Anderson v. Dyco Petroleum Corp.

Anderson v. Dyco Petroleum Corp.
1989 OK 132
782 P.2d 1367
60 OBJ 2540
Case Number: 61637
Decided: 10/10/1989
Supreme Court of Oklahoma

ROBERT G. ANDERSON, ELIZABETH G. ANDERSON, COMMONWEALTH ROYALTIES, INC., JOSEPH F. MUELLER, AGENT FOR JOSEPH FRED MULLER, JR., CATHERINE ELIZABETH MUELLER, VIRGINIA MARIE MUELLER AND ANN WORDEN MUELLER, APPELLANTS,
v.
DYCO PETROLEUM CORPORATION, EL PASO NATURAL GAS COMPANY AND PANHANDLE EASTERN PIPE LINE COMPANY, APPELLEES.

Appeal from the District Court of Roger Mills County; Gary P. McGinn, Trial Judge.

¶0 Appellants, owners of various percentages of the working interest in a natural gas well located in Roger Mills County sued another working interest owner, Dyco Petroleum Corporation and two gas purchasers, El Paso Natural Gas Company and Panhandle Eastern Pipe Line Company, who had been purchasing gas from the well from Dyco and other working interest owners. Appellants brought three causes of action for monetary relief: 1) a common law claim for conversion as to that percentage of gas asserted to be equal to their individual percentages in the working interest; 2) a claim pursuant to certain Oklahoma statutes, 52 O.S. 1981 §§ 23 , 24, 24.1, 233, 239 and 240, that the gas purchasers were required to purchase gas ratably from the various working interest owners in proportion to their interests in the well and the two gas purchasers failed to fulfill this obligation; and 3) a claim pursuant to 52 O.S.Supp. 1983 , §§ 541-547, that the gas purchasers were required to pay each working interest owner for gas purchased in proportion to their individual interests. In addition, Appellants claimed in the third cause pursuant to §§ 541-547 that Dyco was similarly required to pay them for gas sold and although required, it had refused to allow them to ratify agreement(s) between Dyco and the gas purchasers for sale of the well's gas. Upon motion for summary judgment of Appellee, Panhandle, the trial court ruled it was without subject matter jurisdiction over the causes of action in relation to Panhandle. It ruled the causes against it were preempted by force of the Supremacy Clause to the United States Constitution [U.S. CONST. art. VI, cl. 2] because of the existence of two federal enactments [the Natural Gas Act, 15 U.S.C. § 717 et seq. and the Natural Gas Policy Act, 15 U.S.C. § 3301 et seq.] which contain regulations relating to the natural gas industry, particularly interstate pipeline companies, of which Panhandle is one. The causes of action were dismissed as to Panhandle and judgment was rendered in its favor. Held: The dismissal of Panhandle from the case is upheld for reasons which do not require reaching the federal preemption issue deemed dispositive by the trial court. Dismissal was appropriate as to the first cause of action because under the material facts as to which there is no genuine dispute Appellants have no common law claim for conversion against Panhandle. As to the second cause Appellants have no claim because the statutes relied on either do not apply to mandate "ratable" purchasing of working interest owners' proportionate share of gas in one well, but rather to purchasing patterns in relation to multiple wells in a common source of supply or between sources of supply or they do not apply to regulate purchasing of natural gas at all, but to the transportation or production thereof. Finally, Appellants have abandoned or waived any issue or error concerning the trial court's ruling as to §§ 541-547 relied on in their third cause by their failure to present any argument or authority in relation to those provisions in their briefs submitted to this Court.

AFFIRMED.

Ira L. Edwards, Jr., Houston and Klein, Inc., Tulsa, and James M. Tisdale, Cornell, Wright & Tisdale, Clinton, for appellants.

Burck Bailey, Eric S. Eissenstat, Fellers, Snider, Blankenship, Bailey & Tippens, Oklahoma City, for appellee Panhandle Eastern Pipe Line Co.

James M. Gaitis, Emery McCandles & Gaitis, P.C., Oklahoma City, for appellee El Paso Natural Gas Co.

