Chad Booker v. State of Mississippi
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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 2008-KA-02054-COA
CHAD BOOKER
APPELLANT
v.
STATE OF MISSISSIPPI
DATE OF JUDGMENT:
TRIAL JUDGE:
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE:
DISTRICT ATTORNEY:
NATURE OF THE CASE:
TRIAL COURT DISPOSITION:
DISPOSITION:
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:
APPELLEE
12/03/2008
HON. HENRY L. LACKEY
TIPPAH COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ANTHONY L. FARESE
OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
BY: LAURA HOGAN TEDDER
BENJAMIN F. CREEKMORE
CRIMINAL - FELONY
CONVICTED OF MANSLAUGHTER AND
SENTENCED TO TWENTY YEARS IN THE
CUSTODY OF THE MISSISSIPPI
DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS WITH
TEN YEARS SUSPENDED AND FIVE
YEARS OF POST-RELEASE SUPERVISION
AND TO PAY $25,000 IN RESTITUTION
AFFIRMED - 06/22/2010
EN BANC.
ROBERTS, J., FOR THE COURT:
¶1.
A jury sitting before the Tippah County Circuit Court found Chad Booker guilty of
manslaughter. The circuit court sentenced Booker to twenty years in the custody of the
Mississippi Department of Corrections (MDOC), with ten years suspended and five years of
post-release supervision. Aggrieved, Booker appeals and raises six issues. Suffice it to say,
Booker raises issues regarding the sufficiency of the evidence, jury instructions, and four of
the circuit court’s evidentiary rulings. Finding no error, we affirm.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
¶2.
The events that set Booker’s conviction into motion began as a dispute between
neighbors who all lived near the intersection of County Roads 813 and 817 in the Palmer
Community of Tippah County, Mississippi. That dispute culminated in the death of sixtyone year old David White. White and his adult son, Keith White (Keith), owned an AllTerrain Vehicle shop that was located behind White’s house. Booker’s parents, Buster and
Frieda Booker, lived across the street from White. Booker, who had his own home near his
parents and White, was a twenty-three-year-old veteran of the United States Army at the time
his dispute with White arose. As of March 2007, Booker operated an auto body shop and
studied radiology at Blue Mountain College.
¶3.
On Saturday, March 10, 2007, White and Keith were working at their ATV shop.
Booker drove a 1990s model Ford Mustang by the ATV shop. According to Keith, Booker
drove the Mustang at approximately seventy to eighty miles per hour. Booker and his
passenger, Tyler Medlin, disputed that. They testified that Booker drove between forty and
fifty miles per hour. White was of the opinion that Booker was driving too fast. When
White and Keith heard the Mustang coming back, White went outside and flagged Booker
down. According to both Booker and Medlin, White came running outside and angrily told
Booker that he was driving too fast. When Booker said that he was test driving the Mustang
because he could not get it to shift into third gear, White said, “Not on my d--- road!”
Medlin and Booker both later testified that Booker remained calm and told White that he
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should call the authorities if he had a problem. When White returned to his house, he did
exactly that.
¶4.
Unfortunately, that was not the end of the dispute. According to Keith, later that
evening, Booker stopped at the end of White's driveway, put his truck in neutral, and revved
the engine. Keith testified that Booker drove past White’s house approximately four times
that night, and on his last pass, he yelled “f--- you.” Shade White (Shade), Keith's son and
White’s grandson, also testified that he heard Booker’s truck stop in front of the house either
four or five times and that he heard Booker rev his engine.
¶5.
White’s wife, Charlotte White (Charlotte), testified that Booker’s parents each called
their house on Sunday afternoon at separate times regarding the confrontation between White
and Booker. According to Charlotte, the call from Booker’s parents led to a discussion about
whether White should apologize to Booker. White did not think he needed to apologize to
Booker. However, Charlotte testified that the last thing she heard White say regarding the
subject was, “I'm going to apologize.”
¶6.
It is undisputed that Booker beat White to death the next evening. Phillip "Possum"
Nance gave statements to Terry Cox, an investigator employed by Booker’s defense attorney,
and Agent John Hillhouse of the Mississippi Bureau of Investigation (MBI).1 In both
statements, Nance said that Booker stopped by his used car dealership on March 12th.
According to Nance, Booker told him about his confrontation with White two days earlier.
Nance stated that Booker was confused as to why White had called the police. Nance told
1
Nance died on July 28, 2008, and his statements were introduced into evidence at
trial. A redacted version of his statement to Cox was introduced.
3
Agent Hillhouse that Booker was calm and that he did not say anything about getting back
at White. However, Nance also said that, according to Booker, during the confrontation the
previous Saturday, Booker told White that he could call the authorities, or Booker could get
out of the Mustang so they could “settle it like men.”
¶7.
On Monday, March 12, 2007, Keith and White were returning home from picking up
an ATV. Keith testified that, on their way home, they saw Booker at his shop, and they
waved at him. Keith testified that Booker waved back. Booker later corroborated Keith’s
testimony. According to Keith, after they arrived at their shop, White decided to go
apologize to Booker in an attempt to make peace. Keith testified that he watched White drive
his Yamaha Rhino ATV to Booker’s house. Keith went back in the shop. Keith also testified
that White appeared calm when he left.
¶8.
According to Booker, White came “flying over” to his house in the Rhino. Booker
said that White turned off the Rhino, got out of it quickly, and told Booker that he had to talk
to him. Booker testified that he told White to leave his property because he did not want to
talk to him. Booker also testified that White said, “You're going to talk to me.” According
to Booker, White attempted to grab Booker’s collar with one hand and tried to punch him
with the other hand. Booker testified that he grabbed White's wrist, and while pulling White
toward him, he punched White in the face three times. Booker further testified that White
stumbled away and sat back in the Rhino.
¶9.
Booker walked away from the scene of the altercation. According to Booker, White
was still standing when he left. Booker later explained that he walked down the road and
called his cousin Wendell Booker (Wendell). Booker asked Wendell to come get him
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because he "had been in a bad situation." Shortly after Wendell picked him up, Booker’s
mother called him. Booker returned to his shop, where he was taken into custody by officers
with the Tippah County Sheriff's Department.
¶10.
Brenda Morgan, a certified nurse who formerly worked in the emergency room and
intensive-care unit of the local hospital, happened to drive by the scene a short time later.
