to remand to an administrative agency; 3) a remand with instructions to impose statutory costs; 4) a remand with instructions to impose statutory attorney's fees; or 5) a remand with instructions to enter judgment in accordance with a prior jury verdict.
10
13
No.
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imperative, involving merely the performance of a specific task when the law imposes, prescribes and defines the time, mode and occasion for its performance with such certainty that nothing remains for judgment or discretion.” Lister v. Board of
Regents, 73 Wis. 2d 282, 301, 240 N.W.2d 610 (1976). ¶21 If a circuit court may exercise discretion in
discharging its duties on remand, however, then those duties comprise "further proceedings."11 While the subject was one of
sentencing discretion, the following statement by this court is helpful in understanding the term "discretion": not synonymous with decision-making. "Discretion is the term
Rather,
contemplates a process of reasoning.
This process must depend
on facts that are of record or that are reasonably derived by inference from the record and a conclusion based on a logical rationale founded upon proper legal standards." McCleary v.
State, 49 Wis. 2d 263, 277, 182 N.W.2d 512 (1971)(describing sentencing as a discretionary judicial act). ¶22 The plain language of Wis. Stat. § 801.58 supports the we draw between "specific and action" (7) do and not "further place any
distinction
proceedings."
Sections
801.58(1)
We disagree with the state that whether additional factfinding is required is the key to defining further proceedings. (Resp. Br. at 21-22.) If a judge must conduct further factfinding, that fact-finding will often require an exercise of discretion. However, that may not always be the case. A judge may allow additions to the record without then exercising discretion, or conversely, he or she may exercise discretion without needing to add any more facts to the record.
11
14
No.
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conditions
on
filing
except
timeliness.12
That
a
party
may
request substitution for any reason demonstrates the statute's wide purview and suggests that § 801.58(7) should be liberally construed to permit substitutions. By defining "further
proceedings" broadly, we are therefore consistent with the plain language of § 801.58(7). ¶23 This distinction also is consistent with our notion of The United States Supreme Court has articulated
a fair trial.
the importance of a fair trial by stating: A fair trial in a fair tribunal is a basic requirement of due process. Fairness of course requires an absence of actual bias in the trial of cases. But our system of law has always endeavored to prevent even the probability of unfairness. To this end no man can Under Wis. Stat. § 801.58, a party does not need to file an affidavit of prejudice, or state that a belief that a judge will not conduct a fair trial. Grenig & Harvey, 3 Wisconsin Practice, § 158.1, p. 173 (1994)(citing Seaburg, The Civil Peremptory Substitution Statute, 59 Wis. Bar Bull. 8, 9 (Jan. 1986)). We also note that In the Matter of the Civil Contempt of Kroll, 101 Wis. 2d 296, 304 N.W.2d 175 (Ct. App. 1981), does not pertain to this case. In Kroll, the circuit court ordered Kroll not to withdraw funds from a certain bank account. Id. at 299. When the court learned that Kroll had withdrawn those funds, it ordered Kroll to show cause why he should not be held in contempt for disobeying the order. Id. Kroll petitioned the court of appeals for a supervisory writ to dismiss the order to show cause. Id. The court of appeals held that Wis. Stat. § 801.58(7) was inapplicable to the case and granted the requested assignment. Id. at 305. The court of appeals' statement that § 801.58(7) "does not apply to petitions in the nature of supervisory writs," id. at 304, only concerns the facts of that case where the petition for supervisory writ came before the appeal on the merits. In this case, the petition for supervisory writ came after the appeal and remand, and therefore, § 801.58(7) does apply.
12
15
No.
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be a judge in his own case and no man is permitted to try cases where he has an interest in the outcome. That interest cannot be defined with precision. Circumstances and relationships must be considered . . . . Such a stringent rule may sometimes bar trial by judges who have no actual bias and who would do their very best to weigh the scales of justice equally between contending parties. But to perform its high function in the best way 'justice must satisfy the appearance of justice.' In the Matters of Murchison, 349 U.S. 133, 136 (1955)(citations omitted). The Supreme Court and this court have both recognized
that to ensure fairness, not only must actual bias be absent from a case, but the appearance of bias. Wis. 2d 31, 46, 315 N.W.2d 703 (1982). State v. Holmes, 106 See also State ex rel.