LAVENDER, Justice:

[782 P.2d 1368]

¶1 This appeal arises from a grant of summary judgment in favor of Appellee, Panhandle Eastern Pipe Line Company, one of three defendants sued by Appellants, a group of working interest owners in the Yowell No. 1-26 natural gas well located in Roger Mills County. Panhandle is an interstate pipeline company that purchases natural gas and transports it through a pipeline system in interstate commerce. Other defendants in the trial court were El Paso Natural Gas Company and Dyco Petroleum [782 P.2d 1369] Corporation.

¶2 After filing an answer to the petition Panhandle submitted a motion for summary judgment arguing the trial court lacked subject matter jurisdiction over the causes of action. It took the position that neither the legislative or judicial power of the State of Oklahoma could be invoked, whether by statute, Oklahoma Corporation Commission regulation or court action, to require an interstate pipeline company to purchase gas from any particular producer because via the Supremacy Clause to the United States Constitution (U.S. CONST. art VI, cl. 2) all such state authority was preempted by the operation of two related federal statutory schemes, the Natural Gas Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 717 et seq. and the Natural Gas Policy Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 3301 et seq. In essence, Panhandle argues the United States Constitution would be violated if Appellants were allowed to recover under either their conversion or statutory claims and to the extent the state statutes relied on by Appellants provide a viable [782 P.2d 1370] avenue under state law to allow such a result they are unconstitutional.

¶3 Submitted with Panhandle's motion was an affidavit from their in-house counsel. The affidavit set forth its position as a natural gas company and owner/operator of a pipeline system that purchases gas from producers, transports it in interstate commerce and sells it to various concerns along the pipeline. The affidavit indicated that any requirement to purchase uncommitted interests in wells connected to its pipelines would affect the overall price mix of all gas it purchased. It argued that because it was under certain contractual obligations, commonly referred to as "take or pay", to either accept delivery of contract quantities of gas from producers or pay producers for any deficiency in receipt of deliveries below the contract quantities, if it was required to purchase additional gas from working interest owners in positions like Appellants (i.e. those without contracts with Panhandle) or to pay them in proportion to their working interests for gas purchased under these contracts, these "take or pay" provisions might be activated because additional gas was not needed to supply the demand of its customers.

¶4 In support of its preemption argument Panhandle places heavy reliance on two United States Supreme Court cases it says are dispositive of the instant controversy. These cases are Northern Natural Gas Co. v. State Corporation Commission of Kansas, 372 U.S. 84, 83 S. Ct. 646. 9 L. Ed. 2d 601 (1963) and Transcontinental Gas Pipe Line Corp. v. State Oil and Gas Board of Mississippi, 474 U.S. 409, 106 S. Ct. 709, 88 L. Ed. 2d 732 (1986). The two cases held that state regulations requiring interstate purchasers like Panhandle to take or purchase gas ratably from producers are preempted by federal regulatory power over interstate pipelines' costs and purchasing patterns exercised by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission or FERC. Northern Natural was decided under the provisions of the Natural Gas Act of 1938 which empowered the Federal Power Commission (FERC's predecessor) to set price ceilings for sales from producers to pipelines and to regulate the prices pipelines could charge their downstream customers. Transcontinental involved a determination of whether the ruling of Northern Natural survived passage of the Natural Gas Policy Act of 1978 which removed some of the federal controls contained in the Natural Gas Act and to a greater extent left the field of buying and selling natural gas to the market forces of supply and demand.

¶5 We have determined that it would be improper for us to reach any of the constitutional issues raised by the parties because a ruling on any such issue is unnecessary to properly resolve the merits of this controversy.

OKLAHOMA LAW DOES NOT RECOGNIZE A CLAIM FOR CONVERSION ON THE FACTS REVEALED BY THE INSTANT RECORD

¶6 In relation to Panhandle's motion for summary judgment, the record in this case reveals that Appellants, along with Dyco and others, own various percentages of the working interest in the Yowell No. 1-26 natural gas well. It also reveals Panhandle has been purchasing gas from the well from Dyco and other working interest owners and paying these working interest owners for the gas purchased, while Appellants have not received any of the proceeds from the sales. Appellants allege such in their petition and these allegations are confirmed in the affidavit of one of Appellants which was submitted to the trial court in response to Panhandle's motion for summary judgment. The record further reveals Appellants are not parties to the agreement Dyco has with Panhandle for the sale of natural gas. This is confirmed by Appellants petition and the same affidavit by the assertion that Dyco refuses to allow them to ratify its agreement with either Panhandle and/or El Paso. It is our view that as to the above material facts there is no genuine dispute and Panhandle was and is entitled to judgment in its favor as a matter of law. As will be explained, in these circumstances, Oklahoma law provides no tortious action for conversion in favor of working interest owners like Appellants against a purchaser of natural gas who buys gas from one or more other working interest owners in the same well.