Morgan knew White, but she did not recognize him. She stopped solely because she saw
someone slumped over in an ATV. White was unconscious and slumped over the center
console of the Rhino. The left side of White’s face was extremely swollen, and he was
bleeding from both ears and his nose. Blood was on the center console shift handle. White’s
glasses were in the middle of the road, and his baseball cap was on the passenger-side
floorboard. Morgan did not detect a pulse on White’s wrist or his neck. Morgan called 911,
and then she and Jeff Butler, who also stopped as he drove by, got White out of the ATV and
began to perform CPR. Another of White’s neighbors, Clinton Bryant, drove by and noticed
that something appeared to be wrong with White. Bryant found Keith and told him that
White appeared to need help. When Keith arrived at Booker's house, he found Morgan and
Butler tending to his father. Despite the efforts of emergency responders, White was unable
to recover from his injuries.
¶11.
Booker was indicted for murder. He pled not guilty and opted to go to trial. At the
conclusion of Booker’s trial, the circuit court instructed the jury on murder and
manslaughter; the jury found Booker guilty of manslaughter. Booker appeals and raises the
following six issues: (1) the circuit court erred in denying Booker’s motions for a directed
verdict, a judgment notwithstanding the verdict, and a new trial; (2) the circuit court failed
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to properly instruct the jury; (3) the circuit court erred in allowing Morgan to give opinion
testimony; (4) the circuit court erred in allowing Shade to testify; (5) the circuit court erred
in refusing to admit evidence offered by Booker; and (6) the circuit court erred in allowing
testimony concerning where White’s cap was found.
We find no merit to Booker’s
arguments on appeal.
ANALYSIS
I.
¶12.
WEATHERSBY RULE
Booker first alleges that the circuit court erred in denying his motions for a directed
verdict, a judgment notwithstanding the verdict, and a new trial. Booker relies on the
Weathersby rule, which states, “where the defendant or the defendant's witnesses are the only
eyewitnesses to the homicide, their version, if reasonable, must be accepted as true, unless
substantially contradicted in material particulars by a credible witness or witnesses for the
state, or by the physical facts or by the facts of common knowledge.” Weathersby v. State,
165 Miss. 207,147 So. 481, 482 (1933).
¶13.
Booker argues that “[t]he applicability of the Weathersby rule is a determination for
the court . . . .” Johnson v. State, 987 So. 2d 420, 425 (¶10) (Miss. 2008). However, the
supreme court in Johnson held that there are instances when the Weathersby rule does not
apply. Id. at 425 (¶11). “[I]f the defendant or the defendant's eyewitnesses' testimon[ies]
satisf[y] all the elements of murder or manslaughter, the defendant would not be entitled to
a directed verdict of acquittal, as their testimon[ies] would be the basis for a valid
conviction.” Id.
¶14.
Mississippi Code Annotated section 97-3-35 (Rev. 2006) defines manslaughter as
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“[t]he killing of a human being, without malice, in the heat of passion, but in a cruel or
unusual manner, or by the use of a dangerous weapon, without authority of law, and not in
necessary self-defense . . . .” Booker’s version of the incident satisfies the elements of
manslaughter; therefore, the circuit court was within its discretion to determine that the
Weathersby rule did not apply. Therefore, this issue is without merit.
II.
¶15.
JURY INSTRUCTIONS
Booker actually raises two distinctly separate claims in this issue. First, Booker
claims the circuit court erred when it instructed the jury pursuant to the prosecution’s
manslaughter instruction, which was designated as instruction S-2A. Second, Booker claims
the circuit court erred when it denied three of his proffered jury instructions. We analyze
each claim separately. However, the same standard of review applies to both of Booker’s
arguments on appeal. This Court’s review of a challenge to jury instructions has been stated
as follows:
The Court does not single out any instruction or take instructions out of
context; rather, the instructions are to be read together as a whole. A
defendant is entitled to have jury instructions given which present his theory
of the case. This entitlement is limited, however, in that the court is allowed
to refuse an instruction which incorrectly states the law, is covered fairly
elsewhere in the instructions, or is without foundation in the evidence.
Spicer v. State, 921 So. 2d 292, 313 (¶43) (Miss. 2006) (quoting Parks v. State, 884 So. 2d
738, 746 (¶26) (Miss. 2004)).
A.
¶16.
Manslaughter Instruction
Booker takes issue with instruction S-2A, which reads as follows:
If you find from the evidence in this case beyond a reasonable doubt that on
March 12, 2007, in Tippah County, Mississippi, the deceased, [White], was a
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living person, and he died as a result of [Booker] striking him in the head by
the use of deadly force, and while defendant was angry, acting in the heat of
passion, and not in necessary self-defense, then you shall find the defendant
guilty of manslaughter.
Booker argues that instruction S-2A misstates the elements of manslaughter because the jury
was not instructed that it could only find him guilty of manslaughter if he killed White in a
cruel or unusual manner or by using a dangerous weapon.
¶17.
Booker admitted that he punched White in the head several times, which resulted in
White’s death. At best, the evidence indicates that Booker landed three punches to the left
side of White’s head while White was attempting to punch him. At worst, Booker punched
White in the head while White remained seated in the Rhino. Either of these scenarios is
sufficient to constitute a “cruel or unusual manner.” Therefore, S-2A properly instructed the
jury that it had to find that Booker struck White in the head with deadly force in order to find
him guilty of manslaughter. We find no error with this instruction.
B.
¶18.
Booker’s Refused Instructions
Booker claims the circuit court erred when it refused three of his proffered jury
instructions. Those three jury instructions were designated as instructions D-3, D-5, and D-6.
Although there are subtle differences within each instruction, the core substance of all three
proffered instructions centers on Booker’s self-defense theory.
i.
¶19.
Proffered Instruction D-3
Booker argues that the circuit court erred when it refused proffered instruction D-3.
Instruction D-3 originally read as follows:
The Court instructs the jury that you are not to judge the actions of Chad
Booker[] in the cool, calm light of after-developed facts, but instead you are
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to judge [Booker’s] actions in the light of the circumstances confronting . . .
Booker, at the time, as you believe that those circumstances reasonably
appeared to . . . Booker[] on that occasion; and if you believe under those
circumstances it reasonably appeared to . . . Booker, at the instant that David
White was attacking him and was attempting to cause him serious bodily harm,
that . . . Booker then and there had reasonable ground to apprehend an action
on the part of . . . White to put his life in jeopardy, or to cause . . . Booker[]
some great personal injury, and that there reasonably appeared to . . . Booker[]
to be imminent danger of such designs being accomplished, . . . Booker[] was
justified in defending the attack by . . . White, and further if you believe from
the evidence that . . . White died as a result of a blow to the head and that the
fatal blow was delivered either accident[al]ly or in self[-]defense, then you
must find . . . Booker[] not guilty.