Mitchell v. Bowman, 54 Wis. 2d 5, 7, 194 N.W.2d 297 (1972). When a case is reversed and remanded to a circuit court, no actual bias may exist toward either party on the part of the circuit court judge who presided over the initial case.
However, to avoid the appearance or threat of bias, § 801.58(7) ensures reason.13 that any party may request a substitution to for any any
Defining
"further
proceedings"
encompass
proceeding in which a judge will exercise discretion guarantees that the right of substitution may attach to the greatest number of cases. By this definition we intend to uphold a party's
right to a fair disposition of its case. ¶24 Moreover, in the history of the the unqualified distinction right we to
substitution
13
Wisconsin
supports
draw
A judge's potential bias after a case has been reversed and remanded was recognized in Disqualification of Judges for Bias in the Federal Courts, 79 Harv. L. Rev. 1435, 1452 (1966).
16
No.
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between "specific action" and "further proceedings."14
Wisconsin The
has a long heritage of upholding the right to substitution.
peremptory substitution statutes, Wis. Stat. § 801.58 being but one example, were preceded by the affidavit of prejudice
statutes.
Holmes, 106 Wis. 2d at 49, 55.
The first statute
permitting substitution on the basis of an affidavit without proof of prejudice and without a factual determination of
prejudice was enacted in 1853.
Id. at 49.
The legislative
objective of the peremptory substitution statutes "is the same as that of the earlier affidavit of prejudice statutes, namely, to ensure the right to a fair trial by permitting parties to strike a judge who is prejudiced or gives the appearance of being prejudiced." Id. at 55 (discussing Wis. Stat. § 971.20,
If there is an increase in the number of substitution requests after remand, it is more appropriate for the legislature, rather than this court, to act. The legislative history of Wis. Stat. § 801.58(7) supports our position. Even though § 801.58 resulted from the exercise of shared powers of the legislature and this court, subsection (7) was actually created by an assembly amendment to 1975 Senate Bill 769, and was therefore included in 1977 Wisconsin Chapter 135. A letter by Richard Malmgren to the members of the Judicial Council states that "the 1977-78 session of the Wisconsin Legislature without any involvement by the Judicial Council adopted language allowing a party who achieved reversal of a trial court decision by an appellate court to request a substitution of a new judge for the retrial of the matter." Judicial Council Memorandum, March 8, 1979 (citing § 801.58(7)). As such, we invite the legislature, if it becomes necessary, to revise this provision, in order to restrict the right to substitute a judge on remand where "further proceedings" are required.
14
17
No.
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the
right
of
substitution intent is to
in
a an
criminal
case).15 right
The to
legislature's substitution
create by
unqualified Stat.
represented
Wis.
§ 801.58(7).
Ondrasek, 133 Wis. 2d at 184; State ex rel. Oman, 120 Wis. 2d at 91. ¶25 Finally, our decision today comports with the
traditional view that a circuit court often has some discretion on remand to resolve matters not addressed by a mandate in a manner consistent with that mandate.16 483. Fullerton, 274 Wis. at
In Fullerton, this court specifically stated that: Where a mandate directs the entry of a particular judgment, it is the duty of the trial court to proceed as directed. The trial court may, however, determine any matters left open, and in the absence of specific directions, is generally vested with a legal discretion to take such action, not inconsistent with the order of the upper court, as seems wise and proper under the circumstances.