¶7 Under Oklahoma law Appellants and the other working interest owners in the well are tenants in common.7 As cotenants each is entitled to market production from the well and the sale of gas to a purchaser by one or more cotenants without consent of other cotenants is lawful. Under ordinary circumstances it does not involve tortious conduct, i.e. conversion, on the part of either the purchaser or on the part of the working interest seller because [782 P.2d 1372] each cotenant has the right to develop the property and market production under the common law.8

¶8 Recently in Teel v. Public Service Company of Oklahoma,

¶9 Our situation is virtually the opposite of that faced in Teel. In Teel the working interest owner, by revoking the operating agreement, expressed an intent not to have the operator sell or the purchasers buy his gas. The purchasers, contrary to such intention, continued to treat the situation after revocation as if they were still purchasing gas from a working interest owner that did not want to sell it to them. In contrast Appellants here take the position that anytime one cotenant sells gas to a purchaser, which as noted above the cotenant has a lawful right to do, the purchaser becomes liable to each and every other working interest owner for conversion simply by the force of the working interest owner's desire to sell his gas and be paid in proportion to his percentage of working interest in the well, even though not a party to any purchase contract. We find no authority for this result under the common law of Oklahoma and we reiterate the admonition in Teel itself contained in the first footnote thereof, that, "[i]nsofar as Teel announces a rule of conversion, it is confined to the peculiar scenario found [therein]."

¶10 Such a disposition does not leave working interest owners like Appellants without a remedy. The law has been settled for some time that a producing cotenant must account to a non-producing cotenant for the market value of the production less any reasonable and necessary expenses of developing, extracting and marketing.

THE STATUTES RELIED ON BY APPELLANTS TO SHOW PANHANDLE IS REQUIRED TO PURCHASE GAS IN PROPORTION TO EACH OWNERS INTEREST EITHER DO NOT APPLY TO SITUATIONS INVOLVING ONE WELL OR TO PURCHASING AT ALL BUT TO TRANSPORTATION OR PRODUCTION OF GAS

¶11 In their second cause Appellants assert certain Oklahoma statutes require Panhandle to take gas from the involved well ratably, a term they assert means, in proportion to each working interest owner's respective ownership interest. The first statute relied on by Appellants is 52 O.S. 1981 § 23 .

¶12 The next provision relied on is 52 O.S. 1981 § 233 ,

¶13 The final provisions relied on are 52 O.S. 1981 , §§ 239-240

¶14 Section 240 finally provides that anyone in the business of purchasing or selling natural gas in this State is a common purchaser and must purchase all the natural gas that may reasonably be reached by its trunk or gathering lines without discrimination in favor of one producer as against another or in favor of one common source of supply against another. It further provides if such a purchaser is unable to purchase all such gas it must purchase from each producer ratably, that it cannot discriminate in favor of its own production or production it is directly or indirectly interested, but for the purpose of prorating the natural gas to be marketed such production shall be taken only in the ratable proportion that such production bears to the total production available for marketing.

¶15 Initially, we note the primary goal of statutory construction is to ascertain the intent of the Legislature.

¶16 In the case of Seal v. Corporation Commission,

[R]atable taking is defined as the proportion which the natural flow of gas from the wells of one producer bears to the amount of the natural flow from the wells of the owners producing from the same common source of supply or common reservoir.

¶17 This definition does not and we conclude was never intended by the Legislature to reach situations involving purchasing patterns by purchasers of working interest owners' various percentages of ownership interest in a single well. Another provision of the Act is also inconsistent with a view which would apply the provisions of § 233 to a dispute involving gas purchasing [782 P.2d 1377] patterns from a single well. 52 O.S. 1981 § 234 , in providing liability for damages and penalties for misappropriation of gas says anyone, "[T]aking more than his . . . proportionate share of . . . gas, in violation of the provisions of this act, shall be liable to any adjoining well owner . . . ." Thus, it can be seen, both by the language utilized in the Act itself and by judicial interpretation of that language, the provisions of § 233 apply to owners of interest between wells in a common source of supply and not to purchasing patterns among co-owners in a single well.