The prosecution objected to proffered instruction D-3. The prosecution argued that it
contained a comment on the evidence. Booker’s attorney agreed to “take out the language
that is upsetting to the State and may be argumentative.” The circuit court announced that
it would reconsider proffered instruction D-3 after reviewing the remaining proffered jury
instructions.
¶20.
After considering the other proffered instructions, the circuit court returned to its
consideration of proffered instruction D-3. Booker’s attorney informed the circuit court that
he had revised proffered instruction D-3. The revised version – styled as instruction D-3-A
reads as follows:
The Court instructs the jury that you are not to judge the actions of Chad
Booker[] in the cool, calm light of after-developed facts, but instead you are
to judge [Booker’s] actions in the light of the circumstances confronting . . .
Booker, at the time, as you believe that those circumstances reasonabl[y]
appeared to . . . Booker[] on March 12, 2007.
Having heard no objection to instruction D-3-A, the circuit court granted it, and it was read
to the jury. In other words, Booker claims that the circuit court erred when it refused to
instruct the jury pursuant to proffered instruction D-3 regardless of Booker’s consent to
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revise it and the fact that it was actually given after it had been revised.
¶21.
Though Booker consented to revising proffered instruction D-3, he now claims it was
reversible error. However, jury instructions may not include comments on the weight of the
evidence. Millsap v. State, 767 So. 2d 286, 293 (¶25) (Miss. Ct. App. 2000) (citing
Duckworth v. State, 477 So. 2d 935, 937-38 (Miss. 1985); Voyles v. State, 362 So. 2d 1236,
1244 (Miss. 1978)). Proffered instruction D-3 contained language that unequivocally stated
that “David White was attacking [Booker] and was attempting to cause him serious bodily
harm.” It was disputed that White was the initial aggressor. Consequently, the circuit court
properly refused proffered instruction D-3.
¶22.
Furthermore, there was no error in omitting the self-defense language that was
included in the original version of proffered instruction D-3. The circuit court instructed the
jury pursuant to Booker’s instruction titled as instruction D-7, which reads as follows:
The Court instructs the jury that to make a killing justifiable on the grounds of
self-defense, the danger to the defendant must be either actual, present and
urgent, or the defendant must have reasonable grounds to believe that the
victim intended to kill the defendant or to do him some great bodily harm, and
in addition to this, he must have reasonable grounds to believe that there is
imminent danger of such act being accomplished. It is for the jury to
determine the reasonableness of the grounds upon which the defendant acts.
If you, the jury, unanimously find that the defendant acted in self-defense, then
it is your sworn duty to return a verdict in favor of the defendant.
Additionally, instruction S-4 states:
The court instructs the jury that to make a killing justifiable on the grounds of
self[-]defense, the defendant must have reasonable grounds to apprehend a
design on the part of the victim to kill him or to do him some great bodily
harm; and in addition to this he must have reasonable grounds to apprehend
that there is imminent danger of such design being accomplished. It is for the
jury to determine the reasonableness of the ground upon which the defendant
acts.
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¶23.
A defendant is entitled to have jury instructions given that present his theory of the
case, but a circuit court may refuse an instruction if the substance of that instruction is
included in another instruction. Heidel v. State, 587 So. 2d 835, 842 (Miss. 1991). “A trial
court is not required to give instructions which are covered by other instructions although the
language may differ.” Davis v. State, 431 So. 2d 468, 475 (Miss. 1983) (superceded by rule).
Considering that: (a) Booker’s attorney agreed to revise proffered instruction D-3; (b)
instruction D-3-A was given; (c) proffered instruction D-3 contained an impermissible
comment on the evidence; and (d) the redacted portions of proffered instruction D-3 were
fairly covered by other instructions, the circuit court properly refused to instruct the jury
pursuant to proffered instruction D-3.
ii.
¶24.
Proffered Instruction D-5
Next, Booker claims the circuit court erred when it refused proffered instruction D-5.
Proffered instruction D-5 reads as follows:
The Court instructs the jury . . . that when a person is assailed by another
person whose conduct indicates the intention and ability to imminently do the
assailed person some great bodily harm, and the person assailed had good
reason to believe and does believe that he is in imminent danger of being killed
or suffering great bodily harm, when the person assailed is justified under the
law, even to the taking of the life of his assailant in protecting his own life or
limb, or that of another.
The circuit court refused proffered instruction D-5 on the basis that it included a comment
on the evidence.
¶25.
Proffered instruction D-5 implied that Booker was being “assailed by another person.”
As stated previously, an instruction may not comment on the evidence. Furthermore,
Booker’s defense theory was properly addressed in instructions D-7 and S-4. Proffered
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instruction D-5 was simply cumulative of other court instructions on self-defense. There is
no merit to Booker’s argument that the circuit court erred when it refused proffered
instruction D-5.
iii.
¶26.
Proffered Instruction D-6
Proffered instruction D-6 reads as follows:
If the jury finds that the Defendant, Chad Booker, was lawfully on his own
property and was not the aggressor prior to the assault on his person by David
White, and the Defendant, Chad Booker, defended himself in a manner
calculated to subdue the immediate threat of harm to his person in a manner
consistent to that of a reasonable person, and David White died as a result of
this lawful resistance in the form of a tragic accident, then you must find the
Defendant, Chad Booker, not guilty.
¶27.
The circuit court did not err when it refused proffered instruction D-6. First and
foremost, Booker’s defense theory was that he was acting in necessary self-defense. Whether
Booker was “lawfully on his own property,” on his father’s property, or in the highway rightof-way was irrelevant. Additionally, proffered instruction D-6 is confusing in that it appears
to instruct the jury that White initiated an assault upon Booker. Whether White was the
initial aggressor was a question of fact for the jury to resolve. Moreover, there was no
evidence that White died as a result of a “tragic accident.”
Booker testified that he
deliberately grabbed White’s wrist and intentionally struck White in the face three times. It
was only White’s subsequent death that Booker did not intend. That unintended result forms
the basis of Booker’s claim of accident. Such an intentional act followed by an unintended
consequence cannot serve as a basis for excusable homicide, accident, and misfortune. Miss.