The right to substitution in civil cases has not been as controversial as the right in criminal cases, especially in felony actions. A number of bills have been introduced in the legislature in an attempt to curb the unqualified right to substitution in criminal cases. See e.g., 1999 Assembly Bill 201 as amended by Assembly Amendment 1. The Respondent argues that Fullerton is inapplicable on the facts because it deals with a situation where "specific action" is mandated, but some matters are left "'open.'" (Resp. Br. at 19)(citing Fullerton Lumber Co. v. Torborg, 274 Wis. 478, 483, 80 N.W.2d 461 (1957)). That scenario, the Respondent contends, is not present in this case. While we agree with the Respondent on this point, we still cite this case for the general proposition that a circuit court is often vested with some discretion on remand. Fullerton, 274 Wis. at 483.
16
15
18
No.
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Id.
"Specific action" is limited to purely ministerial duties
to reflect this court's preference for providing a circuit court with discretion on remand. ¶26 We now examine the mandate at issue in this case. The
Respondent contends that all five directives were for "specific action" only. appeals (Resp. Br. at 11-15.) the circuit We disagree. to The court of "further
directed
court
undertake
proceedings," as we have defined that term. is to make factual findings and various
The circuit court determinations that
generally involve a judge's exercise of discretionan evaluation of the facts. ¶27 The first directive requires the circuit court to
"make detailed factual findings and determine whether the facts support an award . . . ." Findorff, slip op. at 13. This
directive requires the circuit court to use discretion because the court must make an evaluation. The directive does not
merely order the court to enter an award of damages; the court must ascertain whether damages are necessary. ¶28 utilize specific The the second damage directive figures and requires the into to court to "either or make
introduced as
evidence another
findings
conclusions
why
damage
figure is being used."
Slip op. at 13.
Again, this directive
forces the court to make a choice, which calls for the court's exercise of discretion. ¶29 The third directive commands the court to "reinstate
the surety, Saint Paul, and determine what damage, if any, the surety must pay." Slip op. at 13. 19 In this directive, the court
No.
97-3452-W
is to choose if St. Paul must pay any damages as surety. too is clearly an evaluative process. ¶30
This
The fourth directive requires the court to "determine
whether and on what legal basis Findorff's offsets and defenses should be denied." Slip op. at 13. Because the court must make
a choice, discretion is similarly involved. ¶31 Finally, the fifth directive requires the circuit
court to "determine any damage amounts without resorting to tort principles." Slip op. at 13. This too requires the exercise of
discretion because the court must evaluate how to determine the damage amount, a task that is not always straightforward. We
conclude that since the remand requires "further proceedings," the right of substitution attaches. ¶32 has The second issue we address is whether a chief judge review and reverse a circuit court judge's This
authority to
decision to honor a request for judicial substitution.
issue similarly presents a question of statutory interpretation, which we will review de novo. Cemetery Serv., 221 Wis. 2d at
823 (reviewing a question of statutory interpretation de novo). ¶33 provides The that applicable a chief statute, may Wis. only Stat. § 801.58(2), denying
judge
review
orders
substitution.
The statute states in part:
When the clerk receives a request for substitution, the clerk shall immediately contact the judge whose substitution has been requested for a determination of whether the request was timely made and in proper form. If the request is found to be timely and in proper form, the judge named in the request has no further jurisdiction and the clerk shall request the
20
No.
97-3452-W
assignment of another judge under s. 751.03. If the judge named in the substitution request finds that the request was not timely and in proper form, that determination may be reviewed by the chief judge of the judicial administrative district . . . . Wis. Stat. § 801.58(2). According to the plain meaning of the
statute, the only time that a chief judge may become involved in the substitution process under Wis. Stat. § 801.58(2) is if a circuit court judge denies a substitution request for not being timely or properly filed. ¶34 A chief judge also lacks authority under the Supreme
Court Rules to review a circuit court's decision to grant a substitution request. Supreme Court Rules 70.19-70.265 set
forth the duties and authority of a chief judge.
Nowhere in
those sections is there a provision that gives a chief judge the right to review independently and reverse a substitution request once it has been granted. that specifies a chief Moreover, SCR 70.21(26), the rule responsibility and authority,
judge's
expressly refers to Wis. Stat. § 801.58(2).