¶18 The same basic analysis applies to the statutory scheme we have referred to as the Natural Gas Act of 1915 [52 O.S. 1981 , §§ 236-247]. Section 239 of this Act contains substantially the same definition as that found in § 232 in regard to taking gas from a common source of supply and we noted in Republic that said provision, "[V]ested in [OCC] power to enforce ratable taking under the provisions of § 233. . . ."

¶19 Furthermore, § 239 by its express language does not apply to the purchase of gas, but to the production thereof and said provision places no duty on an entity that is strictly a purchaser. By its very terms it concerns those, "[H]aving the right to drill into and produce gas from any . . . common source of supply. . . ."

¶20 As to § 23 we also conclude said provision was never intended to mandate that a purchaser such as Panhandle purchase gas from a single well from all having an ownership interest in the well. We so indicated in Seal v. Corporation Commission, supra and we see no need at this time to retreat from such view. Such a view is consistent with previous cases either discussing or interpreting § 23 which have concerned situations involving multiple wells or entire gas fields.

[782 P.2d 1378]

¶21 Although the Oklahoma Legislature has promulgated provisions in regard to working interest owners that may limit their individualized ability to drill into a common source of supply by affording power to OCC to create drilling and spacing units and the power, when they cannot voluntarily agree, to order forced pooling of their interests and, thus, the sharing of costs and production from a producing well,

¶22 We are further of the view that § 24 by its plain and unambiguous language does not apply to require a gas purchaser such as Panhandle to purchase gas from the involved well. That statute is concerned with the carriage or transportation of natural gas and prohibits discrimination in such regard. Thus, even if it could be said that it applies to situations involving a single well, we conclude it would do no more than require a pipeline company to transport Appellants' gas to a willing buyer should they have one. Appellants' case is not one where they seek to have Panhandle transport their gas to a willing purchaser. They instead seek to have Panhandle purchase their gas. Although a company such as Panhandle may at the same time be both a common purchaser of gas under § 23 and a common carrier under § 24, we find no support for the proposition that all pipeline companies necessarily must be both common carriers and common purchasers. We recognized as much in Inexco Oil Co. v. Corporation Commission,

¶23 The final section relied on by Appellants in support of their second cause is § 24.1. Although in Inexco we seemed to interpret § 24.1 as applying only to the transport of natural gas

[782 P.2d 1379]

¶24 In that none of the provisions relied on by Appellants to support their second cause are applicable to give them a viable claim in light of the facts contained in the record, we affirm the ruling of the trial court for the reasons set forth above. As with our determination on Appellants' conversion claim our disposition does not require us to rule on the preemption question.

APPELLANTS HAVE WAIVED ANY CLAIM OF ERROR IN RELATION TO THE TRIAL COURT'S DISPOSITION OF THEIR THIRD CAUSE OF ACTION

¶25 When one comes before this Court challenging the determination of a trial court they are duty bound to set forth argument and authority supporting a claim of error as to the trial court's ruling.

¶26 Appellants have presented two substantive appellate briefs to this Court, a brief in chief and a reply brief. In these submissions nowhere do Appellants expressly discuss that their trial court petition contained a third cause of action based on 52 O.S.Supp. 1983 , §§ 541-547. No discussion, at all, is set forth in either of the briefs concerning said statutory scheme. In fact, neither of the briefs contain one citation to these statutes. We, thus, have no occasion to construe §§ 541-547 in relation to the trial court's determination that Appellants' third cause against Panhandle, based on said provisions, was preempted by federal law because Appellants have waived error as to said ruling. Accordingly, the decision of the trial court is affirmed for the reasons and in conformity with the views expressed in this opinion.

¶27 All the Justices concur.