Code Ann. § 97-3-17 (Rev. 2006); Montana v. State, 822 So. 2d 954, 962 (¶30) (Miss. 2002).
Finally, to the extent that proffered instruction D-6 is a self-defense instruction, Booker’s
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self-defense theory was adequately covered by instructions S-4 and D-7. “A trial judge is
under no obligation to grant redundant instructions.” Montana, 822 So. 2d at 961 (¶26)
(citation omitted).
¶28.
To summarize, the circuit court acted well within its discretion in declining to instruct
the jury pursuant to the three instructions at issue. Booker’s second issue is without merit.
III.
¶29.
MORGAN’S LAY-OPINION TESTIMONY
According to Booker, the circuit court abused its discretion when it allowed Morgan
to testify, over objection, regarding whether White would have been able to sustain the
injuries that Booker caused and then be mobile enough to walk back to the Rhino ATV. The
relevance and admission or exclusion of evidence is a matter of the trial court's discretion that
will be reversed only for an abuse of discretion which results in prejudice to a party. Shearer
v. State, 423 So. 2d 824, 826 (Miss. 1982). However, the trial court must exercise its
discretion within the bounds of the Mississippi Rules of Evidence. Gates v. State, 936 So.
2d 335, 339 (¶11) (Miss. 2006) (citing Johnston v. State, 567 So. 2d 237, 238 (Miss. 1990)).
¶30.
During direct examination, Morgan testified that she had been a registered nurse since
1981. Since that time, she had been an emergency-room nurse and a nurse in an intensivecare unit. She was the first person to arrive at the scene of the homicide. Morgan further
testified that White was unconscious when she found him slumped over in his Rhino ATV.
Morgan then went on to testify that she felt for White’s radial pulse and his carotid pulse, but
she was not able to detect a pulse at either location. Morgan called 911 before she and Butler
began performing CPR on White.
¶31.
Morgan also testified as to the visible extent of White’s injuries. Despite the fact that
13
she personally had known White for some time, she testified that she did not recognize him
until she saw the relatively uninjured right side of White’s face. Morgan testified that White
was bleeding from both ears. According to Morgan, bleeding from the ears “indicates
something that has happened pretty bad, a severe trauma.” There was no objection to that
portion of Morgan’s testimony on direct examination.
¶32.
Later, the prosecution asked Morgan whether White would have been mobile after he
sustained his injuries. To be specific, the transcript reflects that the following exchange took
place:
Q.
Based on your observations and your experience as a human being and
as a nurse, do you think Mr. White would have ever been mobile after
receiving those injuries?
BY [COUNSEL FOR BOOKER]: Objection, your Honor. I don’t
think he’s got the proper predicate. The proper predicate has not been laid to
ask that question, and we would so move to object.
BY THE COURT: Overruled. You may continue.
Q.
When you first go there and saw who you later determined was Mr.
White, based on the injuries that you saw, do you believe that the person who
received those injuries would have ever been able to move?
A.
No, sir.
Morgan did not answer the question to which Booker’s attorney objected. After the
prosecution rephrased its question, Booker’s attorney did not object. Be that as it may,
Morgan testified that she believed White would not have been mobile after Booker hit him.
¶33.
Booker’s defense theory was that he acted in necessary self-defense. According to
Booker, White got out of his Rhino ATV and grabbed him when Booker turned to walk
away. Booker claimed that White was the initial aggressor. Morgan’s testimony was
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harmful to Booker’s defense theory because if White never left the Rhino ATV, or if he was
sitting in it when Booker hit him, then Booker’s version of events was not very credible.
¶34.
On cross-examination, Booker’s attorney asked Morgan whether she could say that
White was inside the Rhino ATV when Booker beat him. Morgan answered, “[n]o sir.” On
redirect, the prosecution asked Morgan the following question: “Based on what you observed
that day, do you think there’s any way that Mr. White received those injuries anywhere else
from right where he was sitting?” Booker’s attorney objected, but the circuit court allowed
Morgan to answer. Morgan then responded, “[f]rom the extent of the injury to his head, no,
sir. I mean, from the looks of what I saw, it happened where he was sitting.”
¶35.
Booker’s attorney objected again and stated: “She just said she couldn’t say how it
happened, and now to allow the State to elicit that, that contradicts what she just previously
said.” The prosecution responded that Morgan’s statement on rebuttal did not contradict her
testimony during cross-examination. The circuit court overruled Booker’s objection, and
Morgan again testified that, in her opinion, White sustained his fatal injuries where he was
sitting.
¶36.
The State contends that by initially objecting based on the prosecution’s failure to lay
the “proper predicate” for Morgan’s opinion testimony, Booker did not specifically object
on the basis that the question called for an expert opinion. The State is correct that an
objection on one ground at trial waives all other grounds for an objection on appeal. Carter
v. State, 722 So. 2d 1258, 1261 (¶13) (Miss. 1998) (citation omitted). However, “[w]here
the specific grounds for objection are apparent from the context, a general objection is
sufficient to preserve the error for appeal.” Id. at 1261-62 (citing Barnette v. State, 478 So.
15
2d 800, 803 (Miss. 1985)). It is apparent from the context of Booker’s objection that Booker
was arguing that the prosecution had not qualified Morgan as an expert witness. Therefore,
Booker preserved this issue for consideration on appeal.
¶37.
The prosecution did not attempt to qualify Morgan as an expert in the traditional
sense. Accordingly, she could only provide her opinion as a lay witness. A lay witness may
testify as to his or her non-expert opinion evidence if “(a) [the opinion is] rationally based
on the perception of the witness and (b) [is] helpful to the clear understanding of . . . the
determination of a fact in issue[.]” M.R.E. 701. If there was any error in the circuit court’s
decision that the question at issue did not call for an expert opinion – which we expressly do
not find – any such error was harmless in light of the totality of the evidence.
¶38.
Where a lay witness testifies to matters that require qualification as an expert witness,
any error in admitting the lay witness’s testimony is harmless if the lay witness’s testimony
was cumulative because a properly qualified expert witness testified to the same effect. Le
v. State, 913 So. 2d 913, 937 (¶80) (Miss. 2005) (citation omitted). In Young v. State, 981
So. 2d 308, 312 (¶15) (Miss. Ct. App. 2007), a defendant argued that the trial court had erred
in an arson case when it allowed a deputy fire marshall who had not been qualified as an
expert witness in the area of fire investigation to testify regarding the origin of a fire and
whether the fire had been intentionally set. This Court held that, assuming for the sake of
argument that the trial court had erred, any such error was harmless because the guilty
verdicts were supportable irrespective of the witness’s testimony; and thus, this was not a
ground for reversal. Id. at 313 (¶¶16, 18).