The Supreme Court
Rule's reference to this statutory provision indicates that the statute is to guide a chief judge's review of such requests. See also State ex rel. James L.J. v. Walworth Cir. Ct., 200 Wis. 2d 496, 504, 546 N.W.2d 460 (1996)(stating that "[a]lthough the subject of judicial substitution affects the administration of the courts, the exercise of the statutory right to
substitution in any particular case raises a question of law rather than a question of court administration.") ¶35 properly Here, Findorff's substitution request was timely and filed in accordance with Wis. Stat. § 801.58(1),
21
No.
97-3452-W
because it was filed within twenty days of the circuit court clerk's request receipt required of the court of appeals' remittitur. and Judge The Haese
"further
proceedings,"
therefore correctly granted substitution. granted, the chief judge lacked the
Since the request was to review and
authority
reverse it. III. ¶36 required We conclude that the directives on remand in this case "further proceedings" to which the right of
substitution does attach. since the circuit court
"Further proceedings" were required would necessarily have to exercise
discretion to execute the directives.
The directives did not
call for the completion of ministerial tasks. ¶37 authority We to also conclude and that reverse the chief judge was without judge's
review
the
circuit
court
decision to honor the substitution request. only review and reverse orders denying
A chief judge may substitution. The
conditions for granting a petition for supervisory writ have been met in this case. Accordingly, we reverse the court of
appeals' decision and grant the petition for supervisory writ requiring substitution for the circuit court judge originally assigned. By the Court.—The decision of the Court of Appeals is
reversed, and the cause is remanded to the circuit court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
22
No.
97-3452-W
23
No. 97-3452-W.ssa
¶38
SHIRLEY
S.
ABRAHAMSON,
CHIEF
JUSTICE
(concurring).
I agree with Justice Ann Walsh Bradley's concurrence and join it. The only difference in approach I have with that opinion is
that I would require the court of appeals and this court to state in any decision mandating a remand whether the parties are entitled to seek substitution. I do not think that the parties
should be disputing this issue on remand or that the circuit court should expend resources deciding the issue of
substitution.
Thus I concur.
1
No. 97-3452-W.jpw
¶39
JON P. WILCOX, J. (concurring).
I agree that in this
case Findorff was entitled to substitution of judge under Wis. Stat. § 801.58(7) because the directions on remand required
"further proceedings." Bradley, purely I am fearful
I write separately because, like Justice that equating may "specific in action" more with
ministerial
duties
result
liberal
substitution of judges in civil actions on remand.
Wisconsin is
one of only a handful of states in which a litigant may obtain peremptory Increasing substitution substitution on of remand judges on in civil proceedings.17 surely be
remand
would
detrimental to the efficient administration of Wisconsin circuit courts, inasmuch as nearly one half of the circuit judges sit in single judge counties. Because I would not interpret
§ 801.58(7) to provide such a broad right to substitution, I respectfully concur. ¶40 must be To begin with, I believe that Wis. Stat. § 801.58(7) read in light of the fact and that it is a purely impacts
legislative enactment that
directly
substantially
the administration of Wisconsin courts.
Under the Wisconsin
Constitution, such administrative matters are expressly vested
The petitioner's brief notes that very few states, including Wisconsin, California, Montana, and Indiana, have statutes that permit peremptory substitution on remand in civil proceedings. Br. of Pet'r at 20-21. Many states find it unnecessary to permit substitution on remand in civil proceedings in the absence of a showing of bias or prejudice. Id. at 20-21 and n.5.
17
1
No. 97-3452-W.jpw
in this court; our authority to supervise and administer the Wisconsin court system is not created or circumscribed by the legislature. Wis. Const. Art. VII, sec. 3; John F. Jelke Co. v.