Footnotes:

1 Only Panhandle filed for and was granted summary judgment by the trial court. El Paso has, however, filed a brief in this Court generally supporting the position of Panhandle, although it indicates our review of the federal preemption issue upon which Panhandle prevailed in the trial court, as said issue relates to Appellants' second cause of action, should be limited to a determination of only whether the application of 52 O.S. 1981 §§ 23 , 240 and, possibly, § 233 have been preempted. Panhandle and Appellants make arguments that the applicability of 52 O.S. 1981 §§ 24-24.1 (Appellants) and 52 O.S. 1981 § 239 (Appellants and Panhandle) are also involved. El Paso argues that § 24-24.1 should not be construed by us because they are not relevant in light of the underlying facts involved in the instant controversy. It asserts said provisions only involve situations concerning common carriers and the duty to transport natural gas without discrimination in favor of one producer over another or common source of supply over another, rather than any duty of a pipeline company to purchase ratably or without discrimination in favor of one producer or common source of supply. It asserts Appellants here are not requesting that either El Paso or Panhandle merely transport their gas to another willing buyer, but that they purchase and pay for it. It further argues § 239 only applies to producers of natural gas (i.e. Dyco and other working interest owners in the well) and not to purchasers like it and Panhandle. For the full text of §§ 23, 24 and 24.1 see notes 19, 20 and 21 infra, respectively. For § 233 see note 22, infra. For the text of §§ 239-240 see note 24, infra. Although the record does not definitively so disclose El Paso has informed us in its appellate brief that it, like Panhandle, is an interstate pipeline company.

2 Appellants first and second causes of action appear to be alternative inconsistent theories for recovery. The first cause of action for conversion is essentially based on the theory that gas being taken by Dyco (and other working interest owners) and sold to Panhandle and El Paso was, in part, Appellants' gas in proportion to their respective working interests. The second cause of action is that defendants refused to take Appellants' proportionate share and pay them for it. However, except for a prayer for punitive damages in the conversion claim the same amount of monetary relief was prayed for in both the first and second causes of action.

3 A discussion of "take or pay" clauses can be found in the case of Golsen v. ONG Western, Inc. 756 P.2d 1209 (Okla. 1988).

4 Recently, in a unanimous decision the United States Supreme Court clarified the import of Northern Natural and Transcontinental. In Northwest Central Pipeline Corporation v. State Corporation Commission of Kansas, 489 U.S. §§§, 109 S. Ct. 1262, 103 L. Ed. 2d 509 (1989) it ruled that a regulation which governed the timing of natural gas production mainly in the form of permanent cancellation of a producers' rights to extract assigned or allocated quantities of gas from the Hugoton field if production was delayed beyond specified time periods was not preempted and further did not violate the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution. U.S. Const. Art. I, § 8, cl. 3. On the preemption issue it determined that although a state could regulate rates of production in aid of conservation goals and the protection of producers' correlative rights under authority expressly reserved to it under the Natural Gas Act to regulate the "production or gathering" of natural gas (15 U.C.C. § 717(b), even though the regulation at issue might affect gas purchasers' costs and interstate rates. It distinguished Northern Natural and Transcontinental where the regulations or provisions were aimed directly at a pipelines' purchasing decisions although in the guise of regulating production.

5 Courts will not determine the constitutionality of statutes or decide constitutional issues when unnecessary to a determination of the merits of a controversy. Ranola Oil Co. v. Corporation Commission of Oklahoma, 752 P.2d 1116, 1118 (Okla. 1988); Schwartz v. Diehl, 568 P.2d 280, 283 (Okla. 1977); In Re Mayes-Rogers Counties Conservancy District Formation, 386 P.2d 150, 151 (Okla. 1963).

6 The parties have also briefed issues related to whether the causes of action or statutes relied on by Appellants violate the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution. Although we question whether this defense was raised by Panhandle in its motion for summary judgment or ruled on by the trial court, even if any Commerce Clause issue was otherwise properly before us our disposition of this case would be the same.

7 Demik v. Cargill, 485 P.2d 229, 231 (Okla. 1971).

8 Moody v. Wagner, 167 Okla. 99, 23 P.2d 633, 639 (Okla. 1933). Mullins v. Ward, 712 P.2d 55, 62-63 (Okla. 1985).

9 767 P.2d 391 (Okla. 1985).

10 Id. at 396.

11 Teel defines a division order as "[A]n agreement between the working interests and the purchasers which provides a formula for payment of the purchasers' price of gas." Id. at 397.

12 Id. at 397-398.

13 Id. at 398. Of course, a conversion may also occur when a purchaser buys gas from someone who has no authority to sell gas from the well, such as where a trespasser produces under an invalid oil and gas lease. See e.g. Probst v. Bearman, 76 Okla. 71, 183 P. 886 (Okla. 1919).