¶39.
Dr. Steven Hayne testified before Morgan testified. Dr. Hayne performed the autopsy
16
on White. During direct examination, the prosecution asked Dr. Hayne the following
question: “Based on your observation of Mr. White, would you expect that a person in a
standing position who received this amount of force to the head could remain standing when
receiving that lick?” Dr. Hayne responded: “It would be unlikely, Counselor, unless he was
supported by some means. If there’s more than one blow, then I would expect the person to
fall unless supported.” The following exchange then transpired:
Q.
Would the ability of the body to - - if there’s more than one blow,
would the ability of the body to move upon being struck have any effect on the
possible injury? If I hit something that can fall or can move on a second or
subsequent lick, would that have any bearing on its ability to withstand that
blow?
A.
I think, Counselor, if the person’s head were in a fixed position where
it could not move and the injury is delivered, I don’t think you would see the
types of injuries to the brain. If the head is unsupported, it’s not fixed, it’s not
braced against something, that’s when you’re going to get rapid movement of
the head producing the injuries, so I would strongly favor that the head itself
was not supported when the force was delivered to the head.
Q.
Would the relationship of the head and the torso, one being
immobilized and one being mobilized, have any bearing on that?
A.
Well, if the torso is immobilized, but the head remains mobile, then you
could achieve the types of injuries sustained.
¶40.
During cross-examination, the following exchange between Booker’s attorney and Dr.
Hayne transpired:
Q.
Is it possible for Mr. White to have received a blow or blows and
received a concussion and still remained on his feet and gotten back into his
vehicle?
A.
I couldn’t exclude that, Counselor, but I think that would be very
unlikely. In these type of injuries, I would expect the person to suffer a
concussion, which you cannot see medically; but statistically, it’s far more
probable that the individual suffered a concussion which by definition a person
17
loses consciousness. It may only be for a very short period of time. It may be
a second or two or three seconds, and then regain consciousness, and then
subsequently lose consciousness again before death.
Q.
So he could have received a concussion, been out on his feet, not gone
down, regained consciousness, and gotten in his vehicle?
A.
It would be possible, Counselor. I couldn’t exclude that.
Q.
You could not exclude that, could you?
A.
But I would not favor that at all.
Q.
You could not contradict that under oath, could you, if that’s what
testimony reveals?
A.
I could not exclude that, Counselor, but I would not favor that.
Q.
I understand, but my question to you is this: If we have testimony that
Mr. White got out of his vehicle and accosted the defendant, grabbed him and
swung at the defendant, and the defendant caught his hand, the swing by Mr.
White, and he grabbed Mr. White and pulled him to him and hit him three
times and released him, and that Mr. White did not go down but Mr. White
went back and got in his vehicle, you can’t contradict that that occurred, can
you, if that’s what the proof shows?
A.
I cannot exclude that, Counselor, but again, I would not favor that
scenario.
Q.
But you weren’t there, were you?
A.
No, sir.
Q.
Okay. And your medical findings don’t exclude that, do they?
A.
They do not, but they would lean strongly against it.
Q.
But you can’t swear under oath it didn’t happen, can you?
A.
No, I cannot do that.
Q.
And people who have had concussions have walked around before like
in football, high school football, for instance?
18
A.
They have, but by definition, they’re going to have a momentary period
of unconsciousness by definition.
Q.
And you believe in this particular case that Mr. White would have had
a moment of unconsciousness?
A.
Yes, sir.
Q.
And then been conscious again?
A.
That’s a possibility, Counselor. He could have remained unconscious.
That is certainly a distinct possibility.
During redirect, the prosecution asked Dr. Hayne again whether he thought White would
have been standing when Booker beat him to death. Dr. Hayne reiterated and testified that
at the time Booker hit White, he “would expect [White] not to be in a standing position
unless he was supported.”
¶41.
“An error is harmless only when it is apparent on the face of the record that a fair
minded jury could have arrived at no verdict other than that of guilty.” Young, 981 So. 2d
at 313 (¶17) (quoting Forrest v. State, 335 So. 2d 900, 903 (Miss. 1976)). In Gray v. State,
799 So. 2d 53, 61 (¶30) (Miss. 2001), the Mississippi Supreme Court explained the
difference between reversible and harmless error as follows:
To warrant reversal, two elements must be shown: error, and injury to the party
appealing. Error is harmless when it is trivial, formal, or merely academic, and
not prejudicial to the substantial rights of the party assigning it, and where it
in no way affects the final outcome of the case; it is prejudicial, and ground for
reversal, only when it affects the final result of the case and works adversely
to a substantial right of the party assigning it. Obviously, in order for the rule
of harmless error to be called into play in support of a judgment, the judgment
must be otherwise supportable, and will be reversed when there is nothing in
the pleadings or evidence to support it.
¶42.
It is important to consider that, even if the evidence was undisputed that White was
19
the initial aggressor, the jury could have still found Booker guilty of manslaughter. See
Cooper v. State, 911 So. 2d 665, 671-72 (¶27) (Miss. Ct. App. 2005). The extent of force
used by Booker in exerting his claim of necessary self-defense was front and center in this
case. The jury was instructed that the degree of force used in necessary self-defense must
be measured by the degree of the threat of harm that was apparent from the circumstances.
A reasonable juror could have concluded that Booker could have readily subdued any threat
White posed without beating White to death. As of March 12, 2007, Booker was a twentythree-year-old man in prime physical condition who relatively recently had returned from
active duty with the United States Army. Booker was 5'11 and weighed 170 pounds.
However, Booker testified that he worked out “[p]retty much everyday,” and at that time, he
could bench press approximately 405 pounds while wearing a particular shirt designed to aid
weightlifters. White was sixty-one years old and two inches shorter than Booker. Testimony
indicated that White had high blood pressure, hardening of the arteries, and he was borderline
diabetic. He was certainly not as physically conditioned as Booker. The prosecution
repeatedly asked Booker if he was afraid of White and whether it was necessary to act as he
did. Booker simply answered that he “just reacted” and that he did not know whether he
could have subdued White in some way short of beating him to death. Because the jury
could have still Booker found guilty even if Morgan’s testimony did not make Booker’s
version of events less credible, we find that Booker was not prejudiced by Morgan’s
testimony. We find no merit to this issue.
