GENERAL MOTORS CORP V AUTOMOTIVE SERVICES INC
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STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
GENERAL MOTORS CORPORATION,
UNPUBLISHED
August 7, 2008
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v
AUTOMOTIVE SERVICES, INC., and JAMES
MATTISON,
No. 275702
Oakland Circuit Court
LC No. 2004-059382-PD
Defendants-Appellees.
and
PONTIAC HISTORIC SERVICES.
Defendant.
Before: Servitto, P.J., and Hoekstra and Markey, JJ.
HOEKSTRA, J., (concurring in part and dissenting in part).
I respectfully dissent from sections II. B. and III. A. of the majority opinion, but in all
other respects agree with the majority opinion.
In section II. B., the majority addresses plaintiff’s claim that the trial court’s grant of
partial involuntary dismissal was erroneous because sufficient evidence was presented to identify
the materials in defendant’s possession that it was seeking to have returned. Unlike the majority,
I would find this claim to be without merit.
The materials that the trial court found survived the involuntary dismissal motion were
items that were specifically described by witnesses and which the witnesses agreed were owned
by plaintiff before the parties executed the contract in 1990. With regard to the other materials,
the witnesses referred to them in general terms, such as press kits and manufacturing
information. However, the witnesses admitted that the materials in the vault in 1990 were not
catalogued or indexed. In addition, no witness specifically identified what materials were in the
vault in 1990 and, regarding subsequently obtained materials, no witness specifically stated from
where defendants acquired the materials. Under these circumstances, plaintiff failed to identify
the materials it sought with sufficient specificity to enable the trial court to determine which
materials were originally in the vault and which were subsequently added, either by plaintiff or
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defendants, and, with respect to subsequently added materials, which were obtained directly
from plaintiff.
Plaintiff asserts that two witnesses testified that they could determine when and by whom
the materials were obtained if they went through the physical files. However, this testimony was
insufficient to satisfy plaintiff’s burden. Plaintiff was required to present affirmative evidence
identifying the materials it sought, not present evidence that it might be possible to classify the
materials in the future.
I also would find unavailing plaintiff’s argument that the trial court improperly placed the
burden on it to specifically identify the materials in the collection. Relying on Wellock v Cowan,
246 Mich 45; 224 NW 413 (1929), and Kert v Endelman, 202 Mich 289; 168 NW 423 (1918),
plaintiff asserts that defendants, as the comminglers, had the burden of showing what materials
they added. In both Wellock and Kert, however, the defendants recognized that the plaintiffs
owned a portion of the whole lot. Here, defendants have denied any claim of ownership by
plaintiff to the disputed materials.
Accordingly, in my opinion, the trial court did not err in dismissing plaintiff’s claims
with regard to the materials in defendants’ possession that could not be identified with
specificity.
In section III. A., the majority holds that the trial court clearly erred in awarding the
“vault materials” to defendant. Again, I disagree.
The trial court found that the evidence established a lack of intent by plaintiff to retain
ownership of the vault materials. It found that Edward Lechtzin, who had the apparent authority
to award the vault materials to defendants pursuant to the parties’ contract, gave them to
defendants. Although plaintiff argues that the evidence did not support a finding that the
materials were gifted to defendants, the trial court did not find that there was a gift. Rather, it
found that the materials were given to defendants as part of the consideration for the contract.
In making its finding, the trial court focused on four pieces of evidence. It found that
Lechtzin’s statement, “Here are the documents you can have,” as testified to by defendant James
Mattison, reflected the transfer of ownership. Plaintiff argues that the trial court’s interpretation
of this statement is clearly erroneous, particularly in light of Lechtzin’s testimony that he never
intended to transfer ownership of the vault materials. However, the trial court also found
Lechtzin’s testimony not credible. In reviewing the trial court's findings, this Court defers to the
trial court's opportunity “to judge the credibility of the witnesses who appeared before it.” MCR
2.613(C); Bracco v Michigan Technological Univ, 231 Mich App 578, 585; 588 NW2d 467
(1998).
Although Lechtzin’s statement, standing alone, could be subject to varying
interpretations, when considered in conjunction with the other evidence of plaintiff’s intent,
discussed infra, I conclude that the trial court’s interpretation is not clearly erroneous.