14 Teel v. Public Service Company of Oklahoma, supra note 9, 767 P.2d at 393.

15 Id. at 396.

16 Although Appellants' briefs submitted to this Court assert there are "many" factual issues which preclude a grant of summary judgment in favor of Panhandle they specify only one purported "factual" issue related to their conversion claim. They assert Panhandle itself creates an issue by a statement contained in its appellate response brief. The statement is as follows: "Panhandle averred that it had no gas purchase contract with [Appellants] and had taken none of [their] gas. Panhandle denied that it was converting [Appellants'] gas." If by this argument Appellants mean to say there is a material factual issue subject to genuine dispute as to whether Appellants do have a gas purchase contract with Panhandle, such is conclusively refuted by Appellants' own petition and affidavit which indicate Dyco has refused to allow them to ratify its sales contract with Panhandle. Appellants have nowhere alleged they are parties to this agreement or that they have a separate agreement with Panhandle. Furthermore, although when setting forth their various percentages of working interest ownership in both their petition and affidavit they assert they "own a net revenue interest in the gas produced" from the well in proportion to their working interest, we read such assertion as nothing more than an exhibition of Appellants' incorrect view of Oklahoma common law that the tort of conversion occurs when one or more cotenants rightfully markets production of a well under a contract with a purchaser when other cotenants are not parties to the contract. Where Appellants miss the mark is in viewing such sales as wrongful or tortious when they are not paid by the purchaser, rather than as a lawful exercise of the rights of a tenant in common as set forth in the text above.

17 Earp v. Mid-Continent Petroleum Corp., 167 Okla. 86, 27 P.2d 855, 858 (Okla. 1933); Essley v. Mershon, 262 P.2d 417, 420 (Okla. 1953).

18 United Petroleum Exploration v. Premier Resources, 511 F. Supp. 127, 130-131 (W.D.Okla. 1980); Beren v. Harper Oil Company, 546 P.2d 1356 (Okla. App. 1975). On the instant record we have no reason to and do not express any view as to which method of balancing might be appropriate in this case.

19 52 O.S. 1981 § 23 provides:

Every corporation, joint stock company, limited copartnership, partnership or other person, now or hereafter claiming or exercising the right to carry or transport natural gas by pipe line or pipe lines, for hire, compensation, or otherwise, within the limits of this state, is allowed by, and upon compliance with the requirements of this act, as owner, lessee, licensee, or by virtue of any other right, or claim, which is now engaged or hereafter shall engage in the business of purchasing natural gas shall be a common purchaser thereof, and shall purchase all the natural gas in the vicinity of, or which may be reasonably reached by its pipe lines, or gathering branches, without discrimination in favor of one producer or one person as against another, and shall fully perform all the duties of a common purchaser; but if it shall be unable to perform the same, or be legally excused from purchasing and transporting all the natural gas produced or offered, then it shall purchase and transport natural gas from each person or producer ratably, in proportion to the average production, and such common purchasers are hereby expressly prohibited from discriminating in price or amount for like grades of natural gas or facilities as between producers or persons; and in the event it is likewise a producer, it is hereby prohibited from discrimination in favor of its own production, or production in which it may be interested directly or indirectly in whole or in part, and its own production shall be treated as that of any other person or producer. All persons, firms, associations, and corporations are exempted from the provisions of this act, except from the provisions of section (9) nine hereof, where the nature and extent of their business is such that the public needs no use in the same, and the conduct of the same is not a matter of public consequence, and for this purpose the district courts of the state and the Corporation Commission are hereby vested with jurisdiction to determine such exemptions in any action or proceeding properly before them, and provided by the laws now in force in this state regulating the purchase and transportation of oil.

20 52 O.S. 1981 § 24 provides:

Every corporation, joint stock company, limited co-partnership, partnership or other person, now or hereafter engaged in the business of carrying or transporting natural gas for hire, for compensation or otherwise, by pipe line, or pipe lines within this State, and by virtue of and in conformity to, any valid law incapable of revocation by any law of this State or of the United States, or by virtue of and in conformity to the provisions of this act, shall be a common carrier thereof as at common law, and no such common carrier shall allow or be guilty of any unjust or any unlawful discrimination, directly or indirectly, in favor of the carriage, transportation or delivery of any natural gas, offered to it, in its possession or control, or in which it may be interested, directly or indirectly, and, provided further, that any person, firm or corporation owning or operating a gas pipe line within the limits of any incorporated city or town in this State shall be exempted from the provisions of this section only as to its distributing lines located wholly within the corporate limits of said city or town.