IV.
¶43.
SHADE’S TESTIMONY
Booker claims the circuit court erred when it allowed White’s grandson, Shade, to
20
testify when the prosecution did not list him as a witness and his statement to the police was
never produced as discovery by the State. The prosecution made an offer of proof of Shade’s
testimony. Shade testified that he heard Booker’s truck the night after White had confronted
Booker on March 10, 2007. Shade’s father, Keith, testified similarly. The circuit court
found that Shade’s proffered testimony was included in a statement given by his father,
Keith, several months prior to the trial. Furthermore, the circuit court found that there was
no substantive difference in Shade’s proffered testimony and the information included in
Keith’s statement. Accordingly, the circuit court held that Shade’s testimony did not unfairly
surprise Booker; therefore, he would experience no prejudice as a result of some unfair
advantage to the prosecution.
¶44.
This Court has previously held that “[f]or a discovery violation to require reversal
there must be a showing of prejudice and the non-disclosed material must be more than
simply ‘cumulative.’” McCoy v. State, 811 So. 2d 482, 484 (¶15) (Miss. Ct. App. 2002). We
do not find the circuit court abused its discretion when it allowed Shade to testify. Shade’s
testimony was cumulative of Keith’s testimony. Accordingly, Booker was not prejudiced
by any unfair advantage to the prosecution. Therefore, this issue is without merit.
V.
¶45.
EXCLUSION OF BOOKER’S EVIDENCE
Booker claims the circuit court erred when it refused to allow him to introduce
testimony from Wayne Hogue, Noel Jackson, and a statement that had been given by Nance.
A.
¶46.
Wayne Hogue’s Testimony
The record does not contain a formal proffer of Hogue’s testimony, but the
prosecution agreed that Booker’s attorney’s summarization of what Hogue’s testimony
21
would have been was sufficient to create an adequate record for review. According to
Booker’s attorney, Hogue would have testified that he and White were involved in a
confrontation approximately three-and-one-half years earlier. Specifically, Booker’s attorney
told the circuit court that Hogue was stopped at a stop sign when White got out of his own
car and approached Hogue because White thought Hogue had been driving too slowly.
According to Booker’s attorney, White said: “What are you doing on my d--- road you son
of a b----?”
¶47.
The circuit court excluded Hogue’s testimony because it merely demonstrated that
White had engaged in a verbal confrontation, and it did not tend to show that White was
more likely to have been the initial physical aggressor in the confrontation at issue. On
appeal, Booker revisits his argument that Hogue’s experience with White is demonstrative
of White’s aggressive personality. Relevant evidence is evidence having any tendency to
make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more
probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence. M.R.E. 401. If evidence
is irrelevant, it is not admissible. M.R.E. 402.
¶48.
Pursuant to Mississippi Rule of Evidence 404(a), “[e]vidence of a person’s character
or a trait of his character is not admissible for the purpose of proving that he acted in
conformity therewith on a particular occasion.” However, evidence that would otherwise be
excluded under Rule 404(a) is admissible if it is “[e]vidence of a pertinent trait of character
of the victim of the crime offered by an accused . . . .” M.R.E. 404(a)(2).
¶49.
The precise issue is whether Hogue’s verbal confrontation with White three-and-one-
half years earlier makes it more probable that White was the initial physical aggressor with
22
Booker. We find that it does not. There was no indication that Hogue would have testified
that White was physically aggressive during their confrontation – much less that White was
the initial physical aggressor. Consequently, Hogue’s testimony would not have made it
more likely that White was the initial aggressor on March 12, 2007. It follows that Hogue’s
testimony was irrelevant to the issue of whether White was the initial physical aggressor on
March 12, 2007.
¶50.
"[Mississippi Rule of Evidence] 403 is the ultimate filter through which all evidentiary
objections eventually flow." Ware v. Entergy Miss., Inc., 887 So. 2d 763, 774 (¶29) (Miss.
2003). “Although relevant, evidence may be excluded if its probative value is substantially
outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury,
or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative
evidence.” M.R.E. 403. Assuming for the sake of discussion that Hogue’s testimony was
not irrelevant, it would have been confusing and misleading to the jury. The jury would have
been led to believe that because White was verbally aggressive with Hogue approximately
four years earlier, he was more likely to have been the initial aggressor on March 12, 2007.
Accordingly, the nonexistent probative value of Hogue’s testimony would have been
outweighed by the massive prejudicial effect that would have stemmed from misleading the
jury. This issue lacks merit.
B.
¶51.
Noel Jackson’s Proffered Testimony
According to Booker’s attorney, Jackson would have testified that his father had been
an adjoining landowner to White, and they apparently were once involved in a dispute over
a road or a driveway. Jackson’s father had placed a chain up across the driveway or road and
23
rendered it inaccessible. According to Booker’s attorney, approximately twelve or thirteen
years earlier, Jackson’s father had told Jackson that White “cursed his father” during their
dispute. Booker’s attorney sought to introduce Jackson’s hearsay testimony to demonstrate
that White “had a bad temper and he was overbearing.” The circuit court excluded Jackson’s
testimony because the incident was “too far removed from the present incident.” On appeal,
Booker claims the circuit court abused its discretion.
¶52.
Hearsay consists of an out-of-court statement, other than one made by the declarant
while testifying, that is offered as evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted. M.R.E.
801(c). Hearsay is not generally admissible. M.R.E. 802. Assuming for the sake of
argument that Jackson’s testimony was admissible as an exception to the hearsay rule, the
circuit court did not abuse its discretion when it excluded Jackson’s testimony.
¶53.
In Gates v. State, 936 So. 2d 335, 339 (¶13) (Miss. 2006), the Mississippi Supreme
Court analyzed an issue in which the defendant in that case argued that it was proper to
question a shooting victim regarding a “purported prior incident in justice court some weeks
or months before the shooting at hand as any allegation of a violent tendency of the victim
was directly pertinent to Gates’s defense.” However, the supreme court found no error and
held that “the purported charges in justice court were too remote in time to have any bearing
on the case at hand.” Id. at (¶15).
¶54.
Additionally, as with Hogue’s confrontation with White, there was no indication that
White was physically aggressive with Jackson’s father – much less that he was the initial
physical aggressor. Jackson’s proffered hearsay testimony would not have made it more
likely that White was the initial physical aggressor on March 12, 2007. Accordingly,
24
Jackson’s hearsay testimony is not only too remote in time to be admissible – it is also
irrelevant, and its probative value is outweighed by its prejudicial effect. This issue is
without merit.