The trial court also stated that Reginald Harris’s testimony indicated that “protection of
the documents was not the goal of the agreement, thus evidencing an intent to relinquish
ownership.” Plaintiff contends that the trial court’s finding is clearly erroneous because Harris
did not testify that protection of historical documents was not “a” goal and because he stated that
he believed that the materials always belonged to plaintiff. Harris introduced Lechtzin to
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Mattison and participated in the contract negotiations. Harris testified that preservation was not
“the primary goal” of the contract. Although he did not testify that it was or was not “a” goal, he
stated that plaintiff did not have a formal retention policy, he was aware that plaintiff had
destroyed historic materials in the years just before the contract was executed, and that the vault
was a “junky, cluttered[] place.” Even if Harris’s testimony was not particularly helpful in
determining the specific question of ownership, it was probative of the circumstances
surrounding the parties’ agreement and those circumstances indicated that plaintiff’s continued
retention of the materials was not a primary objective of the agreement.
The trial court also found that the discrepancy between the parties’ contract and a March
1991 memo authored by Lechtzin, along with the use of the term “supplied” in the parties’
contract, was indicative of plaintiff’s lack of intent to retain ownership of the materials. The
parties’ contract was silent on the issue of ownership, while Lechtzin’s memo specifically
mentioned retention of ownership in reference to a different subject matter.1 Lechtzin explained
that this was because the two documents covered different situations. Plaintiff essentially argues
that because Lechtzin’s explanation was reasonable, the trial court’s finding was therefore
clearly erroneous. Giving due regard to the trial court’s finding that Lechtzin’s testimony was
not credible, MCR 2.613(C), I would conclude that the discrepancy is significant and that the
trial court’s finding was not clearly erroneous.
Plaintiff argues that the trial court’s finding that the use of the term “supplied” in the
contract indicates a lack of intent by plaintiff to retain ownership of the documents is clearly
erroneous because the dictionary does not equate “supply” with “give.” “Supply” is defined as
“to furnish or provide (a person, establishment, etc.) with what is lacking or requisite.” Random
House Webster’s College Dictionary (1992). “Furnish” is defined as “to supply (a house, room,
etc.) with necessary appliances, esp. furniture,” while “provide” is defined as “to make available;
furnish” and “to supply or equip.” Id. These definitions do not directly speak to ownership.
“Give,” on the other hand, is defined as “to present voluntarily and without expecting
compensation; bestow.” Id.2 See also Black’s Law Dictionary (8th ed), which defines “give” as
“[t]o voluntarily transfer (property) to another without compensation.”
As the term “give” is used legally, however, the materials were not given to defendants
because there was consideration in the form of defendants’ duties under the contract.
Additionally, the contract uses the term “supply” in paragraph 4, which states that defendants
will “[s]upply to the customer the following package . . . .” Paragraph 5 states that a customer
will be charged a fee of $25 for the package. Thus, use of the term “supplied” in paragraph 6 to
indicate a transfer of ownership for consideration is internally consistent. Moreover, paragraphs
3 and 7 provide that defendants will only have “access” to certain materials containing VIN
1
The March 1991 memo referred to a project involving a Pontiac-area museum for which
Lechtzin suggested that “we may want to donate – but retain ownership should the project go
belly up – some of our vehicles” (emphasis added).
2
“Bestow” is defined as “to present as a gift; confer.” Random House Webster’s College
Dictionary.
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information. “Access” connotes only use, not ownership. See Random House Webster’s College
Dictionary, which defines “access” as “the ability or right to enter or use.” It is reasonable to
conclude that if a similar understanding was intended with respect to the materials described in
paragraph 6, the term “supplied” would not have been used. Therefore, I conclude that the trial
court’s finding regarding the term “supplied” is not clearly erroneous.
Additionally, I would reject plaintiff’s argument that defendants’ own documents indicate
that they conceded that plaintiff retained ownership of the materials. Although defendants
referred to its responsibility to “[c]oordinate the organization of GMC archives” in a document
which described defendants’ services, Mattison testified that defendants never performed this
task. With regard to the magazine classified advertisement that stated that Pontiac Historic
Services “has access to” Pontiac materials, Mattison never identified it or testified regarding it.
In fact, no witness offered any testimony regarding the advertisement. For these reasons, the
trial court’s finding that defendants owned the vault materials that survived the involuntary
dismissal motion is not clearly erroneous.
Further, I would hold that the trial court properly dismissed plaintiff’s claims regarding
the materials that survived defendants’ involuntary dismissal motion. Because defendants owned
the materials and plaintiff had no right to possess them, plaintiff’s claim and delivery claim
failed. MCL 600.2920(1)(c). Plaintiff’s conversion claims also failed because defendants could
not convert their own property. Foremost Ins Co v Allstate Ins Co, 439 Mich 378, 391; 486
NW2d 600 (1992).
I would affirm.
/s/ Joel P. Hoekstra
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