Beck, 208 Wis. 650, 660, 242 N.W. 576 (1932). ¶41 In considering the constitutionality of a legislative
enactment that on its face directed this court to create the State Bar of Wisconsin, this court observed: Throughout the history of the state this court in dealing with matters which lie in the zone between the legislative and judicial departments, has always exercised great care to avoid any controversy with the legislature. While the power to make procedural rules is undoubtedly a judicial power, and may be exercised by the court without legislative sanction, nevertheless the court over a long period of time accepted the procedural rules made by the legislature largely because they related to substantive as well as procedural matters. . . . Integration of Bar Case, 244 Wis. 8, 47, 11 N.W.2d 604 (1943). Rather than reading the statute in question as a legislative directive to the court to consolidate the state bar, this court interpreted the statute as an expression of the legislature's belief that creating a unified state bar would be good for the general welfare. Id. at 52-53. The court explained:
We do not regard the enactment [of the statute] as an attempt by the legislature to invade the province of the court or to dictate to it, but as a declaration that the integration of the bar will promote the general welfare. If in thus expressing its determination the legislature has employed language which might be construed as mandatory or coercive, we do not so regard it. It is as much the duty of the legislature as it is the duty of the court to stay within its constitutional field and we shall presume that it intended to do so in this case.
2
No. 97-3452-W.jpw
¶42
Similarly, I believe this court should view Wis. Stat.
§ 801.58(7) as an expression of the legislature's determination that judicial substitution on remand for further proceedings
would be good for the general welfare.
In the interest of
comity between co-equal branches of government, this legislative determination should be given effect to the extent it is
consistent with effective and efficient administration of the courts.18 However, this court has not only the authority but the
duty to ensure that this statute does not interfere with proper administration of the courts.19
Although I believe that this court should attempt to accommodate Wis. Stat. § 801.58(7), I wholeheartedly join the majority's invitation to the legislature to revise § 801.58(7). See majority opinion at ¶24 n.14. Indeed, I would encourage the legislature to consider repealing this provision in the interest of comity to this court. See State v. Holmes, 106 Wis. 2d 31, 75-76, 315 N.W.2d 703 (1982) (Coffey, J., concurring). This court considered the constitutionality of the criminal peremptory substitution statute in Holmes, 106 Wis. 2d 31. I am not convinced that Holmes adequately resolved the issue of whether the legislature's enactment of judicial substitution statutes impermissibly invades the constitutional authority of this court. In any case, Holmes did not involve a statute requiring substitution after remand. Peremptory substitution after remand is even more wasteful of judicial resources than peremptory substitution before trial, because the trial judge who has already become familiar with the case is obviously best prepared to efficiently resolve the case on remand. In the case at hand, substitution will in effect result in a new trial. Nearly identical concerns are addressed in the Bacon-Bahr line of cases, which hold that no right to substitution arises in proceedings to modify divorce judgments, even under Wis. Stat. § 801.58(7). See Parrish v. Kenosha County Circuit Court, 148 Wis. 2d 700, 703-05, 436 N.W.2d 608 (1989). 3
19
18
No. 97-3452-W.jpw
¶43
The record in this case demonstrates that both the
circuit court and the court of appeals were striving to give effect to Wis. Stat. § 801.58(7) without creating an unqualified right to substitution of judge after remand. Chief Judge Sheedy
emphasized that reassigning the case to a new judge would be tantamount to ordering a new trial. Because the court of
appeals' mandate did not order a new trial but merely directed the court to perform certain specific tasks, the chief judge concluded that no right to substitution had attached. Similarly, the court of appeals reasoned that Findorff had no right to substitution because the mandate only called for reexamination of the existing record and application of proper legal standards and principles. ¶44 whether I agree with the majority that the test for deciding a mandate calls for "specific action" or "further
proceedings" does not depend only on whether new evidence must be added to the record. take into account the Focusing on that single factor does not circuit in court's manner great discretion with to the
resolve mandate.
matters on
remand
any
consistent
See majority at ¶25, discussing Fullerton Lumber Co. In this case,
v. Torborg, 274 Wis. 478, 80 N.W.2d 461 (1957).
for example, although the mandate does not require that facts be added to the record, the circuit court certainly has the
discretion to do so. ¶45 Although I agree with the majority that the mandate in
this case calls for further proceedings, I agree with Justice Bradley that the definition of "specific action" need not be 4
No. 97-3452-W.jpw
quite as narrow as the majority determines.