21 52 O.S. 1981 § 24.1 provides:

Any person, firm or municipality aggrieved by reason of the refusal by a common carrier of natural gas to purchase or transport natural gas produced by such person or firm or gas production owned by said municipality may file a complaint before the Corporation Commission. The Corporation Commission shall conduct a hearing and take evidence as is necessary to determine the complaint. Notice shall be given to the common carrier at least ten (10) days prior to such hearing. The Corporation Commission shall order the common carrier to purchase or transport the natural gas, and fix a fair rate for such transportation, unless the common carrier establishes and the Commission determines that:

1. Such natural gas cannot reasonably be carried by the named common carrier, because of the difficulty or expense involved;

2. Some other common carrier of natural gas can more conveniently purchase or transport such natural gas; or

3. The gas might dilute or pollute the gas being carried in their line.

22 52 O.S. 1981 § 233 provides:

Any person, firm or corporation, taking gas from a gas field, except for purposes of developing a gas or oil field, and operating oil wells, and for the purpose of his own domestic use, shall take ratably from each owner of the gas in proportion to his interest in said gas, upon such terms as may be agreed upon between said owners and the party taking such, or in case they cannot agree at such a price and upon such terms as may be fixed by the Corporation Commission after notice and hearing; provided, that each owner shall be required to deliver his gas to a common point of delivery on or adjacent to the surface overlying such gas.

23 For the provisions of the original enactment refer to 1913 Okla. Sess. Laws, ch. 198, pp. 439-441, §§ 1-5. Only section 232 has been amended since 1913.

24 52 O.S. 1981 § 239 provides:

Whenever the full production from any common source of supply of natural gas in this state is in excess of the market demands, then any person, firm or corporation, having the right to drill into and produce gas from any such common source of supply, may take therefrom only such proportion of the natural gas that may be marketed without waste, as the natural flow of the well or wells owned or controlled by any such person, firm or corporation bears to the total natural flow of such common source of supply having due regard to the acreage drained by each well, so as to prevent any such person, firm or corporation securing any unfair proportion of the gas therefrom; provided, that the Corporation Commission may by proper order, permit the taking of a greater amount whenever it shall deem such taking reasonable or equitable. The said commission is authorized and directed to prescribe rules and regulations for the determination of the natural flow of any such well or wells, and to regulate the taking of natural gas from any or all such common sources of supply within the state, so as to prevent waste, protect the interests of the public, and of all those having a right to produce therefrom, and to prevent unreasonable discrimination in favor of any one such common source of supply as against another.

52 O.S. 1981 § 240 provides:

Every person, firm or corporation, now or hereafter engaged in the business of purchasing and selling natural gas in this state, shall be a common purchaser thereof, and shall purchase all of the natural gas which may be offered for sale, and which may reasonably be reached by its trunk lines, or gathering lines without discrimination in favor of one producer as against another, or in favor of any one source of supply as against another save as authorized by the Corporation Commission after due notice and hearing; but if any such person, firm or corporation, shall be unable to purchase all the gas so offered, then it shall purchase natural gas from each producer ratably. It shall be unlawful for any such common purchaser to discriminate between like grades and pressures of natural gas, or in favor of its own production, or of production in which it may be directly or indirectly interested, either in whole or in part, but for the purpose of prorating the natural gas to be marketed, such production shall be treated in like manner as that of any other producer or person, and shall be taken only in the ratable proportion that such production bears to the total production available for marketing. The Corporation Commission shall have authority to make regulations for the delivery, metering and equitable purchasing and taking of all such gas and shall have authority to relieve any such common purchaser, after due notice and hearing, from the duty of purchasing gas of an inferior quality or grade.

Recently, the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit held that § 240, and an Oklahoma Corporation Commission (OCC) rule (Rule 1-305) implementing it impermissibly interfered with federal regulation of the purchase of natural gas and that it was preempted by the Natural Gas Act and the Natural Gas Policy Act. ANR Pipeline v. Corporation Commission of the State of Oklahoma, 860 F.2d 1571 (10th Cir. 1988), cert. denied §§§ U.S. §§§, 109 S. Ct. 1967, 104 L. Ed. 2d 435 (1989).