C.
¶55.
Phillip Nance’s Statement
On April 30, 2007, Nance gave a statement to Cox, an investigator who had been
hired by Booker’s attorney. Nance died before Booker’s trial commenced. However,
Nance’s statement indicated he saw Booker shortly before his altercation with White on
March 12, 2007. Nance said that Booker told him that White had confronted him about the
speed at which he was driving down the road on which they both lived. Nance told Cox that
Booker did not think it was necessary to involve the authorities. However, Nance also told
Cox that Booker was not upset or aggravated at the time he was telling Nance about his
confrontation with White. Nance also gave a similar statement to authorities.
¶56.
Nance’s statement also included his opinion that, in his experience, Booker was
generally respectful and calm and that it was uncharacteristic of him to be involved in such
an altercation as the one that occurred on March 12, 2007. The circuit court found that those
portions of Nance’s statement were inadmissible. The circuit court then informed Booker’s
attorney that Nance’s statement would be admissible as redacted.
Both of Nance’s
statements, including his redacted statement to Cox, were admitted into evidence.
¶57.
The record indicates that, along with the Nance’s statement and Booker’s own
testimony, two other witnesses testified regarding Booker’s demeanor when White
confronted him about the speed at which Booker drove two days before the homicide.
Medlin testified that he was with Booker when White confronted them. According to
25
Medlin, Booker was respectful with White. He also testified that Booker was “calm” and
“peaceful.”
Additionally, Rickey Thrasher also testified that Booker described his
confrontation with White regarding Booker’s driving. According to Thrasher, Booker “never
had any ill manner about him whatsoever.” Thrasher also testified that Booker had a good
reputation in the community. Specifically, Thrasher testified that his children knew Booker
and that Booker had “always been a good kid.” What is more, Booker testified that while
he was serving in the United States Army, among other commendations, he received a “Good
Conduct Medal after [he] became the [sic] sergeant for three years of meritorious service .
. . without a problem of any kind of violence or anything like that.”
¶58.
Considering the totality of the cumulative evidence, we find that the circuit court did
not abuse its discretion when it excluded the portion of Nance’s statement that is currently
at issue. This issue lacks merit.
VI.
¶59.
KEITH’S TESTIMONY REGARDING THE LOCATION OF
WHITE’S BASEBALL CAP
In his final issue, Booker claims the circuit court erred when it allowed Keith to testify
that White’s baseball cap was found inside the Rhino ATV. At trial, Booker argued that the
prosecution “never ever tendered in discovery in writing or verbally . . . that they were going
to try to use [the position of White’s baseball cap] to contradict [Booker’s] version of
events.”
Booker’s attorney also stated that their defense theory was “that this is a
Weathersby Rule case; that there was no physical evidence to contradict [Booker’s] version
of the events.”
¶60.
However, Booker’s attorney admitted that he had “a report from . . . the crime scene
26
unit saying there’s a hat in the Rhino.” The prosecution responded and mentioned that a
report by Deputy Chris McCallister of the Tippah County Sheriff’s Department also
mentioned that there was a “cap lying between the seats of the ATV.” The circuit court held
that it was “up to the jury to determine whether or not they believe if he had [the baseball
cap] on or he didn’t have it on.” The circuit court further held that the location of White’s
“glasses [at the scene of the crime] appear to contradict [Booker’s version of events], if that’s
the theory anyway, so the objection is overruled.” Keith then testified that he saw his
father’s baseball cap on the passenger-side floorboard of the Rhino ATV when he arrived at
the scene.
¶61.
On appeal, Booker claims the circuit court erred when it allowed Keith to testify
regarding the location of White’s baseball cap. “The trial court has considerable discretion
in matters pertaining to discovery, and its exercise of discretion will not be set aside in the
absence of an abuse of that discretion.” King v. State, 857 So. 2d 702, 714 (¶12) (Miss.
2003) (citing Gray, 799 So. 2d at 60 (¶26)). “For a discovery violation to require reversal
there must be a showing of prejudice and the non-disclosed material must be more than
simply ‘cumulative.’” McCoy, 811 So. 2d at 484 (¶15). We do not find that the circuit court
abused its discretion. First and foremost, Keith’s testimony at issue was not the only
evidence that contradicted Booker’s version of events.
Dr. Hayne’s testimony also
contradicted Booker’s version of events – as did Morgan’s. Furthermore, the location of
White’s glasses contradicted Booker’s version of events.
¶62.
Additionally, Booker’s attorney admitted that he had received “a report from . . . the
crime scene unit saying there’s a hat in the Rhino.” Booker’s attorney did not dispute the
27
prosecutor’s statement that Deputy McCallister’s report referenced the fact that a baseball
cap was found “lying between the seats of the ATV.” What is more, Booker never argued
that the prosecution failed to disclose that Keith would be testifying for the prosecution or
that Keith was expected to testify that he was at the scene of the crime shortly after the fact.
Although the facts in Steadham v. State, 995 So. 2d 835, 838 (¶7) (Miss. Ct. App. 2008) are
not directly on point with the facts in this case, in Steadham, this Court held that where a
witness had been properly disclosed during discovery, that witness’s “expanded testimony
at trial does not amount to reversible error.” There is no indication that Booker’s attorney
or the investigator that he employed ever attempted to interview Keith prior to the trial.
Finally, Booker’s attorney did not request a continuance. “If the defense feels that it has
been ‘unfairly surprised’ by undiscovered evidence, it is required to ‘affirmatively request
a continuance.’” Steadham, 995 So. 2d at 837-38 (¶6) (quoting Robinson v. State, 749 So.
2d 1054, 1061 (¶19) (Miss. 1999)). This issue is without merit.
CONCLUSION
¶63.
“A criminal defendant is not entitled to a perfect trial, only a fair trial.” McGilberry
v. State, 741 So. 2d 894, 924 (¶126) (Miss. 1999) (citing Sand v. State, 467 So. 2d 907, 911
(Miss. 1985)). Booker received a fair trial. Before sentencing Booker, the trial judge, Judge
Henry Lackey, a seasoned and experienced trial judge, summarized the case quite well.
Judge Lackey stated as follows:
I want to commend these attorneys. I’ve been on the bench since 1993,
and I don’t recall another trial that was as well tried as this trial. Apparently,
everything that was supposed to have been presented was presented, and they
gave me a great deal of courtesy during the trial.