Equating "specific
action" with purely ministerial duties means that the right to substitution will always attach unless the mandate requires only actions that are "absolute, certain and imperative, involving merely the performance of a specific task when the law imposes, prescribes performance and defines such the time, mode that and occasion for its for
with
certainty
nothing
remains
judgment or discretion."
Lister v. Board of Regents, 72 Wis. 2d
282, 301, 240 N.W.2d 610 (1976) (cited in majority opinion at ¶ 20). ¶46 No mandate ties the circuit court's hands in such a
manner that even the "time, mode and occasion" of performance is certain. I would therefore read a bit more "wiggle room" into I believe that the circuit court
the language of § 801.58(7).
may exercise a limited degree of discretion in carrying out a mandate without engaging in "further proceedings." ¶47 state I would a hold mandate that on appellate remand or courts be must expressly as
whether
should
interpreted
permitting
"specific
action"
"further
proceedings."
This
practice would unequivocally inform the circuit court and the parties whether the right of substitution had attached without creating remand. ¶48 In short, is in I believe that this as court long as Wis. Stat. to a virtually unqualified right to substitution on
§ 801.58(7)
existence,
should
attempt
accommodate the legislature's determination that substitution on remand for further proceedings 5 serves the general welfare.
No. 97-3452-W.jpw
However, this court need not and should not recognize a right to substitution that is inconsistent with our constitutional duty to supervise and administer Wisconsin courts. For these
reasons, I respectfully concur.
6
No. 97-3452-W.jpw
7
No. 97-3452-W.awb
¶49
ANN
WALSH
BRADLEY,
J.
(concurring).
The
majority
implicitly acknowledges that its interpretation of Wis. Stat. § 801.58(7) is unsatisfactory. It has the potential to increase
significantly the number of judicial substitutions on remand. Yet, rather than endeavoring to arrive at a reasonable
interpretation, the majority throws up its collective judicial hands and instead invites the legislature to enact a new statute to correct the majority’s erroneous conclusion. Because the
majority misconstrues and misapplies prior cases, and precludes the circuit court from exercising even a scintilla of
discretion, I respectfully concur. ¶50 attaches In determining when the right to judicial substitution under Wis. Stat. § 801.58(7), the majority reasons
first that a circuit court’s exercise of discretion on remand forms the crux of the right to substitution. Accordingly, it
adopts a definition of "specific action" that is informed by the dissent in Cuccio v. Rusilowski, 171 Wis. 2d 648, 492 N.W.2d 345 (Ct. App. 1992), and that is tied to the concept of a
ministerial duty. ¶51 Further the amplifying majority specific action the as the "purely of
ministerial,"
transports
definition
ministerial duty from the arena of public officer immunity to the context of judicial substitution. At the end of this
1
No. 97-3452-W.awb
process, the majority concludes that the right to substitution attaches when the remand requires any exercise of discretion on the circuit court’s part and declares that its construction of Wis. Stat. § 801.58(7) comports with the liberal view of
substitution. ¶52 under In its Stat. interpretation § 801.58(7), of the the right to substitution the
Wis.
majority
misconstrues
dissent in Rusilowski, resulting in the improvident comparison to a public officer’s ministerial duty. Referring with approval to the dissent, the majority narrowly defines "specific action" for substitution purposes as "a purely ministerial duty" that is absolute and that leaves no room for discretion. at ¶ 20. A closer examination reveals, Majority op. that the
however,
dissent did not hinge its determination on whether a "specific action" for substitution purposes was the equivalent of a
governmental ministerial duty. ¶53 centered The main concern expressed by the Rusilowski dissent on the majority’s failure to give deference to the
circuit court’s exercise of discretion. The dissent disapproved order of the the
177 Wis. 2d at 654. reversal had of the well
majority's circuit court
substitution
because
acted
within the bounds of its discretion in reading the court of appeals mandate expansively. Id. at 658. Had the circuit
court denied substitution by "implicitly conceding the 'specific
2
No. 97-3452-W.awb
action' scope of the remand," the dissent made clear that it would nevertheless uphold the circuit court’s discretion, Id.
although it viewed the remand as non-ministerial in nature.