25 Ledbetter v. Oklahoma Alcoholic Beverage Laws Enforcement Commission, 764 P.2d 172, 179 (Okla. 1988).

26 Inexco Oil Company v. Corporation Commission, 628 P.2d 362, 365 (Okla. 1981); Johnson v. Ward, 541 P.2d 182, 186 (Okla. 1975).

27 725 P.2d 278 (Okla. 1986).

28 Id. at 285-286.

29 Id. at 285. A common source of supply is defined by statute as follows:

(c) The term "Common Source of Supply" shall comprise and include that area which is underlaid or which, from geological or other scientific data, or from drilling operations, or other evidence, appears to be underlaid, by a common accumulation of oil or gas or both; provided, that, if any such area is underlaid, or appears from geological or other scientific data, or from drilling operations, or other evidence, to be underlaid by more than one common accumulation of oil or gas or both, separated from each other by a strata of earth and not connected with each other, then such area, as to each said common accumulation of oil or gas or both, shall be deemed a separate common source of supply;

52 O.S. 1981 § 86.1 (c).

30 198 Okla. 350, 180 P.2d 1009 (Okla. 1947), appeal dismissed 334 U.S. 62, 68 S. Ct. 972, 92 L. Ed. 1212 (1948).

31 Id. at 1013-1014. See also Anderson-Prichard Oil Corp. v. Corporation Commission, 207 Okla. 686, 252 P.2d 450 (Okla. 1953).

32 In light of our conclusion that § 233 does not apply to mandate ratable taking from the interest owners in a single well, we deem it unnecessary to determine whether said provision only applies to producers of natural gas or both producers and purchasers within a common source of supply.

33 180 P.2d at 1016. It should also be noted that the Natural Gas Act of 1915 is further concerned with discrimination in favor of one common source of supply as against another and OCC was given authority by this Act to regulate the taking of all natural gas from all common sources of supply within the State. 52 O.S. 1981 , §§ 239-240. Sections 231-235 further differ from the Act of 1915 in that the former provisions were intended primarily to enforce ratable taking and protect correlative rights while the latter was primarily for the prevention of waste and to authorize OCC to enforce ratable taking, not only to prevent waste, but to protect the public and all having a right to produce from a common source of supply. Id. at 1014.

34 Such an interpretation is consistent with Rule 1-305 passed by OCC in 1983 to implement the provisions of § 240. Said rule is set forth in ANR Pipeline v. Corporation Commission of the State of Oklahoma, 860 F.2d at 1574-1575, n. 3, supra note 24. As set forth in note 24 supra, the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit held said rule unconstitutional as preempted by federal law.

35 See Golsen v. ONG Western, Inc., 756 P.2d at 1214-1215, supra note 3 and ANR Pipeline v. Corporation Commission of the State of Oklahoma, 860 F.2d at 1582, supra note 24.

36 See e.g. Cities Service Gas Co. v. Peerless Oil & Gas Co., 340 U.S. 179, 71 S. Ct. 215, 95 L. Ed. 190 (1951); ONG v. White Oil Co., 312 P.2d 879 (Okla. 1957).

37 See e.g. Ward v. Corporation Commission, 501 P.2d 503 (Okla. 1972); Wood Oil Company v. Corporation Commission, 268 P.2d 878 (Okla. 1954). For the current statutes on well spacing and drilling units refer to 52 O.S.Supp. 1988 § 87.1 et seq.

38 As will be seen in the next section of this opinion we express no view as to the viability of a claim against a purchaser such as Panhandle pursuant to 52 O.S.Supp. 1983 , §§ 541-547, including the incorporation of 52 O.S.Supp. 1985 § 540 therein. This is so for the reason Appellants have abandoned or waived reliance on said provisions or error of the trial court in its ruling related to said statutory scheme by their failure to present argument or authority to this Court in said regard.

39 628 P.2d at 365, note 26 supra.

40 Id. at 365. We also note that the title to 52 O.S.Supp. 1978, §§ 24.1-24.2 references only the transport of natural gas and mentions nothing about purchase. 1978 Okla. Sess. Laws, ch. 100, pg. 184.

41 Peters v. Golden Oil Co., 600 P.2d 330, 331 (Okla. 1979).

42 Id.