28
I, of course, heard the trial. I saw the exhibits. Mr. White’s son
testified that when he got to his dad, if I recall correctly, that he recognized the
vehicle he was in, but he didn’t recognize his dad. Ms. Morgan, I believe, was
the nurse that lived in the neighborhood and came long and was giving the
gentleman life support, trying to, and she had known him for many years, but
she didn’t recognize him. I saw the pictures and, quite frankly, I don’t believe
that the type damage that was done could have been administered with three
blows. I may be wrong. It’s my opinion that Mr. White never got out of the
vehicle he was in, because with the damage to his head and face, I don’t
believe that he could have gotten back in that vehicle. He may have, may
could have.
It’s true that Chad is a young man, and I have several options I can
consider. I can consider the factor that he was on his own property, but that
did not give him the right to use excessive force. It is alleged that Chad was
not the aggressor, but the Court is of the opinion that that was rebutted by the
circumstances and the facts in that I don’t see how Mr. White could have
gotten out of that all-terrain vehicle, taken the beating that was administered
to him as evidenced by the pictures, and then gotten back in that vehicle. I just
. . . don’t see how that could have happened.
Having found no merit to any of Booker’s six issues on appeal, we affirm the judgment of
the circuit court.
¶64. THE JUDGMENT OF THE TIPPAH COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT OF
CONVICTION OF MANSLAUGHTER AND SENTENCE OF TWENTY YEARS IN
THE CUSTODY OF THE MISSISSIPPI DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS WITH
TEN YEARS SUSPENDED AND FIVE YEARS OF POST-RELEASE SUPERVISION
AND TO PAY $25,000 IN RESTITUTION IS AFFIRMED. ALL COSTS OF THIS
APPEAL ARE ASSESSED TO THE APPELLANT.
LEE AND MYERS, P.JJ., GRIFFIS AND MAXWELL, JJ., CONCUR.
IRVING, J., CONCURS IN PART AND IN THE RESULT WITHOUT SEPARATE
WRITTEN OPINION. ISHEE, J., DISSENTS WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN
OPINION JOINED BY KING, C.J. BARNES AND CARLTON, JJ., NOT
PARTICIPATING.
ISHEE, J., DISSENTING:
¶65.
With respect to the majority, I must dissent. I agree the circuit court was correct in
(1) denying Chad Booker’s motion for a directed verdict; (2) instructing the jury on
29
instruction S-2-A; (3) allowing Shade White’s testimony; and (4) allowing testimony
concerning the location where David White’s baseball cap was found. However, I disagree
with the disposition reached by the majority to affirm Booker’s conviction of manslaughter.
I believe that the circuit court erred in (1) refusing Booker’s jury instructions D-3 and D-5;
(2) allowing Brenda Morgan’s testimony; and (3) refusing to admit Booker’s evidence. I
would reverse Booker’s judgment of conviction and remand this case for a new trial.
I.
¶66.
Defense’s Refused Instructions
There is merit in this claim. This Court has held that “[a] defendant is entitled to have
the jury instructed as to his theory of the case so long as the defense is one recognized in the
law and there is some evidence in the record to support the defense.” Cleveland v. State, 801
So. 2d 812, 815 (¶4) (Miss. Ct. App. 2001). In this appeal, Booker, as to this issue, has
provided evidence to support the inclusion of jury instructions D-3, D-5, and D-6. Booker
testified that: David approached him on his own property; David “threw the first punch”; and
he reacted to keep David from continuing to hit him. Therefore, because Booker’s defense
is one recognized in the law, and he has presented evidence in support of his defense, jury
instructions D-3, D-5, and D-6 should have been given.
II.
¶67.
Morgan’s Testimony
The initial question to Morgan regarding David’s injuries asked Morgan to give her
opinion “as a human being and as a nurse.” That question sought to obtain testimony based
on Morgan’s knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education – which are requirements
of an expert. “[T]he trial court [is required] to perform a two-pronged inquiry [to determine]
whether expert testimony is admissible under Rule 702.”
30
Miss. Transp. Comm'n v.
McLemore, 863 So. 2d 31, 38 (¶16) (Miss. 2003). “First, the court must determine that the
expert testimony is relevant – that is, the requirement that the testimony must ‘assist the trier
of fact means the evidence must be relevant.’ Next, the trial court must determine whether
the proffered testimony is reliable.” Id. (internal citation omitted).
¶68.
Booker objected to Morgan’s testimony, but the objection was overruled. The circuit
court allowed Morgan to give her testimony without conducting the two-pronged inquiry
required by McLemore. Therefore, the circuit court’s admission of Morgan’s testimony was
erroneous and an abuse of discretion.
III.
¶69.
Refusal to Admit Booker’s Evidence
Rule 404 provides for the admission of evidence of a pertinent trait of the character
of the accused either by the accused or by the prosecution. Rule 404 provides for the
admission of “evidence of a pertinent trait of character of the victim of the crime offered by
an accused . . . .” The only eyewitness to the incident between Booker and David was
Booker. Booker made statements to law enforcement officers that David was the initial
aggressor; therefore, character evidence relating to either Booker or David regarding their
propensity for aggression and violence was relevant and admissible under Rule 404. The
testimony from Wayne Hogue and Noel Jackson would have possibly given Booker’s
assertion that David was the initial physical aggressor some credibility. The recorded
statement from Phillip “Possum” Nance would have possibly shown Booker’s propensity for
peacefulness and rebutted the State’s theory that Booker attacked David.
¶70.
This Court has held that “[e]vidence of a victim's character is ordinarily irrelevant.
M.R.E. 404(a). The victim's character becomes relevant in cases where the defendant asserts
31
an arguable claim of self-defense.” Savannah v. State, 840 So. 2d 717, 719 (¶5) (Miss. Ct.
App. 2002) (citing McGilberry v. State, 797 So. 2d 940, 941 (¶7) (Miss.2001)). “Evidence
of a victim's bad character is relevant where it is unclear which party was the initial
aggressor.” Id. Under the State’s theory of the present case, the crucial issue was whether
Booker was the initial physical aggressor; therefore, evidence regarding David’s character
was relevant. It was error for the circuit court to exclude the recorded statement by Nance
and the testimonies of Hogue and Jackson.
¶71.
For the foregoing reasons, I respectfully dissent, and I would reverse Booker’s
judgment of conviction and remand this case for a new trial.
KING, C.J., JOINS THIS OPINION.
32
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