¶54 the
The dissent’s bone of contention, therefore, lay with of circuit court discretion, not with the
usurpation
characterization of the remand as a specific action.
As the
Rusilowski dissent states in the first paragraph, "[t]he issue before us is whether or not the trial court abused its
discretion in granting the request for substitution under sec. 801.58(7)." focus of the ¶55 The Id. at 654. Thus, the majority misconstrues the Rusilowski dissent. majority then misapplies the definition of
ministerial duty from the context of public officer immunity to the definition of specific action in the context of judicial substitution. In essence, it transplants a definition that is Public officer immunity is
ill suited for its new purpose.
founded upon policy considerations aimed towards "protect[ing] public officers from being unduly hampered or intimidated in the discharge of their functions by threat of lawsuit or personal liability." Scarpaci v. Milwaukee County, 96 Wis. 2d 663, 682, As such, liability must be limited to
292 N.W.2d 816 (1980).20
20
These policy considerations include:
3
No. 97-3452-W.awb
tasks so narrowly circumscribed that officers may perform a wide range of functions freely. ¶56 The narrowly drawn parameters of a public officer’s
liability include the discharge of duties that are "absolute, certain and imperative, involving merely the performance of a specific task when the law imposes, prescribes and defines the time, mode and occasion for its performance with such certainty that nothing remains for judgment or discretion." Lister v.
Board of Regents, 72 Wis. 2d 282, 301, 240 N.W.2d 610 (1976). In the realm of judicial substitution, specific action need not be constricted in such a manner. addressed by substitution do The concerns of perceived bias not parallel the concerns of
potential paralysis attendant to the performance of a wide range of public duties. ¶57 In restricting specific action on remand to purely
ministerial duties, the majority sacrifices judicial economy and
(1) The danger of influencing public officers in the performance of their functions by the threat of lawsuit; 2) the deterrent effect which the threat of personal liability might have on those who are considering entering public service; 3) the drain on valuable time caused by such actions; 4) the unfairness of subjecting officials to personal liability for the acts of their subordinates; and 5) the feeling that the ballot and removal procedures are more appropriate methods of dealing with misconduct in public office. Lister v. Board of Regents, 72 Wis. 2d 282, 299, 240 N.W.2d 610 (1976).
4
No. 97-3452-W.awb
efficient substitution situations.
judicial of
administration in an
by
allowing number judges
for of
the
judges
increasing
remand have
Under
today’s
interpretation,
who
become well-versed in the complexities of a particular case may be substituted even when the remand calls for only a de minimus exercise of discretion. ¶58 The trial in this case spanned eight days and required When
extensive post-trial briefing on several intricate issues.
reviewing the substitution order granted by the trial judge, Chief Judge Sheedy declined to honor the substitution, observing that by doing so he would be "basically ordering a new trial." The majority’s interpretation in essence provides litigants a renewed opportunity to get through the back door what they did not get through the front: a new trial. ¶59 Instructions on remand are not always of the black and The
white variety, but often fall into an expanse of gray.
majority’s failure to allow for even a de minimus exercise of discretion must upon remand with, foreshadows and be protests by, from the courts that
grapple
impeded
majority’s
unreasonable interpretation. ¶60 An interpretation that allows for substitution upon
remand even in cases requiring only a de minimus exercise of discretion and no further involvement of the parties places an unwarranted demand on a system with limited resources.
5
No. 97-3452-W.awb
Efficient judicial administration serves not only the interests of those within the judicial system, but also serves the
interests of those litigants and witnesses who use that system. Judicial economy requires a more reasonable reading of the
substitution statute than the one proffered by the majority. ¶61 The majority implicitly acknowledges the limitations
of its statutory interpretation and calls forth the legislature "to revise [Wis. Stat. § 801.58(7)], in order to restrict the right to substitute a judge on remand where 'further Yet the
proceedings' are required."
Majority op. at n. 14.
legislature has already done so by the very words contained in Section 801.58(7). ¶62 The legislature could not have intended the
unreasonable construction given to the substitution statute by the majority, a construction that too narrowly restricts the scope of specific action. Under the majority’s construction,
substitution upon remand is allowed in every case except where the appellate court mandate so "prescribes and defines the time, mode and occasion" for the performance of a specific act "that nothing remains for judgment or discretion." ¶63 action This is more highly rigid circumscribed and definition than of specific definition
impractical
the
formulated by the Rusilowski court or the court of appeals in the present case. Neither court foreclosed the exercise of de
6
No. 97-3452-W.awb
minimus discretion, but rather limited the discretion to the existing record. specific action, Invoking the Rusilowski court’s definition of the court of appeals here stated:
"Consequently, we conclude that the right of substitution does not attach because this court’s mandate requires [that] . . . no new facts need be garnered, no added record be made; rather, the trial court is left with the same record and need not add to it." State ex rel. J.H. Findorff & Son, Inc. v. Circuit Court
for Milwaukee County, unpublished slip op. at 5 (Ct. App. March 5, 1999). ¶64 The majority rejects the court of appeals'
interpretation and cloaks specific action with a more narrow meaning than the one advanced even by Findorff at oral argument. A review of that argument reveals Findorff’s recognition that defining specific action as the "purely ministerial" is too
restrictive. suggested
The majority could have chosen to adopt Findorff’s of Wis. Stat. § 801.58(7), one
interpretation
permitting judicial substitution only when the remand requires further involvement of the parties. ¶65 Perhaps the majority could have borrowed and refined
the statutory construction from the context of remand in divorce proceedings that delimits substitution when a remand calls for the clarification of judgment on an existing record. See State
ex rel. Parrish v. Kenosha County Circuit Court, 148 Wis. 2d
7
No. 97-3452-W.awb
700, 704-05, 436 N.W.2d 608 (1989); State ex rel. Hubert v. Winnebago County Circuit Court, 163 Wis. 2d 517, 523, 471 N.W.2d 615 (Ct. App. 1991). The majority could have also considered a
suggested interpretation of the statute that requires the court of appeals and this court to state on every remand whether the remand directs specific action or further proceedings. ¶66 I urge the majority to consider a reasonable
interpretation of Wis. Stat. § 801.58(7) that would allow the circuit court to exercise de minimus discretion upon remand at least in some cases without triggering judicial substitution. In addition to the above proffered alternatives, I commend an interpretation of Wis. Stat. § 801.58(7) in large part borrowed from the Rusilowski dissent, which the majority cites with
favor. ¶67 mandate
171 Wis. 2d at 656. Under must this suggested interpretation, the to the appellate action if as the The
unequivocally specific action
define
directed the
constituting
pursuant
statute
mandate is to be construed as requiring specific action.
appellate court may then define an action that requires only de miniumus discretion as constituting specific action. absence of such an unequivocal declaration, that is, In the if any
doubt remains as to the scope of the action, the circuit court has discretion to act, and the mandate allows for further
proceedings under the statute.
8
No. 97-3452-W.awb
¶68
Instead
of
considering the of Wis.
any
of
the on
above an Its cases
interpretations, unreasonable reading
however,
majority Stat. upon
settles § 801.58(7). in
construction for
allows
substitution
remand
all
involving only de minimus discretion. ¶69 In sum, and from the majority a misconstrues of the dissent in duty
Rusilowski borrowed
misapplies the
definition of public
ministerial officer
context
immunity.
Additionally, it errs by advancing a bright-line interpretation for facile application that undermines efficient judicial
administration. ¶70
Accordingly, I concur.
I am authorized to state that CHIEF JUSTICE SHIRLEY S.
ABRAHAMSON joins this concurrence.
9
